Publications

molecular mechanisms underlying the close association between soil burkholderia and fungi.	bacterial species belonging to the genus burkholderia have been repeatedly reported to be associated with fungi but the extent and specificity of these associations in soils remain undetermined. to assess whether associations between burkholderia and fungi are widespread in soils, we performed a co-occurrence analysis in an intercontinental soil sample collection. this revealed that burkholderia significantly co-occurred with a wide range of fungi. to analyse the molecular basis of the interacti ...	2015	25989372
molecular mechanisms underlying the close association between soil burkholderia and fungi.	bacterial species belonging to the genus burkholderia have been repeatedly reported to be associated with fungi but the extent and specificity of these associations in soils remain undetermined. to assess whether associations between burkholderia and fungi are widespread in soils, we performed a co-occurrence analysis in an intercontinental soil sample collection. this revealed that burkholderia significantly co-occurred with a wide range of fungi. to analyse the molecular basis of the interacti ...	2015	25989372
how the intricate interaction among toll-like receptors, microbiota, and intestinal immunity can influence gastrointestinal pathology.	the gut is able to maintain tolerance to microbial and food antigens. the intestine minimizes the number of harmful bacteria by shaping the microbiota through a symbiotic relationship. in healthy human intestine, a constant homeostasis is maintained by the perfect regulation of microbial load and the immune response generated against it. failure of this balance may result in various pathological conditions. innate immune sensors, such as toll-like receptors (tlrs), may be considered an interface ...	2015	26090491
excretion of host dna in feces is associated with risk of clostridium difficile infection.	clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is intricately linked to the health of the gastrointestinal tract and its indigenous microbiota. in this study, we assessed whether fecal excretion of host dna is associated with cdi development. assuming that shedding of epithelial cell increases in the inflamed intestine, we used human dna excretion as a marker of intestinal insult. whole-genome shotgun sequencing was employed to quantify host dna excretion and evaluate bacterial content in fecal samples c ...	2015	26090486
the interaction among microbiota, immunity, and genetic and dietary factors is the condicio sine qua non celiac disease can develop.	celiac disease (cd) is an immune-mediated enteropathy, triggered by dietary wheat gluten and similar proteins of barley and rye in genetically susceptible individuals. this is a complex disorder involving both environmental and immune-genetic factors. the major genetic risk factor for cd is determined by hla-dq genes. dysfunction of the innate and adaptive immune systems can conceivably cause impairment of mucosal barrier function and development of localized or systemic inflammatory and autoimm ...	2015	26090475
helicobacteraceae in bulk tank milk of dairy herds from northern italy.	helicobacter pylori is responsible for gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma in humans, but the routes of transmission of this bacterium have not been clearly defined. few studies led to supposing that h. pylori could be transmitted through raw milk, and no one investigated the presence of other helicobacteraceae in milk. in the current work, the presence of helicobacteraceae was investigated in the bulk tank milk of dairy cattle herds located in northern italy both by direct plating onto h. pylo ...	2015	26090429
transcriptomic analysis of campylobacter jejuni nctc 11168 in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine.	upon colonization in the host gastrointestinal tract, the enteric bacterial pathogen campylobacter jejuni is exposed to a variety of signaling molecules including the catecholamine hormones epinephrine (epi) and norepinephrine (ne). ne has been observed to stimulate the growth and potentially enhance the pathogenicity of c. jejuni. however, the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. in this study, both epi and ne were also observed to promote c. jejuni growth in memα-based iron-restric ...	2015	26042101
an unprecedented dual antagonist and agonist of human transglutaminase 2.	transglutaminase 2 (tg2) is a ubiquitously expressed, ca(2+)-activated extracellular enzyme in mammals that is maintained in a catalytically dormant state by multiple mechanisms. although its precise physiological role in the extracellular matrix remains unclear, aberrantly up-regulated tg2 activity is a hallmark of several maladies, including celiac disease. previously, we reported the discovery of a class of acylideneoxoindoles as potent, reversible inhibitors of human tg2. detailed analysis o ...	2015	26004580
prevalence of classic, mlb-clade and va-clade astroviruses in kenya and the gambia.	infectious diarrhea leads to significant mortality in children, with 40 % of these deaths occurring in africa. classic human astroviruses are a well-established etiology of diarrhea. in recent years, seven novel astroviruses have been discovered (mlb1, mlb2, mlb3, va1/hmo-c, va2/hmo-b, va3/hmo-a, va4); however, there have been few studies on their prevalence or potential association with diarrhea.	2015	25975198
potential transmission pathways of streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus.	streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (s. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus), a member of group d streptococci, is an inhabitant of the animal and human gastrointestinal tract. furthermore, it is a facultative pathogen which causes e.g. endocarditis, septicemia and mastitis. s. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus may be transmitted either directly or indirectly between animals and humans. however, the transmission routes are an unsolved issue. in this study, we present systematic analyses o ...	2015	25978355
stress induces endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation by increasing barrier permeability.	chronic non-communicable diseases (ncds) are the leading causes of work absence, disability, and mortality worldwide. most of these diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation. here, we hypothesize that stresses (defined as homeostatic disturbances) can induce low-grade inflammation by increasing the availability of water, sodium, and energy-rich substances to meet the increased metabolic demand induced by the stressor. one way of triggering low-grade inflammation is by increasing intest ...	2015	26029209
clinical applications of bioactive milk components.	milk represents a unique resource for translational medicine: it contains a rich pool of biologically active molecules with demonstrated clinical benefits. the ongoing characterization of the mechanistic process through which milk components promote development and immunity has revealed numerous milk-derived compounds with potential applications as clinical therapies in infectious and inflammatory disease, cancer, and other conditions. lactoferrin is an effective antimicrobial and antiviral agen ...	2015	26011900
biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions.	in the past decade, extracellular vesicles (evs) have been recognized as potent vehicles of intercellular communication, both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. this is due to their capacity to transfer proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, thereby influencing various physiological and pathological functions of both recipient and parent cells. while intensive investigation has targeted the role of evs in different pathological processes, for example, in cancer and autoimmune diseases, the ev-mediated ...	2015	25979354
an integrative view of microbiome-host interactions in inflammatory bowel diseases.	the intestinal microbiota, which is composed of bacteria, viruses, and micro-eukaryotes, acts as an accessory organ system with distinct functions along the intestinal tract that are critical for health. this review focuses on how the microbiota drives intestinal disease through alterations in microbial community architecture, disruption of the mucosal barrier, modulation of innate and adaptive immunity, and dysfunction of the enteric nervous system. inflammatory bowel disease is used as a model ...	2015	25974300
development and validation of a biomarker for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome in human subjects.	diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) is diagnosed through clinical criteria after excluding "organic" conditions, and can be precipitated by acute gastroenteritis. cytolethal distending toxin b (cdtb) is produced by bacteria that cause acute gastroenteritis, and a post-infectious animal model demonstrates that host antibodies to cdtb cross-react with vinculin in the host gut, producing an ibs-like phenotype. therefore, we assessed circulating anti-cdtb and anti-vinculin antibodies ...	2015	25970536
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-dependent, biofilm-specific death of pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated by increased expression of phage-related genes.	the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr)/crispr-associated (crispr/cas) system is an adaptive immune system present in many archaea and bacteria. crispr/cas systems are incredibly diverse, and there is increasing evidence of crispr/cas systems playing a role in cellular functions distinct from phage immunity. previously, our laboratory reported one such alternate function in which the type 1-f crispr/cas system of the opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa str ...	2015	25968642
the diversity of membrane transporters encoded in bacterial arsenic-resistance operons.	transporter-facilitated arsenite extrusion is the major pathway of arsenic resistance within bacteria. so far only two types of membrane-bound transporter proteins, arsb and arsy (acr3), have been well studied, although the arsenic transporters in bacteria display considerable diversity. utilizing accumulated genome sequence data, we searched arsenic resistance (ars) operons in about 2,500 bacterial strains and located over 700 membrane-bound transporters which are encoded in these operons. sequ ...	2015	26020003
structural biology of bacterial rna polymerase.	since its discovery and characterization in the early 1960s (hurwitz, j. the discovery of rna polymerase. j. biol. chem. 2005, 280, 42477-42485), an enormous amount of biochemical, biophysical and genetic data has been collected on bacterial rna polymerase (rnap). in the late 1990s, structural information pertaining to bacterial rnap has emerged that provided unprecedented insights into the function and mechanism of rna transcription. in this review, i list all structures related to bacterial rn ...	2015	25970587
acute flaccid paralysis surveillance: a 6 years study, isfahan, iran.	poliomyelitis is still an endemic disease in many areas of the world including africa and south asia. iran is polio free since 2001. however, due to endemicity of polio in neighboring countries of iran, the risk of polio importation and re-emergence of wild polio virus is high. case definition through surveillance system is a well-defined method for maintenance of polio eradication in polio free countries.	2015	26015925
extensive characterization of campylobacter jejuni chicken isolates to uncover genes involved in the ability to compete for gut colonization.	campylobacter jejuni is responsible for human foodborne enteritis. this bacterium is a remarkable colonizer of the chicken gut, with some strains outcompeting others for colonization. to better understand this phenomenon, the objective of this study was to extensively characterize the phenotypic performance of c. jejuni chicken strains and associate their gut colonizing ability with specific genes.	2015	25958385
extracellular zinc induces phosphoethanolamine addition to pseudomonas aeruginosa lipid a via the colrs two-component system.	gram-negative bacteria survive harmful environmental stressors by modifying their outer membrane. much of this protection is afforded upon remodeling of the lipid a region of the major surface molecule lipopolysaccharide (lps). for example, the addition of cationic substituents, such as 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose (l-ara4n) and phosphoehthanolamine (petn) at the lipid a phosphate groups, is often induced in response to specific environmental flux stabilizing the outer membrane. the work herein r ...	2015	25846400
development of a comparative genomic fingerprinting assay for rapid and high resolution genotyping of arcobacter butzleri.	molecular typing methods are critical for epidemiological investigations, facilitating disease outbreak detection and source identification. study of the epidemiology of the emerging human pathogen arcobacter butzleri is currently hampered by the lack of a subtyping method that is easily deployable in the context of routine epidemiological surveillance. in this study we describe a comparative genomic fingerprinting (cgf) method for high-resolution and high-throughput subtyping of a. butzleri. co ...	2015	25947176
mammalian synthetic biology: emerging medical applications.	in this review, we discuss new emerging medical applications of the rapidly evolving field of mammalian synthetic biology. we start with simple mammalian synthetic biological components and move towards more complex and therapy-oriented gene circuits. a comprehensive list of on-off switches, categorized into transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational, is presented in the first sections. subsequently, boolean logic gates, synthetic mammalian oscillators and toggle ...	2015	25808341
crispr diversity in e. coli isolates from australian animals, humans and environmental waters.	seventy four snp genotypes and 54 e. coli genomes from kangaroo, tasmanian devil, reptile, cattle, dog, horse, duck, bird, fish, rodent, human and environmental water sources were screened for the presence of the crispr 2.1 loci flanked by cas2 and iap genes. crispr 2.1 regions were found in 49% of the strains analysed. the majority of human e. coli isolates lacked the crispr 2.1 locus. we described 76 crispr 2.1 positive isolates originating from australian animals and humans, which contained a ...	2015	25946192
genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of immune genes in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.).	the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.), is a destructive pest that attacks cruciferous crops worldwide. immune responses are important for interactions between insects and pathogens and information on these underpins the development of strategies for biocontrol-based pest management. little, however, is known about immune genes and their regulation patterns in p. xylostella. a total of 149 immune-related genes in 20 gene families were identified through comparison of p. xylostella genome ...	2015	25943446
an l-fucose operon in the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg is involved in adaptation to gastrointestinal conditions.	l-fucose is a sugar present in human secretions as part of human milk oligosaccharides, mucins, and other glycoconjugates in the intestinal epithelium. the genome of the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) carries a gene cluster encoding a putative l-fucose permease (fucp), l-fucose catabolic pathway (fuci, fuck, fucu, and fuca), and a transcriptional regulator (fucr). the metabolism of l-fucose in lgg results in 1,2-propanediol production, and their fuci and fucp mutants displayed a seve ...	2015	25819967
gene loss and lineage-specific restriction-modification systems associated with niche differentiation in the campylobacter jejuni sequence type 403 clonal complex.	campylobacter jejuni is a highly diverse species of bacteria commonly associated with infectious intestinal disease of humans and zoonotic carriage in poultry, cattle, pigs, and other animals. the species contains a large number of distinct clonal complexes that vary from host generalist lineages commonly found in poultry, livestock, and human disease cases to host-adapted specialized lineages primarily associated with livestock or poultry. here, we present novel data on the st403 clonal complex ...	2015	25795671
strategies for the identification and tracking of cronobacter species: an opportunistic pathogen of concern to neonatal health.	cronobacter species are emerging opportunistic food-borne pathogens, which consists of seven species, including c. sakazakii, c. malonaticus, c. muytjensii, c. turicensis, c. dublinensis, c. universalis, and c. condimenti. the organism can cause severe clinical infections, including necrotizing enterocolitis, septicemia, and meningitis, predominately among neonates <4 weeks of age. cronobacter species can be isolated from various foods and their surrounding environments; however, powdered infant ...	2015	26000266
co-infection of the siberian hamster (phodopus sungorus) with a novel helicobacter sp. and campylobacter sp.	we report the isolation of a novel helicobacter isolated from the caecum of the siberian hamster (phodopus sungorus). sequence analysis showed 97% sequence similarity to helicobacter ganmani. in addition, we report the co-infection of these siberian hamsters with a campylobacter sp. and a second helicobacter sp. with 99% sequence similarity to helicobacter sp. flexispira taxon 8 (helicobacter bilis), a species isolated previously from patients with bacteraemia. gross necropsy and histopathology ...	2015	25752854
lack of negative effects on syrian hamsters and mongolian gerbils housed in the same secondary enclosure.	in cases where different species might be housed in the same room or secondary enclosure, the guide for the care and use of laboratory animals recommends that the animals should be behaviorally compatible and have the same health status. syrian hamsters and mongolian gerbils, both desert-dwelling rodents, appear to be reasonable candidates for such a combination. this study was undertaken to evaluate whether housing hamsters and gerbils in the same secondary enclosure is an acceptable practice. ...	2015	26045450
gut-microbiota-brain axis and its effect on neuropsychiatric disorders with suspected immune dysregulation.	gut microbiota regulate intestinal function and health. however, mounting evidence indicates that they can also influence the immune and nervous systems and vice versa. this article reviews the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the brain, termed the microbiota-gut-brain (mgb) axis, and discusses how it contributes to the pathogenesis of certain disorders that may involve brain inflammation.	2015	26046241
how do base-pairing small rnas evolve?	the increasing numbers of characterized base-pairing small rnas (srnas) and the identification of these regulators in a broad range of bacteria are allowing comparisons between species and explorations of srna evolution. in this review, we describe some examples of trans-encoded base-pairing srnas that are species-specific and others that are more broadly distributed. we also describe examples of srna orthologs where different features are conserved. these examples provide the background for a d ...	2015	25934120
the pho regulon: a huge regulatory network in bacteria.	one of the most important achievements of bacteria is its capability to adapt to the changing conditions of the environment. the competition for nutrients with other microorganisms, especially in the soil, where nutritional conditions are more variable, has led bacteria to evolve a plethora of mechanisms to rapidly fine-tune the requirements of the cell. one of the essential nutrients that are normally found in low concentrations in nature is inorganic phosphate (pi). bacteria, as well as other ...	2015	25983732
real-time pcr assay for detection and differentiation of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli from clinical samples.	timely accurate diagnosis of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) infections is important. we evaluated a laboratory-developed real-time pcr (ld-pcr) assay targeting stx1, stx2, and rfbeo157 with 2,386 qualifying stool samples submitted to the microbiology laboratory of a tertiary care pediatric center between july 2011 and december 2013. broth cultures of pcr-positive samples were tested for shiga toxins by enzyme immunoassay (eia) (immunocard stat! enterohemorrhagic e. coli [ehec]; me ...	2015	25926491
activation of nlrc4 downregulates tlr5-mediated antibody immune responses against flagellin.	bacterial flagellin is a unique pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp), which can be recognized by surface localized toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) and the cytosolic nod-like receptor (nlr) protein 4 (nlrc4) receptors. activation of the tlr5 and/or nlrc4 signaling pathways by flagellin and the resulting immune responses play important roles in anti-bacterial immunity. however, it remains unclear how the dual activities of flagellin that activate the tlr5 and/or nlrc4 signaling pathways orches ...	2015	25914934
activation of nlrc4 downregulates tlr5-mediated antibody immune responses against flagellin.	bacterial flagellin is a unique pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp), which can be recognized by surface localized toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) and the cytosolic nod-like receptor (nlr) protein 4 (nlrc4) receptors. activation of the tlr5 and/or nlrc4 signaling pathways by flagellin and the resulting immune responses play important roles in anti-bacterial immunity. however, it remains unclear how the dual activities of flagellin that activate the tlr5 and/or nlrc4 signaling pathways orches ...	2015	25914934
nad-independent l-lactate dehydrogenase required for l-lactate utilization in pseudomonas stutzeri a1501.	nad-independent l-lactate dehydrogenases (l-ildhs) play important roles in l-lactate utilization of different organisms. all of the previously reported l-ildhs were flavoproteins that catalyze the oxidation of l-lactate by the flavin mononucleotide (fmn)-dependent mechanism. based on comparative genomic analysis, a gene cluster with three genes (llda, lldb, and lldc) encoding a novel type of l-ildh was identified in pseudomonas stutzeri a1501. when the gene cluster was expressed in escherichia c ...	2015	25917905
in vivo volatile organic compound signatures of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.	mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of a chronic enteric disease of ruminants. available diagnostic tests are complex and slow. in vitro, volatile organic compound (voc) patterns emitted from map cultures mirrored bacterial growth and enabled distinction of different strains. this study was intended to determine vocs in vivo in the controlled setting of an animal model. vocs were pre-concentrated from breath and feces of 42 goats (16 controls and 26 map-inocula ...	2015	25915653
draft genome sequences of paenibacillus polymyxa nrrl b-30509 and paenibacillus terrae nrrl b-30644, strains from a poultry environment that produce tridecaptin a and paenicidins.	paenibacillus polymyxa nrrl b-30509 and paenibacillus terrae nrrl b-30644 produce tridecaptin a that is inhibitory to campylobacter jejuni, as well as lantibiotics in the paenicidin family. here, we report the draft genome sequences of p. polymyxa nrrl b-30509 and p. terrae nrrl b-30644 that contain gene clusters for various nonribosomal lipopeptides.	2015	25908148
whole-genome sequences of eight campylobacter jejuni isolates from wild birds.	we present here the draft genome sequences of 8 campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from wild birds. the strains were initially isolated from swabs taken from resident wild birds in the tokachi area of japan. the genome sizes range from 1.65 to 1.77 mbp.	2015	25908133
type 2 diabetes and gut microbiome: at the intersection of known and unknown.	the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing rapidly across the globe. though the prevalence of the disease is similar in population of upper middle income and high income countries, the age of affected population is lower in upper middle income countries. this is attributed to genetic as well as changing life style factors. the contributing factors for type 2 diabetes range from genetic/epigenetic disposal, intra uterine nutrition, dietary pattern to sedentary lifestyle. the role of the g ...	2015	25901889
taxonomic identification of ruminal epithelial bacterial diversity during rumen development in goats.	understanding of the colonization process of epithelial bacteria attached to the rumen tissue during rumen development is very limited. ruminal epithelial bacterial colonization is of great significance for the relationship between the microbiota and the host and can influence the early development and health of the host. miseq sequencing of 16s rrna genes and quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) were applied to characterize ruminal epithelial bacterial diversity during rumen development in this st ...	2015	25769827
genes indicative of zoonotic and swine pathogens are persistent in stream water and sediment following a swine manure spill.	manure spills into streams are relatively frequent, but no studies have characterized stream contamination with zoonotic and veterinary pathogens, or fecal chemicals, following a spill. we tested stream water and sediment over 25 days and downstream for 7.6 km for the following: fecal indicator bacteria (fib), the fecal indicator chemicals cholesterol and coprostanol, 20 genes for zoonotic and swine-specific bacterial pathogens by presence/absence pcr for viable cells, one swine-specific escheri ...	2015	25769829
phosphoethanolamine transferase lpta in haemophilus ducreyi modifies lipid a and contributes to human defensin resistance in vitro.	haemophilus ducreyi resists the cytotoxic effects of human antimicrobial peptides (aps), including α-defensins, β-defensins, and the cathelicidin ll-37. resistance to ll-37, mediated by the sensitive to antimicrobial peptide (sap) transporter, is required for h. ducreyi virulence in humans. cationic aps are attracted to the negatively charged bacterial cell surface. in other gram-negative bacteria, modification of lipopolysaccharide or lipooligosaccharide (los) by the addition of positively char ...	2015	25902140
structure of cryptosporidium imp dehydrogenase bound to an inhibitor with in vivo antiparasitic activity.	inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (impdh) is a promising target for the treatment of cryptosporidium infections. here, the structure of c. parvum impdh (cpimpdh) in complex with inosine 5'-monophosphate (imp) and p131, an inhibitor with in vivo anticryptosporidial activity, is reported. p131 contains two aromatic groups, one of which interacts with the hypoxanthine ring of imp, while the second interacts with the aromatic ring of a tyrosine in the adjacent subunit. in addition, the amine an ...	2015	25945705
the serine protease autotransporter pic modulates citrobacter rodentium pathogenesis and its innate recognition by the host.	bacterial pathogens produce a number of autotransporters that possess diverse functions. these include the family of serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae (spates) produced by enteric pathogens such as shigella flexneri and enteroaggregative escherichia coli. of these spates, one termed "protein involved in colonization," or pic, has been shown to possess mucinase activity in vitro, but to date, its role in in vivo enteric pathogenesis is unknown. testing a pic null (δpicc) muta ...	2015	25895966
heterologous surface display on lactic acid bacteria: non-gmo alternative?	lactic acid bacteria (lab) are food-grade hosts for surface display with potential applications in food and therapy. alternative approaches to surface display on lab would avoid the use of recombinant dna technology and genetically-modified organism (gmo)-related regulatory requirements. non-covalent surface display of proteins can be achieved by fusing them to various cell-wall binding domains, of which the lysine motif domain (lysm) is particularly well studied. fusion proteins have been isola ...	2015	25880164
optical nano antennas: state of the art, scope and challenges as a biosensor along with human exposure to nano-toxicology.	the concept of optical antennas in physical optics is still evolving. like the antennas used in the radio frequency (rf) regime, the aspiration of optical antennas is to localize the free propagating radiation energy, and vice versa. for this purpose, optical antennas utilize the distinctive properties of metal nanostructures, which are strong plasmonic coupling elements at the optical regime. the concept of optical antennas is being advanced technologically and they are projected to be substitu ...	2015	25884787
phylogenomic analysis and predicted physiological role of the proton-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (complex i) across bacteria.	the proton-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (complex i) is a multisubunit integral membrane enzyme found in the respiratory chains of both bacteria and eukaryotic organelles. although much research has focused on the enzyme's central role in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, comparatively little is known about its role in the diverse energetic lifestyles of different bacteria. here, we used a phylogenomic approach to better understand the distribution of complex i across bacteria, th ...	2015	25873378
the type vi secretion system modulates flagellar gene expression and secretion in citrobacter freundii and contributes to adhesion and cytotoxicity to host cells.	the type vi secretion system (t6ss) as a virulence factor-releasing system contributes to virulence development of various pathogens and is often activated upon contact with target cells. citrobacter freundii strain cf74 has a complete t6ss genomic island (gi) that contains clpv, hcp-2, and vgr t6ss genes. we constructed clpv, hcp-2, vgr, and t6ss gi deletion mutants in cf74 and analyzed their effects on the transcriptome overall and, specifically, on the flagellar system at the levels of transc ...	2015	25870231
cryo-em structure of the tetracycline resistance protein tetm in complex with a translating ribosome at 3.9-å resolution.	ribosome protection proteins (rpps) confer resistance to tetracycline by binding to the ribosome and chasing the drug from its binding site. current models for rpp action are derived from 7.2- to 16-å resolution structures of rpps bound to vacant or nontranslating ribosomes. here we present a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the rpp tetm in complex with a translating ribosome at 3.9-å resolution. the structure reveals the contacts of tetm with the ribosome, including interaction betwee ...	2015	25870267
complex of gm1- and gd1a-like lipo-oligosaccharide mimics gm1b, inducing anti-gm1b antibodies.	molecular mimicry between campylobacter jejuni lipo-oligosaccharides (loss) and human gangliosides gm1 and gd1a induces the production of anti-gm1 and anti-gd1a antibodies, and the development of guillain-barré syndrome. complexes of two different gangliosides form new molecular shapes capable of enhancing recognition by anti-ganglioside antibodies. to test the hypothesis that the complex of gm1-like and gd1a-like loss of c. jejuni induces the development of anti-gm1b antibodies in guillain-barr ...	2015	25867522
xylo-oligosaccharides and virginiamycin differentially modulate gut microbial composition in chickens.	the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in pathogens have led to a restriction on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (agps) in animal feed in some countries. the potential negative after-effects of a ban on agps could be mitigated by improving animal intestinal health with prebiotic dietary fibers such as xylo-oligosaccharides (xos). however, the mechanism(s) by which an antibiotic or prebiotic contributes to the health and growth of animals are not well understood. here, we evalua ...	2015	25874109
genesippr: a rapid whole-genome approach for the identification and characterization of foodborne pathogens such as priority shiga toxigenic escherichia coli.	the timely identification and characterization of foodborne bacteria for risk assessment purposes is a key operation in outbreak investigations. current methods require several days and/or provide low-resolution characterization. here we describe a whole-genome-sequencing (wgs) approach (genesippr) enabling same-day identification of colony isolates recovered from investigative food samples. the identification of colonies of priority shiga-toxigenic escherichia coli (stec) (i.e., serogroups o26, ...	2015	25860693
perception of pathogenic or beneficial bacteria and their evasion of host immunity: pattern recognition receptors in the frontline.	plants are continuously monitoring the presence of microorganisms to establish an adapted response. plants commonly use pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to perceive microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (mamps/pamps) which are microorganism molecular signatures. located at the plant plasma membrane, the prrs are generally receptor-like kinases (rlks) or receptor-like proteins (rlps). mamp detection will lead to the establishment of a plant defense program called mamp-triggered i ...	2015	25904927
predictors of rational management of diarrhea in an endemic setting: observation from india.	decades after the establishment of clear guidelines for management, mostly due to irrational approach, diarrhea is still a major concern in the developing world, including india. the scenario is even worse in urban slums owing to poor health-seeking and socio-environmental vulnerability. determining the distribution of rational diarrhea management by practitioners and identification of its important predictors seemed urgent to minimize the potential for antibiotic resistance, diarrhea-related mo ...	2015	25849617
interplay of the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori with toll-like receptors.	toll-like receptors (tlrs) are crucial for pathogen recognition and downstream signaling to induce effective immunity. the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori is a paradigm of persistent bacterial infections and chronic inflammation in humans. the chronicity of inflammation during h. pylori infection is related to the manipulation of regulatory cytokines. in general, the early detection of h. pylori by tlrs and other pattern recognition receptors (prrs) is believed to induce a regulatory cytoki ...	2015	25945326
virulence characterization of campylobacter jejuni isolated from resident wild birds in tokachi area, japan.	the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni in wild birds is a potential hazard for human and animal health. the aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of c. jejuni in wild birds in tokachi area, hokkaido, japan and investigate their virulence in vitro. in total, 173 cloacal swabs from individual wild birds were collected for the detection of campylobacter spp. thirty four samples (19.7%) were positive for campylobacter of which 94.1% (32/34 samples) were c. jejuni. additionally, one c. co ...	2015	25843040
autism spectrum disorders and intestinal microbiota.	through extensive microbial-mammalian co-metabolism, the intestinal microbiota have evolved to exert a marked influence on health and disease via gut-brain-microbiota interactions. in this addendum, we summarize the findings of our recent study on the fecal microbiota and metabolomes of children with pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (pdd-nos) or autism (ad) compared with healthy children (hc). children with pdd-nos or ad have altered fecal microbiota and metabolomes (incl ...	2015	25835343
milk bioactives may manipulate microbes to mediate parent-offspring conflict.	among mammals, milk constituents directly influence the ecology of the infant's commensal microbiota. the immunological and nutritional impacts of breast milk and microbiota are increasingly well understood; less clear are the consequences for infant behavior. here, we propose that interactions among bioactives in mother's milk and microbes in the infant gut contribute to infant behavioral phenotype and, in part, have the potential to mediate parent-offspring conflict. we hypothesize that infant ...	2015	25835022
molecular structure of an n-formyltransferase from providencia alcalifaciens o30.	the existence of n-formylated sugars in the o-antigens of gram-negative bacteria has been known since the middle 1980s, but only recently have the biosynthetic pathways for their production been reported. in these pathways, glucose-1-phosphate is first activated by attachment to a dtmp moiety. this step is followed by a dehydration reaction and an amination. the last step in these pathways is catalyzed by n-formyltransferases that utilize n(10) -formyltetrahydrofolate as the carbon source. here ...	2015	25752909
dnak protein alleviates toxicity induced by citrate-coated gold nanoparticles in escherichia coli.	a number of previously reported studies suggest that synthetic gold nanoparticles (aunps) are capable of stabilising proteins against heat stress in vitro. however, it remains to be understood if aunps confer stability to proteins against cellular stress in vivo. heat shock proteins (hsps) are conserved molecules whose main role is to facilitate folding of other proteins (chaperone function). hsp70 (called dnak in prokaryotes) is one of the most prominent molecular chaperones. since gold nanopar ...	2015	25837593
a child with acute encephalopathy associated with quadruple viral infection.	pediatric acute encephalopathy (ae) was sometimes attributed to virus infection. however, viral infection does not always result in ae. the risk factors for developing infantile ae upon virus infection remain to be determined. here, we report an infant with ae co-infected with human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6) and three picornaviruses, including coxsackievirus a6 (cva6), enterovirus d68 (ev-d68), and human parechovirus (hpev). ev-d68 was vertically transmitted to the infant from his mother. cva6 and h ...	2015	25883930
microbial aetiology of acute diarrhoea in children under five years of age in khartoum, sudan.	diarrhoea is one of leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. recent estimations suggested the number of deaths is close to 2.5 million. this study examined the causative agents of diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age in suburban areas of khartoum, sudan. a total of 437 stool samples obtained from children with diarrhoea were examined by culture and pcr for bacteria, by microscopy and pcr for parasites and by immunoassay for detection of rotavirus a. of the 437 samples analysed, ...	2015	25713206
insights into campylobacter jejuni colonization of the mammalian intestinal tract using a novel mouse model of infection.	a lack of relevant disease models for campylobacter jejuni has long been an obstacle to research into this common enteric pathogen. we recently published that mice deficient in single igg interleukin-1 related receptor (sigirr), a repressor of myd88-dependent innate immune signaling, were highly susceptible to enteric infection by murine bacterial pathogens. subsequently, we successfully employed these mice as an animal model for the human pathogen c. jejuni and gained substantial new insights i ...	2015	25831043
determination of cut-off cycle threshold values in routine rt-pcr assays to assist differential diagnosis of norovirus in children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis.	norovirus (nv) is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children, but is also frequently detected in asymptomatic children, which complicates the interpretation of nv detection results in both the clinical setting and population prevalence studies. a total of 807 faecal samples from children aged <5 years hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis were collected in thai binh, vietnam, from january 2011 to september 2012. real-time rt-pcr was used to detect and quantify nv-rna in clinical sa ...	2015	26418350
increased efficiency of campylobacter jejuni n-oligosaccharyltransferase pglb by structure-guided engineering.	conjugate vaccines belong to the most efficient preventive measures against life-threatening bacterial infections. functional expression of n-oligosaccharyltransferase (n-ost) pglb of campylobacter jejuni in escherichia coli enables a simplified production of glycoconjugate vaccines in prokaryotic cells. polysaccharide antigens of pathogenic bacteria can be covalently coupled to immunogenic acceptor proteins bearing engineered glycosylation sites. transfer efficiency of pglbcj is low for certain ...	2015	25833378
characterization of an α-l-fucosidase from the periodontal pathogen tannerella forsythia.	the periodontal pathogen tannerella forsythia expresses several glycosidases which are linked to specific growth requirements and are involved in the invasion of host tissues. α-l-fucosyl residues are exposed on various host glycoconjugates and, thus, the α-l-fucosidases predicted in the t. forsythia atcc 43037 genome could potentially serve roles in host-pathogen interactions. we describe the molecular cloning and characterization of the putative fucosidase tffuc1 (encoded by the bfo_2737 = tff ...	2015	25831954
multiplex real-time pcr method for simultaneous identification and toxigenic type characterization of clostridium difficile from stool samples.	the aim of this study was to develop and validate a multiplex real-time pcr assay for simultaneous identification and toxigenic type characterization of clostridium difficile.	2015	25932438
antibiotic resistance modulation and modes of action of (-)-α-pinene in campylobacter jejuni.	the aim of the study was to investigate the mode of action of (-)-α-pinene in terms of its modulation of antibiotic resistance in campylobacter jejuni. broth microdilution and ethidium bromide accumulation assays were used to evaluate the (-)-α-pinene antimicrobial activity, modulation of antimicrobial resistance, and inhibition of antimicrobial efflux. the target antimicrobial efflux systems were identified using an insertion mutagenesis approach, and c. jejuni adaptation to (-)-α-pinene was ev ...	2015	25830640
the gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems.	the gut-brain axis (gba) consists of bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous system, linking emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions. recent advances in research have described the importance of gut microbiota in influencing these interactions. this interaction between microbiota and gba appears to be bidirectional, namely through signaling from gut-microbiota to brain and from brain to gut-microbiota by means of neural, e ...	2015	25830558
consensus paper: neuroimmune mechanisms of cerebellar ataxias.	in the last few years, a lot of publications suggested that disabling cerebellar ataxias may develop through immune-mediated mechanisms. in this consensus paper, we discuss the clinical features of the main described immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias and address their presumed pathogenesis. immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias include cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-gad antibodies, the cerebellar type of hashimoto's encephalopathy, primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxia, gluten ataxia, mille ...	2015	25823827
consensus paper: neuroimmune mechanisms of cerebellar ataxias.	in the last few years, a lot of publications suggested that disabling cerebellar ataxias may develop through immune-mediated mechanisms. in this consensus paper, we discuss the clinical features of the main described immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias and address their presumed pathogenesis. immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias include cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-gad antibodies, the cerebellar type of hashimoto's encephalopathy, primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxia, gluten ataxia, mille ...	2015	25823827
staphylococcus aureus mnhf mediates cholate efflux and facilitates survival under human colonic conditions.	resistance to the innate defenses of the intestine is crucial for the survival and carriage of staphylococcus aureus, a common colonizer of the human gut. bile salts produced by the liver and secreted into the intestines are one such group of molecules with potent antimicrobial activity. the mechanisms by which s. aureus is able to resist such defenses in order to colonize and survive in the human gut are unknown. here we show that mnhf confers resistance to bile salts, which can be abrogated by ...	2015	25824834
basal body structures differentially affect transcription of rpon- and flia-dependent flagellar genes in helicobacter pylori.	flagellar biogenesis in helicobacter pylori is regulated by a transcriptional hierarchy governed by three sigma factors, rpod (σ(80)), rpon (σ(54)), and flia (σ(28)), that temporally coordinates gene expression with the assembly of the flagellum. previous studies showed that loss of flagellar protein export apparatus components inhibits transcription of flagellar genes. the flgs/flgr two-component system activates transcription of rpon-dependent genes though an unknown mechanism. to understand b ...	2015	25825427
influence of a non-hospital medical care facility on antimicrobial resistance in wastewater.	the global widespread use of antimicrobials and accompanying increase in resistant bacterial strains is of major public health concern. wastewater systems and wastewater treatment plants are considered a niche for antibiotic resistance genes (args), with diverse microbial communities facilitating arg transfer via mobile genetic element (mge). in contrast to hospital sewage, wastewater from other health care facilities is still poorly investigated. at the instance of a nursing home located in sou ...	2015	25821977
an update on the transport and metabolism of iron in listeria monocytogenes: the role of proteins involved in pathogenicity.	listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that causes a rare but severe human disease with high mortality rate. the microorganism is widespread in the natural environment where it shows a saprophytic lifestyle. in the human body it infects many different cell types, where it lives intracellularly, however it may also temporarily live extracellularly. the ability to survive and grow in such diverse niches suggests that this bacterium has a wide range of mechanisms for both the acquisiti ...	2015	25820385
effects of source- versus household contamination of tubewell water on child diarrhea in rural bangladesh: a randomized controlled trial.	shallow tubewells are the primary drinking water source for most rural bangladeshis. fecal contamination has been detected in tubewells, at low concentrations at the source and at higher levels at the point of use. we conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess whether improving the microbiological quality of tubewell drinking water by household water treatment and safe storage would reduce diarrhea in children <2 years in rural bangladesh.	2015	25816342
predominant virulent iba10g2 subtype of cryptosporidium hominis in human isolates in barcelona: a five-year study.	cryptosporidium infection is a worldwide cause of diarrheal disease. to gain insight into the epidemiology of the infection in a certain geographic area, molecular methods are needed to determine the species/genotypes and subtypes.	2015	25816024
host-adapted metabolism and its regulation in bacterial pathogens.		2015	25870851
comparison of an automated nucleic acid extraction system with the column-based procedure.	here, we assessed the extraction efficiency of a deployable bench-top nucleic acid extractor ez1 in comparison to the column-based approach with complex sample matrices. a total of 48 edta blood samples and 81 stool samples were extracted by ez1 automated extraction and the column-based qiaamp dna mini kit. blood sample extractions were assessed by two real-time malaria pcrs, while stool samples were analyzed by six multiplex real-time pcr assays targeting bacterial, viral, and parasitic stool p ...	2015	25883797
campylobacter jejuni serine protease htra plays an important role in heat tolerance, oxygen resistance, host cell adhesion, invasion, and transmigration.	campylobacter jejuni is an important pathogen of foodborne illness. transmigration across the intestinal epithelial barrier and invasion are considered as primary reasons for tissue damage triggered by c. jejuni. using knockout mutants, it was shown that the serine protease htra may be important for stress tolerance and physiology of c. jejuni. htra is also secreted in the extra-cellular environment, where it can cleave junctional host cell proteins such as e-cadherin. aim of the present study w ...	2015	25883795
reevaluating the hype: four bacterial metabolites under scrutiny.	with microbiome research being a fiercely contested playground in science, new data are being published at tremendous pace. the review at hand serves to critically revise four microbial metabolites widely applied in research: butyric acid, flagellin, lipoteichoic acid, and propionic acid. all four metabolites are physiologically present in healthy humans. nevertheless, all four are likewise involved in pathologies ranging from cancer to mental retardation. their inflammatory potential is equally ...	2015	25883790
inhibition of type vi secretion by an anti-tssm llama nanobody.	the type vi secretion system (t6ss) is a secretion pathway widespread in gram-negative bacteria that targets toxins in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. although most t6sss identified so far are involved in inter-bacterial competition, a few are directly required for full virulence of pathogens. the t6ss comprises 13 core proteins that assemble a large complex structurally and functionally similar to a phage contractile tail structure anchored to the cell envelope by a trans-membrane spanni ...	2015	25811612
sublethal exposure to commercial formulations of the herbicides dicamba, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate cause changes in antibiotic susceptibility in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	biocides, such as herbicides, are routinely tested for toxicity but not for sublethal effects on microbes. many biocides are known to induce an adaptive multiple-antibiotic resistance phenotype. this can be due to either an increase in the expression of efflux pumps, a reduced synthesis of outer membrane porins, or both. exposures of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to commercial formulations of three herbicides-dicamba (kamba), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d), ...	2015	25805724
prevention of biofilm formation and removal of existing biofilms by extracellular dnases of campylobacter jejuni.	the fastidious nature of the foodborne bacterial pathogen campylobacter jejuni contrasts with its ability to survive in the food chain. the formation of biofilms, or the integration into existing biofilms by c. jejuni, is thought to contribute to food chain survival. as extracellular dna (edna) has previously been proposed to play a role in c. jejuni biofilms, we have investigated the role of extracellular dnases (ednases) produced by c. jejuni in biofilm formation. a search of 2791 c. jejuni ge ...	2015	25803828
genomic, proteomic and morphological characterization of two novel broad host lytic bacteriophages φpd10.3 and φpd23.1 infecting pectinolytic pectobacterium spp. and dickeya spp.	pectinolytic pectobacterium spp. and dickeya spp. are necrotrophic bacterial pathogens of many important crops, including potato, worldwide. this study reports on the isolation and characterization of broad host lytic bacteriophages able to infect the dominant pectobacterium spp. and dickeya spp. affecting potato in europe viz. pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (pcc), p. wasabiae (pwa) and dickeya solani (dso) with the objective to assess their potential as biological disease control ...	2015	25803051
helicobacter pylori flha binds the sensor kinase and flagellar gene regulatory protein flgs with high affinity.	flagellar biogenesis is a complex process that involves multiple checkpoints to coordinate transcription of flagellar genes with the assembly of the flagellum. in helicobacter pylori, transcription of the genes needed in the middle stage of flagellar biogenesis is governed by rpon and the two-component system consisting of the histidine kinase flgs and response regulator flgr. in response to an unknown signal, flgs autophosphorylates and transfers the phosphate to flgr, initiating transcription ...	2015	25802298
protection against multiple influenza a virus strains induced by candidate recombinant vaccine based on heterologous m2e peptides linked to flagellin.	matrix 2 protein ectodomain (m2e) is considered a promising candidate for a broadly protective influenza vaccine. m2e-based vaccines against human influenza a provide only partial protection against avian influenza viruses because of differences in the m2e sequences. in this work, we evaluated the possibility of obtaining equal protection and immune response by using recombinant protein on the basis of flagellin as a carrier of the m2e peptides of human and avian influenza a viruses. recombinant ...	2015	25799221
enteric bacterial pathogens in children with diarrhea in niger: diversity and antimicrobial resistance.	although rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea among children in sub-saharan africa, better knowledge of circulating enteric pathogenic bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance is crucial for prevention and treatment strategies.	2015	25799400
not seeing the forest for the trees: size of the minimum spanning trees (msts) forest and branch significance in mst-based phylogenetic analysis.	trees, including minimum spanning trees (msts), are commonly used in phylogenetic studies. but, for the research community, it may be unclear that the presented tree is just a hypothesis, chosen from among many possible alternatives. in this scenario, it is important to quantify our confidence in both the trees and the branches/edges included in such trees. in this paper, we address this problem for msts by introducing a new edge betweenness metric for undirected and weighted graphs. this spanni ...	2015	25799056
mycoplasma iowae: relationships among oxygen, virulence, and protection from oxidative stress.	the poultry-associated bacterium mycoplasma iowae colonizes multiple sites in embryos, with disease or death resulting. although m. iowae accumulates in the intestinal tract, it does not cause disease at that site, but rather only in tissues that are exposed to atmospheric o2. the activity of m. iowae catalase, encoded by kate, is capable of rapid removal of damaging h2o2 from solution, and kate confers a substantial reduction in the amount of h2o2 produced by mycoplasma gallisepticum kate trans ...	2015	25880161
the bacterial communities associated with fecal types and body weight of rex rabbits.	rex rabbit is an important small herbivore for fur and meat production. however, little is known about the gut microbiota in rex rabbit, especially regarding their relationship with different fecal types and growth of the hosts. we characterized the microbiota of both hard and soft feces from rex rabbits with high and low body weight by using the illumina miseq platform targeting the v4 region of the 16s rdna. high weight rex rabbits possess distinctive microbiota in hard feces, but not in soft ...	2015	25791609
noroviruses as a cause of diarrhea in immunocompromised pediatric hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients.	case reports describe significant norovirus gastroenteritis morbidity in immunocompromised patients. we evaluated norovirus pathogenesis in prospectively enrolled solid organ (sot) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) patients with diarrhea who presented to texas children's hospital and submitted stool for enteric testing. noroviruses were detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. clinical outcomes of norovirus diarrhea and non-norovirus diarrhea patients, m ...	2015	25788003
refinement of whole-genome multilocus sequence typing analysis by addressing gene paralogy.	we developed a user-friendly program, genome profiler (gep), to refine whole-genome multilocus sequence typing analysis by addressing gene paralogy with conserved gene neighborhoods. in comparison to similar programs, gep produced overall the best results in terms of accuracy and is thus a useful alternative to resolve relationships of bacterial isolates.	2015	25788543
analysis of resistance to antimicrobials and presence of virulence/stress response genes in campylobacter isolates from patients with severe diarrhoea.	campylobacter infections are a major cause of diarrhoea world-wide and two of the antimicrobials used for their control (erythromycin and ciprofloxacin) have been losing efficacy in recent years. in a sample of 174 genotyped isolates from the stools of patients with severe diarrhoea in qatar, collected between 2005 and 2012, 63.2% showed resistance to ciprofloxacin, 8.6% to erythromycin, 0.57% to chloramphenicol and all were sensitive to gentamycin. while 33.9% of isolates were sensitive to all ...	2015	25781009
crystal structure of helicobacter pylori pseudaminic acid biosynthesis n-acetyltransferase pseh: implications for substrate specificity and catalysis.	helicobacter pylori infection is the common cause of gastroduodenal diseases linked to a higher risk of the development of gastric cancer. persistent infection requires functional flagella that are heavily glycosylated with 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-l-manno-nonulosonic acid (pseudaminic acid). pseudaminic acid biosynthesis protein h (pseh) catalyzes the third step in its biosynthetic pathway, producing udp-2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-β-l-altropyranose. it belongs to the gcn ...	2015	25781966
antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria in dairy products and gut: effect on pathogens.	the food industry seeks alternatives to satisfy consumer demands of safe foods with a long shelf-life able to maintain the nutritional and organoleptic quality. the application of antimicrobial compounds-producing protective cultures may provide an additional parameter of processing in order to improve the safety and ensure food quality, keeping or enhancing its sensorial characteristics. in addition, strong evidences suggest that certain probiotic strains can confer resistance against infection ...	2015	25861634
optimal cloning of pcr fragments by homologous recombination in escherichia coli.	pcr fragments and linear vectors containing overlapping ends are easily assembled into a propagative plasmid by homologous recombination in escherichia coli. although this gap-repair cloning approach is straightforward, its existence is virtually unknown to most molecular biologists. to popularize this method, we tested critical parameters influencing the efficiency of pcr fragments cloning into pcr-amplified vectors by homologous recombination in the widely used e. coli strain dh5α. we found th ...	2015	25774528
enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhea in children from households with high socioeconomic level in uruguay.	infectious diarrhea, a common disease of children, deserves permanent monitoring in all social groups. to know the etiology and clinical manifestations of acute diarrhea in children up to 5 years of age from high socioeconomic level households, we conducted a descriptive, microbiological, and clinical study. stools from 59 children with acute community-acquired diarrhea were examined, and their parents were interviewed concerning symptoms and signs. rotavirus, adenovirus, and norovirus were dete ...	2015	25861274