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characterization of lactobacillus spp. isolated from the feces of breast-feeding piglets.lactobacillus spp., referred to as ij-1 and ij-2, were isolated from the feces of breast-feeding piglets and analyzed for probiotic properties. according to the analyses of 16s rdna sequence, lactobacillus sp. ij-1 showed greater than 99% homology with lactobacillus reuteri dsm 20016(t), and lactobacillus sp. ij-2 had greater than 99% homology with the l. gasseri atcc 33323(t) and l. johnsonii atcc 33200(t). the ph changes in the culture media of lactobacillus sp. ij-1 and lactobacillus sp. ij-2 ...200919664551
diagnosis of placental pathogens in small ruminants by immunohistochemistry and pcr on paraffin-embedded samples.a histological study was carried out on 58 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples of placenta from sheep and goats that had aborted, and the placental lesions were graded. sequential histological sections of each cotyledon were then immunostained with specific antibodies and used for pcr detection of chlamydophila abortus, coxiella burnetii, salmonella abortusovis, brucella melitensis, listeria monocytogenes and toxoplasma gondii. most of the cotyledons showed different degrees of placenti ...200919666916
recombinant listeria monocytogenes expressing a cell wall-associated listeriolysin o is weakly virulent but immunogenic.listeriolysin o (llo) is an essential virulence factor for the gram-positive bacterium listeria monocytogenes. our goal was to determine if altering the topology of llo would alter the virulence and toxicity of l. monocytogenes in vivo. a recombinant strain was generated that expressed a surface-associated llo (sllo) variant secreted at 40-fold-lower levels than the wild type. in culture, the sllo strain grew in macrophages, translocated to the cytosol, and induced cell death. however, the sllo ...200919667043
[molecular epidemiology of listeria monocytogenes isolates from imported fishery products to china].we examined the prevalence, molecular characteristics and virulence potential of listeria monocytogenes isolates from imported fishery products to gain further insights on the public health risk caused by this important food borne pathogen.200919673412
disease presentation in relation to infection foci for non-pregnancy-associated human listeriosis in england and wales, 2001 to 2007.listeriosis is a rare but severe food-borne disease, affecting unborn or newly delivered infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. the epidemiology of listeriosis in england and wales changed between 2001 and 2007, with more patients > or = 60 years old presenting with bacteremia (but without central nervous system [cns] involvement). in order to explain this increase and understand the altered disease presentation, clinical, microbiological, and seasonal data on bacteremic cases of liste ...200919675217
heat and acid tolerance responses of listeria monocytogenes as affected by sequential exposure to hurdles during growth.this study aimed to evaluate the effects of the level and sequence of hurdles, applied during growth, on the subsequent heat and acid tolerances of a 10-strain composite of listeria monocytogenes. individual strains were grown in glucose-free tryptic soy broth with 0.6% yeast extract (tsbye-g). then cultures were mixed and inoculated in fresh tsbye-g (0.5% nacl, ph 7.42; control), tsbye-g that was supplemented with 3% nacl (3.5% nacl in total), or tsbye-g with ph adjusted to 6.01 or 5.04 with la ...200919681263
listeria monocytogenes in the irish dairy farm environment.listeria monocytogenes is a potentially lethal foodborne pathogen commonly found in the environment. european union hygiene legislation places responsibility for safety on primary production facilities, including farms, as part of a policy to introduce traceability throughout the food chain. this study aimed to determine the occurrence of l. monocytogenes in the irish dairy farm environment and in particular the milking facility. two hundred ninety-eight environmental samples were collected from ...200919681268
biofilm formation ability of listeria monocytogenes isolates from raw ready-to-eat seafood.listeria monocytogenes is of great concern as a foodborne pathogen. many ready-to-eat foods are widely contaminated with this organism and have caused listeriosis outbreaks and sporadic cases in many countries. in japan, there is a high incidence of l. monocytogenes contamination, specifically in raw ready-to-eat seafood. identical l. monocytogenes subtypes have been isolated repeatedly from samples of food manufactured at a given store or processing plant, and researchers suspected that certain ...200919681273
two-enzyme systems for glycolipid and polyglycerolphosphate lipoteichoic acid synthesis in listeria monocytogenes.lipoteichoic acid (lta) is an important cell wall polymer in gram-positive bacteria and often consists a polyglycerolphosphate backbone chain that is linked to the membrane by a glycolipid. in listeria monocytogenes this glycolipid is gal-glc-dag or gal-ptd-6glc-dag. using a bioinformatics approach, we have identified l. monocytogenes genes predicted to be involved in glycolipid (lmo2555 and lmo2554) and lta backbone (lmo0644 and lmo0927) synthesis. lta and glycolipid analysis of wild-type and m ...200919682249
toll-like receptors in bacterial meningitis.bacterial meningitis is still an important infectious disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. bacterial infection of the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) space causes a powerful inflammatory reaction that is largely responsibly for meningitis-induced tissue damage and adverse outcome of the disease. in a landmark series of experiments in the mid-1980s, cell wall components including lipooligosaccharides and lipoteichoic acid were indicated to be the key bacterial elements that can trigger the ...200919688326
listeria monocytogenes meningitis in two immunocompetent children.listeria monocytogenes is an uncommon cause of bacterial meningitis beyond the neonatal period. patients with immunosuppression or neoplastic disease are at increased risk of developing serious invasive disease, particularly meningitis. l. monocytogenes meningitis in two previously healthy, immunocompetent children aged 7 years and 18 months is described. one of them was successfully treated with ampicillin and amikacin. in the other there was resistance to ampicillin, and meropenem, vancomycin ...200919689866
the key events dose-response framework: its potential for application to foodborne pathogenic microorganisms.the key events dose-response framework (kedrf) is an analytical approach that facilitates the use of currently available data to gain insight regarding dose-response relationships. the use of the kedrf also helps identify critical knowledge gaps that once filled, will reduce reliance on assumptions. the present study considers how the kedrf might be applied to pathogenic microorganisms, using fetal listeriosis resulting from maternal ingestion of food contaminated with l. monocytogenes as an ini ...200919690997
selectively reduced intracellular proliferation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium within apcs limits antigen presentation and development of a rapid cd8 t cell response.ag presentation to cd8(+) t cells commences immediately after infection, which facilitates their rapid expansion and control of pathogen. this paradigm is not followed during infection with virulent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st), an intracellular bacterium that causes mortality in susceptible c57bl/6j mice within 7 days and a chronic infection in resistant mice (129 x 1svj). infection of mice with ova-expressing st results in the development of a cd8(+) t cell response that is det ...200919692639
screening of antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria against different pathogens found in vacuum-packaged meat products.the objective of this work was to screen the antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from different sources against different pathogens found in ready-to-eat vacuum-packaged meat products (rte-vpmp). lab were isolated from human, rte-vpmp, fermented vegetables, and dairy samples. these isolates were assessed for their antibacterial activity against escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella spp., listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus using spot on lawn technique. six ...200919694551
differential expression of proteins in listeria monocytogenes under thermotolerance-inducing, heat shock, and prolonged heat shock conditions.listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen capable of employing stress adaptive responses to evade a variety of stressors including temperature stress. we employed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight analysis to study the differential expression of l. monocytogenes (atcc 43256) soluble proteins at heat shock (60 degrees c) conditions, prolonged heat shock (60 degrees c for 9 minutes) conditions, and thermotolerance-induc ...200919694553
principles, applications, and limitations of automated ribotyping as a rapid method in food safety.automated ribotyping (ar) is a genotyping method used for identification and characterization of foodborne pathogens to the strain level. the advantages of ar are full automation, rapidity, and high reproducibility and typeability. ar may be a suitable characterization method for some pathogens when the research purpose requires a genotyping method with a strong discriminatory power. ar is a sensitive subtyping method for pathogens such as listeria monocytogenes and salmonellae, while its discri ...200919694556
the role of natural killer cells in resistance to the intracellular bacterium listeria monocytogenes in rats.we have investigated the influence of early innate immune resistance mechanisms on infection with the intracellular bacterium listeria monocytogenes in rats. rats were injected i.v. with various amounts of listeria and the number of bacterial colonies in the spleen was determined at different time points after infection. a bacterial dose as low as 2 x 10(4) cells gave reproducible infection within the spleen. athymic nude rats lacking normal t cells but with a robust nk cell repertoire for mhc a ...200919703013
[listerial meningitis at the department of infectious diseases, copenhagen university hospital 1983-2006].listeria monocytogenes rarely causes meningitis, but when it does the course can be severe and case fatality rates high. the article describes clinical and laboratory findings as well as treatment and outcome among patients treated for listerial meningitis at the department of infectious diseases, rigshospitalet from 1983-2006.200919732509
modelling the influence of the inoculation level on the growth/no growth interface of listeria monocytogenes as a function of ph, aw and acetic acid.this research is an extension of previous work reported in gysemans et al. [gysemans, k.p.m., bernaerts, k., geeraerd, a.h., vermeulen, a., debevere, j., devlieghere, f., van impe, j.f., 2007. exploring the performance of logistic regression model types on growth/no growth data of listeria monocytogenes. international journal of food microbiology 114, 316-331.] in which the growth/no growth interface of listeria monocytogenes was modelled as a function of water activity (a(w)), ph and undissocia ...200919732986
potential use of supercritical carbon dioxide to decontaminate escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and salmonella typhimurium in alfalfa sprouted seeds.we sought to develop a method of decontaminating alfalfa sprouts of escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and salmonella typhimurium without altering the seed germination capability using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-co(2)). samples were treated with sc-co(2) at 10, 15, or 20 mpa and temperatures of 35, 40, or 45 degrees c for 5, 10, or 15 min. the germination percentage was measured after three days of germination. generally, treating seeds with sc-co(2) at higher pressures, tem ...200919733412
regulation of mannose phosphotransferase system permease and virulence gene expression in listeria monocytogenes by the eii(t)man transporter.the eii(t)(man) phosphotransferase system (pts) permease encoded by the mpt operon is the principal glucose transporter in listeria monocytogenes. eii(t)(man) participates in glucose-mediated carbon catabolite repression (ccr) and downregulation of virulence gene expression, and it is the receptor for class iia bacteriocins. the regulation of this important protein and its roles in gene control were examined using derivatives of strain egd-e in which the mpt operon or its regulatory genes, manr ...200919734332
study on the microbial status of unseasoned ground turkey meat from an eu producer-a new product with risk potential?1. the aim of this study was to point out potential risks associated with a product new to the market in the european union: unseasoned minced turkey meat. 2. on 6 d of sampling, minced turkey meat from a large-scale eu producer was analysed at 4 processing stages. 3. the packaged minced meat was examined during 10 d of storage, once using the legally recommended conditions (<+2 degrees c), and then under simulated consumer handling; one batch was stored for 3 d at +2 degrees c then kept for 45 ...200919735019
pulsed light inactivation of listeria monocytogenes through different plastic films.the efficacy of decontamination by pulsed light technology through different plastic films has been assayed using listeria monocytogenes scott a as target microorganism. a 12-mum polyethylene film, a 48-mum polyamide/polyethylene/vinyl acetate-based copolymer, and a 60-mum polyamide/polyethylene copolymer were tested. noble agar plates were surface inoculated and wrapped with different films. unwrapped plates were also analyzed as control. fluences of 0.175 and 0.35 j/cm(2) were applied. pulsed ...200919735198
obstetrician/gynecologists' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding prevention of infections in pregnancy.maternal infection during pregnancy is a well-recognized cause of birth defects and developmental disabilities, as well as an important contributor to other adverse pregnancy outcomes. the objective of the present survey was to gain information about the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of obstetrician/gynecologists regarding prevention of infections during pregnancy.200919670963
a molecular beacon-based duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes in milk and milk products.in this study, a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay based on two specific molecular beacons tagged with different reporter dyes was designed and developed for escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes in such a way that each pathogen could be detected simultaneously in a single tube and differentiated. the duplex assay was developed by targeting the rfb gene of e. coli o157:h7 and the hly gene of l. monocytogenes using the homemade master reaction mix. the detection limit of the ...200919735201
studies on the susceptibility of different culture morphotypes of listeria monocytogenes to uptake and survival in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.this study demonstrated that atypical virulent filaments of listeria monocytogenes (rough variant type ii and designated fr for this study), isolated from clinical specimens or generated during exposure to pulsed-plasma gas discharge in liquids, were shown to be capable of survival when engulfed by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnls). factors shown to significantly influence the maximal respiratory burst response in pmnls and survival of different internalized cell or filament forms of l. ...200919735470
microbial contamination of milk and dairy products from restaurants in spain.this study was carried out to evaluate the microbiological quality of milk and some dairy products, including 95 lots of warm milk, 95 lots of milk conserved at room temperature, and 75 lots of dairy products collected from restaurants in spain. according to the european microbiological criteria (92/46/eec, 93/43/eec, and commission regulation no. 2073/2005), 31% and 35% of the total examined lots exceed the adopted limits of mesophilic aerobic counts and enterobacteriaceae, respectively. this m ...200919737068
specific osmolyte transporters mediate bile tolerance in listeria monocytogenes.the food-borne pathogenic bacterium listeria monocytogenes has the potential to adapt to an array of suboptimal growth environments encountered within the host. the pathogen is relatively bile tolerant and has the capacity to survive and grow within both the small intestine and the gallbladder in murine models of oral infection. we have previously demonstrated a role for the principal carnitine transport system of l. monocytogenes (opuc) in gastrointestinal survival of the pathogen (r. sleator, ...200919737907
in vitro activities of three new dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors against clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria.bal0030543, bal0030544, and bal0030545 are dihydrophthalazine inhibitors with in vitro potency against gram-positive pathogens. the mic(50)s for methicillin (meticillin)-sensitive staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, hetero-vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (visa) range from 0.015 to 0.25 microg/ml (mic(90)s < or = 0.5 microg/ml). mic(50)s for beta-hemolytic streptococci range from 0.03 to 0.06 microg/ml, mic ...200919738027
role of cybr, a cytohesin binder and regulator, in cd4(+) t-cell function and host immunity.cytohesin binder and regulator (cybr) is known to regulate leukocyte adhesion and migration. however, its function in t-cells is poorly understood. here, we investigated the role of cybr in cd4(+) t-cell function and host immunity. cybr inhibited p38 phosphorylation following cd4(+) t-cell stimulation. since p38 regulates the expression of t-box expressed in t-cells (t-bet) but not gata binding protein 3 (gata-3) in t-cells, cybr decreased the expression of t-bet and ifn-gamma in cd4(+) t-cells. ...200919744714
effect of nisin (nisaplin) on the growth of listeria monocytogenes in karashi-mentaiko (red-pepper seasoned cod roe).the influence of nisaplin, which contains 2.5% nisin, on the growth of listeria monocytogenes in karashi-mentaiko (red-pepper seasoned cod roe) was investigated. the mics of nisaplin for l. monocytogenes (10(8) cfu/ml) were measured; seven isolates showed a value of 1,600 microg/ml and one isolate showed a value of 800 microg/ml. all l. monocytogenes isolates had a mic of 800 microg/ml at 10(6) cfu/ml. the number of l. monocytogenes in karashi-mentaiko stored at 4 degrees c was decreased by nisa ...200919745585
p38 mapk-dependent phagocytic encapsulation confers infection tolerance in drosophila.hosts employ a combination of two distinct yet compatible strategies to defend themselves against parasites: resistance, the ability to limit parasite burden, and tolerance, the ability to limit damage caused by a given parasite burden. animals typically exhibit considerable genetic variation in resistance to a variety of pathogens; however, little is known about whether animals can evolve tolerance. using a bacterial infection model in drosophila, we uncovered a p38 map kinase-mediated mechanis ...200919748466
regulatory mimicry in listeria monocytogenes actin-based motility.the actin-based motility of the intracellular pathogen listeria monocytogenes relies on acta, a bacterial factor with a structural domain allowing it to mimic the actin nucleation-promoting activity of host cell proteins of the wasp/wave family. here, we used an rnai-based genetic approach in combination with computer-assisted image analysis to investigate the role of host factors in l. monocytogenes cell-to-cell spread. we showed that the host cell serine/threonine kinase ck2 is required for ef ...200919748468
listeria monocytogenes acta-mediated escape from autophagic recognition.autophagy degrades unnecessary organelles and misfolded protein aggregates, as well as cytoplasm-invading bacteria. nevertheless, the bacteria listeria monocytogenes efficiently escapes autophagy. we show here that recruitment of the arp2/3 complex and ena/vasp, via the bacterial acta protein, to the bacterial surface disguises the bacteria from autophagic recognition, an activity that is independent of the ability to mediate bacterial motility. l. monocytogenes expressing acta mutants that lack ...200919749745
priming and activation of human ovarian and breast cancer-specific cd8+ t cells by polyvalent listeria monocytogenes-based vaccines.immunotherapeutic vaccine is potentially an effective strategy to combat cancer. essential components of an effective vaccine must include antigens that are processed by the major histocompatibility complex class i pathway, presented by the tumor major histocompatibility complex molecules, and an effective antigen delivery platform that is capable of breaking self-tolerance. in this study, we characterized a set of ovarian cancer-specific t-cell epitopes delivered by live-attenuated recombinant ...200919752748
development of an escherichia coli expressing listeriolysin-o vaccine against wilms tumor gene 1-expressing tumors.through their ability to induce cytotoxic t-lymphocytes and inhibit foxp3 t-regulatory cells, escherichia coli expressing listeriolysin-o (llo) and a model tumor antigen have been shown to exert strong antitumor activity. the aim of this study is to extend these observations to a self-protein and clinically relevant tumor antigen associated with most types of adult leukemia: wilms tumor gene 1 (wt1). we demonstrate that an e. coli coexpressing llo and wt1 is capable of inducing a strong antitumo ...200919752749
efficient oligonucleotide probe selection for pan-genomic tiling arrays.array comparative genomic hybridization is a fast and cost-effective method for detecting, genotyping, and comparing the genomic sequence of unknown bacterial isolates. this method, as with all microarray applications, requires adequate coverage of probes targeting the regions of interest. an unbiased tiling of probes across the entire length of the genome is the most flexible design approach. however, such a whole-genome tiling requires that the genome sequence is known in advance. for the accu ...200919758451
cellular pharmacokinetics and intracellular activity of torezolid (tr-700): studies with human macrophage (thp-1) and endothelial (huvec) cell lines.optimal treatment of infections caused by staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes and legionella pneumophila requires antibiotics with intracellular activity. linezolid accumulates poorly within cells. torezolid (tr-700) is a novel methyltetrazolyl oxazolidinone with potentially different cellular pharmacokinetic properties. our aim was to examine the accumulation and intracellular activities of torezolid in this context.200919759040
duox2-derived reactive oxygen species are effectors of nod2-mediated antibacterial responses.generation of microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ros) is a pivotal protective component of the innate immune system in many eukaryotes. nod (nucleotide oligomerisation domain containing protein)-like receptors (nlrs) have been implicated as phylogenetically ancient sensors of intracellular pathogens or endogenous danger signals. nod2 recognizes the bacterial cell wall component muramyldipeptide leading to nfkappab and mapk activation via induced proximity signalling through the serine-threoni ...200919759286
effect of bile salts on the dna and membrane integrity of enteric bacteria.enteric bacteria are able to resist the high concentrations of bile encountered throughout the gastrointestinal tract. here we review the current mechanisms identified in the enteric bacteria salmonella, escherichia coli, bacillus cereus and listeria monocytogenes to resist the dangerous effects of bile. we describe the role of membrane transport systems, and their connection with dna repair pathways, in conferring bile resistance to these enterics. we discuss the findings from recent investigat ...200919762477
control of listeria monocytogenes in turkey deli loaves using organic acids as formulation ingredients.the growth of listeria monocytogenes in further-processed meat products has become a major concern and an important food safety issue. the meat and poultry industries have incorporated interventions such as organic acids in marinades to inhibit the growth of l. monocytogenes. in this study, organic acids were utilized in the raw product and as a postcook dip to determine their inhibitory effect on the growth of l. monocytogenes in turkey deli loaves. the turkey deli loaves were processed, cooked ...200919762881
listeria monocytogenes attachment to and detachment from stainless steel surfaces in a simulated dairy processing environment.the presence of pathogens in dairy products is often associated with contamination via bacteria attached to food-processing equipment, especially from areas where cleaning/sanitation is difficult. in this study, the attachment of listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel (ss), followed by detachment and growth in foods, was evaluated under conditions simulating a dairy processing environment. initially, ss coupons were immersed in milk, vanilla custard, and yogurt inoculated with the pathogen (1 ...200919767476
complex phenotypic and genotypic responses of listeria monocytogenes strains exposed to the class iia bacteriocin sakacin p.sakacin p is a class iia bacteriocin that is active against the food-borne pathogen listeria monocytogenes, and use of this compound as a biopreservative in foods has been suggested. in the present study, we characterized 30 spontaneous sakacin p-resistant mutants of l. monocytogenes obtained after single exposure to sakacin p. the frequency of development of sakacin p resistance for all strains was in the range from 10(-8) to 10(-9). using the 50% inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) of sakacin p, ...200919767478
the bacterial virulence factor inlc perturbs apical cell junctions and promotes cell-to-cell spread of listeria.several pathogenic bacteria, including listeria monocytogenes, use an f-actin motility process to spread between mammalian cells. actin 'comet tails' propel listeria through the cytoplasm, resulting in bacteria-containing membrane protrusions that are internalized by neighbouring cells. the mechanism by which listeria overcomes cortical tension to generate protrusions is unknown. here, we identify bacterial and host proteins that directly regulate protrusions. we show that efficient spreading be ...200919767742
card9 facilitates microbe-elicited production of reactive oxygen species by regulating the lygdi-rac1 complex.in response to invading microorganisms, macrophages engage in phagocytosis and rapidly release reactive oxygen species (ros), which serve an important microbicidal function. however, how phagocytosis induces ros production remains largely unknown. card9, a caspase-recruitment domain (card)-containing protein, is important for resistance to fungal and bacterial infection. the mechanism of card9-mediated bacterial clearance is still mostly unknown. here we show that card9 is required for killing i ...200919767757
in silico reconstitution of actin-based symmetry breaking and motility.eukaryotic cells assemble viscoelastic networks of crosslinked actin filaments to control their shape, mechanical properties, and motility. one important class of actin network is nucleated by the arp2/3 complex and drives both membrane protrusion at the leading edge of motile cells and intracellular motility of pathogens such as listeria monocytogenes. these networks can be reconstituted in vitro from purified components to drive the motility of spherical micron-sized beads. an elastic gel mode ...200919771152
[spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and listeria monocytogenes]. 200919775592
estimation of the pod function and the lod of a qualitative microbiological measurement method.qualitative microbiological measurement methods in which the measurement results are either 0 (microorganism not detected) or 1 (microorganism detected) are discussed. the performance of such a measurement method is described by its probability of detection as a function of the contamination (cfu/g or cfu/ml) of the test material, or by the lod(p), i.e., the contamination that is detected (measurement result 1) with a specified probability p. a complementary log-log model was used to statistical ...200920166595
[survival strategy of intracellular bacteria in macrophages]. 200921089530
a modeled structure for amidase-03 from bacillus anthracis.homology models of amidase-03 from bacillus anthracis were constructed using modeller (9v2). modeller constructs protein models using an automated approach for comparative protein structure modeling by the satisfaction of spatial restraints. a template structure of listeria monocytogenes bacteriophage psa endolysin plypsa (pdb id: 1xov) was selected from protein databank (pdb) using blastp with blosum62 sequence alignment scoring matrix. we generated five models using the modeller default routin ...200920975917
sanitizing effect of salts on experimentally inoculated organisms on pork carcasses.pork forequarters procured from freshly slaughtered animals were decontaminated with hot water and inoculated with staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, yersinia enterocolitica, listeria monocytogenes, serratia marcescens, pseudomonas aeruginosa and proteusvulgaris. the forequarters were individually spray washed with 5% potassium sorbate and a combination of 5% sodium chloride and 2.5% each of sodium acetate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate and potassium sorbate soluti ...200920416620
inactivation kinetics of listeria monocytogenes, salmonellaenterica serovar typhimurium, and campylobacter jejuni in ready-to-eat sliced ham using uv-c irradiation.to investigate the applicability of uv-c irradiation on the inactivation of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in ready-to-eat sliced ham, uv-c treatment was evaluated. irradiation dose required for 90% reduction of the populations of listeria monocytogenes, salmonellaenterica serovar typhimurium, and campylobacter jejuni were determined to be 2.48, 2.39, and 2.18j/m(2). ready-to-eat sliced hams were inoculated with the pathogens and irradiated with uv-c light of 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000j/m(2 ...200920416652
high prevalence, low counts and uncommon serotypes of listeria monocytogenes in linguiça, a brazilian fresh pork sausage.linguiça is a highly popular and appreciated pork product in brazil, frequently consumed undercooked. aiming at collection of data for a future risk assessment, this study evaluated the prevalence and counts of listeria monocytogenes in linguiça samples collected at retail level in sao paulo, sp, brazil. iso methods were used for detection and enumeration of the pathogen (11290-1 and 11290-2, respectively). isolates were submitted to simplex-pcr for hlya gene and those with biochemical features ...200920416665
evaluation of the effect of defrosting practices of ground beef on the heat tolerance of listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enteritidis.the effect of common defrosting practices of ground beef, including (i) defrosting in the refrigerator (5 degrees c for 15h), (ii) defrosting at room temperature (25 degrees c for 12h) and (iii) defrosting in the microwave, on the heat tolerance of artificially inoculated listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enteritidis, was studied. the thermal inactivation of s. enteritidis was not, overall, affected by defrosting practices. in contrast, defrosting at room temperature resulted, overall, in an ...200920416679
effects of supercritical carbon dioxide treatment against generic escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, and e. coli o157:h7 in marinades and marinated pork.this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-co(2)) treatment on soy sauce and hot-pepper paste marinades, as well as in marinated pork products, for the inhibition of generic escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, and e. coli o157:h7. sc-co(2) was more effective at destroying foodborne pathogens when it was applied to the marinades than the marinated products. sc-co(2) treatment at 14mpa and 45 degrees c for 40min resulted in a ...200920416694
high bacterial contamination of pig tonsils at slaughter.food-borne zoonoses have a major health impact in industrial countries. campylobacter spp., salmonella enterica, yersinia enterocolitica and listeria monocytogenes are high-risk food-borne zoonotic hazards in finishing pigs. the objectives of this work were (1) to study the isolation rate of pathogenic y. enterocolitica, salmonella spp., campylobacter spp. and l. monocytogenes in the tonsils and feces and (2) to determine the number of mesophilic aerobic bacteria (mab) and escherichia coli in th ...200920416719
influence of farming methods on microbiological contamination and prevalence of resistance to antimicrobial drugs in isolates from beef.the presence of escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes and salmonella spp. was determined in 75 samples of conventional beef and in 75 samples of organic beef. all samples came from cattle slaughtered and processed in the same slaughterhouse and quartering room. a total of 180 e. coli, 180 s. aureus and 98 l. monocytogenes strains were analyzed by an agar disk diffusion assay for their resistance to 11 antimicrobials, for the case of e. coli and s. aureus, or 9 antimicro ...200920416735
[prokaryotic expression of listeria monocytogene (lm) hly and development of monoclonal antibodies against listeriolysin o (llo)].in order to study the pathogenesis of listeria monocytogenes (lm), we cloned listeriolysin gene into prokaryotic expression vector pet21a. the expression vector was transformed into escherichia coli bl21 for expression of listeriolysin o (llo). llo-his tag fusion protein was purified with a ni-nta affinity column and was used as an immunogen to vaccinate balb/c mice. hybridomas were developed by fusing mouse myeloma cells sp2/0 and splenocytes from the immunized mice and screened with purified l ...200920222463
survey of listeria monocytogenes and other listeria sp. contamination in different common ready-to-eat food products in jordan.incidence and contamination levels of different listeria monocytogenes serovars and different listeria sp. in 360 samples of common ready-to-eat food products in jordan were investigated. the presence of l. monocytogenes was determined using en iso protocol and confirmed using pcr technique. five listeria sp.: l. monocytogenes, l. innocua, l. ivanovvi, l. welshimeri and l. seeligeri were isolated. l. monocytogenes was isolated from 19 samples (5.3%), from 6 rte dairy samples; 6 rte vegetables sa ...200920180325
antibrowning and antimicrobial properties of sodium acid sulfate in apple slices.there are few available compounds that can both control browning and enhance microbial safety of fresh-cut fruits. in the present study, the antibrowning ability of sodium acid sulfate (sas) on "granny smith" apple slices was first investigated in terms of optimum concentration and treatment time. in a separate experiment, the apple slices were treated with water or 3% of sas, calcium ascorbate, citric acid, or acidified calcium sulfate for 5 min. total plate count, color, firmness, and tissue d ...200920492119
sensitivity of listeria monocytogenes scott a to nisin and diacetyl after starvation in sodium phosphate buffered saline.this study determined the effectiveness of nisin and diacetyl to inhibit the growth of listeria monocytogenes (lm) under normal cell cultivation and starvation conditions in sodium phosphate buffered saline (spbs). inhibitory effects of nisin at 320 or 1000 au/ml or diacetyl at 0.25%, 0.50%, or 1.0% and combinations on lm in brain heart infusion (bhi), spbs, and potassium phosphate buffered saline (kpbs) were determined on bhia (nonselective medium) and palcam (selective medium) agar at 0 and 2 ...200920492120
effect of organic acids and plant extracts on escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and salmonella typhimurium in broth culture model and chicken meat systems.foodborne illness due to consumption of products contaminated with salmonella typhimurium (s.t.), listeria monocytogenes (l.m.), and escherichia coli o157:h7 (e.c.) results in many deaths and significant economic losses each year. in this study, acetic (aa), citric acid (ca), lactic acid (la), malic acid (ma), and tartaric acid (ta) and grape seed (gs), green tea (gt), bitter melon seed (bms), rasum, and fenugreek (fg) extracts were investigated as inhibitors against s.t., l.m., and e.c. in both ...200920492123
effect of salt, smoke compound, and temperature on the survival of listeria monocytogenes in salmon during simulated smoking processes.the objectives of this study were to examine and develop a model to describe the survival of listeria monocytogenes in salmon as affected by salt, smoke compound (phenol), and smoking process temperature. cooked minced salmon containing selected levels of salt (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) and smoke compound (0, 5, 10, and 15 ppm phenol) were inoculated with a 6-strain mixture of l. monocytogenes to an inoculum level of 6.0 log(10) cfu/g. the populations of l. monocytogenes in salmon during processing at ...200920492124
anti-angiogenesis immunotherapy induces epitope spreading to her-2/neu resulting in breast tumor immunoediting.targeting tumors using cancer vaccine-therapeutics has several advantages including the induction of long-term immunity, prime boost strategies for additional treatments and reduced side effects compared to conventional chemotherapeutics. however, one problem in targeting tumor antigens directly is that this can lead to antigen loss or immunoediting. we hypothesized that directing the immune response to a normal cell type required for tumor growth and survival could provide a more stable immunot ...200921197144
specific and rapid quantification of viable listeria monocytogenes using fluorescence in situ hybridization in combination with filter cultivation.we developed a new method that rapidly and specifically enumerates only viable listeria monocytogenes in food using fluorescence in situ hybridization in combination with filter cultivation (fishfc). viable l. monocytogenes could be specifically quantified within 16 h using an alexa647-labeled mrl-2 probe. the coefficient of the correlation between the new method and the conventional plating method was 0.959.200921566384
antibody-based sensors: principles, problems and potential for detection of pathogens and associated toxins.antibody-based sensors permit the rapid and sensitive analysis of a range of pathogens and associated toxins. a critical assessment of the implementation of such formats is provided, with reference to their principles, problems and potential for 'on-site' analysis. particular emphasis is placed on the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens, such as escherichia coli and listeria monocytogenes, and additional examples relating to the monitoring of fungal pathogens, viruses, mycotoxins, marine ...200922408533
antibacterial and antioxidant activities of acid and bile resistant strains of lactobacillus fermentum isolated from miang.miang is a kind of traditional fermented tea leaves, widely consumed in northern thailand as a snack. it contains several kinds of lactobacilli spp. the aim of this study was to isolate strains of lactobacillus fermentum from miang and to investigate their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. the agar spot and well assays were used for determination of antibacterial power. the antibacterial mechanism was investigated by cell morphologic change under scanning electron microscope (sem). antio ...200924031422
simultaneous detection of pathogenic b. cereus, s. aureus and l. monocytogenes by multiplex pcr.three important foodborne pathogens, bacillus cereus, listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus are of major concern for food safety in terms of frequency and seriousness of the disease. the occurrence these three important pathogens and their coexistence in food matrices are predominant. moreover, symptoms associated with b. cereus and s. aureus food poisoning not only closely resembles each other but can also be overlapping with other foodborne infections. in this context, detection of ...200923100783
listeria monocytogenes' step-like response to sub-lethal concentrations of nisin.microbial safety of food products is often accomplished by the formulation of food-grade preservatives into the product. because of the growing consumer demand for natural substances (including preservatives) in the composition of consumed foods, there is also a growing interest in the natural antimicrobial nisin, which has generally recognized as safe (gras) status for certain applications. during the products storage time, concentrations of preservative(s) are decreasing, which may eventually ...200926783172
suppression of listeria monocytogenes scott a in fluid milk by free and liposome-entrapped nisin.nisin is an antimicrobial polypeptide inhibitory toward gram-positive bacterial pathogens, including listeria monocytogenes. encapsulating nisin in lipid nanocapsules (i.e., liposomes) has been shown to protect antimicrobial functionality in complex food matrices. the capacity of liposomes to encapsulate a fluorescent reporter was determined via spectroscopy. survival and growth of l. monocytogenes incubated in fluid milk containing 50 iu/ml free or liposome-entrapped nisin was assayed via perio ...200926783171
the acid tolerance response alters membrane fluidity and induces nisin resistance in listeria monocytogenes.the ability of l. monocytogenes cells to adapt to a variety of stressors contributes to its growth in a wide range of foods. the present study examines the effect of acid and of the acid tolerance response (atr) on membrane fluidity and on the organism's resistance to acid and to the bacteriocin nisin. when atr was induced in wild-type cells, these cells also became resistant to nisin. atr(+) cells also had lower membrane rigidities than control atr(-) cells that had not been subjected to the ac ...200926783167
proinflammatory and phagocytic functions of alveolar macrophages in obesity. 200924973149
potential of chitosan from mucor rouxxi ucp064 as alternative natural compound to inhibit listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes is widely distributed in nature and the infection listeriosis is recognized as a potential threat for human health because of its mortality rate. the objective of this study was to evaluate the growth profile and chitosan production by mucor rouxxi ucp 064 grown in yam bean (pachyrhizus erosus l. urban) medium. it was also to assess the anti-l. monocytogenes efficacy of the obtained chitosan. higher values of biomass of m. rouxxi (16.9 g.l(-1)) and best yield of chitosan ( ...200924031403
characterization of listeria monocytogenes isolated from a fresh mixed sausage processing line in pelotas-rs by pfge.listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium capable to adhere to the surfaces of equipment and utensils and subsequently form biofilms. it can to persist in the food processing environmental for extended periods of time being able to contaminate the final product. the aim of this study was to trace the contamination route of l. monocytogenes on a fresh mixed sausage processing line, from raw material to the final product. the isolates obtained were characterized by serotyping and molecular typing by p ...200924031402
antiangiogenesis immunotherapy induces epitope spreading to her-2/neu resulting in breast tumor immunoediting.targeting tumors using cancer vaccine therapeutics has several advantages including the induction of long-term immunity, prime boost strategies for additional treatments and reduced side effects compared to conventional chemotherapeutics. however, one problem in targeting tumor antigens directly is that this can lead to antigen loss or immunoediting. we hypothesized that directing the immune response to a normal cell type required for tumor growth and survival could provide a more stable immunot ...200924367160
prediction of proteins putatively involved in the thiol: disulfide redox metabolism of a bacterium (listeria): the cxxc motif as query sequence.thiol:disulfide redox metabolism (tdrm) is a central metabolic network in all living cells. however, numerous proteins with different biochemical functions and several structural domains are involved, making it not trivial to identify and annotate its constituents in sequenced genomes. we developed an uncomplicated approach to solve the problem using existing web-based tools and public databases with the gram-positive bacterium listeria monocytogenes egd-e as a model organism. a pattern search f ...200922430441
production of bacteriocin-like substances by lactic acid bacteria isolated from regional ovine cheese.lactic acid bacteria (lab) were isolated from ovine milk and cheeses manufactured in the south region of brazil. among 112 bacterial isolates investigated, 59 were chosen through a screening for lab. among these 59 strains of lab, 21% showed antimicrobial, proteolytic and lipolytic activities. based on this screening, lactobacillus plantarum lcn 17 and lactobacillus rhamnosus lcn 43 were selected and tested for the production of bacteriocin-like substances (bls). the bls produced by both isolate ...201024031581
[detection of listeria monocytogenes in white cheese by polymerase chain reaction (pcr)].the polymerase chain reaction, known as pcr, is a method to replicate thousands of times within a few hours and in vitro, small amounts of dna. the application of rapid and sensitive methods to detect listeria monocytogenes in cheese samples, allow a better microbiological control of the production process. pcr was applied to 30 samples of of white cheese, from valencia, carabobo state. it was detected pcr specificity and sensitivity by using the control strain listeria monocytogenes 446. dna ex ...201021614822
evaluation of antibacterial activity of 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 2-phenylethyl, and benzyl isothiocyanate in brassica vegetables.this study investigated antibacterial activities of 4 isothiocyanates (3-butenyl, 4-phentenyl, 2-phenylethyl, and benzyl isothiocyanate) against 4 gram-positive bacteria (bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus) and 7 gram-negative bacteria (aeromonas hydrophila, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella choleaesuis, salmonella enterica, serratia marcescens, shigella sonnei, and vibrio parahaemolyticus) by an agar disc diffusion assay. benzyl isothiocyanate ...201021535549
synergic antimicrobial activity of lysozyme, nisin, and edta against listeria monocytogenes in ostrich meat patties.synergic antimicrobial activity of lysozyme (250 ppm), nisin (250 ppm), and disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (edta) (20 mm) against listeria monocytogenes and meat-borne spoilage bacteria in ostrich patties packaged in air and vacuum was studied. the antimicrobial treatment decreased the l. monocytogenes population in ostrich patties below the official limit of the european union (<2 log cfu/g). the total viable counts for the treated samples (air and vacuum) showed a reduction of 1 log ...201021535551
antilisterial activity and consumer acceptance of irradiated chicken breast meat vacuum-infused with grape seed and green tea extracts and tartaric acid.contamination of poultry with pathogenic bacteria contributes to human foodborne disease, causes damage to industry brand names, and has a significant economic impact on the food industry in the form of both damage to industry brand names and losses associated with recalls. irradiation is a safe and effective means of decontaminating poultry products, but the maximum dose strengths allowed negatively impact poultry sensory quality characteristics. the 1st objective of this study was to investiga ...201021535556
inhibition of listeria monocytogenes by food antimicrobials applied singly and in combination.combining food antimicrobials can enhance inhibition of listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (rte) meats. a broth dilution assay was used to compare the inhibition of l. monocytogenes resulting from exposure to nisin, acidic calcium sulfate, ɛ-poly-l-lysine, and lauric arginate ester applied singly and in combination. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were the lowest concentrations of single antimicrobials producing inhibition following 24 h incubation at 35 °c. minimum bactericidal con ...201021535610
effect of nacl on the biofilm formation by foodborne pathogens.this study was designed to evaluate the effect of nacl on the biofilm formation of listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, shigella boydii, and salmonella typhimurium. the biofilm cells were cultured in media containing different nacl concentrations (0% to 10%) for 10 d of incubation at 37 °c using a 24-well polystyrene microtiter plate, collected by swabbing methods, and enumerated using plate count method. the attachment and detachment kinetic patterns were estimated according to the mo ...201021535614
epidemiology and clinical characteristics of listeria monocytogenes bacteremia in a taiwanese medical center.there have been many reported cases of listeria monocytogenes bacteremia in europe and the united states, but only a few from taiwan. the present study was undertaken to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with l. monocytogenes bacteremia in taiwan.201021195975
listeria monocytogenes: at the coalface of host-pathogen research.listeria monocytogenes is a highly adaptable food-borne pathogen that causes the life threatening illness listeriosis in infected individuals. within the host this bacterium invades cells, escapes into the host cell cytosol and replicates intracellularly. to achieve this l. monocytogenes has evolved a sophisticated set of molecular weaponry   that allows it to interact with and manipulate the cell biology of the host to its own advantage. many of these interactions are well understood, putting t ...201021637036
evaluation of beneficial attributes for phytate-degrading pediococcus pentosaceus cfr r123.in this study we have screened and selected potent phytate-degrading lactic acid bacteria (lab), and evaluated their beneficial attributes. around 60 lab strains were isolated from several cereal- and pulse-based conventional fermented preparations. they were screened for their ability to degrade myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (ip6) by cobalt chloride qualitative staining method (plate assay). one of the cultures, pediococcus pentosaceus cfr r123, was capable of degrading both calcium and sodium ...201021831762
phage and their lysins as biocontrol agents for food safety applications.bacteriophage (phage) are bacterial viruses and are considered to be the most widely distributed and diverse natural biological entities. soon after their discovery, bacteriophage were found to have antimicrobial properties that were exploited in many early anti-infection trials. however, the subsequent discovery of antibiotics led to a decline in the popularity of bacteriophage in much of the western world, although work continued in the former soviet union and eastern europe. as a result of th ...201022129344
[evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection and identification of listeria monocytogens in fresh cheese coming from the metropolitan area of san josé, costa rica].food borne diseases are very important worldwide and their frequency is still high despite the different efforts focused in diminishing their morbidity and mortality. listeria monocytogenes is one of the agents associated in this kind of diseases. in the lactic industry, this bacteria is important since raw milks as well as dairy products have been associated in outbreaks, being fresh cheese one of the most vulnerable products to the contamination with this bacteria. the traditional identificati ...201021866690
coxiella burnetii transcriptional analysis reveals serendipity clusters of regulation in intracellular bacteria.coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of the zoonotic disease q fever, is mainly transmitted to humans through an aerosol route. a spore-like form allows c. burnetii to resist different environmental conditions. because of this, analysis of the survival strategies used by this bacterium to adapt to new environmental conditions is critical for our understanding of c. burnetii pathogenicity. here, we report the early transcriptional response of c. burnetii under temperature stresses. our data sho ...201021203564
gene scanning of an internalin b gene fragment using high-resolution melting curve analysis as a tool for rapid typing of listeria monocytogenes.the ability to accurately track listeria monocytogenes strains involved in outbreaks is essential for control and prevention of listeriosis. because current typing techniques are time-consuming, cost-intensive, technically demanding, and difficult to standardize, we developed a rapid and cost-effective method for typing of l. monocytogenes. in all, 172 clinical l. monocytogenes isolates and 20 isolates from culture collections were typed by high-resolution melting (hrm) curve analysis of a speci ...201021227395
advancements of biotracing in the dairy chain. 201021227523
synergistic antimicrobial activity of galangal (alpinia galanga), rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis) and lemon iron bark (eucalyptus staigerana) extracts.in this study the synergistic antimicrobial activities of combinations of extracts from galangal (alpinia galanga), rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis) and lemon iron bark (eucalyptus staigerana) were evaluated against staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium and clostridium perfringens. chemical compositions of these extracts were also determined to provide further insight into antimicrobial constituents and their potential mechanisms of action.201021218479
microbiological and chemical profile of lebanese qishta (heat-coagulated milk).qishta is a popular middle eastern coagulated cream product, prepared using a traditional heating and skimming process. this study in lebanon aimed to assess the microbiological and chemical profile of the product. samples selected from 31 different manufacturers and outlets were analysed using standard methods. the plate counts for the various microorganisms were either of borderline acceptability or unacceptable for escherichia coli, salmonella spp. and listeria monocytogenes (detected in 32%, ...201021218717
destruction of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus achieved during manufacture of whole-muscle beef jerkyin home-style dehydrators.adequate lethality in jerky manufacture destroys appropriate levels of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus. our goal was to evaluate the lethality of four home-style dehydrator processes against these pathogens. whole-muscle beef strips were inoculated with l. monocytogenes (five strains), s. aureus (five strains), or a mixed inoculum of e. coli o157:h7 (five strains) and salmonella (eight strains). after allowing for attachment, strips were ma ...201021219715
contamination patterns of listeria monocytogenes in cold-smoked pork processing.contamination patterns of listeria monocytogenes were studied in a cold-smoked pork processing plant to identify the sources and possible reasons for the contamination. environmental sampling combined with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) subtyping and serotyping were applied to investigate the genetic diversity of l. monocytogenes in the plant environment and ready-to-eat (rte) cold-smoked pork products. a total of 183 samples were collected for contamination analyses, including samples ...201021219726
thermal resistance of listeria monocytogenes scott a in ultrafiltered milk as related to the effect of different milk components.pasteurization parameters for grade a milk are well established and set by regulation. however, as solids levels increase, an increased amount of heat is required to destroy any pathogens present. this effect is not well characterized. in this work, the effect of increased dairy solids levels on the thermal resistance of listeria monocytogenes was examined through the use of ultrafiltered (uf) milk, reconstituted milk powder, and the milk components lactose and caseinate. from the results obtain ...201021219727
inactivation kinetics and virulence potential of salmonella typhimurium and listeria monocytogenes treated by combined high pressure and nisin.the aim of this study was to characterize the physiological and molecular changes of salmonella typhimurium and listeria monocytogenes in deionized water (diw) and nisin solutions (100 iu/g) during high pressure processing (hpp). strains of salmonella typhimurium and l. monocytogenes in diw or nisin solutions were subjected to 200, 300, and 400 mpa for 20 min. the weibull model adequately described the hpp inactivation of salmonella typhimurium and l. monocytogenes. salmonella typhimurium and l. ...201021219737
the effects of olive oil emulsified alginate on the physico-chemical, sensory, microbial, and fatty acid profiles of low-salt, inulin-enriched sausages.this paper examines variations in the quality of low-salt, inulin enriched pamplona-style chorizo, in which some of the pork back fat was replaced with olive oil. four different sausage formulations were prepared in which 50% of the pork back fat was replaced with olive oil emulsified with alginate and 58% of the sodium chloride was replaced with 20% potassium chloride and 38% calcium chloride. four lots were prepared, three with 3%, 6% and 10% proportions of added inulin were labeled o-i 3%, o- ...201021236589
[virulent gene prevalence of foodborne listeria monocytogenes in china in 2005].to study the virulent gene prevalence of foodborne listeria monocytogenes (lm) isolated from china.201021215111
[listeriosis in pregnant women and newborns in czech republic].listeria monocytogenes is ubiquitous in nature, being commonly present in faecal flora of otherwise healthy human population or animals. clinical manifestation of listeria infection may vary widely from mild to invasive, life-threatening disease. in an immunocompromised host, a rather serious course should be expected. due to cell-mediated immune insufficiency associated with pregnancy even a short bacteraemia in pregnant women can result in transplacental infection. most listeria infections are ...201021243601
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