Publications

in vitro selection and interaction studies of a dna aptamer targeting protein a.	a new dna aptamer targeting protein a is presented. the aptamer was selected by use of the flumag-selex procedure. the selex technology (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) is widely applied as an in vitro selection and amplification method to generate target-specific aptamers and exists in various modified variants. flumag-selex is one of them and is characterized by the use of magnetic beads for target immobilization and fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides for monitor ...	2015	26221730
nadph-generating systems in bacteria and archaea.	reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph) is an essential electron donor in all organisms. it provides the reducing power that drives numerous anabolic reactions, including those responsible for the biosynthesis of all major cell components and many products in biotechnology. the efficient synthesis of many of these products, however, is limited by the rate of nadph regeneration. hence, a thorough understanding of the reactions involved in the generation of nadph is required to ...	2015	26284036
regulation of oxidative stress resistance in campylobacter jejuni, a microaerophilic foodborne pathogen.	campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis. due to the increasing rates of human campylobacteriosis, c. jejuni is considered as a serious public health concern worldwide. c. jejuni is a microaerophilic, fastidious bacterium. c. jejuni must overcome a wide range of stress conditions during foodborne transmission to humans, such as food preservation and processing conditions, and even in infection of the gastrointestinal tracts of humans. particularly, thi ...	2015	26284041
the aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin active subunit cdtb contains a cholesterol recognition sequence required for toxin binding and subunit internalization.	induction of cell cycle arrest in lymphocytes following exposure to the aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) is dependent upon the integrity of lipid membrane microdomains. moreover, we have previously demonstrated that the association of cdt with target cells involves the cdtc subunit which binds to cholesterol via a cholesterol recognition amino acid consensus sequence (crac site). in this study, we demonstrate that the active cdt subunit, cdtb, also is capab ...	2015	26216427
a ferritin-like protein with antioxidant activity in ureaplasma urealyticum.	ureaplasma urealyticum is a major pathogen associated with many diseases. the ability of u. urealyticum to protect itself from oxidative stress is likely to be important for its pathogenesis and survival, but its oxidative stress tolerance mechanisms remain unclear. this study investigates the antioxidant activity of a ferritin-like protein from u. urealyticum.	2015	26209240
galectin binding to neo-glycoproteins: lacdinac conjugated bsa as ligand for human galectin-3.	carbohydrate-lectin interactions are relatively weak. as they play an important role in biological recognition processes, multivalent glycan ligands are designed to enhance binding affinity and inhibitory potency. we here report on novel neo-glycoproteins based on bovine serum albumin as scaffold for multivalent presentation of ligands for galectins. we prepared two kinds of tetrasaccharides (n-acetyllactosamine and n,n-diacetyllactosamine terminated) by multi-step chemo-enzymatic synthesis util ...	2015	26213980
the biosynthesis of udp-d-quinac in bacillus cereus atcc 14579.	n-acetylquinovosamine (2-acetamido-2,6-di-deoxy-d-glucose, quinac) is a relatively rare amino sugar residue found in glycans of few pathogenic gram-negative bacteria where it can play a role in infection. however, little is known about quinac-related polysaccharides in gram-positive bacteria. in a routine screen for bacillus glycan grown at defined medium, it was surprising to identify a quinac residue in polysaccharides isolated from this gram-positive bacterium. to gain insight into the biosyn ...	2015	26207987
chlamydia trachomatis in vivo to in vitro transition reveals mechanisms of phase variation and down-regulation of virulence factors.	research on the obligate intracellular bacterium chlamydia trachomatis demands culture in cell-lines, but the adaptive process behind the in vivo to in vitro transition is not understood. we assessed the genomic and transcriptomic dynamics underlying c. trachomatis in vitro adaptation of strains representing the three disease groups (ocular, epithelial-genital and lymphogranuloma venereum) propagated in epithelial cells over multiple passages. we found genetic features potentially underlying pha ...	2015	26207372
human leukocyte antigen dqb1 (hla-dqb1) polymorphisms and the risk for guillain-barré syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is an autoimmune disorder of the peripheral nervous system. there is no consensus regarding reported associations between human leukocyte antigen dqb1 (hla-dqb1) polymorphisms and the risk for developing gbs. here, we evaluated possible associations between hla-dqb1 polymorphisms and the risk for gbs using a meta-analysis. we searched pubmed for case-control genetic association studies for hla-dqb1 polymorphisms (020x, 030x, 040x, 050x, and *060x) and the risk f ...	2015	26204120
probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics- a review.	the health benefits imparted by probiotics and prebiotics as well as synbiotics have been the subject of extensive research in the past few decades. these food supplements termed as functional foods have been demonstrated to alter, modify and reinstate the pre-existing intestinal flora. they also facilitate smooth functions of the intestinal environment. most commonly used probiotic strains are: bifidobacterium, lactobacilli, s. boulardii, b. coagulans. prebiotics like fos, gos, xos, inulin; fru ...	2015	26604335
rapid identification of bacteria directly from positive blood cultures by use of a serum separator tube, smudge plate preparation, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.	we analyzed the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) of smudge plate growth for bacterial identification from 400 blood cultures. ninety-seven percent of gram-negative bacilli and 85% of gram-positive organisms were correctly identified within 4 h; only eight isolates (2.0%) were misidentified. this method provided rapid and accurate microbial identification from positive blood cultures.	2015	26202115
development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for molecular typing of mycoplasma pneumoniae.	mycoplasma pneumoniae is a major human respiratory pathogen causing both upper and lower respiratory disease in humans of all ages, and it can also result in other serious extrapulmonary sequelae. a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme for m. pneumoniae was developed based on the sequences of eight housekeeping genes (ppa, pgm, gyrb, gmk, glya, atpa, arcc, and adk) and applied to 55 m. pneumoniae clinical isolates and the two type strains m129 and fh. a total of 12 sequence types (sts) resul ...	2015	26202118
silencing of essential genes within a highly coordinated operon in escherichia coli.	essential bacterial genes located within operons are particularly challenging to study independently because of coordinated gene expression and the nonviability of knockout mutants. essentiality scores for many operon genes remain uncertain. antisense rna (asrna) silencing or in-frame gene disruption of genes may help establish essentiality but can lead to polar effects on genes downstream or upstream of the target gene. here, the escherichia coli ribf-iles-lspa-fkpb-isph operon was used to eval ...	2015	26070674
protozoan cysts act as a survival niche and protective shelter for foodborne pathogenic bacteria.	the production of cysts, an integral part of the life cycle of many free-living protozoa, allows these organisms to survive adverse environmental conditions. given the prevalence of free-living protozoa in food-related environments, it is hypothesized that these organisms play an important yet currently underinvestigated role in the epidemiology of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. intracystic bacterial survival is highly relevant, as this would allow bacteria to survive the stringent cleaning and ...	2015	26070667
development of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for molecular subtyping of campylobacter jejuni by using capillary electrophoresis.	campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of the frequently reported food-borne diseases in developed and developing nations. this study describes the development of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva) using capillary electrophoresis as a novel typing method for microbial source tracking and epidemiological investigation of c. jejuni. among 36 tandem repeat loci detected by the tandem repeat finder program, 7 vntr loci were selected and used for characterizing 60 iso ...	2015	26025899
association of anti-gt1a antibodies with an outbreak of guillain-barré syndrome and analysis of ganglioside mimicry in an associated campylobacter jejuni strain.	an outbreak of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), subsequent to campylobacter jejuni enteritis, occurred in china in 2007. serum anti-ganglioside antibodies were measured in gbs patients and controls. genome sequencing was used to determine the phylogenetic relationship among three c. jejuni strains from a patient with gbs (icdccj07001), a patient with gastroenteritis (icdccj07002) and a healthy carrier (icdccj07004), which were all associated with the outbreak. the ganglioside-like structures of th ...	2015	26197476
the campylobacter jejuni marr-like transcriptional regulators rrpa and rrpb both influence bacterial responses to oxidative and aerobic stresses.	the ability of the human intestinal pathogen campylobacter jejuni to respond to oxidative stress is central to bacterial survival both in vivo during infection and in the environment. re-annotation of the c. jejuni nctc11168 genome revealed the presence of two marr-type transcriptional regulators cj1546 and cj1556, originally annotated as hypothetical proteins, which we have designated rrpa and rrpb (regulator of response to peroxide) respectively. previously we demonstrated a role for rrpb in b ...	2015	26257713
the o-antigen capsule of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium facilitates serum resistance and surface expression of flic.	group iv polysaccharide capsules are common in enteric bacteria and have more recently been described in nontyphoidal salmonella species. such capsules are known as o-antigen (o-ag) capsules, due to their high degree of similarity to the o-ag of the lipopolysaccharide (lpso-ag). capsular polysaccharides are known virulence factors of many bacterial pathogens, facilitating evasion of immune recognition and systemic dissemination within the host. previous studies on the o-ag capsule of salmonellae ...	2015	26195553
mucosal blood group antigen expression profiles and hiv infections: a study among female sex workers in kenya.	the abo blood group antigens are carbohydrate moieties expressed on human red blood cells however; these antigens can also be expressed on some other cells particularly the surface of epithelial cells and may be found in mucosal secretions. in many human populations 80% secrete abo antigens (termed 'secretors') while 20% do not (termed 'non-secretors'). furthermore, there are disease conditions that are associated with secretor status.	2015	26186209
mechanistic lessons learned from studies of planktonic bacteria with metallic nanomaterials: implications for interactions between nanomaterials and biofilm bacteria.	metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles (nps) are used in numerous applications and have high likelihood of entering engineered and natural environmental systems. careful assessment of the interaction of these nps with bacteria, particularly biofilm bacteria, is necessary. this perspective discusses mechanisms of np interaction with bacteria and identifies challenges in understanding np-biofilm interaction, considering fundamental material attributes and inherent complexities of biofilm structure. t ...	2015	26236285
structural basis of transcription inhibition by cbr hydroxamidines and cbr pyrazoles.	cbr hydroxamidines are small-molecule inhibitors of bacterial rna polymerase (rnap) discovered through high-throughput screening of synthetic-compound libraries. cbr pyrazoles are structurally related rnap inhibitors discovered through scaffold hopping from cbr hydroxamidines. cbr hydroxamidines and pyrazoles selectively inhibit gram-negative bacterial rnap and exhibit selective antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria. here, we report crystal structures of the prototype cbr hydroxa ...	2015	26190576
helicobacter pylori-negative gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas: a review.	since isaacson and wright first reported on the extra-nodal marginal zone b-cell lymphoma of the stomach in 1983, following studies have clarified many aspects of this disease. we now know that the stomach is the most affected organ by this disease, and approximately 90% of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (malt) lymphomas are related to helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) infection. this implies that approximately 10% of gastric malt lymphomas occur independent of h. pylori infection. the ...	2015	26185372
biofilm spatial organization by the emerging pathogen campylobacter jejuni: comparison between nctc 11168 and 81-176 strains under microaerobic and oxygen-enriched conditions.	during the last years, campylobacter has emerged as the leading cause of bacterial foodborne infections in developed countries. described as an obligate microaerophile, campylobacter has puzzled scientists by surviving a wide range of environmental oxidative stresses on foods farm to retail, and thereafter intestinal transit and oxidative damage from macrophages to cause human infection. in this study, confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm) was used to explore the biofilm development of two w ...	2015	26217332
gene loss dominates as a source of genetic variation within clonal pathogenic bacterial species.	some of the most dangerous pathogens such as mycobacterium tuberculosis and yersinia pestis evolve clonally. this means that little or no recombination occurs between strains belonging to these species. paradoxically, although different members of these species show extreme sequence similarity of orthologous genes, some show considerable intraspecies phenotypic variation, the source of which remains elusive. to examine the possible sources of phenotypic variation within clonal pathogenic bacteri ...	2015	26163675
effect of neem (azadirachta indica) on the survival of escherichia coli o157:h7 in dairy manure.	escherichia coli o157:h7 (eco157) shed in cattle manure can survive for extended periods of time and intervention strategies to control this pathogen at the source are critical as produce crops are often grown in proximity to animal raising operations. this study evaluated whether neem (azadirachta indica), known for its antimicrobial and insecticidal properties, can be used to amend manure to control eco157. the influence of neem materials (leaf, bark, and oil) on the survival of an apple juice ...	2015	26184255
chicken caecal microbiome modifications induced by campylobacter jejuni colonization and by a non-antibiotic feed additive.	campylobacter jejuni is an important zoonotic foodborne pathogen causing acute gastroenteritis in humans. chickens are often colonized at very high numbers by c. jejuni, up to 10(9) cfu per gram of caecal content, with no detrimental effects on their health. farm control strategies are being developed to lower the c. jejuni contamination of chicken food products in an effort to reduce human campylobacteriosis incidence. it is believed that intestinal microbiome composition may affect gut coloniz ...	2015	26161743
meta-genomic analysis of toilet waste from long distance flights; a step towards global surveillance of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance.	human populations worldwide are increasingly confronted with infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance spreading faster and appearing more frequently. knowledge regarding their occurrence and worldwide transmission is important to control outbreaks and prevent epidemics. here, we performed shotgun sequencing of toilet waste from 18 international airplanes arriving in copenhagen, denmark, from nine cities in three world regions. an average of 18.6 gb (14.8 to 25.7 gb) of raw illumina paire ...	2015	26161690
campylobacter jejuni biofilms contain extracellular dna and are sensitive to dnase i treatment.	biofilms make an important contribution to survival and transmission of bacterial pathogens in the food chain. the human pathogen campylobacter jejuni is known to form biofilms in vitro in food chain-relevant conditions, but the exact roles and composition of the extracellular matrix are still not clear. extracellular dna has been found in many bacterial biofilms and can be a major component of the extracellular matrix. here we show that extracellular dna is also an important component of the c. ...	2015	26217328
risk factors and clinical implication of superimposed campylobacter jejuni infection in patients with underlying ulcerative colitis.	superimposed campylobacter jejuni infection (cji) has been described in patients with ulcerative colitis (uc). its risk factors and impact on the disease course of uc are not known. our aims were to evaluate the risk factors for cji in uc patients and the impact of the bacterial infection on outcomes of uc.	2015	26159630
risk factors and clinical implication of superimposed campylobacter jejuni infection in patients with underlying ulcerative colitis.	superimposed campylobacter jejuni infection (cji) has been described in patients with ulcerative colitis (uc). its risk factors and impact on the disease course of uc are not known. our aims were to evaluate the risk factors for cji in uc patients and the impact of the bacterial infection on outcomes of uc.	2015	26159630
genetic relatedness of selected clinical and environmental non-o1/o139 vibrio cholerae.	in an attempt to better understand the non-o1/o139 isolates of vibrio cholerae, a systematic study of clinical and environmental isolates collected from various geographical locations between the years 1932 and 1998 was conducted.	2015	26164777
functional characterization of the principal sigma factor rpod of phytoplasmas via an in vitro transcription assay.	phytoplasmas (class, mollicutes) are insect-transmissible and plant-pathogenic bacteria that multiply intracellularly in both plants and insects through host switching. our previous study revealed that phytoplasmal sigma factor rpod of oy-m strain (rpodoy) could be a key regulator of host switching, because the expression level of rpodoy was higher in insect hosts than in plant hosts. in this study, we developed an in vitro transcription assay system to identify rpodoy-dependent genes and the co ...	2015	26150080
ferric uptake regulator fur control of putative iron acquisition systems in clostridium difficile.	clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming opportunistic pathogen and is the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea. although iron acquisition in the host is a key to survival of bacterial pathogens, high levels of intracellular iron can increase oxidative damage. therefore, expression of iron acquisition mechanisms is tightly controlled by transcriptional regulators. we identified a c. difficile homologue of the master bacterial iron regulator fur. u ...	2015	26148711
evaluation of the role of the opggh operon in yersinia pseudotuberculosis and its deletion during the emergence of yersinia pestis.	the opggh operon encodes glucosyltransferases that synthesize osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (opgs) from udp-glucose, using acyl carrier protein (acp) as a cofactor. opgs are required for motility, biofilm formation, and virulence in various bacteria. opgh also sequesters ftsz in order to regulate cell size according to nutrient availability. yersinia pestis (the agent of flea-borne plague) lost the opggh operon during its emergence from the enteropathogen yersinia pseudotuberculosis. when ex ...	2015	26150539
refined analysis of the campylobacter jejuni iron-dependent/independent fur- and perr-transcriptomes.	the genome of campylobacter jejuni contains two iron activated fur-family transcriptional regulators, cjfur and cjperr, which are primarily responsible for regulating iron homeostasis and oxidative stress respectively. both transcriptional regulators have been previously implicated in regulating diverse functions beyond their primary roles in c. jejuni. to further characterize their regulatory networks, rna-seq was used to define the transcriptional profiles of c. jejuni nctc11168 wild type, δfu ...	2015	26141822
type vi secretion system transports zn2+ to combat multiple stresses and host immunity.	type vi secretion systems (t6sss) are widespread multi-component machineries that translocate effectors into either eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, for virulence or for interbacterial competition. herein, we report that the t6ss-4 from yersinia pseudotuberculosis displays an unexpected function in the transportation of zn2+ to combat diverse stresses and host immunity. environmental insults such as oxidative stress induce the expression of t6ss-4 via oxyr, the transcriptional factor that also r ...	2015	26134274
insights into the functional roles of n-terminal and c-terminal domains of helicobacter pylori dpra.	dna processing protein a (dpra) plays a crucial role in the process of natural transformation. this is accomplished through binding and subsequent protection of incoming foreign dna during the process of internalization. dpra along with single stranded dna binding protein a (ssba) acts as an accessory factor for reca mediated dna strand exchange. h. pylori dpra (hpdpra) is divided into an n-terminal domain and a c- terminal domain. in the present study, individual domains of hpdpra have been cha ...	2015	26135134
structural characterization of atms13, a putative sugar aminotransferase involved in indolocarbazole at2433 aminopentose biosynthesis.	at2433 from actinomadura melliaura is an indolocarbazole antitumor antibiotic structurally distinguished by its unique aminodideoxypentose-containing disaccharide moiety. the corresponding sugar nucleotide-based biosynthetic pathway for this unusual sugar derives from comparative genomics where atms13 has been suggested as the contributing sugar aminotransferase (sat). determination of the atms13 x-ray structure at 1.50-å resolution reveals it as a member of the aspartate aminotransferase fold t ...	2015	26061967
host adaption to the bacteriophage carrier state of campylobacter jejuni.	the carrier state of the foodborne pathogen campylobacter jejuni represents an alternative life cycle whereby virulent bacteriophages can persist in association with host bacteria without commitment to lysogeny. host bacteria exhibit significant phenotypic changes that improve their ability to survive extra-intestinal environments, but exhibit growth-phase-dependent impairment in motility. we demonstrate that early exponential phase cultures become synchronised with respect to the non-motile phe ...	2015	26004283
novel drug targets for food-borne pathogen campylobacter jejuni: an integrated subtractive genomics and comparative metabolic pathway study.	campylobacters are a major global health burden and a cause of food-borne diarrheal illness and economic loss worldwide. in developing countries, campylobacter infections are frequent in children under age two and may be associated with mortality. in developed countries, they are a common cause of bacterial diarrhea in early adulthood. in the united states, antibiotic resistance against campylobacter is notably increased from 13% in 1997 to nearly 25% in 2011. novel drug targets are urgently nee ...	2015	26061459
genetic basis and functional consequences of differential expression of the cmeabc efflux pump in campylobacter jejuni isolates.	the cmeabc multidrug efflux transporter of campylobacter jejuni plays a key role in antimicrobial resistance and is suppressed by cmer, a transcriptional regulator of the tetr family. overexpression of cmeabc has been observed in laboratory-generated mutants, but it is unknown if this phenotype occurs naturally in c. jejuni isolates and if it has any functional consequences. to answer these questions, expression of cmeabc in natural isolates obtained from broiler chickens, turkeys and humans was ...	2015	26132196
secretory diarrhoea: mechanisms and emerging therapies.	diarrhoeal disease remains a major health burden worldwide. secretory diarrhoeas are caused by certain bacterial and viral infections, inflammatory processes, drugs and genetic disorders. fluid secretion across the intestinal epithelium in secretory diarrhoeas involves multiple ion and solute transporters, as well as activation of cyclic nucleotide and ca(2+) signalling pathways. in many secretory diarrhoeas, activation of cl(-) channels in the apical membrane of enterocytes, including the cysti ...	2015	26122478
occurrence of isopenicillin-n-synthase homologs in bioluminescent ctenophores and implications for coelenterazine biosynthesis.	the biosynthesis of the luciferin coelenterazine has remained a mystery for decades. while not all organisms that use coelenterazine appear to make it themselves, it is thought that ctenophores are a likely producer. here we analyze the transcriptome data of 24 species of ctenophores, two of which have published genomes. the natural precursors of coelenterazine have been shown to be the amino acids l-tyrosine and l-phenylalanine, with the most likely biosynthetic pathway involving cyclization an ...	2015	26125183
the clearance effect of bovine anti-helicobacter pylori antibody-containing milk in o blood group helicobacter pylori-infected patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.	the failure in standard triple therapy has recently increased to high levels in china, primarily because of insufficient patient compliance, antimicrobial resistance, and high costs. effective prevention and eradication of helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) by artificial passive immunization with orally administered bovine antibodies in the milk has been demonstrated in many animal studies, but the clinical studies that are available have shown no h. pylori eradication. this study was to evaluate t ...	2015	26123101
iscr regulates synthesis of colonization factor antigen i fimbriae in response to iron starvation in enterotoxigenic escherichia coli.	iron availability functions as an environmental cue for enteropathogenic bacteria, signaling arrival within the human host. as enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is a major cause of human diarrhea, the effect of iron on etec virulence factors was evaluated here. etec pathogenicity is directly linked to production of fimbrial colonization factors and secretion of heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) and/or heat-stable enterotoxin (st). efficient colonization of the small intestine further requires a ...	2015	26124243
a case of visceral autonomic neuropathy complicated by guillain-barre syndrome accompanied with cyclic vomiting syndrome-like disorder in a child.	we present a case of an 8-year-old boy with visceral autonomic neuropathy complicated by guillain-barre syndrome. in this pediatric patient, gastroparesis was the major symptom among the autonomic symptoms. due to the gastroparesis, there was no progress with the oral diet, and nutrition was therefore supplied through a nasojejunal tube and gastrojejunal tube via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (peg). after tube feeding for 9 months, the patient's gastrointestinal symptoms improved and his o ...	2015	26157699
raw milk consumption: risks and benefits.	there continues to be considerable public debate on the possible benefits regarding the growing popularity of the consumption of raw milk. however, there are significant concerns by regulatory, or public health, organizations like the food and drug administration and the centers for disease control and prevention because of risk of contracting milkborne illnesses if the raw milk is contaminated with human pathogens. this review describes why pasteurization of milk was introduced more than 100 ye ...	2015	27340300
the bacterial pangenome as a new tool for analysing pathogenic bacteria.	the bacterial pangenome was introduced in 2005 and, in recent years, has been the subject of many studies. thanks to progress in next-generation sequencing methods, the pangenome can be divided into two parts, the core (common to the studied strains) and the accessory genome, offering a large panel of uses. in this review, we have presented the analysis methods, the pangenome composition and its application as a study of lifestyle. we have also shown that the pangenome may be used as a new tool ...	2015	26442149
whole-genome sequencing of brevundimonas diminuta xgc1, isolated from a tuberculosis patient in gujarat, india.	we report the draft genome of brevundimonas diminuta strain xgc1, isolated from a tuberculosis-infected patient in gujarat, india. this study also reveals that the b. diminuta xgc1 strain has acquired mutation to confer resistance to quinolone drugs.	2015	26112790
a vaccine approach for the prevention of infections by multidrug-resistant enterococcus faecium.	the incidence of multidrug-resistant enterococcus faecium hospital infections has been steadily increasing. with the goal of discovering new vaccine antigens, we systematically fractionated and purified four distinct surface carbohydrates from e. faecium endocarditis isolate tx16, shown previously to be resistant to phagocytosis in the presence of human serum. the two most abundant polysaccharides consist of novel branched heteroglycan repeating units that include signature sugars altruronic aci ...	2015	26109072
structural basis for the stereochemical control of amine installation in nucleotide sugar aminotransferases.	sugar aminotransferases (sats) are an important class of tailoring enzymes that catalyze the 5'-pyridoxal phosphate (plp)-dependent stereo- and regiospecific installation of an amino group from an amino acid donor (typically l-glu or l-gln) to a corresponding ketosugar nucleotide acceptor. herein we report the strategic structural study of two homologous c4 sats (micromonospora echinospora cals13 and escherichia coli wece) that utilize identical substrates but differ in their stereochemistry of ...	2015	26023720
a cationic cysteine-hydrazide as an enrichment tool for the mass spectrometric characterization of bacterial free oligosaccharides.	in campylobacterales and related ε-proteobacteria with n-linked glycosylation (nlg) pathways, free oligosaccharides (fos) are released into the periplasmic space from lipid-linked precursors by the bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase (pglb). this hydrolysis results in the same molecular structure as the oligosaccharide that is transferred to a protein to be glycosylated. this allowed for the general elucidation of the fos-branched structures and monosaccharides from a number of species using sta ...	2015	26100547
single-stranded dna aptamers against pathogens and toxins: identification and biosensing applications.	molecular recognition elements (mres) can be short sequences of single-stranded dna, rna, small peptides, or antibody fragments. they can bind to user-defined targets with high affinity and specificity. there has been an increasing interest in the identification and application of nucleic acid molecular recognition elements, commonly known as aptamers, since they were first described in 1990 by the gold and szostak laboratories. a large number of target specific nucleic acids mres and their appl ...	2015	26199940
the periplasmic nitrate reductase napabc supports luminal growth of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium during colitis.	the food-borne pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium benefits from acute inflammation in part by using host-derived nitrate to respire anaerobically and compete successfully with the commensal microbes during growth in the intestinal lumen. the s. typhimurium genome contains three nitrate reductases, encoded by the narghi, narzyv, and napabc genes. work on homologous genes present in escherichia coli suggests that nitrate reductase a, encoded by the narghi genes, is the main enzyme pr ...	2015	26099579
catechol siderophore transport by vibrio cholerae.	siderophores, small iron-binding molecules secreted by many microbial species, capture environmental iron for transport back into the cell. vibrio cholerae synthesizes and uses the catechol siderophore vibriobactin and also uses siderophores secreted by other species, including enterobactin produced by escherichia coli. e. coli secretes both canonical cyclic enterobactin and linear enterobactin derivatives likely derived from its cleavage by the enterobactin esterase fes. we show here that v. ch ...	2015	26100039
the intestinal microbiota influences campylobacter jejuni colonization and extraintestinal dissemination in mice.	campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of human foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. the interactions between this pathogen and the intestinal microbiome within a host are of interest as endogenous intestinal microbiota mediates a form of resistance to the pathogen. this resistance, termed colonization resistance, is the ability of commensal microbiota to prevent colonization by exogenous pathogens or opportunistic commensals. although mice normally demonstrate colonization resistance to c. jej ...	2015	25934624
vaccines against enteric infections for the developing world.	since the first licensure of the sabin oral polio vaccine more than 50 years ago, only eight enteric vaccines have been licensed for four disease indications, and all are given orally. while mucosal vaccines offer programmatically attractive tools for facilitating vaccine deployment, their development remains hampered by several factors: -limited knowledge regarding the properties of the gut immune system during early life; -lack of mucosal adjuvants, limiting mucosal vaccine development to live ...	2015	25964464
environmental (saprozoic) pathogens of engineered water systems: understanding their ecology for risk assessment and management.	major waterborne (enteric) pathogens are relatively well understood and treatment controls are effective when well managed. however, water-based, saprozoic pathogens that grow within engineered water systems (primarily within biofilms/sediments) cannot be controlled by water treatment alone prior to entry into water distribution and other engineered water systems. growth within biofilms or as in the case of legionella pneumophila, primarily within free-living protozoa feeding on biofilms, result ...	2015	26102291
molecular basis for the inhibition of β-hydroxyacyl-acp dehydratase hadab complex from mycobacterium tuberculosis by flavonoid inhibitors.	dehydration is one of the key steps in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids and is vital to the growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb). consequently, stalling dehydration cures tuberculosis (tb). clinically used anti-tb drugs like thiacetazone (tac) and isoxyl (iso) as well as flavonoids inhibit the enzyme activity of the β-hydroxyacyl-acp dehydratase hadab complex. how this inhibition is exerted, has remained an enigma for years. here, we describe the first crystal structures of the mtbhadab c ...	2015	26081470
diversity and evolution in the genome of clostridium difficile.	clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading cause of antimicrobial and health care-associated diarrhea in humans, presenting a significant burden to global health care systems. in the last 2 decades, pcr- and sequence-based techniques, particularly whole-genome sequencing (wgs), have significantly furthered our knowledge of the genetic diversity, evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of this once enigmatic pathogen. c. difficile is taxonomically distinct from many other well-known ...	2015	26085550
blood groups in infection and host susceptibility.	blood group antigens represent polymorphic traits inherited among individuals and populations. at present, there are 34 recognized human blood groups and hundreds of individual blood group antigens and alleles. differences in blood group antigen expression can increase or decrease host susceptibility to many infections. blood groups can play a direct role in infection by serving as receptors and/or coreceptors for microorganisms, parasites, and viruses. in addition, many blood group antigens fac ...	2015	26085552
possible association between celiac disease and bacterial transglutaminase in food processing: a hypothesis.	the incidence of celiac disease is increasing worldwide, and human tissue transglutaminase has long been considered the autoantigen of celiac disease. concomitantly, the food industry has introduced ingredients such as microbial transglutaminase, which acts as a food glue, thereby revolutionizing food qualities. several observations have led to the hypothesis that microbial transglutaminase is a new environmental enhancer of celiac disease. first, microbial transglutaminase deamidates/transamida ...	2015	26084478
comparing the efficacy of a web-assisted calprotectin-based treatment algorithm (ibd-live) with usual practices in teenagers with inflammatory bowel disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.	to prevent clinical relapse in teenagers with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) there is a need to monitor disease activity continuously. timely optimisation of medical treatment may nip a preclinical relapse in the bud and change the natural course of ibd. traditionally, disease monitoring is done during scheduled visits, but this is when most teenagers report full control. ibd care could be more efficient if patients were seen at times of clinical need. this study aims to examine the effectiven ...	2015	26073770
genomepeek-an online tool for prokaryotic genome and metagenome analysis.	as more and more prokaryotic sequencing takes place, a method to quickly and accurately analyze this data is needed. previous tools are mainly designed for metagenomic analysis and have limitations; such as long runtimes and significant false positive error rates. the online tool genomepeek (edwards.sdsu.edu/genomepeek) was developed to analyze both single genome and metagenome sequencing files, quickly and with low error rates. genomepeek uses a sequence assembly approach where reads to a set o ...	2015	26157610
intestinal fucose as a mediator of host-microbe symbiosis.	fucose is an l-configuration sugar found abundantly in the mammalian gut. it has long been known to be induced there by the presence of bacteria, but only recently have some of the molecular mechanisms behind this process been uncovered. new work suggests that fucose can have a protective role in both gut-centered and systemic infection and inflammation. this review highlights recent studies showing that, in addition to acting as a food source for beneficial gut symbionts, host fucose can suppre ...	2015	26048966
analysis of the type ii-a crispr-cas system of streptococcus agalactiae reveals distinctive features according to genetic lineages.	crispr-cas systems (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/crispr-associated proteins) are found in 90% of archaea and about 40% of bacteria. in this original system, crispr arrays comprise short, almost unique sequences called spacers that are interspersed with conserved palindromic repeats. these systems play a role in adaptive immunity and participate to fight non-self dna such as integrative and conjugative elements, plasmids, and phages. in streptococcus agalactiae, a bac ...	2015	26124774
the smeyz efflux pump of stenotrophomonas maltophilia contributes to drug resistance, virulence-related characteristics, and virulence in mice.	the resistance-nodulation-division (rnd)-type efflux pump is one of the causes of the multidrug resistance of stenotrophomonas maltophilia. the roles of the rnd-type efflux pump in physiological functions and virulence, in addition to antibiotic extrusion, have attracted much attention. in this study, the contributions of the constitutively expressed smeyz efflux pump to drug resistance, virulence-related characteristics, and virulence were evaluated. s. maltophilia kj is a clinical isolate of m ...	2015	25918140
statistical analysis of hurst exponents of essential/nonessential genes in 33 bacterial genomes.	methods for identifying essential genes currently depend predominantly on biochemical experiments. however, there is demand for improved computational methods for determining gene essentiality. in this study, we used the hurst exponent, a characteristic parameter to describe long-range correlation in dna, and analyzed its distribution in 33 bacterial genomes. in most genomes (31 out of 33) the significance levels of the hurst exponents of the essential genes were significantly higher than for th ...	2015	26067107
partial failure of milk pasteurization as a risk for the transmission of campylobacter from cattle to humans.	cattle are the second most common source of human campylobacteriosis. however, routes to account for this scale of transmission have not been identified. in contrast to chicken, red meat is not heavily contaminated at point of sale. although effective pasteurization prevents milk-borne infection, apparently sporadic infections may include undetected outbreaks from raw or perhaps incompletely pasteurized milk.	2015	26063722
plasmids from food lactic acid bacteria: diversity, similarity, and new developments.	plasmids are widely distributed in different sources of lactic acid bacteria (lab) as self-replicating extrachromosomal genetic materials, and have received considerable attention due to their close relationship with many important functions as well as some industrially relevant characteristics of the lab species. they are interesting with regard to the development of food-grade cloning vectors. this review summarizes new developments in the area of lactic acid bacteria plasmids and aims to prov ...	2015	26068451
the capability of pseudomonas aeruginosa to recruit zinc under conditions of limited metal availability is affected by inactivation of the znuabc transporter.	the ability of a large number of bacterial pathogens to multiply in the infected host and cause disease is dependent on their ability to express high affinity zinc importers. in many bacteria, znuabc, a transporter of the abc family, plays a central role in the process of zinc uptake in zinc poor environments, including the tissues of the infected host. to initiate an investigation into the relevance of the zinc uptake apparatus for pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity, we have generated a znua ...	2015	25751674
construction of a robust and sensitive arginine biosensor through ancestral protein reconstruction.	biosensors for signaling molecules allow the study of physiological processes by bringing together the fields of protein engineering, fluorescence imaging, and cell biology. construction of genetically encoded biosensors generally relies on the availability of a binding "core" that is both specific and stable, which can then be combined with fluorescent molecules to create a sensor. however, binding proteins with the desired properties are often not available in nature and substantial improvemen ...	2015	26061224
the n-acetylglutamate synthase family: structures, function and mechanisms.	n-acetylglutamate synthase (nags) catalyzes the production of n-acetylglutamate (nag) from acetyl-coa and l-glutamate. in microorganisms and plants, the enzyme functions in the arginine biosynthetic pathway, while in mammals, its major role is to produce the essential co-factor of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (cps1) in the urea cycle. recent work has shown that several different genes encode enzymes that can catalyze nag formation. a bifunctional enzyme was identified in certain bacteria, wh ...	2015	26068232
a coin-like peripheral small cell lung carcinoma associated with acute paraneoplastic axonal guillain-barre-like syndrome.	a 65-year-old previously healthy male heavy smoker was hospitalized with a 2-week history of progressive muscle weakness in the lower and upper extremities. after 10 days of hospitalization, urinary sphincter incompetence and fecal incontinence were added and tetraparesis was established. the computer-tomography scan examination revealed a massive right hydrothorax and multifocal solid acinar structures with peripheral localization in the left lung, which suggested pulmonary cancer. bone marrow ...	2015	26039124
the campylobacter jejuni racrs two-component system activates the glutamate synthesis by directly upregulating γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (ggt).	the highly conserved enzyme γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (ggt) plays an important role in metabolism of glutathione and glutamine. yet, the regulation of ggt transcription in prokaryotes is poorly understood. in the human pathogen campylobacter jejuni, ggt is important as it contributes to persistent colonization of the gut. here we show that the ggt activity in c. jejuni is dependent on a functional racrs (reduced ability to colonize) two-component system. electrophoretic mobility shift and lucifer ...	2015	26097472
dynamics of escherichia coli virulence factors in dairy herds and farm environments in a longitudinal study in the united states.	pathogenic escherichia coli or its associated virulence factors have been frequently detected in dairy cow manure, milk, and dairy farm environments. however, it is unclear what the long-term dynamics of e. coli virulence factors are and which farm compartments act as reservoirs. this study assessed the occurrence and dynamics of four e. coli virulence factors (eae, stx1, stx2, and the gamma allele of the tir gene [γ-tir]) on three u.s. dairy farms. fecal, manure, water, feed, milk, and milk fil ...	2015	25911478
distribution and characterization of salmonella enterica isolates from irrigation ponds in the southeastern united states.	irrigation water has been implicated as a likely source of produce contamination by salmonella enterica. therefore, the distribution of s. enterica was surveyed monthly in irrigation ponds (n = 10) located within a prime agricultural region in southern georgia and northern florida. all ponds and 28.2% of all samples (n = 635) were positive for salmonella, with an overall geometric mean concentration (0.26 most probable number [mpn]/liter) that was relatively low compared to prior reports for riv ...	2015	25911476
eukaryote-made thermostable dna polymerase enables rapid pcr-based detection of mycoplasma, ureaplasma and other bacteria in the amniotic fluid of preterm labor cases.	intra-amniotic infection has long been recognized as the leading cause of preterm delivery. microbial culture is the gold standard for the detection of intra-amniotic infection, but several days are required, and many bacterial species in the amniotic fluid are difficult to cultivate.	2015	26042418
a predicted protein interactome identifies conserved global networks and disease resistance subnetworks in maize.	interactomes are genome-wide roadmaps of protein-protein interactions. they have been produced for humans, yeast, the fruit fly, and arabidopsis thaliana and have become invaluable tools for generating and testing hypotheses. a predicted interactome for zea mays (pizeam) is presented here as an aid to the research community for this valuable crop species. pizeam was built using a proven method of interologs (interacting orthologs) that were identified using both one-to-one and many-to-many ortho ...	2015	26089837
a case of rare small bowel tumor in a child and review of literature.		2015	27217683
evaluation of a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine to reduce colonization by campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens.	campylobacter jejuni is a leading bacterial cause of food-borne illness in humans. symptoms range from mild gastroenteritis to dysentery. contaminated chicken meat is the most common cause of infection. broiler chickens become colonized with high numbers of c. jejuni in the intestinal tract, but do not become clinically ill. vaccination of broiler chicks to control colonization by c. jejuni is challenging because immune function is limited in the first 2 weeks post-hatch and immune suppressive m ...	2015	26032784
internalization of pseudomonas aeruginosa strain pao1 into epithelial cells is promoted by interaction of a t6ss effector with the microtubule network.	invasion of nonphagocytic cells through rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton is a common immune evasion mechanism used by most intracellular bacteria. however, some pathogens modulate host microtubules as well by a still poorly understood mechanism. in this study, we aim at deciphering the mechanisms by which the opportunistic bacterial pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa invades nonphagocytic cells, although it is considered mainly an extracellular bacterium. using confocal microscopy and immuno ...	2015	26037124
b cells using calcium signaling for specific and rapid detection of escherichia coli o157:h7.	a rapid and sensitive detection technology is highly desirable for specific detection of e. coli o157:h7, one of the leading bacterial pathogens causing foodborne illness. in this study, we reported the rapid detection of e. coli o157:h7 by using calcium signaling of the b cell upon cellular membrane anchors anti-e. coli o157:h7 igm. the binding of e. coli o157:h7 to the igm on b cell surface activates the b cell receptor (bcr)-induced ca(2+) signaling pathway and results in the release of ca(2+ ...	2015	26034978
enteric pathogens exploit the microbiota-generated nutritional environment of the gut.	host bacterial associations have a profound impact on health and disease. the human gastrointestinal (gi) tract is inhabited by trillions of commensal bacteria that aid in the digestion of food and vitamin production and play crucial roles in human physiology. disruption of these relationships and the structure of the bacterial communities that inhabit the gut can contribute to dysbiosis, leading to disease. this fundamental relationship between the host and microbiota relies on chemical signali ...	2015	26185079
impact of cholesterol on disease progression.	cholesterol-rich microdomains (also called lipid rafts), where platforms for signaling are provided and thought to be associated with microbe-induced pathogenesis and lead to cancer progression. after treatment of cells with cholesterol disrupting or usurping agents, raft-associated proteins and lipids can be dissociated, and this renders the cell structure nonfunctional and therefore mitigates disease severity. this review focuses on the role of cholesterol in disease progression including canc ...	2015	26048694
inflammation-associated microbiota in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis.	eosinophilic esophagitis (eoe) is an allergic disorder characterized by eosinophil-predominant esophageal inflammation, which can be ameliorated by food antigen restriction. though recent studies suggest that changes in dietary composition may alter the distal gut microbiome, little is currently known about the impact of a restricted diet upon microbial communities of the oral and esophageal microenvironments in the context of eoe. we hypothesize that the oral and esophageal microbiomes of eoe p ...	2015	26034601
yersinia pseudotuberculosis ip32953 survives and replicates in trophozoites and persists in cysts of acanthamoeba castellanii.	yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a foodborne enteric pathogen that causes a mild self-limiting diarrhea in humans. yersinia pseudotuberculosis is able to persist in soil and water and in association with fresh produce, but the mechanism by which it persists is unknown. it has been shown that y. pseudotuberculosis co-occurs with protozoans in these environments; therefore, this study investigates if bacterivorous free-living amoeba (fla) are able to support persistence of y. pseudotuberculosis. coc ...	2015	26025069
early life microbial colonization of the gut and intestinal development differ between genetically divergent broiler lines.	host genetic makeup plays a role in early gut microbial colonization and immune programming. interactions between gut microbiota and host cells of the mucosal layer are of paramount importance for a proper development of host defence mechanisms. for different livestock species, it has already been shown that particular genotypes have increased susceptibilities towards disease causing pathogens. the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of genotypic variation on both early microbi ...	2015	26017153
detection of enteropathogens associated with travelers' diarrhea using a multiplex luminex-based assay performed on stool samples smeared on whatman fta elute cards.	we evaluated the limits of detection (lod) for an 11-plex pcr-luminex assay performed on whatman(™) fta elute cards smeared with stool containing pathogens associated with travelers' diarrhea. lods ranged from 10(2) to 10(5)cfu, pfu, or cysts/g for most pathogens except cryptosporidium. campylobacter and norovirus lods increased with prolonged storage of cards.	2015	26072151
tonb energy transduction systems of riemerella anatipestifer are required for iron and hemin utilization.	riemerella anatipestifer (r. anatipestifer) is one of the most important pathogens in ducks. the bacteria causes acute or chronic septicemia characterized by fibrinous pericarditis and meningitis. the r. anatipestifer genome encodes multiple iron/hemin-uptake systems that facilitate adaptation to iron-limited host environments. these systems include several tonb-dependent transporters and three tonb proteins responsible for energy transduction. these three tonb genes are present in all the r. an ...	2015	26017672
transducer like proteins of campylobacter jejuni 81-176: role in chemotaxis and colonization of the chicken gastrointestinal tract.	transducer like proteins (tlps), also known as methyl accepting chemotaxis proteins (mcp), enable enteric pathogens to respond to changing nutrient levels in the environment by mediating taxis toward or away from specific chemoeffector molecules. despite recent advances in the characterization of chemotaxis responses in campylobacter jejuni, the impact of tlps on the adaptation of this pathogen to disparate niches and hosts is not fully characterized. the latter is particularly evident in the ca ...	2015	26075188
novel insights into the pathogenicity of epidemic aeromonas hydrophila st251 clones from comparative genomics.	outbreaks in fish of motile aeromonad septicemia (mas) caused by aeromonas hydrophila have caused a great concern worldwide. here, for the first time, we provide two complete genomes of epidemic a. hydrophila strains isolated in china. to gain an insight into the pathogenicity of epidemic a. hydrophila, we performed comparative genomic analyses of five epidemic strains belonging to sequence type (st) 251, together with the environmental strain atcc 7966(t). we found that the known virulence fact ...	2015	26014286
evolution of host specialization in gut microbes: the bee gut as a model.	bacterial symbionts of eukaryotes often give up generalist lifestyles to specialize to particular hosts. the eusocial honey bees and bumble bees harbor two such specialized gut symbionts, snodgrassella alvi and gilliamella apicola. not only are these microorganisms specific to bees, but different strains of these bacteria tend to assort according to host species. by using in-vivo microbial transplant experiments, we show that the observed specificity is, at least in part, due to evolved physiolo ...	2015	26011669
databases for microbiologists.	databases play an increasingly important role in biology. they archive, store, maintain, and share information on genes, genomes, expression data, protein sequences and structures, metabolites and reactions, interactions, and pathways. all these data are critically important to microbiologists. furthermore, microbiology has its own databases that deal with model microorganisms, microbial diversity, physiology, and pathogenesis. thousands of biological databases are currently available, and it be ...	2015	26013493
host-like carbohydrates promote bloodstream survival of vibrio vulnificus in vivo.	sialic acids are found on all vertebrate cell surfaces and are part of a larger class of molecules known as nonulosonic acids. many bacterial pathogens synthesize related nine-carbon backbone sugars; however, the role(s) of these non-sialic acid molecules in host-pathogen interactions is poorly understood. vibrio vulnificus is the leading cause of seafood-related death in the united states due to its ability to quickly access the host bloodstream, which it can accomplish through gastrointestinal ...	2015	26015477
deaths following vaccination: what does the evidence show?	vaccines are rigorously tested and monitored and are among the safest medical products we use. millions of vaccinations are given to children and adults in the united states each year. serious adverse reactions are rare. however, because of the high volume of use, coincidental adverse events including deaths, that are temporally associated with vaccination, do occur. when death occurs shortly following vaccination, loved ones and others might naturally question whether it was related to vaccinat ...	2015	26004568
detection of emerging and re-emerging pathogens in surface waters close to an urban area.	current knowledge about the spread of pathogens in aquatic environments is scarce probably because bacteria, viruses, algae and their toxins tend to occur at low concentrations in water, making them very difficult to measure directly. the purpose of this study was the development and validation of tools to detect pathogens in freshwater systems close to an urban area. in order to evaluate anthropogenic impacts on water microbiological quality, a phylogenetic microarray was developed in the conte ...	2015	26006125
diversity of intestinal clostridium coccoides group in the japanese population, as demonstrated by reverse transcription-quantitative pcr.	we used sensitive rrna-targeted reverse transcription-quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) to quantify the clostridium coccoides group, which is a major anaerobic population in the human intestine. for this purpose, the c. coccoides group was classified into 3 subgroups and 19 species for expediency in accordance with the existing database, and specific primers were newly developed to evaluate them. population levels of the c. coccoides group in human feces determined by rt-qpcr were equivalent to those d ...	2015	26000453
interactions between human norovirus surrogates and acanthamoeba spp.	human noroviruses (hunovs) are the most common cause of food-borne disease outbreaks, as well as virus-related waterborne disease outbreaks in the united states. here, we hypothesize that common free-living amoebae (fla)-ubiquitous in the environment, known to interact with pathogens, and frequently isolated from water and fresh produce-could potentially act as reservoirs of hunov and facilitate the environmental transmission of hunovs. to investigate fla as reservoirs for hunov, the interaction ...	2015	25841006
waterborne pathogens: detection methods and challenges.	waterborne pathogens and related diseases are a major public health concern worldwide, not only by the morbidity and mortality that they cause, but by the high cost that represents their prevention and treatment. these diseases are directly related to environmental deterioration and pollution. despite the continued efforts to maintain water safety, waterborne outbreaks are still reported globally. proper assessment of pathogens on water and water quality monitoring are key factors for decision-m ...	2015	26011827