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biosynthesis, characterization, and bioactivities evaluation of silver and gold nanoparticles mediated by the roots of chinese herbal angelica pubescens maxim.a facile synthesis and biological applications of silver (dh-agnps) and gold nanoparticles (dh-aunps) mediated by the aqueous extract of angelicae pubescentis radix (du huo) are explored. du huo is a medicinal root belonging to angelica pubescens maxim which possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties. the absorption spectra of nanoparticles in varying root extract and metal ion concentration, ph, reaction temperatures, and time were recorded by ultraviolet-visible (uv-vis ...201728097599
bacterium-derived cell-penetrating peptides deliver gentamicin to kill intracellular pathogens.commonly used antimicrobials show poor cellular uptake and often have limited access to intracellular targets, resulting in low antimicrobial activity against intracellular pathogens. an efficient delivery system to transport these drugs to the intracellular site of action is needed. cell-penetrating peptides (cpps) mediate the internalization of biologically active molecules into the cytoplasm. here, we characterized two cpps, α1h and α2h, derived from the yersinia enterocolitica yopm effector ...201728096156
antimicrobial probiotics reduce salmonella enterica in turkey gastrointestinal tracts.despite the arsenal of technologies employed to control foodborne nontyphoidal salmonella (nts), infections have not declined in decades. poultry is the primary source of nts outbreaks, as well as the fastest growing meat sector worldwide. with recent fda rules for phasing-out antibiotics in animal production, pressure is mounting to develop new pathogen reduction strategies. we report on a technology to reduce salmonella enteritidis in poultry. we engineered probiotic e. coli nissle 1917, to ex ...201728094807
drying and decontamination of raw pistachios with sequential infrared drying, tempering and hot air drying.pistachio nuts have been associated with outbreaks of foodborne disease and the industry has been impacted by numerous product recalls due to contamination with salmonella enterica. the current hot air drying of pistachios has low energy efficiency and drying rates, and also does not guarantee the microbial safety of products. in the study described herein, dehulled and water-sorted pistachios with a moisture content (mc) of 38.14% (wet basis) were dried in a sequential infrared and hot air (sir ...201728226285
colonization resistance: the deconvolution of a complex trait.carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae are an emerging threat to hospitals worldwide and antibiotic exposure is a risk factor for developing fecal carriage that may lead to nosocomial infection. here we review how antibiotics reduce colonization resistance against enterobacteriaceae to pinpoint possible control points for curbing their spread. recent work identifies host-derived respiratory electron acceptors as a critical resource driving a post-antibiotic expansion of enterobacteriaceae wi ...201728389556
mechanism of action of electrospun chitosan-based nanofibers against meat spoilage and pathogenic bacteria.this study investigates the antibacterial mechanism of action of electrospun chitosan-based nanofibers (cnfs), against escherichia coli, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, staphylococcus aureus and listeria innocua, bacteria frequently involved in food contamination and spoilage. cnfs were prepared by electrospinning of chitosan and poly(ethylene oxide) (peo) blends. the in vitro antibacterial activity of cnfs was evaluated and the susceptibility/resistance of the selected bacteria toward ...201728383516
biological synthesis of gold and silver chloride nanoparticles by glycyrrhiza uralensis and in vitro applications.the current study highlights the rapid biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (gu-aunps) and silver chloride nanoparticles (gu-agclnps) by aqueous root extract of glycyrrhiza uralensis, a medicinal plant. g. uralensis has been reported for anticancer and hepatoprotective effects. the reduction of chloroauric acid and silver nitrate by the glycyrrhiza root extract prompted the formation of gu-aunps and gu-agclnps within 4 and 40 min at 80 °c, respectively. the complete reaction did not require supple ...201728375686
proq/fino-domain proteins: another ubiquitous family of rna matchmakers?small rnas (srnas), particularly those that act by limited base pairing with mrnas, are part of most regulatory networks in bacteria. in many cases, the base-pairing interaction is facilitated by the rna chaperone hfq. however, not all bacteria encode hfq and some base-pairing srnas do not require hfq raising the possibility of other rna chaperones. candidates are proteins with homology to fino, a factor that promotes base pairing between the finp antisense srna and the traj mrna to control f pl ...201728370625
a rapid analysis of variations in conformational behavior during dihydrofolate reductase catalysis.protein flexibility is central to enzyme catalysis, yet it remains challenging both to predict conformational behavior on the basis of analysis of amino acid sequence and protein structure and to provide the necessary breadth of experimental support to any such predictions. here a generic and rapid procedure for identifying conformational changes during dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) catalysis is described. using dhfr from escherichia coli (ecdhfr), selective side-chain (13)c labeling of methion ...201728368101
spasmolytic and antibacterial activity of two citrus sinensis osbeck varieties cultivated in mexico.antibacterial activity on atcc strains of escherichia coli, salmonella enterica, salmonella enteritidis, and salmonella choleraesuis and spasmolytic effect on contraction on rat ileum trips were determinate. eight organic extracts (hexanic and methanolic) of albedo (mesocarp) and flavedo (pericarp) of two varieties (valencian and national) of citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck of yucatán, méxico, were studied. additionally, chromatographic fingerprints were obtained and correlated with their pharmacolo ...201728356916
comparative genomics of transport proteins in probiotic and pathogenic escherichia coli and salmonella enterica strains.escherichia coli is a genetically diverse species that can be pathogenic, probiotic, commensal, or a harmless laboratory strain. pathogenic strains of e. coli cause urinary tract infections, diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and pyelonephritis, while the two known probiotic e. coli strains combat inflammatory bowel disease and play a role in immunomodulation. salmonella enterica, a close relative of e. coli, includes two important pathogenic serovars, typhi and typhimurium, causing typhoid fever an ...201728344124
production of reuterin in a fermented milk product by lactobacillus reuteri: inhibition of pathogens, spoilage microorganisms, and lactic acid bacteria.we assessed the antimicrobial activity of reuterin produced in vitro in glycerol aqueous solutions in situ by lactobacillus reuteri atcc 53608 as part of a fermented milk product against starter (lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophilus), spoilage (penicillium expansum), pathogenic (staphylococcus aureus, salmonella enterica ssp. enterica, and listeria monocytogenes), and pathogen surrogate (escherichia coli dh5α) microorganisms. we also assayed the influence of c ...201728342608
molecular mechanism of mrna repression in trans by a proq-dependent small rna.research into post-transcriptional control of mrnas by small noncoding rnas (srnas) in the model bacteria escherichia coli and salmonella enterica has mainly focused on srnas that associate with the rna chaperone hfq. however, the recent discovery of the protein proq as a common binding partner that stabilizes a distinct large class of structured srnas suggests that additional rna regulons exist in these organisms. the cellular functions and molecular mechanisms of these new proq-dependent srnas ...201728336682
detection of brucellosis in sika deer ( cervus nippon ) through loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp).brucellosis (brucella bovis) in sika deer ( cervus nippon ) can cause enormous losses to stag breeding, especially in areas in which stag breeding has become an important industry. it also poses a threat to humans because it is a zoonotic disease. use of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay has been poorly described in the diagnosis of brucellosis in deer. we developed a lamp assay targeting the omp25 gene sequence to detect brucellosis (brucella bovis) in sika deer. the react ...201728318383
inducible spy transcription acts as a sensor for envelope stress of salmonella typhimurium.salmonella enterica infects a broad range of host animals, and zoonostic infection threatens both public health and the livestock and meat processing industries. many antimicrobials have been developed to target salmonella envelope that performs essential bacterial functions; however, there are very few analytical methods that can be used to validate the efficacy of these antimicrobials. in this study, to develop a potential biosensor for salmonella envelope stress, we examined the transcription ...201728316480
bacteriophage sp6 encodes a second tailspike protein that recognizes salmonella enterica serogroups c2 and c3.sp6 is a salmonella phage closely related to coliphage k1-5. k1-5 is notable in that it encodes two polysaccharide-degrading tailspike proteins, an endosialidase that allows it to infect e. coli k1, and a lyase that enables it to infect k5 strains. sp6 is similar to k1-5 except that it encodes a p22-like endorhamnosidase tailspike, gp46, allowing it to infect group b salmonella. we show here that sp6 can also infect salmonella serogroups c2 and c3 and that a mutation in a putative second tailspi ...201728285722
comparative analyses of selection operating on non-translated intergenic regions of diverse bacterial species.non-translated intergenic regions (igrs) comprise 10-15% of bacterial genomes, and contain many regulatory elements with key functions. despite this, there are few systematic studies on the strength and direction of selection operating on igrs in bacteria using whole genome sequence datasets. here we exploit representative whole genome datasets from six diverse bacterial species; staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, mycobacterium tuberculosis, salmonella enterica, klebsiella pneumoni ...201728280056
activation of leuo by lrha in escherichia coli.leuo is a conserved lysr-type transcription factor of pleiotropic function in enterobacteria. regulation of the leuo gene has been best studied in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica. its expression is silenced by the nucleoid-associated proteins h-ns and stpa, autoregulated by leuo, and in e. coli activated by the transcription regulator bglj-rcsb. however, signals which induce leuo expression remain unknown. here we show that lrha, a conserved lysr-type transcription regulator, activates ...201728252809
deletion of nudb causes increased susceptibility to antifolates in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica.co-trimoxazole, a fixed-dose combination of sulfamethoxazole (smx) and trimethoprim (tmp), has been used for the treatment of bacterial infections since the 1960s. since it has long been assumed that the synergistic effects between smx and tmp are the consequence of targeting 2 different enzymes of bacterial folate biosynthesis, 2 genes (pabb and nudb) involved in the folate biosynthesis of escherichia coli were deleted, and their effects on the susceptibility to antifolates were tested. the res ...201728223385
enrichment, amplification, and sequence-based typing of salmonella enterica and other foodborne pathogens.detection of salmonella enterica in foods typically involves microbiological enrichment, molecular-based assay, and subsequent isolation and identification of a pure culture. this is ideally followed by strain typing, which provides information critical to the investigation of outbreaks and the attribution of their sources. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is the "gold standard" for s. enterica strain typing, but its limitations have encouraged the search for alternative methods, including whole ...201728221883
robust growth of avirulent phase ii coxiella burnetii in bone marrow-derived murine macrophages.published data show that murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (bmdm) restrict growth of avirulent phase ii, but not virulent phase i, coxiella burnetii. growth restriction of phase ii bacteria is thought to result from potentiated recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which leads to production of inhibitory effector molecules. past studies have used conditioned medium from l-929 murine fibroblasts as a source of macrophage-colony stimulating factor (m-csf) to promote different ...201728278296
a survey of zoonotic pathogens carried by non-indigenous rodents at the interface of the wet tropics of north queensland, australia.in 1964, brucella was isolated from rodents trapped in wooroonooran national park (wnp), in northern queensland, australia. genotyping of bacterial isolates in 2008 determined that they were a novel brucella species. this study attempted to reisolate this species of brucella from rodents living in the boundary area adjacent to wnp and to establish which endo- and ecto-parasites and bacterial agents were being carried by non-indigenous rodents at this interface. seventy non-indigenous rodents wer ...201725906923
the locus of heat resistance (lhr) mediates heat resistance in salmonella enterica, escherichia coli and enterobacter cloacae.enterobacteriaceae comprise food spoilage organisms as well as food-borne pathogens including escherichia coli. heat resistance in e. coli was attributed to a genomic island called the locus of heat resistance (lhr). this genomic island is also present in several other genera of enterobacteriaceae, but its function in the enteric pathogens salmonella enterica and enterobacter cloacae is unknown. this study aimed to determine the frequency of the lhr in food isolates of e. coli, and its influence ...201728213040
diffusible substances from lactic acid bacterial cultures exert strong inhibitory effects on listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in a co-culture model.food-borne infections cause huge economic and human life losses. listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis are among the top ranking pathogens causing such losses. control of such infections is hampered by persistent contamination of foods and food-processing environments, resistance of pathogens to sanitizing agents, existence of heterogeneous populations of pathogens (including culturable and viable but non-culturable cells) within the same food items, and inability to ...201728202007
galleria mellonella as an in vivo model for assessing the protective activity of probiotics against gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens.the antagonistic activity against gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens is an important property of probiotic bacteria and a desirable feature for pre-selection of novel strains with probiotic potential. pre-screening of candidate probiotics for antibacterial activity should be based on in vitro and in vivo tests. this study investigated whether the protective activity of probiotic bacteria against gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens can be evaluated using galleria mellonella larvae as an in viv ...201728369512
seeds of the wild progenitor of maize possess bacteria that antagonize foodborne pathogens.endophytes are microorganisms that inhabit plant tissues without causing disease. some endophytes help their hosts to combat pathogens. here we explored the hypothesis that the plant-derived foods consumed by humans and other animals host endophytes that also antagonize foodborne pathogens or food-rotting agents. our laboratory previously cultured a library of bacterial endophytes from different members of the maize/corn family (zea) including wild relatives. here, 190 of these endophytes were s ...201728186422
poultry: the most common food in outbreaks with known pathogens, united states, 1998-2012.as poultry consumption continues to increase worldwide, and as the united states accounts for about one-third of all poultry exports globally, understanding factors leading to poultry-associated foodborne outbreaks in the united states has important implications for food safety. we analysed outbreaks reported to the united states' foodborne disease outbreak surveillance system from 1998 to 2012 in which the implicated food or ingredient could be assigned to one food category. of 1114 outbreaks, ...201727780481
bile acid administration elicits an intestinal antimicrobial program and reduces the bacterial burden in two mouse models of enteric infection.in addition to their chemical antimicrobial nature, bile acids (ba) are thought to have other functions in the homeostatic control of gastrointestinal immunity. however, those functions have remained largely undefined. in this work, we used ileal explants and mouse models of ba administration to investigate the role of ba in the regulation of the intestinal antimicrobial response. mice fed on a diet supplemented with 0.1% chenodeoxycholic acid (cdca) showed an upregulated expression of paneth ce ...201728348052
identification of novel host interactors of effectors secreted by salmonella and citrobacter.many pathogenic bacteria of the family enterobacteriaceae use type iii secretion systems to inject virulence proteins, termed "effectors," into the host cell cytosol. although host-cellular activities of several effectors have been demonstrated, the function and host-targeted pathways of most of the effectors identified to date are largely undetermined. to gain insight into host proteins targeted by bacterial effectors, we performed coaffinity purification of host proteins from cell lysates usin ...201727822540
interferon-inducible guanylate-binding proteins at the interface of cell-autonomous immunity and inflammasome activation.guanylate-binding proteins (gbps) are essential components of cell-autonomous immunity. in response to ifn signaling, gbps are expressed in the cytoplasm of immune and nonimmune cells, where they unleash their antimicrobial activity toward intracellular bacteria, viruses, and parasites. recent studies have revealed that gbps are essential for mediating activation of the caspase-1 inflammasome in response to the gram-negative bacteria salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, francisella novicida, ...201727418355
determination of free polysaccharide in vi glycoconjugate vaccine against typhoid fever.glycoconjugate vaccines based on the vi capsular polysaccharide directed against salmonella enterica serovar typhi are licensed or in development against typhoid fever, an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. quantification of free polysaccharide in conjugate vaccines is an important quality control for release, to monitor vaccine stability and to ensure appropriate immune response. however, we found that existing separation methods based on size are not appropriat ...201728282600
soil type, soil moisture, and field slope influence the horizontal movement of salmonella enterica and citrobacter freundii from floodwater through soil.pathogens in soil are readily mobilized by infiltrating water to travel downward through the soil. however, limited data are available on the horizontal movement of pathogens across a field. this study used a model system to evaluate the influence of soil type, initial soil moisture content, and field slope on the movement of salmonella enterica serovar newport across a horizontal plane of soil under flooding conditions. three soil types of varying clay content were moistened to 40, 60, or 80% o ...201728221887
development of a high-throughput method to evaluate serum bactericidal activity using bacterial atp measurement as survival readout.serum bactericidal activity (sba) assay is the method of choice to evaluate the complement-mediated functional activity of both infection- and vaccine-induced antibodies. to perform a typical sba assay, serial dilutions of sera are incubated with target bacterial strains and complement. the conventional sba assay is based on plating on agar the sba reaction mix and counting the surviving bacterial colony forming units (cfu) at each serum dilution. even with automated colony counting, it is labor ...201728192483
evaluation of a selected lactic acid bacteria-based probiotic on salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis colonization and intestinal permeability in broiler chickens.two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of a lactic acid bacteria-based probiotic (floramax-b11(®)) against salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis intestinal colonization and intestinal permeability in broiler chickens. experiment 1 consisted of two independent trials. in each trial, day-old broiler chicks were assigned to one of two groups: control + s. enteritidis or probiotic + s. enteritidis. at 72 h post-s. enteritidis challenge, haematology and caecal content were evaluated ...201727545145
acyl homoserine lactone-based quorum sensing stimulates biofilm formation by salmonella enteritidis in anaerobic conditions.quorum sensing regulates a variety of phenotypes in bacteria including the production of virulence factors. salmonella spp. have quorum sensing systems mediated by three autoinducers (ai-1, ai-2, and ai-3). the ai-1-mediated system is incomplete in that the bacterium relies on the synthesis of signaling molecules by other microorganisms. this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the ai-1 n-dodecanoyl-dl-homoserine lactone (c12-hsl) on the growth, motility, adhesion, and biofilm formation of ...201727838734
multi-laboratory validation study of multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) for salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, 2015.multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) is a rapid and reproducible typing method that is an important tool for investigation, as well as detection, of national and multinational outbreaks of a range of food-borne pathogens. salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is the most common salmonella serovar associated with human salmonellosis in the european union/european economic area and north america. fourteen laboratories from 13 countries in europe and north america participated ...201728277220
signature-tagged mutagenesis screening revealed a novel smooth-to-rough transition determinant of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) has emerged as one of the most important food-borne pathogens for humans. lipopolysaccharide (lps), as a component of the outer membrane, is responsible for the virulence and smooth-to-rough transition in s. enteritidis. in this study, we screened s. enteritidis signature-tagged transposon mutant library using monoclonal antibody against somatic o9 antigen (o9 mab) and o9 factor rabbit antiserum to identify novel genes that are involved in ...201728253852
public health significance of major genotypes of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis present in both human and chicken isolates in korea.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is one of the most common serotypes implicated in salmonella infections in both humans and poultry worldwide. it has been reported that human salmonellosis is mainly associated with the consumption of poultry products contaminated with serovar enteritidis. the present study was to extensively analyze the public health risk of serovar enteritidis isolates from chickens in korea. a total of 127 chicken isolates were collected from clinical cases, on-farm fec ...201728242576
induction of viable but nonculturable salmonella in exponentially grown cells by exposure to a low-humidity environment and their resuscitation by catalase.salmonella is a major cause of foodborne disease that sometimes occurs in massive outbreaks around the world. this pathogen is tolerant of low-humidity conditions. we previously described a method for induction of viable but nonculturable (vbnc) salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis by treatment with hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) and subsequent resuscitation with 0.3 mm sodium pyruvate. here, we report a new method for the induction of the vbnc state in salmonella enteritidis cells, one involving d ...201728221986
whole-genome sequence and annotation of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis phage type 8 strain en1660.the genome of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar enteritidis phage type 8 strain en1660, isolated from an outbreak in thunder bay, canada, was sequenced to 46-fold coverage using an illumina miseq with 300-bp paired-end sequencing chemistry to produce 28 contigs with an n50 value of 490,721 bp.201728126943
cecal micrornaome response to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection in white leghorn layer.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) is a food-borne pathogen and of great threat to human health through consuming the contaminated poultry products. micrornas (mirnas) play an important role in different biological activities and have been shown to regulate the innate immunity in the bacterial infection. the objective of this study is to identify mirnas associated with se infection in laying chicken cecum.201728086873
complete genome sequence of the salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis bacteriophages fse1c and fse4c isolated from food matrices.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is one of the most common causes of salmonellosis worldwide. utilization of bacteriophages as prophylactic agents is a practical solution to prevent salmonellosis in ready-to-eat products. shelf stability is one of the desirable properties for prophylactic bacteriophages. here, we describe the phenotype, genome, and phylogeny of fse1c and fse4s salmonella bacteriophages. fse1c and fse4s were previously isolated from pickle sauce and ground beef respectivel ...201728074119
chitosan/sulfated locust bean gum nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivo evaluation towards an application in oral immunization.this work proposes the design of nanoparticles based on locus bean gum (lbg) and chitosan to be used as oral immunoadjuvant for vaccination purposes. lbg-based nanoparticles were prepared by mild polyelectrolyte complexation between chitosan (cs) and a synthesized lbg sulfate derivative (lbgs). morphological characterization suggested that nanoparticles present a solid and compact structure with spherical-like shape. sizes around 180-200nm and a positive surface charge between +9mv and +14mv wer ...201728049014
salmonella enterica serovar typhi plasmid pr st98 enhances intracellular bacterial growth and s. typhi-induced macrophage cell death by suppressing autophagy.plasmid pr st98 is a hybrid resistance-virulence plasmid isolated from salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi). previous studies demonstrated that pr st98 could enhance the virulence of its host bacteria. however, the mechanism of pr st98-increased bacterial virulence is still not fully elucidated. this study was designed to gain further insight into the roles of pr st98 in host responses.201722729194
distribution and factors associated with salmonella enterica genotypes in a diverse population of humans and animals in qatar using multi-locus sequence typing (mlst).salmonella enterica is one of the most commonly reported causes of bacterial foodborne illness around the world. understanding the sources of this pathogen and the associated factors that exacerbate its risk to humans will help in developing risk mitigation strategies. the genetic relatedness among salmonella isolates recovered from human gastroenteritis cases and food animals in qatar were investigated in the hope of shedding light on these sources, their possible transmission routes, and any a ...201726631436
[salmonella enterica subspecies salamae infection in a patient from equatorial guinea associated with consumption of reptile meat]. 201725466306
detection of different serotypes of salmonella enterica in experimentally inoculated equine fecal samples by commercially available rapid tests.salmonella enterica can significantly impact management of animal facilities. comprehensive screening is essential for effective control in high-risk populations. availability of reliable point-of-care diagnostic tests would facilitate these efforts.201725312330
passive immunity stimulated by vaccination of dry cows with a salmonella bacterial extract.diarrhea because of salmonella infection is a cause of neonatal calf diarrhea. the stimulation of passive immunity in the calf by vaccinating the dam for salmonella has shown some success in previous studies; however, there are no data on the use of currently licensed vaccines in the united states.201724986262
colony fingerprint for discrimination of microbial species based on lensless imaging of microcolonies.detection and identification of microbial species are crucial in a wide range of industries, including production of beverages, foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. traditionally, colony formation and its morphological analysis (e.g., size, shape, and color) with a naked eye have been employed for this purpose. however, such a conventional method is time consuming, labor intensive, and not very reproducible. to overcome these problems, we propose a novel method that detects microcolonies (diam ...201728369067
human α-defensin 6: a small peptide that self-assembles and protects the host by entangling microbes.human α-defensin 6 (hd6) is a 32-residue cysteine-rich peptide that contributes to innate immunity by protecting the host at mucosal sites. this peptide is produced in small intestinal paneth cells, stored as an 81-residue precursor peptide named prohd6 in granules, and released into the lumen. one unusual feature of hd6 is that it lacks the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity observed for other human α-defensins, including the paneth cell peptide human α-defensin 5 (hd5). hd6 exhibits unprece ...201728296382
essential oils against pathogen and spoilage microorganisms of fruit juices: use of versatile antimicrobial delivery systems.essential oils (eo) are increasingly used as natural antimicrobial compounds, however the effect of delivery system to enhance their antimicrobial activity has not been widely studied. limonene (0 to 10 μl/ml) was added to microbial suspensions (∼10(5) cfu/ml) of selected foodborne pathogens (listeria monocytogenes scott a, salmonella enterica typhimurium, escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus), and spoilage microorganisms (lactobacillus plantarum, saccharomyces cerevisiae, and candida albi ...201728071802
causes and outcomes of sepsis in southeast asia: a multinational multicentre cross-sectional study.improved understanding of pathogens that cause sepsis would aid management and antimicrobial selection. in this study, we aimed to identify the causative pathogens of sepsis in southeast asia.201728104185
antimicrobial resistance of salmonella serovars and campylobacter spp. isolated from an opportunistic gull species, yellow-legged gull ( larus michahellis ).wildlife is a natural reservoir of salmonella and campylobacter, the most important human foodborne pathogens worldwide. free-living birds have the potential to transport, over large distances, such zoonotic bacteria that may harbor antimicrobial resistance traits. on the northeastern iberian coast, we assessed the role of yellow-legged gulls ( larus michahellis ) as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella and thermophilic campylobacter isolates recovered from gulls at three colonie ...201727723383
a comparative analysis of the lyve-set phylogenomics pipeline for genomic epidemiology of foodborne pathogens.modern epidemiology of foodborne bacterial pathogens in industrialized countries relies increasingly on whole genome sequencing (wgs) techniques. as opposed to profiling techniques such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, wgs requires a variety of computational methods. since 2013, united states agencies responsible for food safety including the cdc, fda, and usda, have been performing whole-genome sequencing (wgs) on all listeria monocytogenes found in clinical, food, and environmental samples ...201728348549
selection for pro-inflammatory mediators produces chickens more resistant to campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter spp. are the second leading cause of bacterial-induced foodborne illnesses with an estimated economic burden of nearly $2b usd per year. most human illness associated with campylobacteriosis is due to infection by c. jejuni and chickens are recognized as a reservoir that could lead to foodborne illness in humans resulting from handling or consuming raw or undercooked chicken. we recently developed a novel breeding strategy based on identification and selection of chickens with an i ...201728339707
molecular architecture of an n-formyltransferase from salmonella enterica o60.n-formylated sugars are found on the lipopolysaccharides of various pathogenic gram negative bacteria including campylobacter jejuni 81116, francisella tularensis, providencia alcalifaciens o30, and providencia alcalifaciens o40. the last step in the biosynthetic pathways for these unusual sugars is catalyzed by n-formyltransferases that utilize n(10)-formyltetrahydrofolate as the carbon source. the substrates are dtdp-linked amino sugars with the functional groups installed at either the c-3' o ...201728263875
enteric pathogens and their toxin-induced disruption of the intestinal barrier through alteration of tight junctions in chickens.maintaining a healthy gut environment is a prerequisite for sustainable animal production. the gut plays a key role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients and constitutes an initial organ exposed to external factors influencing bird's health. the intestinal epithelial barrier serves as the first line of defense between the host and the luminal environment. it consists of a continuous monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells connected by intercellular junctional complexes which shrink the s ...201728208612
in-package inactivation of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria associated with poultry using dielectric barrier discharge-cold plasma treatments.the goal of this study was to test the efficacy of in-package dielectric barrier discharge-cold plasma (dbd-cp) treatment to inactivate poultry-associated spoilage (pseudomonas fluorescens) and pathogenic (salmonella enterica typhimurium, campylobacter jejuni) bacteria. liquid cultures of the bacterial isolates were sealed within packages containing ambient air (trial 1) or modified air (65% o2:30% co2:5% n2; trial 2). the packages were subjected to treatment times ranging from 30 to 180 s, and ...201727885385
cellulolytic potential of probiotic bacillus subtilis ams6 isolated from traditional fermented soybean (churpi): an in-vitro study with regards to application as an animal feed additive.the aim of the present study is to evaluate the probiotic attributes of bacillus subtilis ams6 isolated from fermented soybean (churpi). this isolate exhibited tolerance to low ph (ph 2.0) and bile salt (0.3%), capability to autoaggregate and coaggregate. ams6 also showed highest antibacterial activity against the pathogenic indicator strain salmonella enterica typhimurium (mtcc 1252) and susceptibility towards different antibiotics tested. the isolate was effective in inhibiting the adherence o ...201727242144
biocontrol of the internalization of salmonella enterica and enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli in mung bean sprouts with an endophytic bacillus subtilis.internalization of salmonella enterica and enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) in seed sprouts poses a health risk to consumers, and the conventional sanitization methods are not always effective to reduce this risk. this study initiated a biocontrol approach to limit the internalization using endophytic bacillus subtilis strains, which were isolated from the inner tissue of mung bean seeds or lettuce stems. by using the deferred agar method, 12 strains of b. subtilis out of 94 putative b ...201728364624
preliminary assessment on potentials of probiotic b. subtilis rx7 and b. methylotrophicus c14 strains as an immune modulator in salmonella-challenged weaned pigs.a total of 40 crossbred weaned piglets (28 days old; [landrace × yorkshire] × duroc) were used for preliminary assessment on potentials of bacillus-based probiotics as an immune modulator in a salmonella typhimurium challenge model in a 3-week experiment. pigs were randomly allotted to four experimental diets according to their initial body weight (9.21 ± 1.1 kg) and sex (10 pigs per treatment; 5 barrows and 5 gilts). the dietary treatments were basal diet (con), basal diet + oral administration ...201728326485
bacterial protein meta-interactomes predict cross-species interactions and protein function.protein-protein interactions (ppis) can offer compelling evidence for protein function, especially when viewed in the context of proteome-wide interactomes. bacteria have been popular subjects of interactome studies: more than six different bacterial species have been the subjects of comprehensive interactome studies while several more have had substantial segments of their proteomes screened for interactions. the protein interactomes of several bacterial species have been completed, including s ...201728298180
health survey of free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor) in central park, new york, new york, usa: implications for human and domestic animal health.we conducted health assessments on 113 free-ranging raccoons ( procyon lotor ) in central park, new york city, us, in february 2010, september 2010, and november 2011 in conjunction with a trap-vaccinate-release program to control a raccoon rabies epizootic. five individuals were sampled at two time points for 118 raccoon examinations in total. we tested 13 of 13 and 8 of 13 euthanized raccoons for rabies and canine distemper virus (cdv), respectively, by antigen testing on brain tissue; all wer ...201728135131
respiration of microbiota-derived 1,2-propanediol drives salmonella expansion during colitis.intestinal inflammation caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium increases the availability of electron acceptors that fuel a respiratory growth of the pathogen in the intestinal lumen. here we show that one of the carbon sources driving this respiratory expansion in the mouse model is 1,2-propanediol, a microbial fermentation product. 1,2-propanediol utilization required intestinal inflammation induced by virulence factors of the pathogen. s. typhimurium used both aerobic and anaerobic ...201728056091
collateral damage: insights into bacterial mechanisms that predispose host cells to cancer.infections are estimated to contribute to 20% of all human tumours. viruses are known to induce cell transformation, but evidence has also linked bacteria, such as helicobacter pylori and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi, to different cancer types. in addition, chlamydia trachomatis, fusobacterium nucleatum and bacteroides fragilis are associated with the development of cancer, although a causal relationship has not yet been established. bacterial effectors such as colibactin an ...201728045107
evaluation of colonisation resistance in stool of human donors using ex vivo, in vitro and in vivo assays.the indigenous microbiota is the population of microorganisms normally present on the surface and mucosa of an individual, where it performs essential health functions, including the colonisation resistance (cr) against pathogens. to identify the bacteria responsible and the mechanisms involved in the cr, the germ-free (gf) animal model has been used, because in vitro studies cannot always be extrapolated to what occurs in vivo. in this study, ex vivo antagonism assays against seven enteropathog ...201728116929
biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by novosphingobium sp. thg-c3 and their antimicrobial potential.the present study described biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (agnps) using a bacterial strain novosphingobium sp. thg-c3, isolated from soil, and their application in antibacterial activity. the maximum absorbance values of the synthesized agnps was measured at 406 nm in ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and were mostly spherical in shape with particle size in range of 8-25 nm by field emission transmission electron microscopy analysis. x-ray diffraction pattern corresponding to planes ( ...201727145847
a serosurvey of greater sage-grouse ( centrocercus urophasianus ) in nevada, usa.to better understand the potential avian diseases in greater sage-grouse ( centrocercus urophasianus ) in the great basin in nevada, us, we collected 31 blood samples march-april 2014 and tested for antibodies to eight viruses and two bacteria. specifically, sera were tested for antibodies to avian leukosis virus type a, b, and j (alv-a, alv-b, and alv-j, respectively), infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, reticuloendothelial virus, avian influenza virus (aiv), west nile ...201727705104
development of an acid-resistant salmonella typhi ty21a attenuated vector for improved oral vaccine delivery.the licensed oral, live-attenuated bacterial vaccine for typhoid fever, salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain ty21a, has also been utilized as a vaccine delivery platform for expression of diverse foreign antigens that stimulate protection against shigellosis, anthrax, plague, or human papilloma virus. however, ty21a is acid-labile and, for effective oral immunization, stomach acidity has to be either neutralized with buffer or by-passed with ty21a in an enteric-coated capsule (ecc). several ...201727673328
kinneretia thg-sqi4 mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and its antimicrobial efficacy.simple, facile, effective approach for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using kinneretia species and its antimicrobial activity against human pathogens has been demonstrated in this study. kinneretia thg-sqi4 has been isolated from soil sample collected from shangqui, china. the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (uv-vis), field emission transmission electron microscopy (fe-tem), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (edx), elemental mapp ...201728211298
epidihydropinidine, the main piperidine alkaloid compound of norway spruce (picea abies) shows promising antibacterial and anti-candida activity.this study reports for the first time promising antibacterial and antifungal effects of epidihydropinidine, the major piperidine alkaloid in the needles and bark of norway spruce, picea abies (l.) karsten. epidihydropinidine was growth inhibitory against all bacterial and fungal strains used in our investigation, showing the lowest mic value of 5.37μg/ml against pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococcus faecalis, candida glabrata and c. albicans. epidihydropinidine was nearly three times more active ...201728163074
dietary myrtle (myrtus communis l.) improved non-specific immune parameters and bactericidal activity of skin mucus in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings.the present study examined the effects of dietary myrtle (myrtus communis l.) on non-specific immune parameters and bactericidal activity of skin mucus in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings. three hundred and sixty fingerlings (6.50 ± 0.55 g (were distributed in twelve cages (65 × 65 × 65 cm) with a metal framework. the study included four treatments repeated in triplicates. the treatments were feeding trouts with experimental diets containing different levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) o ...201728330807
physico-cultural parameters during agnps biotransformation with bactericidal activity against human pathogens.production of agnps with desired morphologies and surface characteristics using facile, economic and non-laborious processes is highly imperative. cell extract based syntheses are emerging as a novel technique for the production of diverse forms of nps, and is assured to meet the requirements. therefore, in order to have a better understanding, and to improvise and gain control over the nps morphological and surface characteristics, the present investigation systematically evaluates the influenc ...201728284311
the role of universal stress proteins in bacterial infections.universal stress proteins are ubiquitously expressed in bacteria, archaea and plants and other eukaryotes. a general property of usps is their role in adaptation of bacteria to oxidative stress, high temperature, low ph and/or hypoxia. there is increasing evidence that these proteins facilitate the adaption of bacterial pathogens to the human host environment, thereby facilitating colonisation and pathogenicity. usps in mycobacterium tuberculosis are well studied and may play a role in latency o ...201728120710
lack of acrb efflux function confers loss of virulence on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.acrab-tolc is the paradigm resistance-nodulation-division (rnd) multidrug resistance efflux system in gram-negative bacteria, with acrb being the pump protein in this complex. we constructed a nonfunctional acrb mutant by replacing d408, a highly conserved residue essential for proton translocation. western blotting confirmed that the acrb d408a mutant had the same native level of expression of acrb as the parental strain. the mutant had no growth deficiencies in rich or minimal medium. however, ...201728720734
intestinal epithelial ecto-5' -nucleotidase (cd73) regulates intestinal colonization and infection by nontyphoidal salmonella.ecto-5' -nucleotidase (cd73) is expressed abundantly on the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells (iec) and functions as the terminal enzyme in the generation of extracellular adenosine. previous work has demonstrated that adenosine signaling in iecs results in a number of tissue-protective effects during inflammation; however, a rationale for its apical expression has been lacking. we hypothesized that the highly polarized expression of cd73 is indicative of an important role for extrac ...201728717030
phenotypic characteristics and genetic diversity of salmonella enterica serotype derby isolated from human patients and foods of animal origin.salmonella enterica serotype derby is among the three most common serotypes of nontyphoidal salmonella isolated from patients with diarrhea in china. in this study, 133 salmonella derby isolates from human patients (n = 74) and foods of animal origin (n = 59) in shanghai, china, between september 2013 and december 2014, were selected to study its phenotypic characteristics and genetic diversity. the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, plasmid replicon typing, virulen ...201728708426
salmonella typhimurium infection in total knee arthroplasty: a case report with review of literature.salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium is a rare cause of prosthetic joint infection (pji). the recognized predisposing risk factors for salmonella septic arthritis include diabetes mellitus, renal failure, human immunodeficiency virus infection and chronic corticosteroid use. we describe a case of pji of the knee in a 74-year-old lady who was on antitubercular treatment. the patient presented with discharging sinus and raised inflammatory markers. she was successfully treated by the removal o ...201728706395
quinolones and fluroquinolones metabolism and resistance in salmonella typhimurium: a mini review.salmonella enterica serovars causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. more than 2500 different serotypes of salmonella were identified to date. in particular, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is the most important serotype of salmonella transmitted from animals to humans in most parts of the world. they are associated with an estimated 1 million deaths annually. quinolones are an important class of broad-spectrum antimicrobials has been utilized in the treatment option for ov ...201728699507
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium st34 co-expressing blandm-5 and blactx-m-55 isolated in china. 201728698668
development of a novel, rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection and differentiation of salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and typhimurium using ultra-fast convection polymerase chain reaction.salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and typhimurium are the most common causative agents of human nontyphoidal salmonellosis. the rapid detection and timely treatment of salmonellosis are important to increase the curative ratio and prevent spreading of the disease. in this study, we developed a rapid multiplex convection polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method to detect salmonella spp. and differentiate salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium. we used the inva gene for salmonella ...201728696782
diversity of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in salmonella isolated from commercial poultry farms.salmonella remains the leading cause of foodborne illness in the united states, and the dissemination of drug-resistant salmonellae through the food chain has important implications for treatment failure of salmonellosis. we investigated the ecology of salmonella in integrated broiler production in order to understand the flow of antibiotic susceptible and resistant strains within this system. data were analyzed from a retrospective study focused on antimicrobial resistant salmonella recovered f ...201728691011
genomic characterization of a large plasmid containing a bla ndm-1 gene carried on salmonella enterica serovar indiana c629 isolate from china.the bla ndm-1 gene in salmonella species is mostly reported in clinical cases, but is rarely isolated from red and white meat in china.201728687066
combination of antimicrobials and essential oils as an alternative for the control of salmonella enterica multiresistant strains related to foodborne disease.due to the increase in bacterial resistance to antimicrobials (ambs) commonly used in veterinary and human medicine, the new strategies for controlling zoonoses focus on the study of natural products with demonstrated amb activity, such as essential oils (eos). the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of the combination of enrofloxacin (enr), ceftiofur (cef), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (sxt) with cinnamon, clove, oregano, and red thyme eos against multiple drug-resistant ...201728683217
serotype distribution, antimicrobial resistance, and class 1 integrons profiles of salmonella from animals in slaughterhouses in shandong province, china.the current study aimed to analyze the prevalence and characterization of salmonella enterica isolated from animals in slaughterhouses before slaughter. a total of 143 non-duplicate salmonella were recovered from 1,000 fresh fecal swabs collected from four major pig slaughterhouses (49/600, 8.2%) and four major chicken slaughterhouses (94/400, 23.5%) between march and july 2016. among salmonella isolates from pigs, the predominant serovars were salmonella rissen (28/49, 57.1%) and typhimurium (1 ...201728680418
role of sapa and yfga in susceptibility to antibody-mediated complement-dependent killing and virulence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the st313 pathovar of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium contributes to a high burden of invasive disease among african infants and hiv-infected adults. it is characterized by genome degradation (loss of coding capacity) and has increased resistance to antibody-dependent complement-mediated killing compared with enterocolitis-causing strains of s typhimurium. vaccination is an attractive disease-prevention strategy, and leading candidates focus on the induction of bactericidal antibodies. a ...201728674031
differences in expression of genes in the myd88 and trif signalling pathways and methylation of tlr4 and trif in tibetan chickens and daheng s03 chickens infected with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.salmonella enterica serovar (s. enteritidis) is a pathogenic bacterium that can cause symptoms of food poisoning, leading to death of poultry, resulting in serious economic losses. the myd88 and trif signalling pathways play important roles in activating innate and adaptive immunity in chickens infected with s. enteritidis. the objective of the present study was to characterize in vivo mrna expressions, protein levels and methylation levels of genes in the above two pathways in both tibetan chic ...201728669384
spv locus aggravates salmonella infection of zebrafish adult by inducing th1/th2 shift to th2 polarization.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) are facultative intracellular enteric pathogens causing disease with a broad range of hosts. it was known that th1-type cytokines such as ifn-γ, il-12, and tnf-α etc. could induce protective immunity against intracellular pathogens, while th2-type cytokines such as il-4, il-10, and il-13 etc. are proved to help pathogens survive inside hosts and cause severe infection. one of the critical virulence factor attributes to the pathogenesis of ...201728666864
microbial community profiling of fresh basil and pitfalls in taxonomic assignment of enterobacterial pathogenic species based upon 16s rrna amplicon sequencing.application of 16s rrna (gene) amplicon sequencing on food samples is increasingly applied for assessing microbial diversity but may as unintended advantage also enable simultaneous detection of any human pathogens without a priori definition. in the present study high-throughput next-generation sequencing (ngs) of the v1-v2-v3 regions of the 16s rrna gene was applied to identify the bacteria present on fresh basil leaves. however, results were strongly impacted by variations in the bioinformati ...201728666129
sopb-mediated recruitment of snx18 facilitates salmonella typhimurium internalization by the host cell.to invade epithelial cells, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) induces macropinocytosis through the action of virulence proteins delivered across the host cell membrane via a type iii secretion system. we show that after docking at the plasma membrane s. typhimurium triggers rapid recruitment of cytosolic snx18, a sh3-px-bar domain sorting nexin protein, to the bacteria-induced membrane ruffles and to the nascent salmonella-containing vacuole. snx18 recruitment required the ...201728664153
bacterial autophagy: offense and defense at the host-pathogen interface.autophagy is a fundamental cellular process used for the turnover and recycling of cytosolic components and damaged organelles. originally characterized as a response to cellular stress, it now is well established that autophagy also is used as a defensive mechanism to combat the infection of host cells by intracellular pathogens. however, although this defensive strategy does limit the proliferation of most pathogens within their host cells, successful pathogens have evolved countermeasures tha ...201728660242
coordinated expression of acrab-tolc and eight other functional efflux pumps through activating rama and mara in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the aim of this study was to determine the expression of eight other functional transporter genes upon acrab inactivation and also the expression of acrab when the function of eight other transporters are impaired in salmonella enterica. we used single- or multigene deletion mutants (i.e., δacra, δacrb, δtolc, δacrab, δacref, δacrd, δmdsabc, δmdtabc, δemrab, δmacab, δmdfa, δmdtk, δacrabrama, δacrabmara, and δacrabsoxs) and real time (rt)-pcr to quantify the expression of different pump and regul ...201728650690
three-dimensional organotypic co-culture model of intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages to study salmonella enterica colonization patterns.three-dimensional models of human intestinal epithelium mimic the differentiated form and function of parental tissues often not exhibited by two-dimensional monolayers and respond to salmonella in key ways that reflect in vivo infections. to further enhance the physiological relevance of three-dimensional models to more closely approximate in vivo intestinal microenvironments encountered by salmonella, we developed and validated a novel three-dimensional co-culture infection model of colonic ep ...201728649632
the validation and implications of using whole genome sequencing as a replacement for traditional serotyping for a national salmonella reference laboratory.salmonella serotyping remains the gold-standard tool for the classification of salmonella isolates and forms the basis of canada's national surveillance program for this priority foodborne pathogen. public health officials have been increasingly looking toward whole genome sequencing (wgs) to provide a large set of data from which all the relevant information about an isolate can be mined. however, rigorous validation and careful consideration of potential implications in the replacement of trad ...201728649236
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a salmonella enteritidis sptp mutant as a live attenuated vaccine candidate.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a highly adaptive pathogen in both humans and animals. as a salmonella type iii secretion system (t3ss) effector, salmonella protein tyrosine phosphatase (sptp) is critical for virulence in this genus. to investigate the feasibility of using c50336δsptp as a live attenuated oral vaccine in mice, we generated the sptp gene deletion mutant c50336δsptp in s. enteritidis strain c50336 by λ-red mediated recombination and evaluated the protec ...201728646853
a novel antimicrobial approach based on the inhibition of zinc uptake in salmonella enterica.in this review we discuss evidences suggesting that bacterial zinc homeostasis represents a promising target for new antimicrobial strategies. the ability of the gut pathogen salmonella enterica sv typhimurium to withstand the host responses aimed at controlling growth of the pathogen critically depends on the zinc importer znuabc. strains lacking a functional znuabc or its soluble component znua display a dramatic loss of pathogenicity, due to a reduced ability to express virulence factors; wit ...201728636417
molecular characterization of salmonella from human and animal origins in uganda.sporadic salmonella outbreaks with varying clinical presentations have been on the rise in various parts of uganda. the sources of outbreaks and factors underlying the different clinical manifestation are curtailed by paucity of information on salmonella genotypes and the associated virulence genes. this study reports molecular diversity of salmonella enterica and their genetic virulence profiles among human and animal isolates. characterization was done using kauffman-white classification schem ...201728634597
control of virulence gene transcription by indirect readout in vibrio cholerae and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.indirect readout mechanisms of transcription control rely on the recognition of dna shape by transcription factors (tfs). tfs may also employ a direct readout mechanism that involves the reading of the base sequence in the dna major groove at the binding site. tfs with winged helix-turn-helix (whth) motifs use an alpha helix to read the base sequence in the major groove while inserting a beta sheet 'wing' into the adjacent minor groove. such whth proteins are important regulators of virulence ge ...201728631437
sipa activation of caspase-3 is a decisive mediator of host cell survival at early stages of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection.salmonella invasion protein a (sipa) is a dual-function effector protein that plays roles in both actin polymerization and caspase-3 activation in intestinal epithelial cells. to date its function in other cell types has remained largely unknown despite its expression in multiple cell types and its extracellular secretion during infection. here we show that in macrophages sipa induces increased caspase-3 activation early in infection. this activation required a threshold level of sipa linked to ...201728630067
elimination of persistent vaccine bacteria of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in the guts of immunized mice by inducible expression of truncated ynce.orally administered vaccine bacteria usually persist for a period of time in the intestinal tracts of immunized individuals, and are excreted in feces to the environment resulting in a potential biosafety issue. the releasing risk can be minimized by immediate elimination of the persistent vaccine bacteria once adequate protective immune responses have been elicited by the vaccine bacteria. in a previous study, inducible expression of truncated ynce gene (ynce*) was found lethal to host bacteria ...201728628661
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