Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii in yunnan black goats (capra hircus) in southwest china by pcr-rflp. | toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects almost all warm-blooded animals and human beings. goats are one of the susceptible animals to t. gondii. however, little is known of genetic diversity of t. gondii in yunnan black goats in china. the objective of this present study was to determine the genotypes of t. gondii isolates from black goats in yunnan province, southwest china. | 2015 | 25622613 |
| demographic characteristics and infectious diseases of a population of american black bears in humboldt county, california. | american black bears (ursus americanus) are common, widely distributed, and broad-ranging omnivorous mammals in northern california forests. bears may be susceptible to pathogens infecting both domestic animals and humans. monitoring bear populations, particularly in changing ecosystems, is important to understanding ecological features that could affect bear population health and influence the likelihood that bears may cause adverse impacts on humans. in all, 321 bears were captured between may ... | 2015 | 25700042 |
| experimental infection with the toxoplasma gondii me-49 strain in the brazilian br-1 mini pig is a suitable animal model for human toxoplasmosis. | toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis, a worldwide disease. experimentation with pigs is necessary for the development of new therapeutic approaches to human diseases. br-1 mini pigs were intramuscularly infected with t. gondii with tachyzoites (rh strain) or orally infected with cysts (me-49 strain). haematology and serum biochemistry were analysed and buffy coat cells were inoculated in mice to determine tachyzoite circulation. no alterations were observed in erythrocyte and platelet values; ... | 2015 | 25742268 |
| ectopic expression of a neospora caninum kazal type inhibitor triggers developmental defects in toxoplasma and plasmodium. | regulated proteolysis is known to control a variety of vital processes in apicomplexan parasites including invasion and egress of host cells. serine proteases have been proposed as targets for drug development based upon inhibitor studies that show parasite attenuation and transmission blockage. genetic studies suggest that serine proteases, such as subtilisin and rhomboid proteases, are essential but functional studies have proved challenging as active proteases are difficult to express. protei ... | 2015 | 25803874 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in wild boars, red deer and roe deer in poland. | little is known about the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in wild life, particularly game animals in poland. meat juice collected during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 hunting seasons from 552 red deer (cervus elaphus), 367 wild boars (sus scrofa) and 92 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) was tested for t. gondii antibodies using the multi-species id screen toxoplasmosis indirect kit (idvet, montpellier, france). antibodies to t. gondii were detected in 24.1% of red deer (95% ci: 20.7%, 27.8%), 37.6% o ... | 2015 | 25993468 |
| vaccination of pigs with the s48 strain of toxoplasma gondii--safer meat for human consumption. | as clinical toxoplasmosis is not considered a problem in pigs, the main reason to implement a control strategy against toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) in this species is to reduce the establishment of t. gondii tissue cysts in pork, consequently reducing the risk of the parasite entering the human food chain. consumption of t. gondii tissue cysts from raw or undercooked meat is one of the main sources of human infection, with infected pork being considered a high risk. this study incorporates a mo ... | 2015 | 25928856 |
| protective immunity against acute toxoplasmosis in balb/c mice induced by a dna vaccine encoding toxoplasma gondii elongation factor 1-alpha. | toxoplasma gondii can infect almost all warm-blood animals including human beings. the high incidence and severe damage that can be caused by t. gondii infection clearly indicates the need for the development of a vaccine. t. gondii elongation factor 1-alpha (tgef-1α) plays an important role in pathogenesis and host cell invasion for this parasite. the aim of this study was to evaluate the immune protective efficacy of a dna vaccine encoding tgef-1α gene against acute t. gondii infection in mice ... | 2015 | 26497908 |
| a serosurvey for selected pathogens in greek european wild boar. | serum samples, collected from 94 european wild boar (sus scrofa) during the hunting seasons 2006 -2010 from different regions of greece, were examined in order to estimate the role of these wildlife species as reservoir of pathogens important for livestock and/or public health. | 2015 | 26392908 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging wild boars hunted for human consumption in estonia. | although the prevalence of human toxoplasma gondii infections is high in estonia, no information is available on the prevalence of infections in the local animal populations. wild boars are a good indicator species for estimating the prevalence and spread of t. gondii and were thus investigated in this nationwide cross-sectional study. volunteer hunters sampled cardiac or skeletal muscle of 471 wild boars legally hunted for human consumption in estonia during the hunting season of 2012-2013. ser ... | 2015 | 26239110 |
| prime-boost vaccination with toxoplasma lysate antigen, but not with a mixture of recombinant protein antigens, leads to reduction of brain cyst formation in balb/c mice. | infection with the ubiquitous parasite toxoplasma gondii is a threat for immunocompromised patients and pregnant women and effective immune-prophylaxis is still lacking. | 2015 | 26010355 |
| seroepidemiologic survey of potential pathogens in obligate and facultative scavenging avian species in california. | throughout the world, populations of scavenger birds are declining rapidly with some populations already on the brink of extinction. much of the current research into the factors contributing to these declines has focused on exposure to drug residues, lead, and other toxins. despite increased monitoring of these declining populations, little is known about infectious diseases affecting scavenger bird species. to assess potential infectious disease risks to both obligate and facultative scavenger ... | 2015 | 26606755 |
| epidemiology of meningitis in an hiv-infected ugandan cohort. | there is limited understanding of the epidemiology of meningitis among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected populations in sub-saharan africa. we conducted a prospective cohort study of hiv-infected adults with suspected meningitis in uganda, to comprehensively evaluate the etiologies of meningitis. intensive cerebrospiral fluid (csf) testing was performed to evaluate for bacterial, viral, fungal, and mycobacterial etiologies, including neurosyphilis,16s ribosomal dna (rdna) polymerase ch ... | 2015 | 25385864 |
| anti-toxoplasma activity of 2-(naphthalene-2-γlthiol)-1h indole. | this study was undertaken to evaluate the viability, infectivity and immunity of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites exposed to 2-(naphthalene-2-ylthio)-1h-indole. | 2015 | 26246814 |
| levels of transforming growth factor-beta after immunization of mice with in vivo prepared toxoplasma gondii excretory/secretory proteins. | zoonotic parasite toxoplasma gondii has a high prevalence in human populations. a suitable vaccine for animals can stop the transmission of infection between animal and human. | 2015 | 26060564 |
| development of a pan-babesia fret-qpcr and a survey of livestock from five caribbean islands. | babesia spp. are tick-borne protozoan hemoparasites and the second most common blood-borne parasites of mammals, in particular domestic animals. we used the clustal multiple alignment program and 18s rrna gene sequences of 22 babesia species from genbank to develop a pcr that could detect a wide variety of babesia spp. in a single reaction. the pan-babesia fret-qpcr we developed reliably detected b. gibsoni, b. canis, b. vogeli, b. microti, b. bovis, and b. divergens under controlled conditions ... | 2015 | 26423577 |
| the plasmodium palmitoyl-s-acyl-transferase dhhc2 is essential for ookinete morphogenesis and malaria transmission. | the post-translational addition of c-16 long chain fatty acids to protein cysteine residues is catalysed by palmitoyl-s-acyl-transferases (pat) and affects the affinity of a modified protein for membranes and therefore its subcellular localisation. in apicomplexan parasites this reversible protein modification regulates numerous biological processes and specifically affects cell motility, and invasion of host cells by plasmodium falciparum merozoites and toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. using inhi ... | 2015 | 26526684 |
| a systematic review of changes in marine mammal health in north america, 1972-2012: the need for a novel integrated approach. | marine mammals are often cited as "sentinels of ocean health" yet accessible, synthesized data on their health changes that could effectively warn of ocean health changes are rare. the objectives of this study were to 1) perform a systematic review of published cases of marine mammal disease to determine spatial and temporal trends in disease from 1972-2012, including changes in regions and taxa affected and specific causes; and 2) compare numbers of published cases of neoplasia with known, hosp ... | 2015 | 26579715 |
| clinical and laboratory characteristics of ocular syphilis, co-infection, and therapy response. | to describe the clinical presentation of patients diagnosed with presumed latent ocular syphilis and congenital ocular syphilis at tertiary referral center in turkey, and to compare the clinical findings with patients described in other studies, specifically focusing on demographics and co-infections. | 2015 | 26730177 |
| the role of infection in miscarriage. | miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before 12 weeks (early miscarriage) or from 12 to 24 weeks (late miscarriage) of gestation. miscarriage occurs in one in five pregnancies and can have considerable physiological and psychological implications for the patient. it is also associated with significant health care costs. there is evidence that potentially preventable infections may account for up to 15% of early miscarriages and up to 66% of late miscarriages. however, the provision ... | 2015 | 26386469 |
| multicenter evaluation of the elecsys toxo igg and igm tests for the diagnosis of infection with toxoplasma gondii. | detection of igg and igm antibodies is commonly performed for the diagnosis of infection with toxoplasma gondii. we determined the accuracy of the elecsys toxo igg and igm test at four european laboratories compared to local reference methods. coefficients of variation for reproducibility ranged from 1.0 to 6.5% for igg and from 0.8 to 3.2% for igm. seroconversion panels revealed high overall concordance with the reference tests. the elecsys test detected igg antibodies earlier than the cobas co ... | 2015 | 26185683 |
| serosurvey of smooth brucella, leptospira spp. and toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging jaguars (panthera onca) and domestic animals from brazil. | this study investigated the exposure of jaguar populations and domestic animals to smooth brucella, leptospira spp. and toxoplasma gondii in the cerrado, pantanal and amazon biomes of brazil. between february 2000 and january 2010, serum samples from 31 jaguars (panthera onca), 1,245 cattle (bos taurus), 168 domestic dogs (canis lupus familiaris) and 29 domestic cats (felis catus) were collected and analysed by rose bengal test for smooth brucella, microscopic agglutination test for leptospira s ... | 2015 | 26605787 |
| serologic screening for 13 infectious agents in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in flanders. | in order to investigate the role of roe deer in the maintenance and transmission of infectious animal and human diseases in flanders, we conducted a serologic screening in 12 hunting areas. | 2015 | 26609692 |
| infection-stimulated anemia results primarily from interferon gamma-dependent, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-independent red cell loss. | although the onset of anemia during infectious disease is commonly correlated with production of inflammatory cytokines, the mechanisms by which cytokines induce anemia are poorly defined. this study focused on the mechanism research. | 2015 | 25836617 |
| plant hormone salicylic acid produced by a malaria parasite controls host immunity and cerebral malaria outcome. | the apicomplexan parasite toxoplasma gondii produces the plant hormone abscisic acid, but it is unclear if phytohormones are produced by the malaria parasite plasmodium spp., the most important parasite of this phylum. here, we report detection of salicylic acid, an immune-related phytohormone of land plants, in p. berghei anka and t. gondii cell lysates. however, addition of salicylic acid to p. falciparum and t. gondii culture had no effect. we transfected p. falciparum 3d7 with the nahg gene, ... | 2015 | 26466097 |
| toxoplasma gondii chitinase induces macrophage activation. | toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite found worldwide that is able to chronically infect almost all vertebrate species, especially birds and mammalians. chitinases are essential to various biological processes, and some pathogens rely on chitinases for successful parasitization. here, we purified and characterized a chitinase from t. gondii. the enzyme, provisionally named tg_chitinase, has a molecular mass of 13.7 kda and exhibits a km of 0.34 mm and a vmax of 2.64. ... | 2015 | 26659253 |
| a multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction panel for detecting neurologic pathogens in dogs with meningoencephalitis. | meningoencephalitis (me) is a common inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system in dogs. clinically, me has both infectious and non-infectious causes. in the present study, a multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (mqpcr) panel was optimized for the detection of eight canine neurologic pathogens (blastomyces dermatitidis, cryptococcus spp., neospora caninum, borrelia burgdorferi, bartonella spp., toxoplasma gondii, ehrlichia canis, and canine distemper virus [cdv]). ... | 2015 | 26040611 |
| seroepidemiology and risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection in undergraduate university female students in jordan. | this study estimated the seroprevalence and risk factors for acquiring toxoplasma gondii infection by undergraduate female university students in jordan. a cross-sectional study from september 2013 to july 2014 analysed 202 blood samples for igg and igm antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a semi-constructed questionnaire was completed by participants to gather information about toxoplasma infection risk factors. t. gondii igg antibodies were detected in 66.5% of the females. only ... | 2015 | 25543692 |
| investigation of infectivity of neonates and adults from different rat strains to toxoplasma gondii prugniaud shows both variation which correlates with inos and arginase-1 activity and increased susceptibility of neonates to infection. | mouse models differ considerably from humans with regard to clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis caused by toxoplasma gondii and, by comparison, the rat model is more representative of this disease in humans. in the present study, we found that different strains of adult and newborn rats (lewis, wistar, sprague dawley, brown norway and fischer 344) exhibited remarkable variation in the number of brain cysts following inoculation with the t.gondii prugniaud strain. in adult rats, large numbers of c ... | 2015 | 25541383 |
| insights into anti-parasitism induced by a c-type lectin from bothrops pauloensis venom on toxoplasma gondii. | here we evaluate the effects of bplec, a c-type lectin isolated from bothrops pauloensis snake venom, on toxoplasma gondii parasitism. bplec (0.195-12.5 μg/ml) did not interfere with hela (host cell) viability by mtt assay, whereas higher doses decreased viability and changed hela morphology. in addition, the host cell treatment before infection did not influence adhesion and proliferation indexes. bplec did not alter t. gondii tachyzoite viability, as carried out by trypan blue exclusion, but d ... | 2015 | 25541358 |
| reassessment of the role of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and the effect of infection by toxoplasma gondii on host dopamine. | toxoplasma gondii infection has been described previously to cause infected mice to lose their fear of cat urine. this behavioral manipulation has been proposed to involve alterations of host dopamine pathways due to parasite-encoded aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. here, we report successful knockout and complementation of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylase aah2 gene, with no observable phenotype in parasite growth or differentiation in vitro and in vivo. additionally, expression levels of th ... | 2015 | 25547791 |
| "meat juice" is not a homogeneous serological matrix. | meat juice samples are used in serological assays to monitor infectious diseases within the food chain. however, evidence of inferior sensitivity, presumably due to low levels of antibodies in the meat juice compared to serum, has been presented, and it has been suggested that adjusting the dilution factor of meat juice in proportion to its blood content could improve sensitivity. in the present study, the agreement between toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin g (igg) levels in meat juice a ... | 2015 | 25562377 |
| increased cd11b(+) gr-1(+) cell population in the placenta after infection with toxoplasma gondii. | toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan pathogen that can cross the placenta, resulting in congenital toxoplasmosis with severe fetal brain abnormalities. the molecular mechanisms of immune responses against t. gondii infection in the placenta have largely remained unclear. an analytical method for characterizing phenotypes of immune cells in the placenta by flow cytometry was established and it was found that numbers of cd11b(+) gr-1(+) cells in the placenta increased significa ... | 2015 | 25557654 |
| diverse roles for t-bet in the effector responses required for resistance to infection. | the transcription factor t-bet has been most prominently linked to nk and t cell production of ifn-γ, a cytokine required for the control of a diverse array of intracellular pathogens. indeed, in mice challenged with the parasite toxoplasma gondii, nk and t cell responses are characterized by marked increases of t-bet expression. unexpectedly, t-bet(-/-) mice infected with t. gondii develop a strong nk cell ifn-γ response that controls parasite replication at the challenge site, but display high ... | 2015 | 25556247 |
| immunological response and markers of cell damage in seropositive horses for toxoplasma gondii. | toxoplasmosis is an important parasitic disease affecting several species of mammals, but little is known about this disease in horses. this study aimed to investigate the levels of several immunological variables and markers of cell damage in the serum of seropositive horses for toxoplasma gondii. sera samples of adult horses from the santa catarina state, brazil used on a previous study were divided into groups according to their antibody levels for t. gondii determined by immunofluorescence a ... | 2015 | 25555997 |
| toxoplasma gondii prevalent in china induce weaker apoptosis of neural stem cells c17.2 via endoplasmic reticulum stress (ers) signaling pathways. | toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular pathogen, has a strong affinity for the nervous system. tgctwh3, a representative chinese 1 toxoplasma strain prevalent in china, has the polymorphic features of the effectors rop16i/iii with type i and gra15ii with type ii toxoplasma strains. the interaction of this atypical strain with host cells remains extremely elusive. | 2015 | 25649541 |
| immunological changes induced by toxoplasma gondii glutathione-s-transferase (tggst) delivered as a dna vaccine. | in this study, a dna vaccine (ptggst) encoding t. gondii antioxidant glutathione-s-transferase (tggst) inserted into eukaryotic expression vector pvax i was constructed and the immune protective efficacy of intramuscular vaccination of mice with ptggst was analyzed. mice immunized with ptggst elicited high titers of total igg, igg1, igg2a, iga and igm antibodies, while ige showed no changes. also, significant cytokine production of ifn-γ, il-4 and il-17 was detected in mice immunized with ptggst ... | 2015 | 25648285 |
| toxoplasma gondii nucleus coding apicoplast protein acp synthesis and trafficking in delayed death. | this study aimed to explore toxoplasma gondii nucleus coding apicoplast protein acyl carrier protein (acp) synthesis and trafficking in delayed death. the recombinant t. gondii acp was expressed by prokaryotic expression method, and anti-acp polyclonal antibody was obtained from rabbit immune. t. gondii "delayed death" was induced by clindamycin (cldm), and acp transcription was determined by real-time pcr assay. the expression of acp with transit type (t-acp) and mature type (m-acp) was determi ... | 2015 | 25563610 |
| amniocentesis for the detection of congenital toxoplasmosis: results from the nationwide austrian prenatal screening program. | prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis (ct) influences therapeutical management in pregnant women and their offspring. in austria, a nationwide serological healthcare program to identify potential maternal toxoplasma infections during pregnancy exists. we assessed the clinical use of amniocentesis for toxoplasma-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on amniotic fluid to detect ct. data on serology, amniocentesis, pcr, complications, treatment, and paediatric clinical outcome were coll ... | 2015 | 25596783 |
| prevalence and associated risk factors of toxoplasma gondii in female farmworkers of southeastern turkey. | there are a limited number of studies of the agricultural population about the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) infection throughout the world. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis in female farmworkers in the southeastern region of turkey. | 2015 | 25596576 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in domestic donkeys (equus asinus) in durango, mexico slaughtered for human consumption. | nothing is known about toxoplasma gondii prevalence in donkeys in mexico. meat from donkey is consumed by humans in mexico and also exported to other countries. we sought to determine the presence of antibodies against t. gondii in 239 domestic donkeys (equus asinus) for slaughter in durango, mexico using the modified agglutination test (mat). donkeys were sampled in four premises (trade centers) where donkeys were gather for shipment to abattoirs in other mexican states. | 2015 | 25595816 |
| epidemiology and pathology of toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | the coccidian parasite toxoplasma gondii infects humans and warm-blooded animals worldwide. the ecology of this parasite in marine systems is poorly understood, although many marine mammals are infected and susceptible to clinical toxoplasmosis. we summarized the lesions associated with t. gondii infection in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) population and investigated the prevalence of and risk factors associated with t. gondii exposure, as indicated by antibody. five confirmed ... | 2015 | 25588007 |
| seroepidemiological analysis of toxoplasmosis in college students. | toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by an obligate intracellular parasite, toxoplasma gondii, which affects warm-blooded animals including humans. its prevalence rates usually vary in different regions of the planet. | 2015 | 25587248 |
| protective immunity induced by peptides of ama1, ron2 and ron4 containing t-and b-cell epitopes via an intranasal route against toxoplasmosis in mice. | toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous protozoan intracellular parasite, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, and a worldwide zoonosis. apical membrane antigen-1 (ama1) and rhoptry neck protein (ron2, ron4) are involved in the invasion of t. gondii. | 2015 | 25582167 |
| cerebral toxoplasmosis in an adolescent post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: successful outcome by antiprotozoal chemotherapy and cd4+ t-lymphocyte recovery. | toxoplasmosis is a rare opportunistic infection in pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-hsct) recipients and associated with severe t-cell deficiency. here, we report the successful management of cerebral toxoplasmosis in a 15-year-old adolescent 4 months post allo-hsct for non-hodgkin lymphoma through rapid invasive diagnostics, long-term antiprotozoal chemotherapy, and an hematopoietic stem cell boost for persistently poor graft function. while supportive care and anti ... | 2015 | 25581774 |
| atg5 but not atg7 in dendritic cells enhances il-2 and ifn-γ production by toxoplasma gondii-reactive cd4+ t cells. | the autophagy proteins (atg) modulate not only innate but also adaptive immunity against pathogens. we examined the role of dendritic cell atg5 and atg7 in the production of il-2 and ifn-γ by toxoplasma gondii-reactive cd4(+) t cells. t. gondii-reactive mouse cd4(+) t cells exhibited unimpaired production of il-2 and ifn-γ when stimulated with atg7-deficient mouse dendritic cells that were infected with t. gondii or pulsed with t. gondii lysate antigens. in marked contrast, dendritic cells defic ... | 2015 | 25578385 |
| risk factors for toxoplasma gondii exposure in semiaquatic mammals in a freshwater ecosystem. | we assessed risk factors for toxoplasma gondii exposure in semiaquatic mammals in east-central illinois, us. this agricultural region has extensive drainage systems that could potentially transport t. gondii oocysts into the watershed. we used muskrats (ondatra zibethicus) and american mink (neovison vison) as sentinels of watershed contamination. we predicted individuals from larger subwatersheds would more likely be antibody-positive for t. gondii, as they were exposed to drainage from larger ... | 2015 | 25574808 |
| persistence of toxoplasma gondii in the central nervous system: a fine-tuned balance between the parasite, the brain and the immune system. | upon infection of humans and animals with toxoplasma gondii, the parasites persist as intraneuronal cysts that are controlled, but not eliminated by the immune system. in particular, intracerebral t cells are crucial in the control of t. gondii infection and are supported by essential functions from other leukocyte populations. additionally, brain-resident cells including astrocytes, microglia and neurons contribute to the intracerebral immune response by the production of cytokines, chemokines ... | 2015 | 25573476 |
| sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim associated with resveratrol for the treatment of toxoplasmosis in mice: influence on the activity of enzymes involved in brain neurotransmission. | this study aimed to investigate the influence of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (st) associated with resveratrol on the enzymatic activities of acetylcholinesterase (ache), adenylate kinase (ak), pyruvate kinase (pk), and creatine kinase (ck) in the brain of mice experimentally infected by toxoplasma gondii. for that, 60 mice were divided into ten groups with 6 animals each: groups a to d composed by healthy mice and groups e to j consisting of animals infected by t. gondii (veg strain). animals ... | 2015 | 25572158 |
| coinfection by toxoplasma gondii and leishmania spp. in domestic cats (felis catus) in state of mato grosso do sul. | leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis are important to public health. | 2015 | 25626663 |
| toxoplasma gondii meningoencephalitis without cerebral mri findings in a patient with ulcerative colitis under immunosuppressive treatment. | toxoplasmosis is the most common opportunistic infection of the central nervous system in immunosupressed patients. it is usually presented as a space-occupying lesion detected by cerebral computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. the diffuse form of the disease (diffuse toxoplasmic meningoencephalitis) lacks the characteristic cerebral radiologic findings rendering pre-mortem diagnosis much more difficult. herein, we describe a case of toxoplasmic menincoencephalitis, without evide ... | 2015 | 25623638 |
| fancy a gene? a surprisingly complex evolutionary history of peroxiredoxins. | while the phylum apicomplexa includes "only" several thousand described species of obligatory parasites of animals, it may in fact be the most specious group of parasitic protists with over a million species 1. the best known representatives are plasmodium spp., toxoplasma gondii and cryptosporidium spp., which belong to the most important and widespread human parasites exacting an enormous disease burden. on the other hand, dinoflagellates and colpodellids, which are monophyletic with the apico ... | 2015 | 28362003 |
| the protozoan toxoplasma gondii: neurotoxicological relevance beyond the typical clinical pictures. | 2015 | 25618549 | |
| the calcium signaling toolkit of the apicomplexan parasites toxoplasma gondii and plasmodium spp. | apicomplexan parasites have complex life cycles, frequently split between different hosts and reliant on rapid responses as the parasites react to changing environmental conditions. calcium ion (ca(2+)) signaling is consequently essential for the cellular and developmental changes that support apicomplexan parasitism. apicomplexan genomes reveal a rich repertoire of genes involved in calcium signaling, although many of the genes responsible for observed physiological changes remain unknown. ther ... | 2015 | 25605521 |
| strain hypothesis of toxoplasma gondii infection on the outcome of human diseases. | the intracellular protozoan toxoplasma gondii is an exceptionally successful food and waterborne parasite that infects approximately 1 billion people worldwide. genotyping of t. gondii isolates from all continents revealed a complex population structure. recent research supports the notion that t. gondii genotype may be associated with disease severity. here, we (1) discuss molecular and serological approaches for designation of t. gondii strain type, (2) overview the literatures on the associat ... | 2015 | 25600911 |
| seroepidemiology of toxoplasma in a coastal region of haiti: multiplex bead assay detection of immunoglobulin g antibodies that recognize the sag2a antigen. | toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed parasitic protozoan that infects most warm-blooded animals. we incorporated a bead coupled with recombinant sag2a protein into our neglected tropical disease (ntd) multiplex bead assay (mba) panel and used it to determine toxoplasma infection rates in two studies in haiti. in a longitudinal cohort study of children aged 0-11 years, the infection rate varied with age reaching a maximum of 0·131 infections/year in children aged 3 years [95% confidence in ... | 2015 | 25600668 |
| toxoplasma secretory granules: one population or more? | in toxoplasma gondii, dense granules are known as the storage secretory organelles of the so-called gra proteins (for dense granule proteins), which are destined to the parasitophorous vacuole (pv) and the pv-derived cyst wall. recently, newly annotated gra proteins targeted to the host cell nucleus have enlarged this view. here we provide an update on the latest developments on the toxoplasma secreted proteins, which to date have been mainly studied at both the tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages, ... | 2015 | 25599584 |
| toxoplasma gondii infection in cancer patients: prevalence, risk factors, genotypes and association with clinical diagnosis. | prevalence of human infection with toxoplasma gondii has been increasing in china due to the increasing number of cats. however, little is known of the epidemiology of t. gondii infection in different cancer patient groups. thus, a case-control study of 900 cancer patients and 900 controls was conducted to detect anti-t. gondii antibodies by elisa in china. genomic dna was extracted from the diseased tissues of 510 patients and the t. gondii b1 gene was amplified using a semi-nested pcr. dna sam ... | 2015 | 25641340 |
| toxoplasmic encephalitis during mycophenolate mofetil immunotherapy of neuromuscular disease. | to show that immunotherapy with medications such mycophenolate mofetil (mmf) can cause serious complications in patients with neuromuscular disorders. | 2015 | 25635260 |
| dna detection of toxoplasma gondii in sheep milk and blood samples in relation to phase of infection. | toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide parasite that is important both for veterinary medicine (economic losses in the herd) and for public health (immunocompromised patients and pregnant women). an important source of toxoplasma infection in humans is consumption of contaminated meat and milk (undercooked meat and unpasteurized milk). small ruminants are important in both milk and meat production throughout the world because of free-range husbandry. the purpose of our study was to detect the presence ... | 2015 | 25630551 |
| mast cells form antibody-dependent degranulatory synapse for dedicated secretion and defence. | mast cells are tissue-resident immune cells that play a key role in inflammation and allergy. here we show that interaction of mast cells with antibody-targeted cells induces the polarized exocytosis of their granules resulting in a sustained exposure of effector enzymes, such as tryptase and chymase, at the cell-cell contact site. this previously unidentified mast cell effector mechanism, which we name the antibody-dependent degranulatory synapse (adds), is triggered by both ige- and igg-target ... | 2015 | 25629393 |
| mechanisms of interferon-beta-induced inhibition of toxoplasma gondii growth in murine macrophages and embryonic fibroblasts: role of immunity-related gtpase m1. | the apical complex of toxoplasma gondii enables it to invade virtually all nucleated cells in warm-blooded animals, including humans, making it a parasite of global importance. anti-t. gondii cellular defence mechanisms depend largely on interferon (ifn)-γ production by immune cells. however, the molecular mechanism of ifn-β-mediated defence remains largely unclear. here, mouse peritoneal macrophages and murine embryonic fibroblasts (mefs) primed with recombinant ifn-β and ifn-γ showed different ... | 2015 | 25628099 |
| toxoplasma prevalence among pregnant women in norway: a cross-sectional study. | infection by toxoplasma gondii may lead to complications in the foetus if the mother suffers from primary infection during pregnancy. previously infected women have produced toxoplasma-specific igg antibodies. the most recent study on prevalence of toxoplasma igg in the norwegian pregnant population was conducted 20 years ago. the present study is part of a research programme initiated by the norwegian institute of public health. we aimed to update the knowledge regarding the prevalence of toxop ... | 2015 | 25628065 |
| experimental infection with the toxoplasma gondii me-49 strain in the brazilian br-1 mini pig is a suitable animal model for human toxoplasmosis. | toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis, a worldwide disease. experimentation with pigs is necessary for the development of new therapeutic approaches to human diseases. br-1 mini pigs were intramuscularly infected with t. gondii with tachyzoites (rh strain) or orally infected with cysts (me-49 strain). haematology and serum biochemistry were analysed and buffy coat cells were inoculated in mice to determine tachyzoite circulation. no alterations were observed in erythrocyte and platelet values; ... | 2015 | 25650770 |
| seroprevalence of anti-toxoplasma gondii and anti-borrelia species antibodies in patients with schizophrenia: a case-control study from western turkey. | we examined igg antibody seroprevalence and risk factors for anti-toxoplasma gondii and anti-borrelia sp. in schizophrenic patients. | 2015 | 25774563 |
| genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii isolates from portugal, austria and israel reveals higher genetic variability within the type ii lineage. | this study compared genetic diversity of toxoplasma gondii isolates from portugal, austria and israel. for this, we genotyped 90 t. gondii isolates (16 from portugal, 67 from austria and 7 from israel) using 10 nested pcr-restriction length polymorphism (rflp) genetic markers and 15 microsatellite (ms) markers. by pcr-rflp typing, 7 isolates from portugal chickens were identified as type ii (toxodb #1 or #3), 4 were type iii (toxodb #2) and the remaining 4 isolates have unique genotype pattern w ... | 2015 | 25677825 |
| risk factors associated with toxoplasma gondii infection in captive sapajus spp. | the aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with prevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in captive capuchin monkeys at a facility in the northeastern brazil. serum samples from 116 bearded capuchin (sapajus libidinosus), nine blonde capuchin (sapajus flavius), five black-capped capuchin (sapajus apella), and four capuchin monkeys (sapajus spp.) were tested for t. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (mat, cut-off ≥25); antibodies were found in 85.3% (99/11 ... | 2015 | 25676671 |
| il10, tgf beta1, and ifn gamma modulate intracellular signaling pathways and cytokine production to control toxoplasma gondii infection in bewo trophoblast cells. | considering that interleukin 10 (il10), transforming growth factor beta1 (tgfb1), and interferon gamma (ifng) are involved in the susceptibility of bewo trophoblast cells to toxoplasma gondii infection, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effector mechanisms triggered by these cytokines in the control of t. gondii in bewo cells. for this purpose, infected/uninfected bewo cells were treated with il10, tgfb1 (50 ng/ml), and ifng (20 or 100 ng/ml) in order to verify the phosphorylat ... | 2015 | 25673564 |
| toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in pet cats in norway and risk factors for seropositivity. | the aims of the study were to estimate toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in pet cats in norway and to evaluate risk factors for seropositivity. additionally, serum biochemistry and haematological variables for t gondii seropositive and seronegative cats were compared. | 2015 | 25666851 |
| therapeutic index modeling and predictive qsar of novel thiazolidin-4-one analogs against toxoplasma gondii. | the main idea of this study was to find predictive quantitative structure-activity relationships (qsar) for the therapeutic index of 68 thiazolidin-4-one analogs against toxoplasma gondii. multivariate adaptive regression spline (mars) together with monte-carlo (mc) sampling was proposed as a reliable descriptor subset selection strategy. basis functions and knot points are also determined for each selected descriptor using generalized cross validation after frequency analysis. least squares-sup ... | 2015 | 25661424 |
| toxoplasmosis complicating lung cancer: a case report. | toxoplasmosis complicating lung cancer has been described only rarely. here, we report a case of acute toxoplasma gondii infection in a patient with squamous lung cancer. a 64-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with a history of cough of 6 months' duration and chest pain of 1 week's duration. further examination revealed multiple swollen lymph nodes, palpable on the top of the right collarbone and without tenderness. the chest x-ray, bronchoscopy, and computed tomography scan confirmed ... | 2015 | 25653562 |
| a 10-year retrospective comparison of two target sequences, rep-529 and b1, for toxoplasma gondii detection by quantitative pcr. | this study aimed to evaluate the repeated sequence rep-529 compared to that of the b1 gene in the molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis by quantitative pcr (qpcr) in routine diagnosis. over a 10-year period (2003 to 2013), all patients prospectively diagnosed with a positive rep-529 qpcr result for toxoplasmosis were included. all dna samples (76 samples from 56 patients) were simultaneously tested using the two qpcr methods (rep-529 and b1). the mean cycle threshold (ct) obtained with the b1 qpc ... | 2015 | 25653416 |
| toxoplasma gondii infection in interstate truck drivers: a case-control seroprevalence study. | infection with toxoplasma gondii can be acquired via the ingestion of undercooked or raw meat containing tissue cysts, or via ingestion of water contaminated with oocysts. professional long distance truck driving may have epidemiological importance for food-borne infections since drivers eat out of home and in places where hygiene and cooking practices are uncertain. we aimed to determine whether interstate truck drivers in durango, mexico have an increased risk of infection with t. gondii as in ... | 2015 | 25651797 |
| new recombinant chimeric antigens, p35-mag1, mic1-rop1, and mag1-rop1, for the serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis. | the aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of 3 chimeric toxoplasma gondii antigens, p35-mag1, mic1-rop1 and mag1-rop1, in the serodiagnosis of an acute toxoplasmosis in humans. proteins were produced as fusion proteins containing his tags ends and then further purified by metal affinity chromatography. their application for the diagnosis of recently acquired t. gondii infection was tested in igg and igm enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas). at 100%, 77.3%, and 86.4%, respectivel ... | 2015 | 25702523 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in women who have aborted in comparison with the women with normal delivery in ahvaz, southwest of iran. | toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite causing toxoplasmosis in animals and humans. primary maternal infection with toxoplasmosis during pregnancy is frequently associated with transplacental transmission to the fetus. however it is not certain whether toxoplasma infection can cause recurrent abortion. the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between toxoplasma infection and abortion via detection of anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sera of women wit ... | 2015 | 25699288 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in mentally retarded patients in iranian rehabilitation centers. | toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common causes of latent infections in humans and animals. although t. gondii infection is widely prevalent in the world, most acquired cases of the disease are asymptomatic. the important aspect of this parasitic infection is the probable danger of congenital transmission and its severe effects on the fetus. there have been many reports about the prevalence of anti-t. gondii antibody among different groups of people in iran; however the epidemiological data i ... | 2015 | 25698852 |
| toxoplasmosis and epilepsy--systematic review and meta analysis. | toxoplasmosis is an important, widespread, parasitic infection caused by toxoplasma gondii. the chronic infection in immunocompetent patients, usually considered as asymptomatic, is now suspected to be a risk factor for various neurological disorders, including epilepsy. we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature to estimate the risk of epilepsy due to toxoplasmosis. | 2015 | 25695802 |
| il-33/st2 involves the immunopathology of ocular toxoplasmosis in murine model. | ocular toxoplasmosis (ot) is the major cause of infective uveitis. since the eye is a special organ protected by immune privilege, its immune response is different from general organs with toxoplasma gondii infection. here, we used kunming outbred mice to establish ot by intravitreal injection of t. gondii rh strain tachyzoites, il-33 expression in the eyes was localized by immunostaining, the levels of interleukin (il)-33 and st2 (il-33 receptor) and t-helper (th)1 and th2-associated cytokines ... | 2015 | 25693767 |
| novel components of the toxoplasma inner membrane complex revealed by bioid. | the inner membrane complex (imc) of toxoplasma gondii is a peripheral membrane system that is composed of flattened alveolar sacs that underlie the plasma membrane, coupled to a supporting cytoskeletal network. the imc plays important roles in parasite replication, motility, and host cell invasion. despite these central roles in the biology of the parasite, the proteins that constitute the imc are largely unknown. in this study, we have adapted a technique named proximity-dependent biotin identi ... | 2015 | 25691595 |
| seroprevalence and associated risk factors of toxoplasma gondii infection in psychiatric patients: a case-control study in eastern china. | in recent years, the effect of toxoplasma gondii infection on the cerebrum and neuropsychiatric patients has been increasingly highlighted. however, there is limited information about the epidemiology of t. gondii infection in psychiatric patients in shandong province, eastern china. therefore, through a case-control study, 445 patients hospitalized for diacrisis or treatment in weihai, eastern china, and 445 control subjects from the general population of the same region matched by gender, age, ... | 2015 | 25687170 |
| severe congenital toxoplasmosis: a case report and strain characterization. | we report a fatal congenital toxoplasmosis case in an iranian woman in the south of iran. a pregnant mother had been admitted at the 15th week of her pregnancy on account of a febrile illness, symptoms of common cold, and enlargement of submandibular lymph nodes. serological testing of the mother's serum revealed positive igg and igm anti-toxoplasma antibodies. amniotic fluid was taken and evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay with a direct amplification of the toxoplasma urpt gene ... | 2015 | 25685568 |
| immunity to toxoplasma gondii--into the 21st century. | 2015 | 25682704 | |
| harbour seal (phoca vitulina) pmn and monocytes release extracellular traps to capture the apicomplexan parasite toxoplasma gondii. | extracellular traps (ets) are composed of nuclear dna as backbone adorned with histones, cytoplasmic antimicrobial peptides/proteins which are released from a range of vertebrate and invertebrate host immune cells in response to several invading pathogens. until now this ancient novel innate defence mechanism has not been demonstrated in any marine mammal. interactions of harbour seal (phoca vitulina)-pmn and -monocytes with viable tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii were investigated in this respe ... | 2015 | 25681075 |
| neurobiological studies on the relationship between toxoplasmosis and neuropsychiatric diseases. | toxoplasma gondii is a widespread protozoan parasite infecting approximately one third of the world population. after proliferation of tachyzoites during the acute stage, the parasite forms tissue cysts in various anatomical sites including the central nervous tissue, and establishes a chronic infection. clinical spectrum normally ranges from a completely asymptomatic infection to severe multi-organ involvement. many studies have suggested t. gondii infection as a risk factor for the development ... | 2015 | 25725931 |
| secreted toxoplasma gondii molecules interfere with expression of mhc-ii in interferon gamma-activated macrophages. | the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii interferes with major histocompatibility complex class ii antigen presentation to dampen host cd4(+) t cell responses. while it is known that t. gondii inhibits major histocompatibility complex class ii gene transcription and expression in infected host cells, the mechanism of this host manipulation is unknown. here, we show that soluble parasite proteins inhibit ifnγ-induced expression of major histocompatibility complex class ii o ... | 2015 | 25720921 |
| seroprevalence, seroconversion, and risk factors for toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in taipei, taiwan. | herein, we determined the seroprevalence, seroconversion, and risk factors associated with toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) infection among pregnant women in taipei, taiwan. pregnant women attending antenatal consultation in a taipei medical center were invited, and 104 women completed a self-administered structured questionnaire. venous blood samples were collected during the first and third trimester after consent was obtained. serum igg and igm antibodies (abs) as well as igg avidity were analyz ... | 2015 | 25720644 |
| toxoplasma gondii superinfection and virulence during secondary infection correlate with the exact rop5/rop18 allelic combination. | the intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii infects a wide variety of vertebrate species globally. infection in most hosts causes a lifelong chronic infection and generates immunological memory responses that protect the host against new infections. in regions where the organism is endemic, multiple exposures to t. gondii likely occur with great frequency, yet little is known about the interaction between a chronically infected host and the parasite strains from these areas. a widely used model ... | 2015 | 25714710 |
| toxoplasma gondii: biochemical and biophysical characterization of recombinant soluble dense granule proteins gra2 and gra6. | the most prominent structural feature of the parasitophorous vacuole (pv) in which the intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii proliferates is a membranous nanotubular network (mnn), which interconnects the parasites and the pv membrane. the mnn function remains unclear. the gra2 and gra6 proteins secreted from the parasite dense granules into the pv have been implicated in the mnn biogenesis. amphipathic alpha-helices (aahs) predicted in gra2 and an alpha-helical hydrophobic domain predicted i ... | 2015 | 25712518 |
| ly6c(high) monocytes control cerebral toxoplasmosis. | cerebral infection with the parasite toxoplasma gondii is followed by activation of resident cells and recruitment of immune cells from the periphery to the cns. in this study, we show that a subset of myeloid cells, namely ly6c(high)ccr2(+) inflammatory monocytes that infiltrate the brain upon chronic t. gondii infection, plays a decisive role in host defense. depletion of this monocyte subset resulted in elevated parasite load and decreased survival of infected mice, suggesting their crucial r ... | 2015 | 25710908 |
| a comparison of antiserum and protein a as secondary reagents to assess toxoplasma gondii antibody titers in cats and spotted hyenas. | toxoplasma gondii is a protozoal parasite with worldwide distribution that is able to infect a wide variety of mammals and birds. our main goal was to screen for t. gondii antibody titers in a previously untested species, the spotted hyena ( crocuta crocuta); however, this goal first required us to investigate serological procedures that could be suitable for hyenas. cats are the closest domestic relations of hyenas, so t. gondii antibody titers were first compared in 26 feral cats with specific ... | 2015 | 25710628 |
| prevalence and risk factors for toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals and meat products destined for human consumption. | toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that is responsible for approximately 24% of all estimated deaths attributed to foodborne pathogens in the united states. human infection results from accidental ingestion of oocysts from the environment, in water, or on insufficiently washed produce or from consumption of raw or undercooked meat products that contain t. gondii tissue cysts. this review focused on studies of t. gondii in meat because many human t. gondii infections are acquired through c ... | 2015 | 25710166 |
| isolation and characterization of heat shock protein 100-batu1 from toxoplasma gondii rh strain. | toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasitic protozoon which infects human and most warm-blooded animals. almost one-third of the world's population is affected by life-threatening infection of t. gondii tachyzoites form. slow growing, transmissible and encysted bradyzoites forms are composed after tachyzoites stage. cellular and environmental stresses induce conversion of tachyzoites from bradyzoites and this condition is associated with heat shock protein (hsps) family. hsp100 is a member o ... | 2015 | 25728232 |
| tumor progression locus 2 differentially regulates ifnγ and il-17 production by effector cd4+ t cells in a t cell transfer model of colitis. | autoimmune diseases are approaching epidemic levels, estimated to affect 5-8% of the population. a number of autoimmune diseases are believed to be driven by autoreactive t cells, specifically by t helper 1 (th1) cells and t helper 17 (th17) cells. one molecule gaining interest as a therapeutic target is the serine-threonine kinase, tpl2, which promotes expression of proinflammatory mediators. we previously demonstrated that tpl2 regulates th1 differentiation, secretion of the inflammatory cytok ... | 2015 | 25781948 |
| toxoplasma gondii in small ruminants in northern italy - prevalence and risk factors. | the aim of the survey was to evaluate toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in small ruminants and possible risk factors associated with the infection. | 2015 | 25780830 |
| expression of the glycolytic enzymes enolase and lactate dehydrogenase during the early phase of toxoplasma differentiation is regulated by an intron retention mechanism. | the intracellular parasite toxoplasma gondii converts from a rapidly replicating tachyzoite form during acute infection to a quiescent encysted bradyzoite stage that persists inside long-lived cells during chronic infection. bradyzoites adopt reduced metabolism and slow replication while waiting for an opportunity to recrudesce the infection within the host. interconversion between these two developmental stages is characterized by expression of glycolytic isoenzymes that play key roles in paras ... | 2015 | 25777509 |
| nonreplicating, cyst-defective type ii toxoplasma gondii vaccine strains stimulate protective immunity against acute and chronic infection. | live attenuated vaccine strains, such as type i nonreplicating uracil auxotroph mutants, are highly effective in eliciting lifelong immunity to virulent acute infection by toxoplasma gondii. however, it is currently unknown whether vaccine-elicited immunity can provide protection against acute infection and also prevent chronic infection. to address this problem, we developed nonreverting, nonreplicating, live attenuated uracil auxotroph vaccine strains in the type ii δku80 genetic background by ... | 2015 | 25776745 |
| chronic toxoplasma gondii in nurr1-null heterozygous mice exacerbates elevated open field activity. | latent infection with toxoplasma gondii is common in humans (approximately 30% of the global population) and is a significant risk factor for schizophrenia. since prevalence of t. gondii infection is far greater than prevalence of schizophrenia (0.5-1%), genetic risk factors are likely also necessary to contribute to schizophrenia. to test this concept in an animal model, nurr1-null heterozygous (+/-) mice and wild-type (+/+) mice were evaluate using an emergence test, activity in an open field ... | 2015 | 25855987 |
| unexpected diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis by 16s and d2 large-subunit ribosomal dna pcr and sequencing. | the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii causes severe opportunistic infections. here, we report an unexpected diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis. t. gondii was diagnosed by 16s and d2 large-subunit (lsu) ribosomal dna (rdna) sequencing of a cerebral biopsy specimen and confirmed by t. gondii-specific pcr and immunohistochemistry. the patient was later diagnosed with hiv/aids. | 2015 | 25854484 |
| α2u-globulins mediate manipulation of host attractiveness in toxoplasma gondii-rattus novergicus association. | uninfected female rats (rattus novergicus) exhibit greater attraction to the males infected with protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii. this phenomenon is contrary to the aversion towards infected males observed in multitude of other host-parasite associations. in this report, we describe a proximate mechanism for this anomaly. we demonstrate that t. gondii infection enhances hepatic production and urinary excretion of α2u-globulins in rats. we further demonstrate that α2u-globulins are sufficien ... | 2015 | 25853804 |
| commentary on: "detection of toxoplasma gondii in raw caprine, ovine, buffalo, bovine, and camel milk using cell cultivation, cat bioassay, capture elisa, and pcr methods in iran". | 2015 | 25852672 | |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in western romania. | toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that most commonly causes asymptomatic infection in immunocompetent hosts, but can have devastating consequences in congenitally infected infants and immunocompromised patients. we evaluated the seroprevalence of t. gondii in the general population in western romania. sera from 304 individuals were analysed with the pastorex toxo test, which allows the simultaneous detection of t. gondii igg and/or igm antibodies. t. gondii antibodies were ... | 2015 | 25851242 |