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discovery and characterization of phage display-derived human monoclonal antibodies against rsv f glycoprotein.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly and in immunosuppressed populations. the vast majority of neutralizing antibodies isolated from human subjects target the rsv fusion (f) glycoprotein, making it an attractive target for the development of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. currently, synagis® (palivizumab) is the only fda approved antibody drug for the prevention of rsv infection, and there is a great need for more ...201627258388
modelling estimates of the burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children in the uk.the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) illness is not well characterised in primary care. we estimated the burden of disease attributable to rsv in children in the uk between 1995 and 2009.201627256085
suppression of irg-1 reduces inflammatory cell infiltration and lung injury in respiratory syncytial virus infection by reducing production of reactive oxygen species.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is a common cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and children. rsv is a negative-sense, single-strand rna (ssrna) virus that mainly infects airway epithelial cells. accumulating evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ros) production is a major factor for pulmonary inflammation and tissue damage of rsv disease. we investigated immune-responsive gene-1 (irg1) expression during rsv infection, since irg1 has been shown to mediate i ...201627252532
the mechanisms of delayed onset type adverse reactions to oseltamivir.oseltamivir is recommended for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in persons at higher risk for influenza complications such as individuals with diabetes, neuropsychiatric illnesses, and respiratory, cardiac, renal, hepatic or haematological diseases. however, a recent cochrane review reported that reduction of antibody production, renal disorders, hyperglycaemia, psychiatric disorders, and qt prolongation may be related to oseltamivir use. the underlying mechanisms are reviewed. there i ...201627251370
respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants in rural nepal.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pneumonia is a leading cause of infant mortality worldwide. the risk of rsv infection associated with preterm birth is not well-characterized in resource-limited settings. we aimed to obtain precise estimates of risk factors and disease burden of rsv in infants in rural southern nepal.201627241525
[th17/treg imbalance mediated by il-8 in rsv-infected bronchial epithelial cells].to explore the mechanisms for an increase in susceptibility of asthma induced by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), to observe the expression of interleukin-8 (il-8) in human bronchial epithelial cells (hbecs) after rsv infection and to invesigate the regulatory effect of il-8 on th17/treg differentiation.201627241142
core bead chromatography for preparation of highly pure, infectious respiratory syncytial virus in the negative purification mode.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important human pathogen, and is the most frequent viral cause of severe respiratory disease in infants. in addition, it is increasingly being recognized as an important cause of respiratory disease in the elderly and immunocompromised. although a passive prophylactic treatment does exist for high-risk neonates and children, the overall disease burden warrants the development of a safe and effective prophylactic vaccine for use in otherwise healthy newborn ...201627238375
predictors of rsv lrti hospitalization in infants born at 33 to 35 weeks gestational age: a large multinational study (poni).preterm infants are at high risk of developing respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-associated lower respiratory tract infection (lrti). this observational epidemiologic study evaluated rsv disease burden and risk factors for rsv-associated lrti hospitalization in preterm infants 33 weeks+0 days to 35 weeks+6 days gestational age not receiving rsv prophylaxis.201627310438
respiratory syncytial virus and recurrent wheeze in healthy preterm infants. 201627305208
acute viral bronchiolitis in south africa: strategies for management and prevention.management of acute viral bronchiolitis is largely supportive. there is currently no proven effective therapy other than oxygen for hypoxic children. the evidence indicates that there is no routine benefit from inhaled, rapid short-acting bronchodilators, adrenaline or ipratropium bromide for children with acute viral bronchiolitis. likewise, there is no demonstrated benefit from routine use of inhaled or oral corticosteroids, inhaled hypertonic saline nebulisation, montelukast or antibiotics. t ...201627303780
a preliminary assessment of the role of ambient nitric oxide exposure in hospitalization with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.some in vitro studies have indicated a possible link between respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and exposure to nitric oxide (no). however, these studies used much higher no concentrations than normally found in the ambient environment. this preliminary study explored whether an association was present with short-term exposure to no in the environment. rsv-related admission data between november 2011 and february 2012 were obtained from sheffield children's hospital. the dates of admiss ...201627294948
time series analysis of rsv and bronchiolitis seasonality in temperate and tropical western australia.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes respiratory illness in young children and is most commonly associated with bronchiolitis. rsv typically occurs as annual or biennial winter epidemics in temperate regions, with less pronounced seasonality in the tropics. we sought to characterise and compare the seasonality of rsv and bronchiolitis in temperate and tropical western australia. we examined over 13 years of rsv laboratory identifications and bronchiolitis hospitalisations in children, using ...201627294794
development of acquired immunity following repeated respiratory syncytial virus infections in cotton rats.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections occur every year worldwide. most infants are infected with rsv by one year of age and are reinfected because immune responses after the first infection are too weak to protect against subsequent infections. in the present study, immune responses against rsv were investigated in order to obtain a better understanding of repetitive rsv infections in cotton rats. no detectable neutralizing antibody (nt) was developed after the first infection, and the se ...201627224021
delta inulin-derived adjuvants that elicit th1 phenotype following vaccination reduces respiratory syncytial virus lung titers without a reduction in lung immunopathology.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infections resulting in bronchiolitis and even mortality in the elderly and young children/infants. despite the impact of this virus on human health, no licensed vaccine exists. unlike many other viral infections, rsv infection or vaccination does not induce durable protective antibodies in humans. in order to elicit high titer, neutralizing antibodies against rsv, we investigated the use of the adjuvant advax™, ...201627215855
aerosolized ribavirin: the most expensive drug for pneumonia.dramatic, overnight cost increases of important orphan and generic medications have recently come under public and government scrutiny. we highlight the case of aerosolized ribavirin, an important antiviral agent in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation which, because of substantial price increases, may now cost more than the transplant procedure itself.201627214684
respiratory syncytial virus whole-genome sequencing identifies convergent evolution of sequence duplication in the c-terminus of the g gene.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide and is the most important respiratory viral pathogen in infants. extensive sequence variability within and between rsv group a and b viruses and the ability of multiple clades and sub-clades of rsv to co-circulate are likely mechanisms contributing to the evasion of herd immunity. surveillance and large-scale whole-genome sequencing of rsv is currently limited but would help identify its evolution ...201627212633
respiratory syncytial virus infection activates il-13-producing group 2 innate lymphoid cells through thymic stromal lymphopoietin.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major health care burden with a particularly high worldwide morbidity and mortality rate among infants. data suggest that severe rsv-associated illness is in part caused by immunopathology associated with a robust type 2 response.201627156176
exploring the dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) transmission in children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the main cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. whilst highly seasonal, rsv dynamics can have either one-year (annual) or two-year (biennial) cycles. furthermore, some countries show a 'delayed biennial' pattern, where the epidemic peak in low incidence years is delayed. we develop a compartmental model for rsv infection, driven by a seasonal forcing function, and conduct parameter space and bifurcation analyses to document parameter ranges ...201627155294
predictors of asthma following severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis in early childhood.we sought to identify predictors of asthma development following severe early childhood rsv bronchiolitis. different definitions of asthma were also compared.201627152482
egfr interacts with the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus strain 2-20 and mediates infection and mucin expression.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of viral lower respiratory tract illness in children. in contrast to the rsv prototypic strain a2, clinical isolate rsv 2-20 induces airway mucin expression in mice, a clinically relevant phenotype dependent on the fusion (f) protein of the rsv strain. epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) plays a role in airway mucin expression in other systems; therefore, we hypothesized that the rsv 2-20 f protein stimulates egfr signaling. infection of c ...201627152417
enhanced detection of respiratory pathogens with nanotrap particles.the influenza virus is a leading cause of respiratory disease in the united states each year. while the virus normally causes mild to moderate disease, hospitalization and death can occur in many cases. there are several methodologies that are used for detection; however problems such as decreased sensitivity and high rates of false-negative results may arise. there is a crucial need for an effective sample preparation technology that concentrates viruses at low abundance while excluding residen ...201627145085
epidemiological and clinical characteristics of respiratory viral infections in children in shanghai, china.acute respiratory tract infections (artis) due to various viruses are not only the most common causes of upper and lower respiratory infection but are also major causes of morbidity and mortality in children. in this study, we investigated the prevalence and clinical characteristics of children with virus-related artis and determined the spectrum of respiratory viruses and their correlation with meteorological variables in jiading district, shanghai, china. nasopharyngeal swabs from 2819 childre ...201627138548
respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations over three consecutive seasons in children with congenital heart disease.the purpose of this investigation was to analyze the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-related hospitalizations in infants and children with congenital heart disease (chd) over three consecutive rsv seasons. retrospectively, all children with hemodynamically significant (hs-chd) and not significant (hns-chd) chd born between 2004 and 2008 at a tertiary care university hospital and identified by icd-10 diagnoses were included. data on rsv-related hospitalizations over the first three ye ...201627126331
estimating respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalization in the first year of life among infants born at 32-35 weeks of gestation.prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalization (rsv-h) with anti-rsv monoclonal antibody is not considered cost-effective for routine use in most jurisdictions. the aim of this study was to develop a scoring tool to estimate local risk of rsv-h in the first year of life among moderately premature infants to assist in prophylaxis decision making.201627124687
infections and coinfections by respiratory human bocavirus during eight seasons in hospitalized children.the human bocavirus (hbov) has been identified in respiratory infections in children in a large number of studies. despite this, the pathogenic role of the hbov is under discussion. the main objectives of the study were: to determine the incidence of hbov in hospitalized children; to describe the main clinical features of the positive children; and to compare the data with those from other viral infections in the same population. a prospective study was performed between 2005 and 2013 including ...201627124519
combined virus-like particle and fusion protein-encoding dna vaccination of cotton rats induces protection against respiratory syncytial virus without causing vaccine-enhanced disease.a safe and effective vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) should confer protection without causing vaccine-enhanced disease. here, using a cotton rat model, we investigated the protective efficacy and safety of an rsv combination vaccine composed of f-encoding plasmid dna and virus-like particles containing rsv fusion (f) and attachment (g) glycoproteins (ffg-vlp). cotton rats with ffg-vlp vaccination controlled lung viral replication below the detection limit, and effectively induc ...201627123586
use of palivizumab with other infection control measures to control respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks in neonatal care units.no guidelines exist on the use of palivizumab during outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in neonatal intensive care units (nicus). we aimed to describe an outbreak of rsv in nicu settings and the role of palivizumab in controlling the outbreak.201627118823
respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalization in premature infants who did not receive palivizumab prophylaxis in italy: a retrospective analysis from the osservatorio study.due to different social and epidemiological factors, the eligibility criteria to receive palivizumab prophylaxis may be different between countries, especially in "otherwise healthy" late preterm infants.201627112952
advances in rsv vaccine research and development - a global agenda.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of viral lower respiratory tract illness in infants and children globally, but no vaccine is currently available to protect these vulnerable populations. live-attenuated vaccine approaches have been in development for decades, but achieving the appropriate balance between immunogenicity and safety has proven difficult. immunoprophylaxis with the neutralizing monoclonal antibody palivizumab is limited to high-risk infants, but cost requireme ...201627105562
a phase 1a, first-in-human, randomized study of a respiratory syncytial virus f protein vaccine with and without a toll-like receptor-4 agonist and stable emulsion adjuvant.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes significant illness in older adults resulting in substantial health and economic impact. a successful vaccine would reduce morbidity in this growing segment of the population.201627102821
antigenic fingerprinting following primary rsv infection in young children identifies novel antigenic sites and reveals unlinked evolution of human antibody repertoires to fusion and attachment glycoproteins.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of pneumonia among infants. here we elucidated the antibody repertoire following primary rsv infection and traced its evolution through adolescence and adulthood. whole genome-fragment phage display libraries (gfpdl) expressing linear and conformational epitopes in the rsv fusion protein (f) and attachment protein (g) were used for unbiased epitope profiling of infant sera prior to and following rsv infection. f-gfpdl analyses demonstrated mod ...201627100289
characterization of epitope-specific anti-respiratory syncytial virus (anti-rsv) antibody responses after natural infection and after vaccination with formalin-inactivated rsv.antibodies against the fusion (f) protein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) play an important role in the protective immune response to this important respiratory virus. little is known, however, about antibody levels against multiple f-specific epitopes induced by infection or after vaccination against rsv, while this is important to guide the evaluation of (novel) vaccines. in this study, we analyzed antibody levels against rsv proteins and f-specific epitopes in human sera and in sera of v ...201627099320
comparison of cepheid xpert flu/rsv xc and biofire filmarray for detection of influenza a, influenza b, and respiratory syncytial virus.the xpert flu/rsv xc was compared to the filmarray respiratory panel for detection of influenza (flu) a, flu b, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), using 128 nasopharyngeal swabs. positive agreements were 100% for flu a and rsv and 92.3% for flu b. the xpert may be useful in clinical situations when extensive testing is not required and may serve an important role in laboratories already performing broader respiratory panel testing.201627098956
respiratory syncytial virus hospitalizations in healthy preterm infants: systematic review.studies have explored the risk for and impact of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection requiring hospitalization among healthy preterm infants born at 29-35 weeks of gestational age not given rsv immunoprophylaxis. we performed a systematic review and qualitative synthesis of these studies.201627093166
respiratory tract infection and risk of hospitalization in children with congenital heart defects during season and off-season: a swedish national study.respiratory tract infections (rti) are common among young children, and congenital heart defect (chd) is a risk factor for severe illness and hospitalization. this study aims to assess the relative risk of hospitalization due to rti in winter and summer seasons for different types of chd. all children born in sweden and under the age of two, in 2006-2011, were included. heart defects were grouped according to type. hospitalization rates for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and rti in ...201627090653
relative frequency, possible risk factors, viral codetection rates, and seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus among children with lower respiratory tract infection in northeastern brazil.few studies, each limited to a single major city, have investigated the prevalence and seasonal patterns of different viruses among children with low respiratory tract infections (lrti) in northeastern brazil. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and of 7 other viruses in children for lrti in 4 capitals from this region, and investigate their association with several risk factors, including meteorological data. from april 2012 to march 2013, 5 ...201627082548
association between updated guideline-based palivizumab administration and hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus infections.since its introduction, palivizumab has been used to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in high-risk populations. recommendations for palivizumab administration changed in 2014. we examined whether adherence to 2014 palivizumab guidelines affected rsv hospitalization rates.201627078122
human cd8(+) t cells target multiple epitopes in respiratory syncytial virus polymerase.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is a serious health problem in young children, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly. the development of novel prevention strategies, such as a vaccine to rsv, is a high priority. one strategy is to design a peptide-based vaccine that activates appropriate cd8(+) t-cell responses. however, this approach is limited by the low number of rsv peptide epitopes defined to date that activate cd8(+) t cells. we aimed to identify peptide epitopes that are ...201627070377
development of electrochemiluminescent serology assays to measure the humoral response to antigens of respiratory syncytial virus.sensitive and precise serology assays are needed to measure the humoral response to antigens of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) following natural infection or vaccination. we developed and evaluated a collection of electrochemiluminescent (ecl) serology assays using four rsv antigens (f, n, ga and gb). to assess the merits of ecl technology, the four ecl serology assays were evaluated using a well-characterized "gold standard" panel of acute and convalescent serum samples from fifty-nine rsv-p ...201627070145
functional correlations of respiratory syncytial virus proteins to intrinsic disorder.protein intrinsic disorder is an important characteristic demonstrated by the absence of higher order structure, and is commonly detected in multifunctional proteins encoded by rna viruses. intrinsically disordered regions (idrs) of proteins exhibit high flexibility and solvent accessibility, which permit several distinct protein functions, including but not limited to binding of multiple partners and accessibility for post-translational modifications. idr-containing viral proteins can therefore ...201627062995
respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus severe bronchiolitis are associated with distinct nasopharyngeal microbiota. 201627061249
bcsh/bsbmt/uk clinical virology network guideline: diagnosis and management of common respiratory viral infections in patients undergoing treatment for haematological malignancies or stem cell transplantation.a joint working group established by the haemato-oncology subgroup of the british committee for standards in haematology, the british society for bone marrow transplantation and the uk clinical virology network has reviewed the available literature and made recommendations for the diagnosis and management of respiratory viral infections in patients with haematological malignancies or those undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. this guideline includes recommendations for the diagno ...201627060988
neonatal pneumonia in sub-saharan africa.neonatal pneumonia is a devastating condition. most deaths in sub-saharan africa can be attributed to preventable diseases, including pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria, which together killed an estimated 2.2 million children under the age of 5 years in 2012, accounting for a third of all under-five deaths in this region. some countries are making progress in reducing mortality through community-based health schemes; however, most countries in this region are far from achieving the world health or ...201628702283
influence of meteorological conditions on rsv infection in portugal.acute viral bronchiolitis is a common cause for infant hospital admissions. of all etiological agents, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is commonly the most frequent. the present study assesses relationships between atmospheric factors and rsv infections in under 3-year-old patients admitted to the inpatient paediatric service of vila real (north of portugal). for this purpose, (1) clinical files of children admitted with a diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis from september 2005 to december 2015 ( ...201627059367
novel diversity-oriented synthesis-derived respiratory syncytial virus inhibitors identified via a high throughput replicon-based screen.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections affect millions of children and adults every year. despite the significant disease burden, there are currently no safe and effective vaccines or therapeutics. we employed a replicon-based high throughput screen combined with live-virus triaging assays to identify three novel diversity-oriented synthesis-derived scaffolds with activity against rsv. one of these small molecules is shown to target the rsv polymerase (l protein) to inhibit viral replicati ...201627059228
outcome of encephalitis in pediatric intensive care unit.to review pathogens, morbidity and mortality in pediatric intensive care unit (picu) patients with viral and infectious encephalitis.201627053179
interleukin-17 enhances the removal of respiratory syncytial virus in mice by promoting neutrophil migration and reducing interferon-gamma expression.the aim of this study was to observe the effect of interleukin (il)-17 on early immune response and inflammation in the lungs of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-infected mice. specific pathogen-free balb/c mice were randomly assigned to control, rsv-infected, rsv-infected with phosphate-buffered saline, and rsv-infected + il-17 intervention groups. the rsv infection model was set up by nasal mucosa immunization. the intervention group was provided with restructured il-17 (intranasal). the vira ...201627050987
als-008176 for respiratory syncytial virus infection. 201627050227
als-008176 for respiratory syncytial virus infection. 201627050226
trends in respiratory syncytial virus and bronchiolitis hospitalization rates in high-risk infants in a united states nationally representative database, 1997-2012.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes significant pediatric morbidity and is the most common cause of bronchiolitis. bronchiolitis hospitalizations declined among us infants from 2000‒2009; however, rates in infants at high risk for rsv have not been described. this study examined rsv and unspecified bronchiolitis (ub) hospitalization rates from 1997‒2012 among us high-risk infants.201627050095
structure-guided design of small-molecule therapeutics against rsv disease.in the united states, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is responsible for the majority of infant hospitalizations resulting from viral infections, as well as a leading source of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in young children and the elderly. in the absence of vaccine prophylaxis or an effective antiviral for improved disease management, the development of novel anti-rsv therapeutics is critical. several advanced drug development campaigns of the past decade have focused on blocking viral infecti ...201627046051
tnf-α and macrophages are critical for respiratory syncytial virus-induced exacerbations in a mouse model of allergic airways disease.viral respiratory infections trigger severe exacerbations of asthma, worsen disease symptoms, and impair lung function. to investigate the mechanisms underlying viral exacerbation, we established a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-induced exacerbation after allergen sensitization and challenge. rsv infection of ova-sensitized/challenged balb/c mice resulted in significantly increased airway hyperresponsiveness (ahr) and macrophage and neutrophil lung infiltration. exacerbation wa ...201627036916
best practice in the prevention and management of paediatric respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is ubiquitous with almost all infants having been infected by 2 years of age and lifelong repeated infections common. it is the second largest cause of mortality, after malaria, in infants outside the neonatal period and causes up to 200,000 deaths per year worldwide. rsv results in clinical syndromes that include upper respiratory tract infections, otitis media, bronchiolitis (up to 80% of cases) and lower respiratory tract disease including pneumonia ...201627034777
clinical presentation and birth outcomes associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in pregnancy.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of viral pneumonia in children worldwide. a maternal vaccine may protect both the mother and infant from rsv illness. the epidemiology and clinical presentation of rsv in pregnant and postpartum women is not well-described.201627031702
healthcare workers mobile phone usage: a potential risk for viral contamination. surveillance pilot study.mobile phones are commonly used by healthcare workers (hcw) in the working environment, as they allow instant communication and endless resource utilisation. studies suggest that mobile phones have been implicated as reservoirs of bacterial pathogens, with the potential to cause nosocomial infection. this study aimed to investigate the presence of respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus and influenza virus on hcws mobile phones and to identify risk factors implied by hcws practice of mobile phon ...201627030915
epidemiology of australian influenza-related paediatric intensive care unit admissions, 1997-2013.influenza virus predictably causes an annual epidemic resulting in a considerable burden of illness in australia. children are disproportionately affected and can experience severe illness and complications, which occasionally result in death.201627023740
resource utilization for noncardiac admissions in pediatric patients with single ventricle disease.patients with single ventricle (sv) congenital heart disease (chd) incur high hospital costs during staged surgical palliation. health care resource utilization for noncardiac admissions in patients with sv has not been reported. this study sought to compare costs and outcomes for common noncardiac hospital admissions between patients with sv and patients without chd. hospital discharge data from the university health system consortium from january 2011 to december 2013 was queried for patients ...201627018934
[controlling an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv among nicu patients and the medical team].respiratory syncytial virus (rsv is the most common cause of respiratory infections in infants, causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia. premature infants have an increased risk for developing severe illness and even death. a monoclonal antibody vaccination named palivizumab is available for preventing rsv infection. we describe an outbreak and control of rsv infections in one of our neonatal intensive care units, involving three patients and two medical team members.201627012069
increasing the complexity of respiratory syncytial virus infection: reactive oxygen species, dna damage, and premature senescence. 201627008410
actin- and clathrin-dependent mechanisms regulate interferon gamma release after stimulation of human immune cells with respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can cause recurrent and severe respiratory tract infections. cytoskeletal proteins are often involved during viral infections, either for cell entry or the initiation of the immune response. the importance of actin and clathrin dynamics for cell entry and the initiation of the cellular immune response against rsv in human immune cells is not known yet. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of actin and clathrin on cell entry of rsv and the subsequent ...201627004689
ct findings in viral lower respiratory tract infections caused by parainfluenza virus, influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus.viral lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) can present with a variety of computed tomography (ct) findings. however, identifying the contribution of a particular virus to ct findings is challenging due to concomitant infections and the limited data on the ct findings in viral lrtis. we therefore investigate the ct findings in different pure viral lrtis.all patients who underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and were diagnosed with lrtis caused by parainfluenza virus (piv), influenza virus, ...201627368011
temporal trends of respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospital and icu admissions across the united states.to describe the regionality and seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospital and icu admissions for 10 consecutive years using a national database.201627362856
a population study of respiratory rehospitalisation in very preterm infants in the first 3 years of life.very premature infants consume healthcare resources following discharge from neonatal intensive care units (nicu). this study aimed to evaluate the burden of respiratory related rehospitalisation within the first 3 years post discharge in very premature infants in an australian population.201627203818
double epigenetic modulation of high-dose chemotherapy with azacitidine and vorinostat for patients with refractory or poor-risk relapsed lymphoma.more active high-dose chemotherapy (hdc) regimens are needed for refractory lymphomas. the authors previously combined infusional gemcitabine with busulfan and melphalan (gem/bu/mel) pursuing dna damage repair inhibition. subsequently, they combined gem/bu/mel with vorinostat, which facilitates chemotherapy access to dna. the resulting regimen was safe and synergistic. however, vorinostat induced dna methyltransferase up-regulation, which could be preclinically abrogated by azacitidine, increasi ...201627203405
population-attributable risk of risk factors for recurrent wheezing in moderate preterm infants during the first year of life.recurrent wheezing in young infants has a high prevalence, influences quality of life, and generates substantial health care costs. we previously showed that respiratory syncytial virus infection is an important mechanism of recurrent wheezing in moderate preterm infants. we aimed to provide population-attributable risks (par) of risk factors for recurrent wheezing during the first year of life in otherwise healthy moderate preterm infants.201627199198
robust cytokine and chemokine response in nasopharyngeal secretions: association with decreased severity in children with physician diagnosed bronchiolitis.bronchiolitis causes substantial disease in young children. previous findings had indicated that a robust innate immune response was not associated with a poor clinical outcome in bronchiolitis. this study tested the hypothesis that increased concentrations of cytokines and chemokines in nasal wash specimens were associated with decreased severity in bronchiolitis.201627190183
caffeine for the treatment of apnea in bronchiolitis: a randomized trial.to evaluate the efficacy and safety of caffeine citrate in the treatment of apnea in bronchiolitis.201627189681
rsv neutralization by palivizumab, but not by monoclonal antibodies targeting other epitopes, is augmented by fc gamma receptors.palivizumab efficiently blocks respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in vitro. however, virus neutralization assays generally omit fc region-mediated effects. we investigated the neutralization activity of rsv-specific monoclonal antibodies on cells with fc receptors. subneutralizing concentrations of antibodies resulted in antibody-dependent enhancement of rsv infection in monocytic cells. contrary to antibodies targeting other epitopes, the neutralization by palivizumab was augmented in ...201627185625
vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus: the time has finally come.respiratory syncytial virus causes a significant public health burden, particularly in very young infants and the frail elderly. the legacy of enhanced rsv disease (erd) from a whole formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine, and the complex biology of the virus and the neonate have delayed the development of effective vaccines. however, new insights into factors associated with erd and breakthroughs in understanding the antigenic structure of the fusion (f) glycoprotein have increased optimism that vacc ...201627182820
morbidity and mortality among patients with respiratory syncytial virus infection: a 2-year retrospective review.previous studies have demonstrated high morbidity and mortality for adult patients with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. we performed a retrospective, multicenter, two-year chart review of all patients (n = 334) testing positive for rsv by the proflu + (®) influenza a/b and rsv assay (hologic, bedford, ma). we analyzed indicators of morbidity and mortality in children <6 years old, immunocompetent and immunosuppressed adults, and transplant patients. significant morbidity and mortali ...201627179369
enhanced allergic responsiveness after early childhood infection with respiratory viruses: are long-lived alternatively activated macrophages the missing link?early childhood infection with respiratory viruses, including human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza, is associated with an increased risk of allergic asthma and severe exacerbation of ongoing disease. despite the long recognition of this relationship, the mechanism linking viral infection and later susceptibility to allergic lung inflammation is still poorly understood. we discuss the literature and provide new evidence demonstrating that these viruses induce the alte ...201627178560
respiratory viruses and children.respiratory viruses place a great disease burden especially on the youngest children in terms of high rates of infection, bacterial complications and hospitalizations. in developing countries, some viral infections are even associated with substantial mortality in children. the interaction between viruses and bacteria is probably much more common and clinically significant than previously understood. respiratory viruses frequently initiate the cascade of events that ultimately leads to bacterial ...201627177731
a regional cohort study of the treatment of critically ill children with bronchiolitis.to describe the treatment practices in critically ill children with rsv bronchiolitis across four regional picus in the northeastern united states, and to determine the factors associated with increased icu length of stay in this population.201627177013
nasopharyngeal microbiome in respiratory syncytial virus resembles profile associated with increased childhood asthma risk. 201627174483
the burden of severe respiratory syncytial virus disease among children younger than 1 year in central and eastern europe.globally, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in young children, and is a major cause of hospital admission in children <1 year of age. the study evaluated the severity of rsv-associated lrti disease among premature (<36 weeks gestational age (ga)) and term children <1 year of age and assessed the influence of ga on outcomes of rsv lrti hospitalization in central and eastern europe (cee).201627174177
temporal association between the influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv): rsv as a predictor of seasonal influenza.epidemiologists agree that there is a prevailing seasonality in the presentation of epidemic waves of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections and influenza. the aim of this study is to quantify the potential relationship between the activity of rsv, with respect to the influenza virus, in order to use the rsv seasonal curve as a predictor of the evolution of an influenza virus epidemic wave. two statistical tools, logistic regression and time series, are used for predicting the evolution of ...201627165946
[airway inflammation induced by poly(i:c) stimulation in the late stage of respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice and its mechanism].to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of airway inflammation and recurrent wheezing induced by recurrent respiratory virus infection after respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection.201627165597
administration of palivizumab in the nicu.the american academy of pediatrics recommends palivizumab prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) for infants at high risk for severe disease within 72 hours of hospital discharge to prevent community-associated rsv. the american academy of pediatrics does not recommend palivizumab to prevent health care-associated rsv (ha-rsv).201627164941
recurrent rhabdomyolysis in a child. case presentation.viral myositis associated with infections rarely may cause rhabdomyolysis. there is no any pediatric case with severe recurrent rhabdomyolysis triggered by infections in the literature. we reported a two-year-old boy who was hospitalized three times due to severe rhabdomyolysis associated with viral myositis in the winter months. this is the first child case presentation with severe rhabdomyolysis triggered by infections. prednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin treatments were ineffective in ...201627164356
biochemical effect of resistance mutations against synergistic inhibitors of rsv rna polymerase.als-8112 is the parent molecule of als-8176, a first-in-class nucleoside analog prodrug effective in the clinic against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. the antiviral activity of als-8112 is mediated by its 5'-triphosphate metabolite (als-8112-tp, or 2'f-4'clch2-cytidine triphosphate) inhibiting the rna polymerase activity of the rsv l-p protein complex through rna chain termination. four amino acid mutations in the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) domain of l (quad: m628l, a789v, ...201627163448
current practices for treatment of respiratory syncytial virus and other non-influenza respiratory viruses in high-risk patient populations: a survey of institutions in the midwestern respiratory virus collaborative.the optimal treatment for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in adult immunocompromised patients is unknown. we assessed the management of rsv and other non-influenza respiratory viruses in midwestern transplant centers.201626923867
epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children in england, 2010-2014: the importance of birth month.the epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections in young children has not recently been described in england, and is an essential step in identifying optimal target groups for future licensed rsv vaccines. we used two laboratory surveillance systems to examine the total number and number of positive rsv tests in children aged <5 years in england from 2010 to 2014. we derived odds ratios (ors) with 95% confidence intervals (cis) comparing children by birth mo ...201626916807
[recommendations for palivizumab use. update 2015].this recommendation updates the argentinean pediatrics' neonatal committee (cefen) ones published in 2007. the respiratory syncytial virus is the most frequent agent for lower respiratory infection. tiny premature, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and significant hemodynamic congenital heart disease babies are the most vulnerable populations. palivizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against respiratory syncytial virus used in the cold season. these recommendations are based on the scientific rev ...201626914078
paediatric apnoeas are not related to a specific respiratory virus, and parental reports predict hospitalisation.the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of apnoeas in previously healthy young infants with acute respiratory tract infection (ari) and correlate their occurrence with isolated micro-organisms, clinical findings, disease severity and outcome.201626910649
effect of co-culturing human primary basic fibroblasts with respiratory syncytial virus-infected 16-hbe cells.this study investigated the effects induced by co-culturing human primary basic fibroblasts (hpbfs) with 16-human bronchial epithelial cells (16-hbe) infected with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), in particular the transformation of hpbfs into myofibroblasts and secretion of extracellular matrix proteins. hpbfs were co-cultured with 16-hbe cells infected with rsv and quantitatively analyzed. we constructed models of hpbfs co-cultured with 16-hbe cells that were either uninfected (control group ...201626909955
corticosteroid use as adjunct therapy for respiratory syncytial virus infection in adult allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-sct) recipients. although ribavirin and immunoglobulins are common components of therapy, the role of adjunct corticosteroids is not established.201626909896
atypical presentations of respiratory syncytial virus infection: case series.the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) usually causes a lower respiratory tract infection in affected patients. rsv has also been infrequently linked to extrapulmonary diseases in children. we report four children who had unusually severe clinical manifestations of rsv infections requiring critical care admission. these patients presented to the royal hospital, muscat, oman, in december 2013 with acute necrotising encephalopathy (ane), acute fulminant hepatic failure with encephalopathy, pneumato ...201626909220
respiratory syncytial virus - more chimera than chimpanzee? 201626906878
[lower respiratory tract infection caused by influenza virus a and influenza virus b in wenzhou, china: a clinical analysis of 366 children].to compare the epidemiological and clinical features of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) caused by influenza virus a (iva) and influenza virus b (ivb) in children.201626903057
latest options for treatment of bronchiolitis in infants.bronchiolitis is the most frequent pathology associated with lower respiratory tract infection in newborns and young infants. the treatment of bronchiolitis is essentially supportive therapy for respiratory distress, hypoxia and dehydration. to date, no specific antiviral drug is used on a routine basis for the treatment of rsv infections. currently, the only antiviral drug approved for the infection is ribavirin; however, its use is limited due to adverse side effects and the risks it poses to ...201626901672
risk of nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infection and effectiveness of control measures to prevent transmission events: a systematic review.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes a significant public health burden, and outbreaks among vulnerable patients in hospital settings are of particular concern. we reviewed published and unpublished literature from hospital settings to assess: (i) nosocomial rsv transmission risk (attack rate) during outbreaks, (ii) effectiveness of infection control measures. we searched the following databases: medline, embase, cinahl, cochrane library, together with key websites, journals and grey literat ...201626901358
genetic association of tlr4 asp299gly, tlr4 thr399ile, and cd14 c-159t polymorphisms with the risk of severe rsv infection: a meta-analysis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in infants worldwide. it is recognized by toll-like receptor 4 (tlr 4) and cluster of differentiation 14 (cd14) in the innate immune response. previous case-control studies reported the influence of tlr4 asp299gly, tlr4 thr399ile, and cd14 c-159t polymorphisms on the risk of severe rsv infection. however, a decisive conclusion has not been achieved. therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to examine the associatio ...201626901241
intrinsic disorder to order transitions in the scaffold phosphoprotein p from the respiratory syncytial virus rna polymerase complex.intrinsic disorder is at the center of biochemical regulation and is particularly overrepresented among the often multifunctional viral proteins. replication and transcription of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) relies on a rna polymerase complex with a phosphoprotein cofactor p as the structural scaffold, which consists of a four-helix bundle tetramerization domain flanked by two domains predicted to be intrinsically disordered. because intrinsic disorder cannot be reduced to a defined ato ...201626901160
antibody response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in children <18 months old.the development of a safe and effective respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine might be facilitated by knowledge of the natural immune response to this virus. the aims of this study were to evaluate the neutralizing antibody response of a cohort of healthy children <18 months old to rsv infection. during the rsv season, 89 healthy children <18 months old were enrolled and followed up weekly for 12 weeks. at each visit, a nasopharyngeal swab was obtained for rsv detection by real-time polymera ...201626901128
naso-pharyngeal carriage of organisms in children aged 3-59 months diagnosed with severe community-acquired pneumonia.to study the naso-pharyngeal carriage of organisms in children diagnosed with severe pneumonia.201626897143
vitamin d [1,25(oh)2d3] differentially regulates human innate cytokine responses to bacterial versus viral pattern recognition receptor stimuli.vitamin d plays multiple roles in regulation of protective and maladaptive immunity. although epidemiologic studies link poor in vivo 25(oh)d status to increased viral respiratory infections, we poorly understand how vitamin d affects viral pattern recognition receptor (prr)-driven cytokine production. in this study, we hypothesized that the biologically active metabolite of vitamin d, 1,25(oh)2d3, inhibits human proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory innate cytokine responses stimulated by repre ...201626895836
do recombinant-engineered nanoparticle vaccines hold promise for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus? 201626893211
evidence of respiratory syncytial virus spread by aerosol. time to revisit infection control strategies?respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a highly contagious pathogen with a huge global health impact. it is a major cause of hospital-acquired infection; a large number of those exposed develop infection. those infected in hospital are at increased risk of a severe clinical course. prevention of nosocomial spread currently focuses on spread by hand and large droplets. there is little research evidence to determine if aerosol spread of infectious rsv is possible.201626890617
evaluation of recent new vaccine surveillance network data regarding respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization rates in us preterm infants.in july 2014, the committee on infectious diseases (coid) updated their guidance on the use of palivizumab, recommending against use in preterm infants 29 to 35 weeks' gestational age (wga). a primary data source cited to support this significant change was the low respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalization rate observed in the subpopulation of preterm (<37 wga) infants evaluated from 2000 to 2005 through the new vaccine surveillance network (nvsn). here we critically appraise the preterm ...201626889568
epidemic activity of respiratory syncytial virus is related to temperature and rainfall in equatorial tropical countries.although viral acute lower respiratory infections (alris) are a major public health problem in tropical low- and middle-income countries (lmics), and there is growing evidence showing their relationship with meteorological parameters, studies performed in these countries are scarce. in an analytical cross-sectional study, we determined which of the main meteorological parameters (temperature, absolute humidity, rainfall, wind speed, and solar radiation) predicted respiratory syncytial virus (rsv ...201626888544
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