Publications

development of a hamster model for chikungunya virus infection and pathogenesis.	chikungunya virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes severe, debilitating infectious arthritis in humans. the need for an animal model to study the disease process and evaluate potential treatments is imminent as the virus continues its spread into novel geographic locations. golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) are often used as outbred laboratory animal models for arboviral diseases. here we demonstrate that hamsters inoculated with chikungunya virus developed viremia and histopathologi ...	2015	26070211
first report of aedes aegypti transmission of chikungunya virus in the americas.	during a chikungunya fever outbreak in late 2014 in chiapas, mexico, entomovirological surveillance was performed to incriminate the vector(s). in neighborhoods, 75 households with suspected cases were sampled for mosquitoes, of which 80% (60) harbored aedes aegypti and 2.7% (2) aedes albopictus. a total of 1,170 ae. aegypti and three ae. albopictus was collected and 81 pools were generated. although none of the ae. albopictus pools were chikungunya virus (chikv)-positive, 18 ae. aegypti pools ( ...	2015	26416113
molecular differentiation of the african yellow fever vector aedes bromeliae (diptera: culicidae) from its sympatric non-vector sister species, aedes lilii.	yellow fever continues to be a problem in sub-saharan africa with repeated epidemics occurring. the mosquito aedes bromeliae is a major vector of yellow fever, but it cannot be readily differentiated from its non-vector zoophilic sister species ae. lilii using morphological characters. genetic differences have been reported between anthropophilic ae. bromeliae and zoophilic ae. lilii and between forest and domestic populations. however, due to the application of different molecular markers and n ...	2015	26641858
analysis of dengue virus genetic diversity during human and mosquito infection reveals genetic constraints.	dengue viruses (denv) cause debilitating and potentially life-threatening acute disease throughout the tropical world. while drug development efforts are underway, there are concerns that resistant strains will emerge rapidly. indeed, antiviral drugs that target even conserved regions in other rna viruses lose efficacy over time as the virus mutates. here, we sought to determine if there are regions in the denv genome that are not only evolutionarily conserved but genetically constrained in thei ...	2015	26327586
electrostatic coating enhances bioavailability of insecticides and breaks pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes.	insecticide resistance poses a significant and increasing threat to the control of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. we present a novel method of insecticide application based on netting treated with an electrostatic coating that binds insecticidal particles through polarity. electrostatic netting can hold small amounts of insecticides effectively and results in enhanced bioavailability upon contact by the insect. six pyrethroid-resistant anopheles mosquito strains from across africa we ...	2015	26324912
immunogenicity and serological cross-reactivity of saliva proteins among different tsetse species.	tsetse are vectors of pathogenic trypanosomes, agents of human and animal trypanosomiasis in africa. components of tsetse saliva (sialome) are introduced into the mammalian host bite site during the blood feeding process and are important for tsetse's ability to feed efficiently, but can also influence disease transmission and serve as biomarkers for host exposure. we compared the sialome components from four tsetse species in two subgenera: subgenus morsitans: glossina morsitans morsitans (gmm) ...	2015	26313460
inhibitory effects of amorphigenin on the mitochondrial complex i of culex pipiens pallens coquillett (diptera: culicidae).	previous studies in our laboratory found that the extract from seeds of amorpha fruticosa in the leguminosae family had lethal effects against mosquito larvae, and an insecticidal compound amorphigenin was isolated. in this study, the inhibitory effects of amorphigenin against the mitochondrial complex i of culex pipiens pallens (diptera: culicidae) were investigated and compared with that of rotenone. the results showed that amorphigenin and rotenone can decrease the mitochondrial complex i act ...	2015	26307964
meteorologically driven simulations of dengue epidemics in san juan, pr.	meteorological factors influence dengue virus ecology by modulating vector mosquito population dynamics, viral replication, and transmission. dynamic modeling techniques can be used to examine how interactions among meteorological variables, vectors and the dengue virus influence transmission. we developed a dengue fever simulation model by coupling a dynamic simulation model for aedes aegypti, the primary mosquito vector for dengue, with a basic epidemiological susceptible-exposed-infectious-re ...	2015	26275146
genomic analysis of detoxification supergene families in the mosquito anopheles sinensis.	anopheles sinensis is an important malaria vector in china and other southeast asian countries, and the emergence of insecticide resistance in this mosquito poses a serious threat to the efficacy of malaria control programs. the recently published an. sinensis genome and transcriptome provide an opportunity to understand the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance. analysis of the an. sinensis genome revealed 174 detoxification genes, including 93 cytochrome p450s (p450s), 31 glutathione- ...	2015	26588704
exposure to west nile virus increases bacterial diversity and immune gene expression in culex pipiens.	complex interactions between microbial residents of mosquitoes and arboviruses are likely to influence many aspects of vectorial capacity and could potentially have profound effects on patterns of arbovirus transmission. such interactions have not been well studied for west nile virus (wnv; flaviviridae, flavivirus) and culex spp. mosquitoes. we utilized next-generation sequencing of 16s ribosomal rna bacterial genes derived from culex pipiens linnaeus following wnv exposure and/or infection and ...	2015	26516902
modeling occurrence of urban mosquitos based on land use types and meteorological factors in korea.	mosquitoes are a public health concern because they are vectors of pathogen, which cause human-related diseases. it is well known that the occurrence of mosquitoes is highly influenced by meteorological conditions (e.g., temperature and precipitation) and land use, but there are insufficient studies quantifying their impacts. therefore, three analytical methods were applied to determine the relationships between urban mosquito occurrence, land use type, and meteorological factors: cluster analys ...	2015	26492260
identification of qtls conferring resistance to deltamethrin in culex pipiens pallens.	culex pipiens pallens is the most abundant culex mosquito species in northern china and is an important vector of bancroftian filariasis and west nile virus. deltamethrin is an insecticide that is widely used for mosquito control, however resistance to this and other insecticides has become a major challenge in the control of vector-borne diseases that appear to be inherited quantitatively. furthermore, the genetic basis of insecticide resistance remains poorly understood. in this study, quantit ...	2015	26484540
flea-associated bacterial communities across an environmental transect in a plague-endemic region of uganda.	the vast majority of human plague cases currently occur in sub-saharan africa. the primary route of transmission of yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is via flea bites. non-pathogenic flea-associated bacteria may interact with y. pestis within fleas and it is important to understand what factors govern flea-associated bacterial assemblages. six species of fleas were collected from nine rodent species from ten ugandan villages between october 2010 and march 2011. a total of 660,345 ...	2015	26485147
zika virus and the never-ending story of emerging pathogens and transfusion medicine.	in the last few years, the transfusion medicine community has been paying special attention to emerging vector-borne diseases transmitted by arboviruses. zika virus is the latest of these pathogens and is responsible for major outbreaks in africa, asia and, more recently, in previously infection-naïve territories of the pacific area. many issues regarding this emerging pathogen remain unclear and require further investigation. national health authorities have adopted different prevention strateg ...	2015	26674815
γδ t cells play a protective role in chikungunya virus-induced disease.	chikungunya virus (chikv) is an alphavirus responsible for causing epidemic outbreaks of polyarthralgia in humans. because chikv is initially introduced via the skin, where γδ t cells are prevalent, we evaluated the response of these cells to chikv infection. chikv infection led to a significant increase in γδ t cells in the infected foot and draining lymph node that was associated with the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in c57bl/6j mice. γδ t cell(-/-) mice demonstrated ...	2015	26491151
parameters of mosquito-enhanced west nile virus infection.	the arthropod-borne west nile virus (wnv) emerged in new york state in 1999 and quickly spread throughout the united states. transmission is maintained in an enzootic cycle in which infected mosquitoes transmit the virus to susceptible hosts during probing and feeding. arthropod-derived components within the viral inoculum are increasingly acknowledged to play a role in infection of vertebrate hosts. we previously showed that culex tarsalis mosquito saliva and salivary gland extract (sge) enhanc ...	2015	26468544
projection of climate change influences on u.s. west nile virus vectors.	while estimates of the impact of climate change on health are necessary for health care planners and climate change policy makers, models to produce quantitative estimates remain scarce. we describe a freely available dynamic simulation model parameterized for three west nile virus vectors, which provides an effective tool for studying vector-borne disease risk due to climate change. the dynamic mosquito simulation model is parameterized with species specific temperature-dependent development an ...	2015	27057131
genetic divergence between populations of feral and domestic forms of a mosquito disease vector assessed by transcriptomics.	culex pipiens, an invasive mosquito and vector of west nile virus in the us, has two morphologically indistinguishable forms that differ dramatically in behavior and physiology. cx. pipiens form pipiens is primarily a bird-feeding temperate mosquito, while the sub-tropical cx. pipiens form molestus thrives in sewers and feeds on mammals. because the feral form can diapause during the cold winters but the domestic form cannot, the two cx. pipiens forms are allopatric in northern europe and, altho ...	2015	25755934
epoxide hydrolase activities and epoxy fatty acids in the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus.	culex mosquitoes have emerged as important model organisms for mosquito biology, and are disease vectors for multiple mosquito-borne pathogens, including west nile virus. we characterized epoxide hydrolase activities in the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus, which suggested multiple forms of epoxide hydrolases were present. we found eh activities on epoxy eicosatrienoic acids (eets). eets and other eicosanoids are well-established lipid signaling molecules in vertebrates. we showed eets can be syn ...	2015	25686802
fruit flies in biomedical research.	many scientists complain that the current funding situation is dire. indeed, there has been an overall decline in support in funding for research from the national institutes of health and the national science foundation. within the drosophila field, some of us question how long this funding crunch will last as it demotivates principal investigators and perhaps more importantly affects the long-term career choice of many young scientists. yet numerous very interesting biological processes and av ...	2015	25624315
discovery of mosquito saliva micrornas during chikv infection.	mosquito borne pathogens are transmitted to humans via saliva during blood feeding. mosquito saliva is a complex concoction of many secretory factors that modulate the feeding foci to enhance pathogen infection and establishment. multiple salivary proteins/factors have been identified/characterized that enhance pathogen infection. here, we describe, for the first time, the identification of exogenous micrornas from mosquito saliva. micrornas are short, 18-24 nucleotide, non-coding rnas that regu ...	2015	25612225
chitosan/interfering rna nanoparticle mediated gene silencing in disease vector mosquito larvae.	vector mosquitoes inflict more human suffering than any other organism-and kill more than one million people each year. the mosquito genome projects facilitated research in new facets of mosquito biology, including functional genetic studies in the primary african malaria vector anopheles gambiae and the dengue and yellow fever vector aedes aegypti. rna interference- (rnai-) mediated gene silencing has been used to target genes of interest in both of these disease vector mosquito species. here, ...	2015	25867635
facilitation of rice stripe virus accumulation in the insect vector by himetobi p virus vp1.	the small brown planthopper (sbph) is the main vector for rice stripe virus (rsv), which causes serious rice stripe disease in east asia. to characterize the virus-vector interactions, the sbph cdna library was screened with rsv ribonucleoprotein (rnp) as bait using a gal4-based yeast two-hybrid system. the interaction between rsv-rnp and the himetobi p virus (hipv, an insect picorna-like virus) vp1 protein was identified. the relationships between hipv and rsv in sbph were further investigated, ...	2015	25807055
epidemiological trends of dengue disease in colombia (2000-2011): a systematic review.	a systematic literature review was conducted to describe the epidemiology of dengue disease in colombia. searches of published literature in epidemiological studies of dengue disease encompassing the terms "dengue", "epidemiology," and "colombia" were conducted. studies in english or spanish published between 1 january 2000 and 23 february 2012 were included. the searches identified 225 relevant citations, 30 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria defined in the review protocol. the epidemiol ...	2015	25790245
mad dogs, vampires, and zombie ants: a multidisciplinary approach to teaching neuroscience, behavior, and microbiology.	viruses, parasites, and some bacteria use host organisms to complete their lifecycle. these infectious agents are able to hijack host processes to replicate and transmit to the next host. while we tend to think of infections as just making us sick, they are also capable of changing host behavior. in fact, many infectious agents are able to mediate host behavior in ways that can enhance transmission of the disease. in this course we explore the process of host behavior mediation by infectious age ...	2015	25838806
describing the breakbone fever: idoden, an ontology for dengue fever.	ontologies represent powerful tools in information technology because they enhance interoperability and facilitate, among other things, the construction of optimized search engines. to address the need to expand the toolbox available for the control and prevention of vector-borne diseases we embarked on the construction of specific ontologies. we present here idoden, an ontology that describes dengue fever, one of the globally most important diseases that are transmitted by mosquitoes.	2015	25646954
lead optimization of spiropyrazolopyridones: a new and potent class of dengue virus inhibitors.	spiropyrazolopyridone 1 was identified, as a novel dengue virus (denv) inhibitor, from a denv serotype 2 (denv-2) high-throughput phenotypic screen. as a general trend within this chemical class, chiral resolution of the racemate revealed that r enantiomer was significantly more potent than the s. cell-based lead optimization of the spiropyrazolopyridones focusing on improving the physicochemical properties is described. as a result, an optimal compound 14a, with balanced in vitro potency and ph ...	2015	25878766
correlation of serological markers and platelet count in the diagnosis of dengue virus infection.	the dengue virus causes one of the most important mosquito-borne viral diseases. annually, it affects up to 100 million people. detection of the secreted ns1 protein represents a new approach to the diagnosis of acute dengue infection. platelet count is the only non-dengue parameter that can support the diagnosis of the dengue shock syndrome (dss) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf). this study was done to correlate the platelet count and dengue parameters detected by the immunochromatographic te ...	2015	25709991
sexual harassment and feeding inhibition between two invasive dengue vectors.	two invasive mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, have been interacting during the course of a rapid range expansion by a. albopictus. we investigated the potential for interspecific feeding interference by male mosquitoes interacting with females within and between these species. a. aegypti feeding on both sugar and blood was suppressed when females of this species were exposed to a. albopictus males, but no change was observed when exposed to conspecifics. a. albopictus feeding was ...	2015	25628511
new adhesive traps to monitor urban mosquitoes with a case study to assess the efficacy of insecticide control strategies in temperate areas.	urban mosquitoes in temperate regions may represent a high nuisance and are associated with the risk of arbovirus transmission. common practices to reduce this burden, at least in italian highly infested urban areas, imply calendar-based larvicide treatments of street catch basins - which represent the main non-removable urban breeding site - and/or insecticide ground spraying. the planning of these interventions, as well as the evaluation of their effectiveness, rarely benefit of adequate monit ...	2015	25880935
vector competence of the aedes aegypti population from santiago island, cape verde, to different serotypes of dengue virus.	dengue is an arboviral disease caused by dengue virus (denv), whose main vectors are the mosquitoes aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. a. aegypti is the only denv vector in cape verde, an african country that suffered its first outbreak of dengue in 2009. however, little is known about the variation in the level of vector competence of this mosquito population to the different denv serotypes. this study aimed to evaluate the vector competence of a. aegypti from the island of santiago, cape verd ...	2015	25888847
density of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus and its association with number of residents and meteorological variables in the home environment of dengue endemic area, são paulo, brazil.	measure the populations of ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus adults according to sex and location inside or outside the residence, estimate ae. aegypti female density per house and per resident, and test the association with abiotic factors.	2015	25890384
human-mediated marine dispersal influences the population structure of aedes aegypti in the philippine archipelago.	dengue virus (denv) is an extraordinary health burden on global scale, but still lacks effective vaccine. the philippines is endemic for dengue fever, but massive employment of insecticides favored the development of resistance mutations in its major vector, aedes aegypti. alternative vector control strategies consist in releasing artificially modified mosquitos in the wild, but knowledge on their dispersal ability is necessary for a successful implementation. despite being documented that ae. a ...	2015	26039311
mass trapping with mosquitraps does not reduce aedes aegypti abundance.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of aedes aegypti mass trapping using the sticky trap mosquitrap (mqt) by performing a cluster randomised controlled trial in manaus, state of amazonas, brazil. after an initial questionnaire and baseline monitoring of adult ae. aegypti abundance with bg-sentinel (bgs) traps in six clusters, three clusters were randomly assigned to the intervention arm where each participating household received three mqts for mass trapping during 17 m ...	2015	25946154
mutual exclusion of asaia and wolbachia in the reproductive organs of mosquito vectors.	wolbachia is a group of intracellular maternally inherited bacteria infecting a high number of arthropod species. their presence in different mosquito species has been largely described, but aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue virus, has never been found naturally infected by wolbachia. similarly, malaria vectors and other anophelines are normally negative to wolbachia, with the exception of an african population where these bacteria have recently been detected. asaia is an acetic acid bact ...	2015	25981386
morbidity rate prediction of dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) using the support vector machine and the aedes aegypti infection rate in similar climates and geographical areas.	in the past few decades, several researchers have proposed highly accurate prediction models that have typically relied on climate parameters. however, climate factors can be unreliable and can lower the effectiveness of prediction when they are applied in locations where climate factors do not differ significantly. the purpose of this study was to improve a dengue surveillance system in areas with similar climate by exploiting the infection rate in the aedes aegypti mosquito and using the suppo ...	2015	25961289
a critical assessment of vector control for dengue prevention.	recently, the vaccines to vaccinate (v2v) initiative was reconfigured into the partnership for dengue control (pdc), a multi-sponsored and independent initiative. this redirection is consistent with the growing consensus among the dengue-prevention community that no single intervention will be sufficient to control dengue disease. the pdc's expectation is that when an effective dengue virus (denv) vaccine is commercially available, the public health community will continue to rely on vector cont ...	2015	25951103
emergence and potential for spread of chikungunya virus in brazil.	in december 2013, an outbreak of chikungunya virus (chikv) caused by the asian genotype was notified in the caribbean. the outbreak has since spread to 38 regions in the americas. by september 2014, the first autochthonous chikv infections were confirmed in oiapoque, north brazil, and in feira de santana, northeast brazil.	2015	25976325
the changing epidemiology of dengue in china, 1990-2014: a descriptive analysis of 25 years of nationwide surveillance data.	dengue has been a notifiable disease in china since 1 september 1989. cases have been reported each year during the past 25 years of dramatic socio-economic changes in china, and reached a historical high in 2014. this study describes the changing epidemiology of dengue in china during this period, to identify high-risk areas and seasons and to inform dengue prevention and control activities.	2015	25925417
global transcriptional dynamics of diapause induction in non-blood-fed and blood-fed aedes albopictus.	aedes albopictus is a vector of increasing public health concern due to its rapid global range expansion and ability to transmit dengue virus, chikungunya virus and a wide range of additional arboviruses. traditional vector control strategies have been largely ineffective against ae. albopictus and novel approaches are urgently needed. photoperiodic diapause is a crucial ecological adaptation in a wide range of temperate insects. therefore, targeting the molecular regulation of photoperiodic dia ...	2015	25897664
novel insights into the insect trancriptome response to a natural dna virus.	little is known about invertebrate responses to dna viruses. here, we infect a commercially important pest moth species plodia interpunctella with its naturally infecting dna virus. we sequenced, assembled and annotated the complete transcriptome of the moth, and a partial transcriptome of the virus. we then tested for differential gene expression between moths that were exposed to the virus and controls.	2015	25924671
antiviral activity of an n-allyl acridone against dengue virus.	dengue virus (denv), a member of the family flaviviridae, is at present the most widespread causative agent of a human viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes. despite the increasing incidence of this pathogen, there are no antiviral drugs or vaccines currently available for treatment or prevention. in a previous screening assay, we identified a group of n-allyl acridones as effective virus inhibitors. here, the antiviral activity and mode of action targeted to viral rna replication of one of th ...	2015	25908170
the expression profile of aedes albopictus mirnas is altered by dengue virus serotype-2 infection.	aedes albopictus is an important vector of dengue virus (denv) and it has quickly invaded the tropical and temperate environments worldwide. a few studies have shown that, micrornas (mirnas) regulate mosquito defense against pathogens. however, there is no systematic analysis of the impact of denv infection on mirna expression in ae. albopictus. we conducted this study to investigate the mirna expression of ae. albopictus upon denv-2 infection using illumina rna sequencing.	2015	25922662
antiviral activity of chloroquine against dengue virus type 2 replication in aotus monkeys.	dengue virus (denv) of the flaviviridae family is a single positive-stranded rna virus that is transmitted by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes. the objective of this study was to investigate the use of chloroquine (clq) as an antiviral drug against dengue virus in monkeys. to analyze the action of the drug in vivo, nonhuman primates groups (aotus azarai infulatus) were inoculated with a subcutaneous injection of a virulent strain of denv-2, treated and untreated clq. blood hematolog ...	2015	25664975
comparison of vector competence of aedes mediovittatus and aedes aegypti for dengue virus: implications for dengue control in the caribbean.	aedes mediovittatus mosquitoes are found throughout the greater antilles in the caribbean and often share the same larval habitats with ae. aegypti, the primary vector for dengue virus (denv). implementation of vector control measures to control dengue that specifically target ae. aegypti may not control denv transmission in puerto rico (pr). even if ae. aegypti is eliminated or denv refractory mosquitoes are released, denv transmission may not cease when other competent mosquito species like ae ...	2015	25658951
consolidating strategic planning and operational frameworks for integrated vector management in eritrea.	contemporary malaria vector control relies on the use of insecticide-based, indoor residual spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins). however, malaria-endemic countries, including eritrea, have struggled to effectively deploy these tools due technical and operational challenges, including the selection of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. this manuscript outlines the processes undertaken in consolidating strategic planning and operational frameworks for vector control t ...	2015	26630934
utilization of an eilat virus-based chimera for serological detection of chikungunya infection.	in december of 2013, chikungunya virus (chikv), an alphavirus in the family togaviridae, was introduced to the island of saint martin in the caribbean, resulting in the first autochthonous cases reported in the americas. as of january 2015, local and imported chikv has been reported in 50 american countries with over 1.1 million suspected cases. chikv causes a severe arthralgic disease for which there are no approved vaccines or therapeutics. furthermore, the lack of a commercially available, se ...	2015	26492074
eilat virus induces both homologous and heterologous interference.	most alphaviruses are mosquito-borne and exhibit a broad host range, infecting many different vertebrates including birds, rodents, equids, and humans. occasionally, alphaviruses can spill over into the human population and cause disease characterized by debilitating arthralgia or fatal encephalitis. recently, a unique alphavirus, eilat virus (eilv), was described that readily infects mosquito but not vertebrate cell lines. here, we investigated the ability of eilv to induce superinfection exclu ...	2015	26068885
review of ten-years presence of aedes albopictus in spain 2004-2014: known distribution and public health concerns.	ten years have gone by since the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus was recorded for the first time in spain. in this paper, all relevant published information about this vector in spain for the period 2004-2014 is reviewed. the known distribution for 2014 is provided, including all historical records (published and unpublished data) and the results from samplings of the last year. the consequences on public health about the presence of the asian tiger mosquito in spain are also highlighted. ...	2015	26694818
development and validation of an elisa kit (yf mac-hd) to detect igm to yellow fever virus.	yellow fever virus (yfv) is endemic in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, with around 180,000 human infections a year occurring in africa. serologic testing is the chief laboratory diagnostic means of identifying an outbreak and to inform the decision to commence a vaccination campaign. the world health organization disseminates the reagents for yfv testing to african reference laboratories, and the us centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) is charged with producing and pr ...	2015	26342907
spatio-temporal distribution of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) mitochondrial lineages in cities with distinct dengue incidence rates suggests complex population dynamics of the dengue vector in colombia.	aedes aegypti is the primary vector of the four serotypes of dengue virus (denv1-4), chikungunya and yellow fever virus to humans. previous population genetic studies have revealed a particular genetic structure among the vector populations in the americas that suggests differences in the ability to transmit denv. in colombia, despite its high epidemiologic importance, the genetic population structure and the phylogeographic depiction of ae. aegypti, as well as its relationship with the epidemio ...	2015	25893246
draft genome of the most devastating insect pest of coffee worldwide: the coffee berry borer, hypothenemus hampei.	the coffee berry borer, hypothenemus hampei, is the most economically important insect pest of coffee worldwide. we present an analysis of the draft genome of the coffee berry borer, the third genome for a coleopteran species. the genome size is ca. 163 mb with 19,222 predicted protein-coding genes. analysis was focused on genes involved in primary digestion as well as gene families involved in detoxification of plant defense molecules and insecticides, such as carboxylesterases, cytochrome p450 ...	2015	26228545
transcriptome-based identification of highly similar odorant-binding proteins among neotropical stink bugs and their egg parasitoid.	olfaction plays a fundamental role in insect survival through resource location and intra and interspecific communications. we used rna-seq to analyze transcriptomes for odorant-binding proteins (obps) from major stink bug pest species in brazil, euschistus heros, chinavia ubica, and dichelops melacanthus, and from their egg parasitoid, telenomus podisi. we identified 23 obps in e. heros, 25 obps in c. ubica, 9 obps in d. melacanthus, and 7 obps in t. podisi. the deduced amino acid sequences of ...	2015	26161752
cloning, expression analysis, and rna interference study of a horma domain containing autophagy-related gene 13 (atg13) from the coleopteran beetle, tenebrio molitor.	autophagy is a process that is necessary during starvation, as it replenishes metabolic precursors by eliminating damaged organelles. autophagy is mediated by more than 35 autophagy-related (atg) proteins that participate in the nucleation, elongation, and curving of the autophagosome membrane. in a pursuit to address the role of autophagy during development and immune resistance of the mealworm beetle, tenebrio molitor, we screened atg gene sequences from the whole-larva transcriptome database. ...	2015	26136688
characterization of adelphocoris suturalis (hemiptera: miridae) transcriptome from different developmental stages.	adelphocoris suturalis is one of the most serious pest insects of bt cotton in china, however its molecular genetics, biochemistry and physiology are poorly understood. we used high throughput sequencing platform to perform de novo transcriptome assembly and gene expression analyses across different developmental stages (eggs, 2(nd) and 5(th) instar nymphs, female and male adults). we obtained 20 gb of clean data and revealed 88,614 unigenes, including 23,830 clusters and 64,784 singletons. thes ...	2015	26047353
function and evolution of micrornas in eusocial hymenoptera.	the emergence of eusociality ("true sociality") in several insect lineages represents one of the most successful evolutionary adaptations in the animal kingdom in terms of species richness and global biomass. in contrast to solitary insects, eusocial insects evolved a set of unique behavioral and physiological traits such as reproductive division of labor and cooperative brood care, which likely played a major role in their ecological success. the molecular mechanisms that support the social reg ...	2015	26074950
structures and functions of insect arylalkylamine n-acetyltransferase (iaanat); a key enzyme for physiological and behavioral switch in arthropods.	the evolution of n-acetyltransfeases (nats) seems complex. vertebrate arylalkylamine n-acetyltransferase (aanat) has been extensively studied since it leads to the synthesis of melatonin, a multifunctional neurohormone prevalent in photoreceptor cells, and is known as a chemical token of the night. melatonin also serves as a scavenger for reactive oxygen species. this is also true with invertebrates. nat therefore has distinct functional implications in circadian function, as timezymes (aanat), ...	2015	25918505
organization of subunits in the membrane domain of the bovine f-atpase revealed by covalent cross-linking.	the f-atpase in bovine mitochondria is a membrane-bound complex of about 30 subunits of 18 different kinds. currently, ∼85% of its structure is known. the enzyme has a membrane extrinsic catalytic domain, and a membrane intrinsic domain where the turning of the enzyme's rotor is generated from the transmembrane proton-motive force. the domains are linked by central and peripheral stalks. the central stalk and a hydrophobic ring of c-subunits in the membrane domain constitute the enzyme's rotor. ...	2015	25851905
systems biology of tissue-specific response to anaplasma phagocytophilum reveals differentiated apoptosis in the tick vector ixodes scapularis.	anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging pathogen that causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. infection with this zoonotic pathogen affects cell function in both vertebrate host and the tick vector, ixodes scapularis. global tissue-specific response and apoptosis signaling pathways were characterized in i. scapularis nymphs and adult female midguts and salivary glands infected with a. phagocytophilum using a systems biology approach combining transcriptomics and proteomics. apoptosis was select ...	2015	25815810
cloning and functional characterization of two btb genes in the predatory mite metaseiulus occidentalis.	proteins containing the btb (bric-à-brac, tramtrack, and broad complex) domain typically share low sequence similarities and are involved in a wide range of cellular functions. we previously identified two putative and closely related btb genes, btb1 and btb2, in the genome of the predatory mite metaseiulus occidentalis. in the current study, full-length btb1 and btb2 cdnas were cloned and sequenced. btb1 and btb2 encode proteins of 380 and 401 amino acids, respectively. btb1 and btb2 proteins e ...	2015	26640898
a respiratory chain controlled signal transduction cascade in the mitochondrial intermembrane space mediates hydrogen peroxide signaling.	reactive oxygen species (ros) such as hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) govern cellular homeostasis by inducing signaling. h2o2 modulates the activity of phosphatases and many other signaling molecules through oxidation of critical cysteine residues, which led to the notion that initiation of ros signaling is broad and nonspecific, and thus fundamentally distinct from other signaling pathways. here, we report that h2o2 signaling bears hallmarks of a regular signal transduction cascade. it is controlled b ...	2015	26438848
production of serine protease inhibitors by mutagenesis and their effects on the mortality of aedes aegypti l. larvae.	dengue, transmitted primarily by the bites of infected aedes aegypti l., is transmitted to millions of individuals each year in tropical and subtropical areas. dengue control strategies are primarily based on controlling the vector, using insecticides, but the appearance of resistance poses new challenges. recently, highly selective protease inhibitors by phage display were obtained for digestive enzymes of the 4th instar larvae (l4) midgut. these mutants were not confirmed as a larvicide due to ...	2015	26444542
atp binding cassette transporter mediates both heme and pesticide detoxification in tick midgut cells.	in ticks, the digestion of blood occurs intracellularly and proteolytic digestion of hemoglobin takes place in a dedicated type of lysosome, the digest vesicle, followed by transfer of the heme moiety of hemoglobin to a specialized organelle that accumulates large heme aggregates, called hemosomes. in the present work, we studied the uptake of fluorescent metalloporphyrins, used as heme analogs, and amitraz, one of the most regularly used acaricides to control cattle tick infestations, by rhipic ...	2015	26258982
cathepsin gene family reveals transcriptome patterns related to the infective stages of the salmon louse caligus rogercresseyi.	cathepsins are proteases involved in the ability of parasites to overcome and/or modulate host defenses so as to complete their own lifecycle. however, the mechanisms underlying this ability of cathepsins are still poorly understood. one excellent model for identifying and exploring the molecular functions of cathepsins is the marine ectoparasitic copepod caligus rogercresseyi that currently affects the chilean salmon industry. using high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, 56 cathepsin-like se ...	2015	25923525
sequence analysis of insecticide action and detoxification-related genes in the insect pest natural enemy pardosa pseudoannulata.	the pond wolf spider pardosa pseudoannulata, an important natural predatory enemy of rice planthoppers, is found widely distributed in paddy fields. however, data on the genes involved in insecticide action, detoxification, and response are very limited for p. pseudoannulata, which inhibits the development and appropriate use of selective insecticides to control insect pests on rice. we used transcriptome construction from adult spider cephalothoraxes to analyze and manually identify genes encon ...	2015	25923714
transcriptomic insights on the abc transporter gene family in the salmon louse caligus rogercresseyi.	atp-binding cassette (abc) protein family encode for membrane proteins involved in the transport of various biomolecules through the cellular membrane. these proteins have been identified in all taxa and present important physiological functions, including the process of insecticide detoxification in arthropods. for that reason the ectoparasite caligus rogercresseyi represents a model species for understanding the molecular underpinnings involved in insecticide drug resistance.	2015	25889038
an evolutionarily-unique heterodimeric voltage-gated cation channel found in aphids.	we describe the identification in aphids of a unique heterodimeric voltage-gated sodium channel which has an atypical ion selectivity filter and, unusually for insect channels, is highly insensitive to tetrodotoxin. we demonstrate that this channel has most likely arisen by adaptation (gene fission or duplication) of an invertebrate ancestral mono(hetero)meric channel. this is the only identifiable voltage-gated sodium channel homologue in the aphid genome(s), and the channel's novel selectivity ...	2015	25637326
insecticidal and repellent activity of siparuna guianensis aubl. (negramina) against aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus.	this study investigated the toxic effects of essential oils isolated from siparuna guianensis against aedes aegypti, culex quinquefasciatus (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult) and aedes albopictus (c6/36) cells. the oviposition-deterring activity, egg viability, and repellence activity in the presence of different essential oils concentrations were determined. the essential oils showed high toxicity to all developmental stages of a. aegypti and c. quinquefasciatus. furthermore, the oils also showed ...	2015	25646797
non-classical gluconeogenesis-dependent glucose metabolism in rhipicephalus microplus embryonic cell line bme26.	in this work we evaluated several genes involved in gluconeogenesis, glycolysis and glycogen metabolism, the major pathways for carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism, in the bme26 rhipicephalus microplus embryonic cell line. genetic and catalytic control of the genes and enzymes associated with these pathways are modulated by alterations in energy resource availability (primarily glucose). bme26 cells in media were investigated using three different glucose concentrations, and changes in the tra ...	2015	25594873
characterization of a novel rxr receptor in the salmon louse (lepeophtheirus salmonis, copepoda) regulating growth and female reproduction.	nuclear receptors have crucial roles in all metazoan animals as regulators of gene transcription. a wide range of studies have elucidated molecular and biological significance of nuclear receptors but there are still a large number of animals where the knowledge is very limited. in the present study we have identified an rxr type of nuclear receptor in the salmon louse (lepeophtheirus salmonis) (i.e. lsrxr). rxr is one of the two partners of the ecdysteroid receptor in arthropods, the receptor f ...	2015	25765704
breeding sites of aedes aegypti: potential dengue vectors in dire dawa, east ethiopia.	background and objectives. entomological survey was carried out from may-june to september-october 2014 to investigate the presence of dengue vectors in discarded tires and artificial water containers in houses and peridomestic areas. methods. a cross-sectional immature stage survey was done indoors and outdoors in 301 houses. mosquito larval sampling was conducted using pipette or dipper depending on container types. larvae were identified morphologically and larval indices were also calculated ...	2015	26435712
immunological features underlying viral hemorrhagic fevers.	several enveloped rna viruses of the arenavirus, bunyavirus, filovirus and flavivirus families are associated with a syndrome known as viral hemorrhagic fever (vhf). vhf is characterized by fever, vascular leakage, coagulation defects and multi organ system failure. vhf is currently viewed as a disease precipitated by viral suppression of innate immunity, which promotes systemic virus replication and excessive proinflammatory cytokine responses that trigger the manifestations of severe disease. ...	2015	26163194
transcription analysis of neonicotinoid resistance in mediterranean (med) populations of b. tabaci reveal novel cytochrome p450s, but no nachr mutations associated with the phenotype.	bemisia tabaci is one of the most damaging agricultural pests world-wide. although its control is based on insecticides, b. tabaci has developed resistance against almost all classes of insecticides, including neonicotinoids.	2015	26573457
genome-wide dna methylome variation in two genetically distinct chicken lines using methylc-seq.	dna cytosine methylation is an important epigenetic modification that has significant effects on a variety of biological processes in animals. avian species hold a crucial position in evolutionary history. in this study, we used whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (methylc-seq) to generate single base methylation profiles of lungs in two genetically distinct and highly inbred chicken lines (fayoumi and leghorn) that differ in genetic resistance to multiple pathogens, and we explored the potential ...	2015	26497311
altered gene expression in the schistosome-transmitting snail biomphalaria glabrata following exposure to niclosamide, the active ingredient in the widely used molluscicide bayluscide.	in view of the call by the world health organization (who) for elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem by 2025, use of molluscicides in snail control to supplement chemotherapy-based control efforts is likely to increase in the coming years. the mechanisms of action of niclosamide, the active ingredient in the most widely used molluscicides, remain largely unknown. a better understanding of its toxicology at the molecular level will both improve our knowledge of snail biology a ...	2015	26452273
bio-efficacy of new long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets against anopheles funestus and anopheles gambiae from central and northern mozambique.	long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llins) are one of the main methods used for controlling malaria transmission in mozambique. the proliferation of several types of llins and the re-emergence of insecticide resistance in the local vector populations poses challenges to the local malaria control programme on selecting suitable insecticide-based vector control products. therefore, this study evaluated the insecticide susceptibility and bio-efficacy of selected new llins against wild population ...	2015	26377825
identifying genomic changes associated with insecticide resistance in the dengue mosquito aedes aegypti by deep targeted sequencing.	the capacity of mosquitoes to resist insecticides threatens the control of diseases such as dengue and malaria. until alternative control tools are implemented, characterizing resistance mechanisms is crucial for managing resistance in natural populations. insecticide biodegradation by detoxification enzymes is a common resistance mechanism; however, the genomic changes underlying this mechanism have rarely been identified, precluding individual resistance genotyping. in particular, the role of ...	2015	26206155
functional development of carbon dioxide detection in the maxillary palp of anopheles gambiae.	olfactory information drives several behaviours critical for the survival and persistence of insect pests and vectors. insect behaviour is variable, linked to their biological needs, and regulated by physiological dynamics. for mosquitoes, co2 is an important cue that signifies the presence of a host, and which elicits activation and attraction. to investigate the genetic basis of olfactory modulation in mosquitoes, we assayed changes in co2 detection from receptor gene expression through physio ...	2015	26056246
high nucleotide diversity and limited linkage disequilibrium in helicoverpa armigera facilitates the detection of a selective sweep.	insecticides impose extreme selective pressures on populations of target pests and so insecticide resistance loci of these species may provide the footprints of 'selective sweeps'. to lay the foundation for future genome-wide scans for selective sweeps and inform genome-wide association study designs, we set out to characterize some of the baseline population genomic parameters of one of the most damaging insect pests in agriculture worldwide, helicoverpa armigera. to this end, we surveyed nine ...	2015	26174024
evaluation of the toxicity and repellence of an organic fatty acids mixture (c8910) against insecticide susceptible and resistant strains of the major malaria vector anopheles funestus giles (diptera: culicidae).	malaria vector control relies principally on the use of insecticides, especially pyrethroids. because of the increasing occurrence of insecticide resistance in target vector populations, the development of new insecticides, particularly those with novel modes of action, is particularly important, especially in terms of managing insecticide resistance. the c8910 formulation is a patented mixture of compounds comprising straight-chain octanoic, nonanoic and decanoic saturated fatty acids. this com ...	2015	26062763
novel detection of insecticide resistance related p450 genes and transcriptome analysis of the hemimetabolous pest erthesina fullo (thunberg) (hemiptera: heteroptera).	erthesina fullo (thunberg, 1783) is an economically important heteropteran species in china. since only three nucleotide sequences of this species (coi, 16s rrna, and 18s rrna) appear in the genbank database so far, no analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying e. fullo's resistance to insecticide and environmental stress has been accomplished. we reported a de novo assembled and annotated transcriptome for adult e. fullo using the illumina sequence system. a total of 53,359,458 clean reads ...	2015	25955554
investigation of the first case of dengue virus infection acquired in western australia in seven decades: evidence of importation of infected mosquitoes?	in october 2013, a locally-acquired case of dengue virus (denv) infection was reported in western australia (wa) where local dengue transmission has not occurred for over 70 years. laboratory testing confirmed recent denv infection and the case demonstrated a clinically compatible illness. the infection was most likely acquired in the pilbara region in the northwest of wa. follow up investigations did not detect any other locally-acquired dengue cases or any known dengue vector species in the lo ...	2015	26406471
river boats contribute to the regional spread of the dengue vector aedes aegypti in the peruvian amazon.	the dramatic range expansion of the dengue vector aedes aegypti is associated with various anthropogenic transport activities, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms driving this geographic expansion. we longitudinally characterized infestation of different vehicle types (cars, boats, etc.) to estimate the frequency and intensity of mosquito introductions into novel locations (propagule pressure).	2015	25860352
the effects of interspecific courtship on the mating success of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) males.	satyrization, a form of asymmetric reproductive interference, has recently been shown to play a role in competitive displacements of aedes aegypti (l.) by aedes albopictus (skuse). furthermore, female ae. aegypti from populations in sympatry with ae. albopictus have evolved reproductive character displacement and changes in mating behavior to reduce interspecific mating. in this article, we examine evolutionary responses of males to interspecific mating and show that satyrization has also evoked ...	2015	27418696
partial characterization of venom from the colombian spider phoneutria boliviensis (aranae:ctenidae).	we report on the first studies on the characterization of venom from phoneutria boliviensis (aranae:ctenidae) (f. o. pickard-cambridge, 1897), done with colombian species. after the electrostimulation extraction process, the venom showed physicochemical properties corresponding to a colorless and water-soluble liquid with a density of 0.86 mg/ml and 87% aqueous content. p. boliviensis venom and rp-hplc fractions showed hemolytic activity and hydrolyzed the synthetic substrate 4-nitro-3-octanoylo ...	2015	26264023
enhanced cuticular penetration as the mechanism for synergy of insecticidal constituents of rosemary essential oil in trichoplusia ni.	synergistic interactions between constituents of essential oils have been reported for several areas of research. in the present study, mechanisms that could explain the synergistic action of the two major insecticidal constituents of rosemary oil, 1,8-cineole and camphor against the cabbage looper, trichoplusia ni were investigated. 1,8-cineole was more toxic than camphor when applied topically to larvae, and when coadministered in their ratio naturally occurring in rosemary oil, the binary mix ...	2015	26223769
traditional uses, phytochemistry, and bioactivities of cananga odorata (ylang-ylang).	ylang-ylang (cananga odorata hook. f. & thomson) is one of the plants that are exploited at a large scale for its essential oil which is an important raw material for the fragrance industry. the essential oils extracted via steam distillation from the plant have been used mainly in cosmetic industry but also in food industry. traditionally, c. odorata is used to treat malaria, stomach ailments, asthma, gout, and rheumatism. the essential oils or ylang-ylang oil is used in aromatherapy and is bel ...	2015	26294929
the asian rice gall midge (orseolia oryzae) mitogenome has evolved novel gene boundaries and tandem repeats that distinguish its biotypes.	the complete mitochondrial genome of the asian rice gall midge, orseolia oryzae (diptera; cecidomyiidae) was sequenced, annotated and analysed in the present study. the circular genome is 15,286 bp with 13 protein-coding genes, 22 trnas and 2 ribosomal rna genes, and a 578 bp non-coding control region. all protein coding genes used conventional start codons and terminated with a complete stop codon. the genome presented many unusual features: (1) rearrangement in the order of trnas as well as pr ...	2015	26226163
two inwardly rectifying potassium channels, irk1 and irk2, play redundant roles in drosophila renal tubule function.	inwardly rectifying potassium channels play essential roles in renal physiology across phyla. barium-sensitive k(+) conductances are found on the basolateral membrane of a variety of insect malpighian (renal) tubules, including drosophila melanogaster. we found that barium decreases the lumen-positive transepithelial potential difference in isolated perfused drosophila tubules and decreases fluid secretion and transepithelial k(+) flux. in those insect species in which it has been studied, trans ...	2015	26224687
chemical component and proteomic study of the amphibalanus (= balanus) amphitrite shell.	as typical biofoulers, barnacles possess hard shells and cause serious biofouling problems. in this study, we analyzed the protein component of the barnacle amphibalanus (= balanus) amphitrite shell using gel-based proteomics. the results revealed 52 proteins in the a. amphitrite shell. among them, 40 proteins were categorized into 11 functional groups based on kog database, and the remaining 12 proteins were unknown. besides the known proteins in barnacle shell (sipc, carbonic anhydrase and aci ...	2015	26222041
weather regulates location, timing, and intensity of dengue virus transmission between humans and mosquitoes.	dengue is one of the most aggressively expanding mosquito-transmitted viruses. the human burden approaches 400 million infections annually. complex transmission dynamics pose challenges for predicting location, timing, and magnitude of risk; thus, models are needed to guide prevention strategies and policy development locally and globally. weather regulates transmission-potential via its effects on vector dynamics. an important gap in understanding risk and roadblock in model development is an e ...	2015	26222979
transcriptional analysis of susceptible and resistant european corn borer strains and their response to cry1f protoxin.	despite a number of recent reports of insect resistance to transgenic crops expressing insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), little is known about the mechanism of resistance to these toxins. the purpose of this study is to identify genes associated with the mechanism of cry1f toxin resistance in european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis hübner). for this, we compared the global transcriptomic response of laboratory selected resistant and susceptible o. nubilalis strain to cry1f to ...	2015	26220297
in vitro and in vivo host range of anopheles gambiae densovirus (agdnv).	agdnv is a powerful gene transduction tool and potential biological control agent for anopheles mosquitoes. using a gfp reporter virus system, we investigated agdnv host range specificity in four arthropod cell lines (derived from an. gambiae, aedes albopictus and drosophila melanogaster) and six mosquito species from 3 genera (an. gambiae, an. arabiensis, an. stephensi, ae. albopictus, ae. aegypti and culex tarsalis). in vitro, efficient viral invasion, replication and gfp expression was only o ...	2015	26220140
mammalian cochlea as a physics guided evolution-optimized hearing sensor.	nonlinear physics plays an essential role in hearing. we demonstrate on a mesoscopic description level that during the evolutionary perfection of the hearing sensor, nonlinear physics led to the unique design of the cochlea observed in mammals, and that this design requests as a consequence the perception of pitch. our insight challenges the view that mostly genetics is responsible for the uniformity of the construction of the mammalian hearing sensor. our analysis also suggests that scaleable a ...	2015	26216397
a novel laminin β gene bmlanb1-w regulates wing-specific cell adhesion in silkworm, bombyx mori.	laminins are important basement membrane (bm) components with crucial roles in development. the numbers of laminin isoforms in various organisms are determined by the composition of the different α, β, and γ chains, and their coding genes, which are variable across spieces. in insects, only two α, one β, and one γ chains have been identified thus far. here, we isolated a novel laminin β gene, bmlanb1-w, by positional cloning of the mutant (crayfish, cf) with blistered wings in silkworm. gene str ...	2015	26212529
acute toxicity and dermal and eye irritation of the aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of the seeds of "zapote" pouteria mammosa (l.) cronquist.	the common use of pouteria mammosa (l.) cronquist, "mamey or zapote," in food and ethnobotanic medicine shows its low or absent toxicity as fruit extracts prepared from seeds. however, it is essential to conduct security trials to scientifically support their use in drug therapy. this study evaluated the aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract (25%) acute oral toxicity, obtained from the seeds of p. mammosa, in sprague dawley rats and dermal and eye irritability in new zealand rabbits. the 404 and 40 ...	2015	26273696
correction: evaluation of a push-pull approach for aedes aegypti (l.) using a novel dispensing system for spatial repellents in the laboratory and in a semi-field environment.		2015	26207826
characterization of the honeybee amnav1 channel and tools to assess the toxicity of insecticides.	pollination is important for both agriculture and biodiversity. for a significant number of plants, this process is highly, and sometimes exclusively, dependent on the pollination activity of honeybees. the large numbers of honeybee colony losses reported in recent years have been attributed to colony collapse disorder. various hypotheses, including pesticide overuse, have been suggested to explain the disorder. using the xenopus oocytes expression system and two microelectrode voltage-clamp, we ...	2015	26202396
association between three mutations, f1565c, v1023g and s996p, in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene and knockdown resistance in aedes aegypti from yogyakarta, indonesia.	mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene (vssc) have been identified in aedes aegypti and some have been associated with pyrethroid insecticide resistance. whether these mutations cause resistance, alone or in combination with other alleles, remains unclear, but must be understood if mutations are to become markers for resistance monitoring. we describe high resolution melt (hrm) genotyping assays for assessing mutations found in ae. aegypti in indonesia (f1565c, v1023g, s996p) and ...	2015	26463408
combination immunotherapy in the treatment of chronic bilateral panuveitis and uveitic glaucoma during acute dengue fever infection in the caribbean.	ocular manifestations of the dengue fever virus include bilateral panuveitis that can occur after the acute systemic infection has resolved. in most reported cases, the inflammation resolves with topical or systemic steroid therapy. we report a case of chronic, refractory bilateral panuveitis and uveitic glaucoma that began during the acute phase of the systemic infection and required treatment with oral steroids, multiple steroid-sparing agents, and surgical therapy for glaucoma.	2015	26229512