Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| significance of a common 65 kda antigen in the experimental fasciolosis and toxoplasmosis. | in the current study, cross-reaction between two important zoonotic parasites; extracellular helminthes fasciola gigantica and intracellular protozoa toxoplasma gondii was proved by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. five antigens were used to identify and compare the cross-binding activities in the prepared antisera. two f. gigantica antigens; adult flukes (fga) and eggs (fgea) were used to detect igg in t. gondii naturally infected human sera (tgihs) and experimentally infected sera of sheep ( ... | 2015 | 26345069 |
| the apobec3b deletion polymorphism is associated with prevalence of hepatitis b virus, hepatitis c virus, torque teno virus, and toxoplasma gondii co-infection among hiv-infected individuals. | data regarding the influence of the apobec3b deletion on infectious diseases remain limited and shown discrepancies. | 2015 | 26305823 |
| phylogeny, morphology, and metabolic and invasive capabilities of epicellular fish coccidium goussia janae. | to fill the knowledge gap on the biology of the fish coccidian goussia janae, rna extracted from exogenously sporulated oocysts was sequenced. analysis by trinity and trinotate pipelines showed that 84.6% of assembled transcripts share the highest similarity with toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. phylogenetic and interpretive analyses from rna-seq data provide novel insight into the metabolic capabilities, composition of the invasive machinery and the phylogenetic relationships of this par ... | 2015 | 26599727 |
| secreted effectors in toxoplasma gondii and related species: determinants of host range and pathogenesis? | recent years have witnessed the discovery of a number of secreted proteins in toxoplasma gondii that play important roles in host-pathogen interactions and parasite virulence, particularly in the mouse model. however, the role that these proteins play in driving the unique features of t. gondii compared to some of its nearest apicomplexan relatives (hammondia hammondi and neospora caninum) is unknown. these unique features include distinct dissemination characteristics in vivo and a vast host ra ... | 2015 | 25655311 |
| life cycle of hammondia hammondi (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae) in cats. | hammondia hammondi and toxoplasma gondii are feline coccidians that are morphologically, antigenically, and phylogenitically related. both parasites multiply asexually and sexually in feline intestinal enterocytes, but h. hammondi remains confined to enterocytes whereas t. gondii also parasitizes extra-intestinal tissues of the cat. here, we studied multiplication of h. hammondi in feline intestine and compared with t. gondii cycle. five parasite-free cats were inoculated orally with tissue cyst ... | 2015 | 25312612 |
| frequency of seropositivity against infectious agents amongst pemphigus vulgaris patients: a case-control study on strongyloides stercoralis, helicobacter pylori, toxoplasma gondii, leishmania major, and epstein-barr virus. | environmental and genetic factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris (pv) as an autoimmune disease. we aimed to determine rates of seropositivity for immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies against a number of infectious agents in untreated and treated pv patients and in healthy individuals. | 2015 | 26175264 |
| influence of maternal infections on neonatal acute phase proteins and their interaction in the development of non-affective psychosis. | although primary infections with toxoplasma gondii or herpes viruses during pregnancy are established teratogens, chronic maternal infections with these pathogens are considered far less serious. however, such chronic infections have been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders in the offspring. the risks of non-affective psychoses, including schizophrenia, in offspring associated with these exposures during pregnancy have not been completely defined. we used data from neonatal dried blood sa ... | 2015 | 25646591 |
| [the influence of age, place of living, education and number of earlier pregnancies on attendance of pregnant women to screening tests--questionnaire study]. | the aim of this study was to assess attendance at the screening programme in pregnancy and the influence of age, number of past pregnancies, level of education and place of residence on the attendance. | 2015 | 26817329 |
| is toxoplasmosis a potential risk factor for liver cirrhosis? | to document toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) antibody status in patients with liver disease, blood samples were taken from 180 hepatic patients and 180 healthy controls. | 2015 | 26522292 |
| infectious involvement in a tertiary center pediatric uveitis cohort. | studies of uveitis in children have focused primarily on non-infectious causes. to date, no systematic study of infectious uveitis in children has been conducted. we investigate the prevalence of infectious causes of uveitis in children and explore the diagnostic value of analysing aqueous humour. | 2015 | 25138763 |
| dissemination of parasites by animal movements in small ruminant farms. | the present paper discusses the spread of parasites by animal movements in small ruminant farms; it focuses in dissemination of parasitic forms that would lead to subsequent infection of sheep or goats. systems of small ruminant production involve a component of animal movement (e.g., grazing) as part of routine husbandry, which favors spread of parasitic forms; that refers mainly to parasites of the digestive system (nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, protozoa), as well as helminthes of the respi ... | 2015 | 26012856 |
| number and regulation of protozoan aquaporins reflect environmental complexity. | protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotes. evidence has accumulated that protozoan aquaporin water and solute channels (aqp) contribute to adaptation in changing environments. intracellular protozoan parasites live a well-sheltered life. plasmodium spp. express a single aqp, toxoplasma gondii two, while trypanosoma cruzi and leishamnia spp. encode up to five aqps. their aqps are thought to import metabolic precursors and simultaneously to dispose of waste and to help parasites survi ... | 2015 | 26338868 |
| seroprevalence of torch infections in antenatal and hiv positive patient populations. | the torch (toxoplasma gondii, rubella, cytomegalovirus (cmv) and the herpes simplex virus) cause range of diseases in pregnant women and hiv patients and lead to adverse fetal outcomes when not treated on time, in hiv positive can cause life threating infections. there is inadequate data available of these infections in india. | 2015 | 25859075 |
| infection and inflammation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a genome wide study for interactions with genetic variation. | inflammation and maternal or fetal infections have been suggested as risk factors for schizophrenia (sz) and bipolar disorder (bp). it is likely that such environmental effects are contingent on genetic background. here, in a genome-wide approach, we test the hypothesis that such exposures increase the risk for sz and bp and that the increase is dependent on genetic variants. we use genome-wide genotype data, plasma igg antibody measurements against toxoplasma gondii, herpes simplex virus type 1 ... | 2015 | 25781172 |
| the association between antibodies to neurotropic pathogens and schizophrenia: a case-control study. | exposure to neurotropic pathogens has been proposed as an environmental risk factor for schizophrenia and can be evaluated by measuring pathogen-specific immunoglobulin g (igg). seroprevalence of pathogen-specific igg reflects prior exposure, whereas igg levels are associated with reactivity or reinfection. several studies have examined these parameters in schizophrenia. however, results still remain inconclusive, as several previous studies did not correct for important confounding factors. | 2015 | 27336045 |
| nationwide survey of mother-to-child infections in japan. | the aim of this survey study was to evaluate a state of mother-to-child infections in japan. | 2015 | 25435331 |
| genotypic detection of epstein barr virus from clinically suspected viral retinitis patients in a tertiary eye care centre, india. | to evaluate the diagnostic value of pcr on aqueous humour for detection and genotyping of epstein bar virus in patients with viral retinitis. | 2015 | 25325148 |
| "latent" infection with toxoplasma gondii: association with trait aggression and impulsivity in healthy adults. | latent chronic infection with toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii), a common neurotropic pathogen, has been previously linked with suicidal self-directed violence (ssdv). we sought to determine if latent infection with t. gondii is associated with trait aggression and impulsivity, intermediate phenotypes for suicidal behavior, in psychiatrically healthy adults. | 2015 | 25306262 |
| an observational study of inflammation in the central nervous system in patients with bipolar disorder. | the potential influence of infections and immunological changes on the aetiology and pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (bd) has been discussed. our aim was to detect intrathecal specific antibody synthesis against the neurotropic infectious agents that have previously been linked to bd. | 2015 | 25109751 |
| ethanol and isopropanol trigger rapid egress of intracellular eimeria tenella sporozoites. | egress from host cells is a vital step of the intracellular life cycle of apicomplexan parasites such as toxoplasma gondii. this phenomenon has attracted attentions from many research groups. previous studies have shown that ethanol could stimulate the release of microneme proteins by elevating intracellular ca(2+) concentration of t. gondii, resulting in the parasite egress from host cells. however, little information about egress is known on eimeria species, the causative agent of coccidiosis ... | 2015 | 25407127 |
| evaluation of anti-coccidial effects of 1-[4-(4-nitrophenoxy)phenyl]propane-1-one and identification of its potential target proteins in toxoplasma gondii. | coccidiosis affects many vertebrates worldwide, but treatment with known anti-coccidial drugs causes several adverse side effects. there is a critical need for the development and evaluation of new drugs. the anti-coccidial effect of 1-[4-(4-nitrophenoxy)phenyl]propane-1-one (nppp), a synthetic compound, was studied in vitro and in vivo. treatment with nppp showed anti-toxoplasma activity in vitro with a lower ec50 value than pyrimethamine. in icr mice infected with toxoplasma gondii, oral admin ... | 2015 | 24824336 |
| toxoplasma gondii coinfection with diseases and parasites in wild rabbits in scotland. | in wild rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) on an estate in perthshire, central scotland, the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii was 18/548 (3·3%). the wild rabbit could be a t. gondii reservoir and it has potential value as a sentinel of t. gondii in environmental substrates. toxoplasma gondii was associated with female sex (p < 0·001) and with relatively heavy infections by eimeria stiedae (p = 0·036). it was not associated with the intensity of coccidial oocysts, the severity of myxomatosis caus ... | 2015 | 26144268 |
| population, genetic, and antigenic diversity of the apicomplexan eimeria tenella and their relevance to vaccine development. | the phylum apicomplexa includes serious pathogens of humans and animals. understanding the distribution and population structure of these protozoan parasites is of fundamental importance to explain disease epidemiology and develop sustainable controls. predicting the likely efficacy and longevity of subunit vaccines in field populations relies on knowledge of relevant preexisting antigenic diversity, population structure, the likelihood of coinfection by genetically distinct strains, and the eff ... | 2015 | 26354122 |
| an extended surface loop on toxoplasma gondii apical membrane antigen 1 (ama1) governs ligand binding selectivity. | apicomplexan parasites are the causative agents of globally prevalent diseases including malaria and toxoplasmosis. these obligate intracellular pathogens have evolved a sophisticated host cell invasion strategy that relies on a parasite-host cell junction anchored by interactions between apical membrane antigens (amas) on the parasite surface and rhoptry neck 2 (ron2) proteins discharged from the parasite and embedded in the host cell membrane. key to formation of the ama1-ron2 complex is displ ... | 2015 | 25955165 |
| rna seq analysis of the eimeria tenella gametocyte transcriptome reveals clues about the molecular basis for sexual reproduction and oocyst biogenesis. | the protozoan eimeria tenella is a common parasite of chickens, causing avian coccidiosis, a disease of on-going concern to agricultural industries. the high prevalence of e. tenella can be attributed to the resilient oocyst stage, which is transmitted between hosts in the environment. as in related coccidia, development of the eimerian oocyst appears to be dependent on completion of the parasite's sexual cycle. rna seq transcriptome profiling offers insights into the mechanisms governing the bi ... | 2015 | 25765081 |
| seroprevalence of encephalitozoon cuniculi and toxoplasma gondii in domestic rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) in china. | the breeding of domestic rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) for human consumption has a long tradition in china. infections that can affect the production of meat or even be transmitted from animals to humans are important to monitor, especially for public health reasons as well as for their impact on animal health. thus, a total of 1,132 domestic rabbit sera from 4 regions in china were collected for serological screening for encephalitozoon cuniculi and for toxoplasma gondii by elisa and modified ... | 2015 | 26797446 |
| production of in-vitro refolded and highly antigenic sag1 for development of a sensitive and specific toxoplasma igg elisa. | recombinant antigens are increasingly applied to replace native antigens in serological tests. surface antigen 1 (sag1) is a highly immunogenic antigen and probably represents the most explored and used antigen of toxoplasma gondii for development of serological test kits. the presence of six disulfide bridges in its structure makes sag1 a highly conformational protein. in fact, antigenicity of sag1 is greatly dependent on proper disulfide bonding and folding. in-vitro refolding of sag1 inclusio ... | 2015 | 25437069 |
| detection of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in domesticated ruminants by recombinant truncated sag2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | an antibody detection recombinant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) specific for toxoplasma gondii was laboratory standardized using recombinant truncated surface antigen 2 (sag2) protein of t. gondii. a 483-bp sequence coding for truncated tachyzoite stage-specific sag2 protein was amplified and ligated in pproexht-b expression vector to transform escherichia coli dh5α cells. a high-level expression of the histidine-tagged fusion protein was obtained after 8 h of incubation. the recombi ... | 2015 | 25319452 |
| [cloning dna vaccine candidate sag1 gene of toxoplasma gondii]. | toxoplasma gondii, which is observed in our country and worldwide, can cause mortality and is an important public health problem because of engaging babies from pregnant women. an effective vaccine against toxoplasmosis has not yet been developed. sag1 protein is released from the bradyzoites and tachyzoites stages of t. gondii and is important at the pathogenesis of the disease. this study aimed to clone a promising dna vaccine candidate, sag1 gene, of t. gondii. | 2015 | 26809910 |
| new method for the orthogonal labeling and purification of toxoplasma gondii proteins while inside the host cell. | toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that is capable of causing severe disease in immunocompromised humans. how t. gondii is able to modulate the host cell to support itself is still poorly understood. knowledge pertaining to the host-parasite interaction could be bolstered by developing a system to specifically label parasite proteins while the parasite grows inside the host cell. for this purpose, we have created a strain of t. gondii that expresses a mutant escher ... | 2015 | 25759504 |
| recombinant expression, purification, and crystallization of the glutaminyl-trna synthetase from toxoplasma gondii. | aminoacyl trna synthetases play a critical role in protein synthesis by providing precursor transfer-rna molecules correctly charged with their cognate amino-acids. the essential nature of these enzymes make them attractive targets for designing new drugs against important pathogenic protozoans like toxoplasma. because no structural data currently exists for a protozoan glutaminyl-trna synthetase (qrs), an understanding of its potential as a drug target and its function in the assembly of the to ... | 2015 | 25736594 |
| toxoplasma gondii: cloning, expression and immunoreactivity of recombinant rop5 and rop18 antigens. | early diagnosis and determining the infective stage are critical for effective therapy of toxoplasmosis. owing to the progress in biotechnology, commonly used native, non-standardized diagnostic antigens should be replaced by genetically engineered antigens. the recombinant proteins are also promising components of subunit vaccines against toxoplasma gondii infections. a strategic biological role of rhoptry proteins (rop) in parasitophorous vacuole biogenesis and virulence of the parasite create ... | 2015 | 25592730 |
| identification of toxoplasma gondii antigens associated with different types of infection by serum antibody profiling. | acquisition of acute toxoplasmosis during the first trimester of pregnancy can have catastrophic consequences for the foetus. diagnosis is routinely based on the detection of maternal toxoplasma gondii--antibodies using whole parasite extracts as detection antigen. while such assays are sensitive, they show no specificity for the stage of infection. we hypothesized diagnosis might be improved using recombinant antigens for detection, particularly if antibodies to certain antigen(s) were associat ... | 2015 | 25586591 |
| biological and enzymatic characterization of proteases from crude venom of the ant odontomachus bauri. | hymenoptera venoms constitute an interesting source of natural toxins that may lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents. the present study investigated the enzymatic and biological characteristics of the crude venom of the ant odontomachus bauri. its crude venom presents several protein bands, with higher staining for six proteins with gelatinolytic activity (17, 20, 26, 29, 43 and 48 kda). the crude venom showed high proteolytic activity on azocasein at optimal ph 8.0 and 37 °c. in t ... | 2015 | 26703729 |
| biological and enzymatic characterization of proteases from crude venom of the ant odontomachus bauri. | hymenoptera venoms constitute an interesting source of natural toxins that may lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents. the present study investigated the enzymatic and biological characteristics of the crude venom of the ant odontomachus bauri. its crude venom presents several protein bands, with higher staining for six proteins with gelatinolytic activity (17, 20, 26, 29, 43 and 48 kda). the crude venom showed high proteolytic activity on azocasein at optimal ph 8.0 and 37 °c. in t ... | 2015 | 26633501 |
| heterologous expression of toxoplasma gondii dense granule protein 2 and 5. | toxoplasmosis is a foodborne disease caused by toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite. the parasite remains protected within a parasitophorous vacuole (pv), a specialized compartment formed within the infected host cell during and after invasion. dense granules (gra) are t. gondii specialized secretory organelles involved in pv development. gra2 contributes to the formation of intravacuolar network in the pv, allowing nutrients transportation to nourish the parasites. gra5 helps t ... | 2015 | 26521511 |
| [cloning, prokaryotic expression and immunological identification of toxoplasma surface antigen imp1]. | to subelone, express and identify the immune mapped protein 1 (imp1) which encodes a surface antigen of toxoplasma gondii. | 2015 | 26510362 |
| diagnosis and management of foodborne illness. | the centers for disease control and prevention estimates that each year, one in six americans will experience a foodborne illness. the most common causes in the united states are viruses, such as norovirus; bacteria, such as salmonella, escherichia coli, campylobacter, and listeria; and parasites, such as toxoplasma gondii and giardia. resources are available to educate consumers on food recalls and proper handling, storage, and cooking of foods. diagnosis and management of a foodborne illness a ... | 2015 | 26371569 |
| [cloning, expression, purification and identification of toxoplasma gondii sag2 gene in escherichia coli]. | to construct a recombinant plasmid containing surface antigen 2(sag2) gene of toxoplasma gondii and express it in escherichia coli. | 2015 | 26263779 |
| [prokaryotic expression and immunoreactivity analysis on profilin of toxoplasma gondii]. | to clone and express the profilin (prf) gene of toxoplasma gondii, and analyze the immunoreactivity. | 2015 | 26080521 |
| design and evaluation of a recombinant multi-epitope antigen for serodiagnosis of toxoplasma gondii infection in humans. | serological investigation remains the primary approach to achieve satisfactory results in toxoplasma gondii identification. however, the accuracy of the native antigen used in the current diagnostic kits has proven to be insufficient as well as difficult to standardize, so significant efforts have been made to find alternative reagents as capture antigens. consequently, multi-epitope peptides are promising diagnostic markers, with the potential for improving the accuracy of diagnostic kits. in t ... | 2015 | 26062975 |
| a new toxoplasma gondii chimeric antigen containing fragments of sag2, gra1, and rop1 proteins-impact of immunodominant sequences size on its diagnostic usefulness. | this study presents the first evaluation of new toxoplasma gondii recombinant chimeric antigens containing three immunodominant regions of sag2, gra1, and one of two rop1 fragments differing in length for the serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis. the recombinant chimeric antigens sag2-gra1-rop1l (with large fragment of rop1, 85-396 amino acid residues) and sag2-gra1-rop1s (with a small fragment of rop1, 85-250 amino acid residues) were obtained as fusion proteins containing his6-tags at both end ... | 2015 | 26055987 |
| serodiagnosis of toxoplasma gondii infection in bovines from kerala, india using a recombinant surface antigen 1 elisa. | data on the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in farm animals from india is scanty. though a few reports exist on prevalence of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants, information on toxoplasmosis in large ruminants is virtually nonexistent from india. an antibody detection recombinant elisa specific for toxoplasma gondii was laboratory standardized using recombinant surface antigen 1 (sag1) protein. a 958-bp truncated sequence coding for tachyzoite stage specific sag1 protein was amplified and expressed in ... | 2015 | 25952097 |
| detection of neospora caninum-dna in brain tissues from pigeons in changchun, jilin (china). | neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan infecting many domestic and wild animals. the domestic chicken (gallus domesticus) and the sparrow (passer domesticus) are known as natural intermediate hosts of n. caninum, whereas the role of other birds such as pigeons is still unclear. in the present study, pigeon brain tissues collected in jilin of china were screened by n. caninum specific-nested pcr to determine whether pigeons functioned as the natural intermediate hosts of n. caninum. the p ... | 2015 | 26385650 |
| systemic neosporosis in a dog treated for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia. | a 4-year-old male toy poodle was presented to the small animal veterinary hospital of the faculty of veterinary medicine of the autonomous university of mexico (fmvz, unam) because of depression, lethargy, and hemorrhages involving several areas of the skin and around the eyes. hematology data and a bone marrow analysis suggested hemolytic anemia and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. the dog was treated with prednisone, and after one month the hematology variables improved. however, the dog's cl ... | 2015 | 26345698 |
| in vitro and in vivo effects of the bumped kinase inhibitor 1294 in the related cyst-forming apicomplexans toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. | we report on the in vitro effects of the bumped kinase inhibitor 1294 (bki-1294) in cultures of virulent neospora caninum isolates nc-liverpool (nc-liv) and nc-spain7 and in two strains of toxoplasma gondii (rh and me49), all grown in human foreskin fibroblasts. in these parasites, bki-1294 acted with 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic50s) ranging from 20 nm (t. gondii rh) to 360 nm (n. caninum nc-liv), and exposure of intracellular stages to 1294 led to the nondisjunction of newly formed tachyzo ... | 2015 | 26248379 |
| evaluation of neospora caninum truncated dense granule protein 2 for serodiagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in dogs. | neosporosis is an infectious disease caused by neospora caninum, and it primarily affects cattle and dogs. an infection by n. caninum causes fetal abortion and neonatal mortality. previous proteomics and immunoscreening analyses revealed that n. caninum dense granule antigen 2 (ncgra2) has potential for serodiagnosis of n. caninum. consequently, we expressed the truncated ncgra2 (ncgra2t), which lacks a signal peptide. we compared the serodiagnostic performances of recombinant ncgra2t with that ... | 2015 | 26172405 |
| integration of rna-seq and proteomics data with genomics for improved genome annotation in apicomplexan parasites. | while high quality genomic sequence data is available for many pathogenic organisms, the corresponding gene annotations are often plagued with inaccuracies that can hinder research that utilizes such genomic data. experimental validation of gene models is clearly crucial in improving such gene annotations; the field of proteogenomics is an emerging area of research wherein proteomic data is applied to testing and improving genetic models. krishna et al. [proteomics 2015, 15, 2618-2628] investiga ... | 2015 | 26152714 |
| mic3, a novel cross-protective antigen expressed in toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. | microneme protein 3 (mic3) is an important adhesion molecule expressed by toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum that plays a crucial role in invasion. in our study, we found that recombinant tgmic3 (rtgmic3) was recognized by both t. gondii-reactive sera and hyper-immune serum against n. caninum. polyclonal antibodies against tgmic3 reacted with n. caninum by western blot and immunofluorescence assay (ifa). these results indicate that mic3 is a novel cross-reactive antigen expressed in n. canin ... | 2015 | 26141436 |
| comparative analysis of apicoplast-targeted protein extension lengths in apicomplexan parasites. | in general, the mechanism of protein translocation through the apicoplast membrane requires a specific extension of a functionally important region of the apicoplast-targeted proteins. the corresponding signal peptides were detected in many apicomplexans but not in the majority of apicoplast-targeted proteins in toxoplasma gondii. in t. gondii signal peptides are either much diverged or their extension region is processed, which in either case makes the situation different from other studied api ... | 2015 | 26114107 |
| sarcocystis spp. infection in two red panda cubs (ailurus fulgens). | two neonatal male red panda (ailurus fulgens) littermates were submitted for necropsy examination. one animal was found dead with no prior signs of illness; the other had a brief history of laboured breathing. post-mortem examination revealed disseminated protozoal infection. to further characterize the causative agent, transmission electron microscopy (tem), immunohistochemistry (ihc), polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and amplification and nucleic acid sequencing were performed. ihc was negative ... | 2015 | 26054654 |
| serum levels of nitric oxide and protein oxidation in goats seropositive for toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. | the aim of this study was to assess and analyze the levels of nitric oxide (no) and advanced oxidation protein products (aopp) in serum of goats naturally infected by toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, or concomitantly infected by these two parasites. thus, it was measured nox and aopp levels in twenty (n=20) sera samples of goats seronegative for t. gondii and n. caninum [negative control group (a)]; while the positive groups were composed by sera of infected animals, twelve (n=12) seropositi ... | 2015 | 26031474 |
| neospora caninum: the first demonstration of the enteroepithelial stages in the intestines of a naturally infected dog. | a 1.5-month-old kangal breed puppy from a dairy cattle farm died after showing severe diarrhoea and incoordination. necropsy examination revealed multifocal pulmonary consolidation and necrosis and fibrinohaemorrhagic enteritis. microscopically, there was necrotic and purulent bronchopneumonia, myocarditis and non-purulent encephalitis. in the jejunum and ileum there was villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia with oocyst-like and schizont-like structures in the epithelia. immunohistochemically, n ... | 2015 | 25981437 |
| identification and characterization of a microneme protein (ncmic6) in neospora caninum. | neospora caninum, an apicomplexa parasite, is the causative agent of neosporosis. as described for other members of apicomplexa, microneme proteins (mics) play a key role in attachment and invasion of host cells by n. caninum. herein we identified n. caninum microneme protein 6 (ncmic6) that is orthologous to toxoplasma gondii microneme protein 6 (tgmic6). the open reading frame of the ncmic6 gene is 984 bp and encodes a 327 amino acid peptide. sequence analysis showed that ncmic6 included a sig ... | 2015 | 25956399 |
| comprehensive evaluation of toxoplasma gondii veg and neospora caninum liv genomes with tachyzoite stage transcriptome and proteome defines novel transcript features. | toxoplasma gondii is an important protozoan parasite that infects all warm-blooded animals and causes opportunistic infections in immuno-compromised humans. its closest relative, neospora caninum, is an important veterinary pathogen that causes spontaneous abortion in livestock. comparative genomics of these two closely related coccidians has been of particular interest to identify genes that contribute to varied host cell specificity and disease. here, we describe a manual evaluation of these g ... | 2015 | 25875305 |
| a large-scale proteogenomics study of apicomplexan pathogens-toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. | proteomics data can supplement genome annotation efforts, for example being used to confirm gene models or correct gene annotation errors. here, we present a large-scale proteogenomics study of two important apicomplexan pathogens: toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. we queried proteomics data against a panel of official and alternate gene models generated directly from rnaseq data, using several newly generated and some previously published ms datasets for this meta-analysis. we identified ... | 2015 | 25867681 |
| a study of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibody seroprevalence in healthy cattle in the czech republic. | the aim of study was to test the sera of healthy dairy cows by elisas, the methods also used in other groups of animals in the czech republic, and thus to obtain actual data about n. caninum and t. gondii seroprevalence in cattle. | 2015 | 25780824 |
| neospora caninum recruits host cell structures to its parasitophorous vacuole and salvages lipids from organelles. | toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum, which cause the diseases toxoplasmosis and neosporosis, respectively, are two closely related apicomplexan parasites. they have similar heteroxenous life cycles and conserved genomes and share many metabolic features. despite these similarities, t. gondii and n. caninum differ in their transmission strategies and zoonotic potential. comparative analyses of the two parasites are important to identify the unique biological features that underlie the basis of ... | 2015 | 25750213 |
| improving the gene structure annotation of the apicomplexan parasite neospora caninum fulfils a vital requirement towards an in silico-derived vaccine. | neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite which can cause abortion in cattle, instigating major economic burden. vaccination has been proposed as the most cost-effective control measure to alleviate this burden. consequently the overriding aspiration for n. caninum research is the identification and subsequent evaluation of vaccine candidates in animal models. to save time, cost and effort, it is now feasible to use an in silico approach for vaccine candidate prediction. precise protein seque ... | 2015 | 25747726 |
| occurrence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii dna in brain tissue from hoary foxes (pseudalopex vetulus) in brazil. | the hoary fox (pseudalopex vetulus) is a wild canid native to brazil and is commonly found in the semiarid northeastern area living in contact with cattle. the main purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii dna in hoary foxes, in the state of paraíba, brazil. brain tissue samples were collected from 49 hoary foxes. from the samples, dna extraction and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were performed using specific primers for n. caninum and ... | 2015 | 25746974 |
| dynamic exophthalmos and lateral strabismus in a dog caused by masticatory muscle myositis. | a 5.5-year-old neutered male mixed-breed dog was presented for evaluation of a 5-month history of deviation of the right globe upon opening the mouth and a 1-month history of conjunctivitis in the same eye. clinical findings, diagnostic imaging results, treatment and follow-up are described. | 2015 | 25728848 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infections in small ruminants in china. | little information is available about the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infections in sheep and goats in china. in the present investigation, the seroprevalence of t. gondii and n. caninum infections in sheep and goats were investigated in qinghai province, china between january 2012 and june 2013. a total of 1250 serum samples (600 sheep and 650 goats) collected from 8 administrative regions of qinghai province, china were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assa ... | 2015 | 25591976 |
| role of the chemokine receptor ccr5-dependent host defense system in neospora caninum infections. | neospora caninum, a toxoplasma gondii-like obligate intracellular parasite, causes abortion in cattle and neurological signs in canines. to understand neosporosis better, studies on host cell migration and host immune responses during the early phase of infection are important. although the c-c chemokine receptor 5 (ccr5) plays a crucial role in immune cell migration, the role played by it in protective immunity against n. caninum is poorly understood. | 2015 | 25558986 |
| a 78 kda host cell invasion protein of neospora caninum as a potential vaccine candidate. | neosporosis is an intracellular protozoan disease caused by neospora caninum. until now, there is no effective vaccine to prevent neosporosis. the host cell binding protein has the potential as neosporosis vaccine. in the present study, a t7 phage display library was constructed and screened using vero cells to obtain host cell binding protein of n. caninum. two host cell binding proteins, a hypothetical protein of 78 kda (named as ncp78) homologous to the acylglycerol lipase of toxoplasma gondi ... | 2015 | 25448355 |
| risk factors involved in transmission of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infection in rabbit farms in northern italy. | in italy, rabbits are frequently reared for meat production. the aim of the study was to find the seroprevalence of t. gondii and n. caninum parasites, and risk factors of infection in rabbit farms. | 2015 | 26706976 |
| toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in dogs from the state of tocantins: serology and associated factors. | this study investigated occurrences of anti-neospora caninum and anti-toxoplasma gondii igg antibodies by means of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifat), along with risk factors associated with toxoplasmosis and neosporosis, in 204 dogs from urban and rural areas of the municipality of araguaína, state of tocantins, brazil. one hundred and thirty samples (63.7%) were positive for t. gondii using elisa: 57.1% and 70.7% in the urban and rural ar ... | 2015 | 26689184 |
| risk factors for toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum seropositivity in buffaloes in paraiba state, brazil. | the aims of this survey were to determine the frequency of anti-toxoplasma gondii and anti-neospora caninum antibodies and to identify the risk factors associated with seropositivity among buffaloes in the state of paraíba, brazil. this survey included 136 buffaloes belonging to 14 herds. to detect anti-t. gondii and anti-n. caninum antibodies, the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) was used. among the 136 samples analyzed, 17 (12.5%) were positive for anti-t. gondii antibodies with titer ... | 2015 | 26689181 |
| toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and leishmania spp. serology and leishmania spp. pcr in dogs from pirassununga, sp. | we examined the presence of antibodies against the parasites toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, and leishmania spp., as well the presence of dna from leishmania spp., in dogs from pirassununga - sp. the seropositivity rate was compared with the animals' originating location. three hundred seventy-three blood samples from the county's kennel and local veterinary clinics were collected and analyzed. a total of 300 samples were tested for t. gondii and n. caninum using an indirect immunofluoresce ... | 2015 | 26689180 |
| isolation and proteomic analysis of rhoptry-enriched fractions from cryptosporidium parvum. | rhoptries are unique secretory/excretory organelles that are found exclusively in the apicomplexa, and their contents are discharged at the time of invasion and are critical in the establishment of productive infection. several rhoptry proteins have been identified in toxoplasma gondii, plasmodium falciparum and neospora caninum and have been linked not only with the parasites' adhesion and invasion processes but also with their intracellular pathways. to date, only one cryptosporidium parvum rh ... | 2015 | 26587492 |
| inhibition of calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (cdpk1) in vitro by pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives does not correlate with sensitivity of cryptosporidium parvum growth in cell culture. | cryptosporidiosis is a serious diarrheal disease in immunocompromised patients and malnourished children, and treatment is complicated by a lack of adequate drugs. recent studies suggest that the natural occurrence of a small gatekeeper residue in serine threonine calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (cdpk1) of cryptosporidium parvum might be exploited to target this enzyme and block parasite growth. here were explored the potency with which a series of pyrazolopyrimidine analogs, which are select ... | 2015 | 26552986 |
| the development and implementation of a method using blue mussels (mytilus spp.) as biosentinels of cryptosporidium spp. and toxoplasma gondii contamination in marine aquatic environments. | surveillance monitoring for microbial water quality typically involves collecting single discrete grab samples for analyzing only one contaminant. while informative, current approaches suffer from poor recoveries and only provide a limited snapshot of the microbial contaminants only at the time of collection. to overcome these limitations, bivalves have been proposed as effective biosentinels of water quality particularly for their ability to efficiently concentrate and retain microbial contamin ... | 2015 | 26358104 |
| survey for protozoan parasites in eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) from the gulf of maine using pcr-based assays. | protozoan pathogens represent a serious threat to oyster aquaculture, since they can lead to significant production loses. moreover, oysters can concentrate human pathogens through filter feeding, thus putting at risk raw oyster consumers' health. using pcr-based assays in oysters (crassostrea virginica) from maine, we expand the northeast range in the usa for the protozoans perkinsus marinus, perkinsus chesapeaki, and haplosporidium nelsoni, and report for the first time the detection of the hu ... | 2015 | 25889457 |
| development and application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays based on its-1 for rapid detection of toxoplasma gondii in pork. | the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay is a novel method that rapidly amplifies dna with high specificity and sensitivity under isothermal conditions. in this study, we established a lamp assay with six primers targeting a highly conserved region of toxoplasma gondii its-1 sequence. the amplification protocol completes within 30 min under isothermal condition in a 65°c water bath while specificity tests confirmed no cross-reactivity with dna templates of neospora caninum, eimeri ... | 2015 | 25624074 |
| multiplex pcr for the detection and quantification of zoonotic taxa of giardia, cryptosporidium and toxoplasma in wastewater and mussels. | giardia duodenalis, cryptosporidium parvum and toxoplasma gondii are important parasitic protists linked to water- and food-borne diseases. the accurate detection of these pathogens is central to the diagnosis, tracking, monitoring and surveillance of these protists in humans, animals and the environment. in this study, we established a multiplex real-time pcr (qpcr), coupled to high resolution melting (hrm) analysis, for the specific detection and quantification of each g. duodenalis (assemblag ... | 2015 | 25591902 |
| from the blood to the brain: avenues of eukaryotic pathogen dissemination to the central nervous system. | infection of the central nervous system (cns) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, and treatments available to combat the highly debilitating symptoms of cns infection are limited. the mechanisms by which pathogens in the circulation overcome host immunity and breach the blood-brain barrier are active areas of investigation. in this review, we discuss recent work that has significantly advanced our understanding of the avenues of pathogen dissemination to the cns for four eukaryoti ... | 2015 | 26048316 |
| [survey of epidemic status of principal human parasites in jiangxi province in 2014]. | to understand and analyze the epidemic status of principal human parasites in jiangxi province, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the 13rd five-year project of parasites control. | 2015 | 27097476 |
| cost-of-illness and disease burden of food-related pathogens in the netherlands, 2011. | to inform risk management decisions on control and prevention of food-related disease, both the disease burden expressed in disability adjusted life years (daly) and the cost-of-illness of food-related pathogens are estimated and presented. disease burden of fourteen pathogens that can be transmitted by food, the environment, animals and humans was previously estimated by havelaar et al. (2012). in this paper we complement these by cost-of-illness estimates. together, these present a complete pi ... | 2015 | 25528537 |
| a retrospective molecular study of select intestinal protozoa in healthy pet cats from italy. | the feline gut can harbour a number of protozoan parasites. recent genetic studies have highlighted new epidemiological findings about species of cryptosporidium, assemblages of giardia duodenalis and toxoplasma gondii. furthermore, epidemiological studies suggest the occurrence of tritrichomonas foetus in cats is on the increase worldwide. the prevalence of selected intestinal protozoa was determined by pcr using dna previously extracted from the faeces of 146 privately owned healthy cats from ... | 2015 | 24793744 |
| serological survey of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii and coxiella burnetii in rodents in north-western african islands (canary islands and cape verde). | coxiella burnetii and toxoplasma gondii are intracellular parasites that cause important reproductive disorders in animals and humans worldwide, resulting in high economic losses. the aim of the present study was to analyse the possible role of peridomestic small mammals in the maintenance and transmission of c. burnetii and t. gondii in the north-western african archipelagos of the canary islands and cape verde, where these species are commonly found affecting humans and farm animals. between 2 ... | 2015 | 26244685 |
| serological survey of antibodies to <i>toxoplasma gondii</i> and <i>coxiella burnetii</i> in rodents in north-western african islands (canary islands and cape verde). | coxiella burnetii and toxoplasma gondii are intracellular parasites that cause important reproductive disorders in animals and humans worldwide, resulting in high economic losses. the aim of the present study was to analyse the possible role of peridomestic small mammals in the maintenance and transmission of c. burnetii and t. gondii in the north-western african archipelagos of the canary islands and cape verde, where these species are commonly found affecting humans and farm animals. between 2 ... | 2015 | 28235262 |
| klf4 expression in conventional dendritic cells is required for t helper 2 cell responses. | the two major lineages of classical dendritic cells (cdcs) express and require either irf8 or irf4 transcription factors for their development and function. irf8-dependent cdcs promote anti-viral and t-helper 1 (th1) cell responses, whereas irf4-expressing cdcs have been implicated in controlling both th2 and th17 cell responses. here, we have provided evidence that kruppel-like factor 4 (klf4) is required in irf4-expressing cdcs to promote th2, but not th17, cell responses in vivo. conditional ... | 2015 | 25992862 |
| interleukin-22 induces interleukin-18 expression from epithelial cells during intestinal infection. | t helper 1 (th1) cell-associated immunity exacerbates ileitis induced by oral toxoplasma gondii infection. we show here that attenuated ileitis observed in interleukin-22 (il-22)-deficient mice was associated with reduced production of th1-cell-promoting il-18. il-22 not only augmented the expression of il18 mrna and inactive precursor protein (proil-18) in intestinal epithelial cells after t. gondii or citrobacter rodentium infection, but also maintained the homeostatic amount of proil-18 in th ... | 2015 | 25680273 |
| phenotypic complementation of genetic immunodeficiency by chronic herpesvirus infection. | variation in the presentation of hereditary immunodeficiencies may be explained by genetic or environmental factors. patients with mutations in hoil1 (rbck1) present with amylopectinosis-associated myopathy with or without hyper-inflammation and immunodeficiency. we report that barrier-raised hoil-1-deficient mice exhibit amylopectin-like deposits in the myocardium but show minimal signs of hyper-inflammation. however, they show immunodeficiency upon acute infection with listeria monocytogenes, ... | 2015 | 25599590 |
| different presence of chlamydia pneumoniae, herpes simplex virus type 1, human herpes virus 6, and toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia: meta-analysis and analytical study. | in the present study we have performed both a meta-analysis and an analytical study exploring the presence of chlamydia pneumoniae, herpes simplex virus type 1, human herpes virus 6, and toxoplasma gondii antibodies in a sample of 143 schizophrenic patients and 143 control subjects. the meta-analysis was performed on papers published up to april 2014. the presence of serum immunoglobulin g and immunoglobulin a was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. the detection of microbial dn ... | 2015 | 25848282 |
| genome-wide genetic investigation of serological measures of common infections. | populations and individuals differ in susceptibility to infections because of a number of factors, including host genetic variation. we previously demonstrated that differences in antibody titer, which reflect infection history, are significantly heritable. here we attempt to identify the genetic factors influencing variation in these serological phenotypes. blood samples from >1300 mexican americans were quantified for igg antibody level against 12 common infections, selected on the basis of th ... | 2015 | 25758998 |
| coxiella burnetii shedding by farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). | wildlife and notably deer species--due to the increasing relevance of deer farming worldwide--may contribute to the maintenance of coxiella burnetii, the causal agent of q fever. currently, there are no precedents linking exposure to deer species with human q fever cases. however, a human case of q fever was recently diagnosed in a red deer (cervus elaphus) farm, which led us to investigate whether deer could be a source for environmental contamination with c. burnetii and ascertain the implicat ... | 2015 | 24127840 |
| protective efficacy of recombinant canine adenovirus type-2 expressing tgrop18 (cav-2-rop18) against acute and chronic toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. | the use of recombinant viral vectors expressing t. gondii antigens is a safe and efficient approach to induce immune responses against the parasite, as well as a valuable tool for vaccine development. we have previously prolonged the survival time of mice challenged with the rh strain of t. gondii by immunizing the mice with a eukaryotic vector expressing the protein rop18 of t. gondii. we are now looking for ways to improve this vaccination strategy and enhance protection. | 2015 | 25886737 |
| survey for infectious disease in the south american fur seal (arctocephalus australis) population at punta san juan, peru. | the peruvian population of the south american fur seal ( arctocephalus australis ) is a distinct evolutionarily significant unit that is endangered. one of the largest rookeries for this species in peru is located within the punta san juan marine protected area (15°22's, 75°12'w). to better understand the current health status of this population, exposure to 10 pinniped pathogens was evaluated in adult female fur seals (n=29) via serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques in novembe ... | 2015 | 26056875 |
| herd-level prevalence and associated risk factors for toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, chlamydia abortus and bovine viral diarrhoea virus in commercial dairy and beef cattle in eastern, northern and northeastern china. | although the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, chlamydia abortus and bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in cattle have been reported in some areas in china, most of them were conducted with small number of cattle samples and very limited districts and neglected the assessment of herd management factors associated with herd-level prevalence of these pathogen infections. thus, from september 2013 to december 2014, a large-scale seroprevalence study was conducted to determin ... | 2015 | 26231838 |
| western blot expression of 5-lipoxygenase in the brain from striped dolphins (stenella coeruleoalba) and bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) with or without encephalitis/meningo-encephalitis of infectious nature. | dolphin morbillivirus (dmv), toxoplasma gondii and brucella ceti are pathogens of major concern for wild cetaceans. although a more or less severe encephalitis/meningo-encephalitis may occur in striped dolphins (stenella coeruleoalba) and bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) infected by the aforementioned agents, almost no information is available on the neuropathogenesis of brain lesions, including the neuronal and non-neuronal cells targeted during infection, along with the mechanisms unde ... | 2015 | 25864766 |
| statistical approaches to developing a multiplex immunoassay for determining human exposure to environmental pathogens. | there are numerous pathogens that can be transmitted through water. identifying and understanding the routes and magnitude of exposure or infection to these microbial contaminants are critical to assessing and mitigating risk. conventional approaches of studying immunological responses to exposure or infection such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) and other monoplex antibody-based immunoassays can be very costly, laborious, and consume large quantities of patient sample. a major li ... | 2015 | 26070441 |
| a small-molecule cell-based screen led to the identification of biphenylimidazoazines with highly potent and broad-spectrum anti-apicomplexan activity. | an in vitro screening of the anti-apicomplexan activity of 51 compounds, stemming from our chemical library and from chemical synthesis, was performed. as a study model, we used toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii), expressing β-galactosidase for the colorimetric assessment of drug activity on parasites cultivated in vitro. this approach allowed the validation of a new series of molecules with a biphenylimidazoazine scaffold as inhibitors of t. gondii growth in vitro. hence, 8 molecules significantly i ... | 2015 | 25462254 |
| occurrence of antibodies anti -toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and leptospira interrogans in a captive deer herd in southern brazil. | a large number of brazilian zoos keep many endangered species of deer, however, very few disease surveillance studies have been conducted among captive cervids. blood samples from 32 brazilian deer (blastocerus dichotomus, mazama nana and mazama americana) kept in captivity at bela vista biological sanctuary (foz do iguaçu, brazil) were investigated for 10 ruminant pathogens, with the aims of monitoring deer health status and evaluating any potential zoonotic risk. deer serum samples were tested ... | 2015 | 26689185 |
| detection of protozoans babesia microti and toxoplasma gondii and their co-existence in ticks (acari: ixodida) collected in tarnogórski district (upper silesia, poland). | ticks (acari: ixodida) are vectors of many pathogens i. a: babesia microti [bm] and toxoplasma gondii [tg]. in poland, ixodes ricinus [ir] is the main vector of both pathogens. this tick species and pathogens transmitted by them are a significant threat to human and animal health. | 2015 | 25780833 |
| parasites and fungi as risk factors for human and animal health. | recent literature data suggests that parasitic and fungal diseases, which pose a threat to both human and animal health, remain a clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic problem. attention is increasingly paid to the role played by natural microbiota in maintaining homeostasis in humans. a particular emphasis is placed on the possibility of manipulating the human microbiota (permanent, transient, pathogenic) and macrobiota (e.g., trichuris suis) to support the treatment of selected diseases such as ... | 2015 | 26878617 |
| the nlrp1 inflammasomes. | inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes that serve as platforms for the recruitment and activation of the pro-inflammatory caspase-1 protease. caspase-1 activation leads to processing and maturation of the cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 and a lytic form of cell death termed pyroptosis. inflammasome assembly is initiated by cytosolic sensors in response to microbial infections. many of these sensors, including nlrp1 (nlr family, pyrin domain containing 1), are described to form ... | 2015 | 25879281 |
| phytoecdysteroids as modulators of the toxoplasma gondii growth rate in human and mouse cells. | searching for new effective drugs against human and animal toxoplasmosis we decided to test the anti-toxoplasma potential of phytoecdysteroids (α-ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone) characterized by the pleiotropic activity on mammalian organisms including the enhancement of host's anti-parasitic defence. this objective was accomplished by the in vitro evaluation of t. gondii growth in phytoecdysteroid-treated immunocompetent cells of selected hosts: humans and two strains of inbred mice with genet ... | 2015 | 26272689 |
| [a duplex pcr method for detection of babesia caballi and theileria equi]. | to develop a duplex pcr assay for detection of babesia caballi and theileria equi. | 2015 | 26245119 |
| shared elements of host-targeting pathways among apicomplexan parasites of differing lifestyles. | apicomplexans are a diverse group of obligate parasites occupying different intracellular niches that require modification to meet the needs of the parasite. to efficiently manipulate their environment, apicomplexans translocate numerous parasite proteins into the host cell. whereas some parasites remain contained within a parasitophorous vacuole membrane (pvm) throughout their developmental cycle, others do not, a difference that affects the machinery needed for protein export. a signal-mediate ... | 2015 | 25996544 |
| positive associations between infections of toxoplasma gondii and seropositivity with anisakis simplex in human patients suffering from chronic urticaria. | toxoplasma gondii is a food-borne and orofecal microorganism which produces chronic infection, and attempts have been made to prove its negative association with atopy in the context of the hygiene hypothesis. anisakis simplex is a fish parasite associated with chronic urticaria (cu) in endemic regions. we analysed the relationship between both infectious agents in cu. we included 42 patients with chronic urticaria (18 patients with cu associated with a. simplex sensitization and 24 not sensitiz ... | 2015 | 24991841 |