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phenotypic and genetic changes in the life cycle of small colony variants of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium induced by streptomycin.small colony variants (scvs), constituting a slow-growing subpopulation of bacteria that facilitates persistence in lethal environmental conditions, are able to revert to the phenotype of rapid growth for further proliferation and transmission. salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium is one of the most important foodborne pathogens. this study investigated the genetic mechanisms how scvs induced by streptomycin reverted to the fast-growing phenotype and the phenotypic changes of scvs among thei ...201627245674
poor biofilm-forming ability and long-term survival of invasive salmonella typhimurium st313.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, an enteric pathogen that causes a self-limiting gastroenteritis, forms biofilms on different surfaces. in sub-saharan africa, salmonella typhimurium of a novel sequence type (st) 313 was identified and produces septicemia in the absence of gastroenteritis. no animal reservoir has been identified, and it is hypothesized that transmission occurs via human to human. in this study, we show that invasive salmonella typhimurium st313 strains from mali are poor ...201627222487
comparison of methods for quantitating salmonella enterica typhimurium and heidelberg strain attachment to reusable plastic shipping container coupons and preliminary assessment of sanitizer efficacy.salmonella serovars, one of the leading contributors to foodborne illness and are especially problematic for foods that are not cooked before consumption, such as fresh produce. the shipping containers that are used to transport and store fresh produce may play a role in cross contamination and subsequent illnesses. however, methods for quantitatively attached cells are somewhat variable. the overall goal of this study was to compare conventional plating with molecular methods for quantitating a ...201627192211
strains, mechanism, and perspective: salmonella-based cancer therapy.recently, investigation of bacterial-based tumor therapy has regained focus due to progress in molecular, cellular, and microbial biology. many bacteria such as salmonella, listeria, escherichia, and clostridium have proved to have tumor targeting and in some cases even tumor-destroying phenotypes. furthermore, bacterial clinical treatments for cancer have been improved by combination with other therapeutic methods such as chemotherapeutic drugs and radioactive agents. synthetic biology techniqu ...201627190519
pediatric epidemic of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in the area of l'aquila, italy, four years after a catastrophic earthquake.a salmonella enterica epidemic occurred in children of the area of l'aquila (central italy, abruzzo region) between june 2013 and october 2014, four years after the catastrophic earthquake of 6 april 2009.201627164121
rapid dna transformation in salmonella typhimurium by the hydrogel exposure method.even with advances in molecular cloning and dna transformation, new or alternative methods that permit dna penetration in salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium are required in order to use this pathogen in biotechnological or medical applications. in this work, an adapted protocol of bacterial transformation with plasmid dna based on the "yoshida effect" was applied and optimized on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 reference strain. the plasmid transference based ...201627154729
bacteriophages with potential to inactivate salmonella typhimurium: use of single phage suspensions and phage cocktails.the aim of this study was to compare the dynamics of three previously isolated bacteriophages (or phages) individually (phse-1, phse-2 and phse-5) or combined in cocktails of two or three phages (phse-1/phse-2, phse-1/phse-5, phse-2/phse-5 and phse-1/phse-2/phse-5) to control salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (salmonella typhimurium) in order to evaluate their potential application during depuration. phages were assigned to the family siphoviridae and revealed identical restriction digest ...201627126773
outbreak of unusual salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium monophasic variant 1,4 [5],12:i:-, italy, june 2013 to september 2014.monophasic variant of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium (monophasic s. typhimurium), with antigenic structure 1,4,[5],12:i:-, appears to be of increasing importance in europe. in italy, monophasic s. typhimurium represented the third most frequent salmonella serovar isolated from human cases between 2004 and 2008. from june 2013 to october 2014, a total of 206 human cases of salmonellosis were identified in abruzzo region (central italy). obtained clinical isolates char ...201627105170
assessing the effect of sodium dichloroisocyanurate concentration on transfer of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium in wash water for production of minimally processed iceberg lettuce (lactuca sativa l.).this study evaluated the impact of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 250 mg l(-1) ) in wash water on transfer of salmonella typhimurium from contaminated lettuce to wash water and then to other noncontaminated lettuces washed sequentially in the same water. experiments were designed mimicking the conditions commonly seen in minimally processed vegetable (mpv) processing plants in brazil. the scenarios were as follows: (1) washing one inoculated lettuce portion in nonchlorina ...201627105015
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain so3 (sequence type 302) isolated from a baby with meningitis in mexico.the complete genome of italic! salmonella entericaserovar typhimurium strain so3 (sequence type 302), isolated from a fatal meningitis infection in mexico, was determined using pacbio technology. the chromosome hosts six complete prophages and is predicted to harbor 51 genomic islands, including 13 pathogenicity islands (spis). it carries the italic! salmonellavirulence plasmid (pstv).201627103717
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain yu15 (sequence type 19) harboring the salmonella genomic island 1 and virulence plasmid pstv.the complete genome ofsalmonella entericasubsp.entericaserovar typhimurium sequence type 19 (st19) strain yu15, isolated in yucatán, mexico, from a human baby stool culture, was determined using pacbio technology. the chromosome contains five intact prophages and thesalmonellagenomic island 1 (sgi1). this strain carries thesalmonellavirulence plasmid pstv.201627081132
depletion of butyrate-producing clostridia from the gut microbiota drives an aerobic luminal expansion of salmonella.the mammalian intestine is host to a microbial community that prevents pathogen expansion through unknown mechanisms, while antibiotic treatment can increase susceptibility to enteric pathogens. here we show that streptomycin treatment depleted commensal, butyrate-producing clostridia from the mouse intestinal lumen, leading to decreased butyrate levels, increased epithelial oxygenation, and aerobic expansion of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. epithelial hypoxia and salmonella restricti ...201627078066
selection and characterization of aptamers using a modified whole cell bacterium selex for the detection of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.this study describes the selection of single-stranded dna (ssdna) aptamers against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium using a modified whole cell systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (whole cell selex). for evolving specific aptamers, ten rounds of selection to live salmonella cells, alternating with negative selection against a cocktail of related pathogens, were performed. the resulting highly enriched oligonucleotide pools were sequenced and clustered into eight grou ...201627070414
ctx-m-27 producing salmonella enterica serotypes typhimurium and indiana are prevalent among food-producing animals in china.salmonella spp. is one of the most important food-borne pathogens causing digestive tract and invasive infections in both humans and animals. extended-spectrum β-lactamases (esbls) especially the ctx-m-type esbls are increasingly being reported worldwide and in china. these studies seldom focused on salmonella isolates from food-producing animals. the aim of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial resistance profiles, serotypes and esbls and in particular, ctx-m producing salmonella iso ...201627065989
impacts of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and its speg gene on the transcriptomes of in vitro m cells and caco-2 cells.microfold or membranous (m) cells are specialized intestinal epithelial cells responsible for host immunity. the speg mutant of salmonella typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a nonreplicating strain within human cells to be a candidate vaccine vector for interacting with m cells. we conducted this study to identify the genes are differently expressed between in vitro m cells and caco-2 cells, and to determine whether s. typhimurium and speg affect the transcriptomes of both cell types. in vitro m ce ...201627064787
multiple roles of putrescine and spermidine in stress resistance and virulence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.polyamines (putrescine and spermidine) are small-cationic amines ubiquitous in nature and present in most living cells. in recent years they have been linked to virulence of several human pathogens including shigella spp and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium). central to s. typhimurium virulence is the ability to survive and replicate inside macrophages and resisting the antimicrobial attacks in the form of oxidative and nitrosative stress elicited from these cells. in the ...201627041598
salmonella typhimurium infection primes a nutriprive mechanism in piglets.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is an important cause of acute food- borne zoonoses worldwide, typically carried by pigs. it is well known that salmonella has evolved a wide array of strategies enabling it to invade the host, but little information is available on the specific host responses to salmonella infections. in the present study, we used an in vivo approach (involving piglets infected with a virulent or an attenuated s. typhimurium strain) coupled to histologica ...201627016766
immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy induced by outer membrane proteins from salmonella typhimurium mutants with truncated lps in mice.lipopolysaccharide (lps) is a major virulence factor present in the outer membrane of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium). outer membrane proteins (omps) from salmonella show high immunogenicity and provide protection against salmonella infection, and truncated lps alters the outer membrane composition of the cell wall. in our previous study, we demonstrated that salmonella mutants carrying truncated lps failed to induce strong immune responses and cross-reaction to other en ...201627011167
antioxidant defense by thioredoxin can occur independently of canonical thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase enzymatic activity.the thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase cxxc catalytic domain of thioredoxin contributes to antioxidant defense in phylogenetically diverse organisms. we find that although the oxidoreductase activity of thioredoxin-1 protects salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from hydrogen peroxide in vitro, it does not appear to contribute to salmonella's antioxidant defenses in vivo. nonetheless, thioredoxin-1 defends salmonella from oxidative stress resulting from nadph phagocyte oxidase macrophage expressi ...201626997275
increased efficacy of inactivated vaccine candidates prepared with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains of predominant genotypes in ducks.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium has been a major causative agent of food-borne human disease, mainly due to consumption of contaminated food animal products. in particular, ducks serve as a reservoir of serovar typhimurium, and are one of the common sources of human infection. to prevent infection of ducks, and therefore minimize human infection, it is critical to control the persistent epidemic strains in ducks. here, we analyzed the genetic diversity and virulence of serovar typhimuriu ...201626994209
specific monoclonal antibody overcomes the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium's adaptive mechanisms of intramacrophage survival and replication.salmonella-specific antibodies play an important role in host immunity; however, the mechanisms of salmonella clearance by pathogen-specific antibodies remain to be completely elucidated since previous studies on antibody-mediated protection have yielded inconsistent results. these inconsistencies are at least partially attributable to the use of polyclonal antibodies against salmonella antigens. here, we developed a new monoclonal antibody (mab)-449 and identified its related immunogen that pro ...201626986057
proteomic insight into the effects of the salmonella ubiquitin ligase slrp on host cells.the virulence of the human and animal pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is dependent on two type iii secretion systems. these systems translocate proteins called effectors into eukaryotic host cells. slrp is a salmonella type iii secretion effector with ubiquitin ligase activity. here, we used two complementary proteomic approaches, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and itraq (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification) to study the consequences of the presence of sl ...201626966069
global genomic epidemiology of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104.it has been 30 years since the initial emergence and subsequent rapid global spread of multidrug-resistant salmonella entericaserovar typhimurium dt104 (mdr dt104). nonetheless, its origin and transmission route have never been revealed. we used whole-genome sequencing (wgs) and temporally structured sequence analysis within a bayesian framework to reconstruct temporal and spatial phylogenetic trees and estimate the rates of mutation and divergence times of 315s typhimurium dt104 isolates sample ...201626944846
characterization of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates from pigs and pig environment-related sources and evidence of new circulating monophasic strains in spain.a total of 117 salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and 59 monophasic salmonella typhimurium (s. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-) strains isolated between 2008 and 2012 from pig, wild bird, rodent, and farm environment samples from the northeast of spain were characterized by phage typing, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis in order to evaluate their phenotypic and genetic relatedness. in salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-, the most prevalent phage ...201626939650
optimizing salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium for bacteria-mediated tumor therapy.bacteria-mediated tumor therapy using salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a therapeutic option with great potential. numerous studies explored the potential of salmonella typhimurium for therapeutic applications, however reconciling safety with vectorial efficacy remains a major issue. recently we have described a conditionally attenuated salmonella vector that is based on genetic lipopolysaccharide modification. this vector combines strong attenuation with appropriate anti-tumor properti ...201626939530
detection of a novel gyrb mutation associated with fluoroquinolone-nonsusceptible salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from a bloodstream infection in ghana.a multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was isolated from the blood of a hospitalized child in ghana. dna sequencing identified a novel gyrb mutation at codon 466 (glu466asp). an increase in fluoroquinolone susceptibility after the introduction of a wild-type gyrb(+) allele demonstrated that the gyrb466 mutation had a direct effect on fluoroquinolone susceptibility.201626933021
determination of the stoichiometry of the complete bacterial type iii secretion needle complex using a combined quantitative proteomic approach.precisely knowing the stoichiometry of their components is critical for investigating structure, assembly, and function of macromolecular machines. this has remained a technical challenge in particular for large, hydrophobic membrane-spanning protein complexes. here, we determined the stoichiometry of a type iii secretion system of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium using two complementary protocols of gentle complex purification combined with peptide concatenated standard and synthetic sta ...201626900162
intestinal long-chain fatty acids act as a direct signal to modulate expression of the salmonella pathogenicity island 1 type iii secretion system.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium uses the salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1) type iii secretion system (t3ss) to induce inflammatory diarrhea and bacterial uptake into intestinal epithelial cells. the expression of hila, encoding the transcriptional activator of the t3ss structural genes, is directly controlled by three arac-like regulators, hild, hilc, and rtsa, each of which can activate hild, hilc, rtsa, and hila genes, forming a complex feed-forward regulatory loop. expression o ...201626884427
an orally administered dna vaccine targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 inhibits lung carcinoma growth.lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality and 5-year survival rate is very low worldwide. recent studies show that vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (vegfr-3) signaling pathway contributes to lung cancer progression. so we hypothesize that an oral dna vaccine that targets vegfr-3 carried by attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain sl3261 has impacts on lung cancer progression. in this study, the oral vegfr-3-based vaccine-immunized mice showed appreciable inhibit ...201626376999
laboratory-acquired infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium exposed by whole-genome sequencing.despite advances in laboratory design, professional training, and workplace biosafety guidelines, laboratory-acquired infections continue to occur. effective tools are required to investigate cases and prevent future illness. here, we demonstrate the value of whole-genome sequencing as a tool for the identification and source attribution of laboratory-acquired salmonellosis.201626511736
salmonella co-opts host cell chaperone-mediated autophagy for intracellular growth.salmonella enterica are invasive intracellular pathogens that replicate within a membrane-bound compartment inside infected host cells known as the salmonella-containing vacuole. how salmonella obtains nutrients for growth within this intracellular niche despite the apparent isolation is currently not known. recent studies have indicated the importance of glucose and related carbon sources for tissue colonization and intracellular proliferation within host cells during salmonella infections, alt ...201727932462
cyclic amp inhibits the activity and promotes the acetylation of acetyl-coa synthetase through competitive binding to the atp/amp pocket.the high-affinity biosynthetic pathway for converting acetate to acetyl-coenzyme a (acetyl-coa) is catalyzed by the central metabolic enzyme acetyl-coenzyme a synthetase (acs), which is finely regulated both at the transcriptional level via cyclic amp (camp)-driven trans-activation and at the post-translational level via acetylation inhibition. in this study, we discovered that camp directly binds to salmonella enterica acs (seacs) and inhibits its activity in a substrate-competitive manner. in ...201727974467
characterization of o-antigen delivered by generalized modules for membrane antigens (gmma) vaccine candidates against nontyphoidal salmonella.invasive nontyphoidal salmonella disease (ints) is a leading cause of death and morbidity in africa. the most common pathogens are salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium and enteritidis. the o-antigen portion of their lipopolysaccharide is a target of protective immunity and vaccines targeting o-antigen are currently in development. here we investigate the use of generalized modules for membrane antigens (gmma) as delivery system for s. typhimurium and s. enteritidis o-antigen. gram-negative b ...201727998639
detection of salmonella enterica in meat in less than 5 hours by a low-cost and noncomplex sample preparation method.salmonella is recognized as one of the most important foodborne bacteria and has wide health and socioeconomic impacts worldwide. fresh pork meat is one of the main sources of salmonella, and efficient and fast methods for detection are therefore necessary. current methods for salmonella detection in fresh meat usually include >16 h of culture enrichment, in a few cases <12 h, thus requiring at least two working shifts. here, we report a rapid (<5 h) and high-throughput method for screening of s ...201727986726
salmonella enterica serotype napoli is the first cause of invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis in lombardy, italy (2010-2014), and belongs to typhi subclade.salmonella enterica serotype napoli (s. napoli) is currently emerging in europe and particularly in italy, where in 2014 it caused a large outbreak associated with elevated rates of bacteremia. however, no study has yet investigated its invasive ability and phylogenetic classification. here, we show that between 2010 and 2014, s. napoli was the first cause of invasive salmonellosis affecting 40 cases out of 687 (invasive index: 5.8%), which is significantly higher than the invasive index of all ...201727982698
high occurrence and unusual serotype diversity of non-typhoidal salmonella in non-clinical niches, angola.non-typhoidal salmonella is an important burden, particularly in developing countries of the african region. we report for the first time in angola, a sub-saharan african country with commercial/travel relationships with europe, an unexpectedly high occurrence of salmonella (n = 12/63, 19%) from a high diversity of sources, particularly farm and wild animals. the detection of diverse serotypes (n = 12), involving putative new s. enterica subsp. salamae serotypes, is also of note, reinforcing the ...201728004619
fowl typhoid in laying hens cause hepatic oxidative stress.the aim of this study was to analyses nitric oxide, antioxidant status, and oxidative profile in the liver of laying hens naturally infected by salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar gallinarum (s. gallinarum). the nitrite/nitrate (nox), reactive oxygen species (ros), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (tbars), catalase (cat), glutathione reductase (gr), glutathione peroxidase (gpx) and glutathione s-transferase (gst) activities were measured in liver samples, as well the biomarkers of ...201728027943
draft genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant cmy-2-producing salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar minnesota st3088 isolated from chicken meat. 201728017672
increased secretion of exopolysaccharide and virulence potential of a mucoid variant of salmonella enterica serovar montevideo under environmental stress.during an investigation to increase the recovery of salmonella enterica from oregano, an increased expression of exopolysaccharide was induced in salmonella serovar montevideo. the atypical mucoid (sal242s) and the non-mucoid (sal242) strains of montevideo were compared and characterized using various methods. serotyping analysis demonstrated that both strains are the same serovar montevideo. electron microscopy (em) of cultured sal242s cells revealed the production of a prominent eps-like struc ...201728012986
antimicrobial resistance patterns of bovine salmonella enterica isolates submitted to the wisconsin veterinary diagnostic laboratory: 2006-2015.salmonellosis on the dairy continues to have a significant effect on animal health and productivity and in the united states. additionally, salmonella enterica ssp. enterica causes an estimated 1.2 million cases of human illness annually. contributing to the morbidity and mortality in both human and domestic animal species is emergence of antimicrobial resistance by salmonella species and increased incidence of multidrug-resistant isolates. this study describes serotype distribution and the anti ...201728012630
longitudinal study of salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- shedding in five australian pig herds.the shedding patterns of salmonella spp. and mlva profiles of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica (i) serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:- were monitored in a 12-month longitudinal observational study of five pig herds to inform management; provide indications of potential hazard load at slaughter; and assist evaluation of mlva for use by animal and public health practitioners. twenty pooled faecal samples, stratified by age group, were collected quarterly. when salmonella was cultured, multiple colonies ...201728010904
identification of unannotated small genes in salmonella.increasing evidence indicates that many, if not all, small genes encoding proteins ≤100 aa are missing in annotations of bacterial genomes currently available. to uncover unannotated small genes in the model bacterium salmonella enterica typhimurium 14028s, we used the genomic technique ribosome profiling, which provides a snapshot of all mrnas being translated (translatome) in a given growth condition. for comprehensive identification of unannotated small genes, we obtained salmonella translato ...201728122954
novel temperate phages of salmonella enterica subsp. salamae and subsp. diarizonae and their activity against pathogenic s. enterica subsp. enterica isolates.forty strains of salmonella enterica (s. enterica) subspecies salamae (ii), arizonae (iiia), diarizonae (iiib), and houtenae (iv) were isolated from human or environmental samples and tested for bacteriophage production. production of bacteriophages was observed in 15 s. enterica strains (37.5%) belonging to either the subspecies salamae (8 strains) or diarizonae (7 strains). activity of phages was tested against 52 pathogenic s. enterica subsp. enterica isolates and showed that phages produced ...201728118395
probiotic bacteria prevent salmonella - induced suppression of lymphoproliferation in mice by an immunomodulatory mechanism.salmonella enterica infections often exhibit a form of immune evasion. we previously observed that probiotic bacteria could prevent inhibition of lymphoproliferation and apoptosis responses of t cells associated with s. enterica infections in orally challenged mice.201728356067
antimicrobial susceptibility profile, treatment outcome and serotype distribution of clinical isolates of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica: a 2-year study from kerala, south india.typhoid and paratyphoid fever continue to be important causes of illness and death in parts of asia, being associated with poor sanitation and consumption of unsafe food and water. antimicrobial resistance has emerged to traditional first-line drugs, namely, the fluoroquinolones, as well as to third-generation cephalosporins, posing challenges to treatment. azithromycin has proven to be an effective alternative for treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever. the purpose of this study was to determ ...201728352198
draft genome sequence of salmonellaenterica serovar typhi imr_tp298/15, a strain with intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, isolated from a typhoid outbreak.salmonella enterica serovar typhi with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin is increasingly being reported globally. an outbreak caused by salmonella typhi with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility has not been reported before in malaysia. we present here the annotated draft genome of a salmonella typhi strain involved in a typhoid outbreak.201728254988
genome sequences of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis strains from hungary representing two peak incidence periods in three decades.four strains of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis isolated from humans (1980 to 1982) and broiler chickens (2016) have been sequenced. they represent the early and recent peak incidences of this serovar in hungary. genome sequences of these isolates provide comparative data on the evolution and rise of an endemic s infantis clone in hungary.201728254986
prevalence, serotyping and antimicrobials resistance mechanism of salmonella enterica isolated from clinical and environmental samples in saudi arabia.salmonella is recognized as a common foodborne pathogen, causing major health problems in saudi arabia. herein, we report epidemiology, antimicrobial susceptibility and the genetic basis of resistance among s. enterica strains isolated in saudi arabia. isolation of salmonella spp. from clinical and environmental samples resulted in isolation of 33 strains identified as s. enterica based on their biochemical characteristics and 16s-rdna sequences. s. enterica serovar enteritidis showed highest pr ...201728245965
salmonella in the pork production chain and its impact on human health in the european union.salmonella spp. comprise the second most common food-borne pathogens in the european union (eu). the role of pigs as carriers of salmonella has been intensively studied both on farm and at slaughter. salmonella infection in pigs may cause fever, diarrhoea, prostration and mortality. however, most infected pigs remain healthy carriers, and those infected at the end of the fattening period could pose a threat to human health. contamination of pig carcasses can occur on the slaughter line, and it i ...201728241896
salmonella enterica remodels the host cell endosomal system for efficient intravacuolar nutrition.salmonella enterica is a facultative intracellular pathogen that survives and proliferates in the salmonella-containing vacuole (scv), yet how these vacuolar bacteria acquire nutrition remains to be determined. intracellular salmonella convert the host endosomal system into an extensive network of interconnected tubular vesicles, of which salmonella-induced filaments (sifs) are the most prominent. we found that membranes and lumen of sifs and scvs form a continuum, giving vacuolar salmonella acc ...201728238623
multinational outbreak of travel-related salmonella chester infections in europe, summers 2014 and 2015.between 2014 and 2015, the european centre for disease prevention and control was informed of an increase in numbers of salmonella enterica serotype chester cases with travel to morocco occurring in six european countries. epidemiological and microbiological investigations were conducted. in addition to gathering information on the characteristics of cases from the different countries in 2014, the epidemiological investigation comprised a matched case-case study involving french patients with sa ...201728230522
occurrence, characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella enterica in slaughtered pigs in sardinia.the aim of this study was to determine salmonella occurrence in slaughtered finishing pigs and piglets and in slaughterhouse environment in order to characterize the isolates with phenotypical (antimicrobial testing) and molecular (pfge, mlva) methods. nine slaughterhouses located in sardinia were visited. six hundred and eight samples collected from 106 pigs and 108 environmental samples were collected and analyzed. salmonella was isolated in 65 of 504 (12.9%) samples from finishing pigs, with ...201728226178
virulent nontyphoidal salmonella producing ctx-m and cmy-2 β-lactamases from livestock, food and human infection, brazil. 201728102761
rapid concentration detection and differentiation of bacteria in skimmed milk using surface enhanced raman scattering mapping on 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid functionalized silver dendrites.a novel method was developed to rapidly concentrate, detect, and differentiate bacteria in skimmed milk using surface enhanced raman scattering (sers) mapping on 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-mpba) functionalized silver (ag) dendrites. the 4-mpba functionalized ag dendritic sers substrate was used to capture the bacterial cells and enhance the bacterial signal. salmonella, a significantly important food pathogen, was used as the representative strain to optimize and evaluate the developed meth ...201728091716
nmr line-fitting quantification of polysaccharide n-acylurea-based modification in glycoconjugates of salmonella typhi vi polysaccharide.the polysaccharides modification via carbodiimide reaction is one of the most applied methods for obtaining conjugated vaccines against salmonella enterica. however, n-acylurea carbodiimide adduct generated in the process is a critical impurity in carbohydrate-based vaccines. a quantitative nmr method was developed for assessing the n-acylurea carbodiimide adduct impurity. the procedure was based on line-fitting facilities for processing the nmr signals on complex spectra. the method showed good ...201728087987
effect of in vivo neutralization of tumor necrosis alpha on the efficacy of antibiotic treatment in systemic salmonella enterica infections.immunity can co-operate with antibiotics, but can also antagonize drug efficacy by segregating the bacteria to areas of the body that are less accessible to antimicrobials, and by selecting for subpopulations with low division rates that are often difficult to eradicate. we studied the effect of an anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive anti-tnfα treatment, which accelerates bacterial growth in the tissues and inhibits or reverses the formation of granulomas, on the efficacy of ampicillin and cipro ...201728087648
mangrovibacter phragmitis sp. nov., an endophyte isolated from the roots of phragmites karka.a facultative anaerobic, gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, nitrogen fixing, endophytic bacterial strain mp23t was isolated from the roots of phragmites karka growing in chilika lagoon, odisha, india. strain mp23t was slightly halophilic and optimal nacl concentration and temperature for growth was 1% and 30°c, respectively. on the basis of 16s rrna gene sequence similarities, strain mp23t was affiliated to family enterobacteriaceae and most closely related to mangrovibacter yixingensis kctc 42181 ...201728086074
in vitro development of ciprofloxacin resistance of salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium, enteritidis, and indiana isolates from food animals.difference in the development of resistance may be associated with the epidemiological spread and drug resistance of different salmonella enterica serovar strains. in the present study, three susceptible s. enterica serovars, typhimurium (st), enteritidis (se), and indiana (si) strains, were subjected to stepwise selection with increasing ciprofloxacin concentrations. the results indicated that the mutation frequencies of the si group were 10(1)-10(4) higher and developed resistance to ciproflox ...201728085562
ssek1 and ssek3 type iii secretion system effectors inhibit nf-κb signaling and necroptotic cell death in salmonella-infected macrophages.within host cells such as macrophages, salmonella enterica translocates virulence (effector) proteins across its vacuolar membrane via the spi-2 type iii secretion system. previously, it was shown that when expressed ectopically, the effectors ssek1 and ssek3 inhibit tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α)-induced nf-κb activation. in this study, we show that ectopically expressed ssek1, ssek2, and ssek3 suppress tnf-α-induced, but not toll-like receptor 4- or interleukin-induced, nf-κb activation. ...201728069818
[bovine lactoferrin decreases the invasion of salmonella enterica to hep-2 cells].to assess the effect of bovine lactoferrin (blf) on the invasion of salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium to hep-2 cells.201728062866
qseb mediates biofilm formation and invasion in salmonella enterica serovar typhi.qseb is a response regulator of the qsebc two-component system (tcs) which is associated with quorum sensing and functions as a global regulator of flagella, biofilm formation, and virulence. the function of qseb and its interaction with qsec has been the subject of study in some organisms, however, little work was done in salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi). the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of qseb on biofilm formation and virulence in s. typhi. it showed that ...201728062286
in vivo cleavage map illuminates the central role of rnase e in coding and non-coding rna pathways.understanding rna processing and turnover requires knowledge of cleavages by major endoribonucleases within a living cell. we have employed tier-seq (transiently inactivating an endoribonuclease followed by rna-seq) to profile cleavage products of the essential endoribonuclease rnase e in salmonella enterica. a dominating cleavage signature is the location of a uridine two nucleotides downstream in a single-stranded segment, which we rationalize structurally as a key recognition determinant that ...201728061332
rna-seq unveils new attributes of the heterogeneous salmonella-host cell communication.high-throughput rna sequencing (rna-seq) has uncovered hundreds of small rnas and complex modes of rna regulation in every bacterium analyzed to date. this complexity agrees with the adaptability of most bacteria to varied environments including, in the case of pathogens, the new niches encountered in the host. recent rna-seq studies have analyzed simultaneously gene expression in the intracellular pathogen salmonella enterica and infected host cells at population and single-cell level. distinct ...201728045572
spectroscopic studies of the eutt adenosyltransferase from salmonella enterica: evidence of a tetrahedrally coordinated divalent transition metal cofactor with cysteine ligation.the eutt enzyme from salmonella enterica, a member of the family of atp:cobalt(i) corrinoid adenosyltransferase (acat) enzymes, requires a divalent transition metal ion for catalysis, with fe(ii) yielding the highest activity. eutt contains a unique cysteine-rich hx11ccx2c(83) motif (where h and the last c occupy the 67th and 83rd positions, respectively, in the amino acid sequence) not found in other acats and employs an unprecedented mechanism for the formation of adenosylcobalamin. recent kin ...201728045498
empirical testing of modified salmonella mlst in aquatic environmental samples by in silico analysis.multilocus sequence typing (mlst) is an approach for prediction of salmonella servoar and ebrust groups (ebgs) based on seven typing scheme of housekeeping genes. up to date, >220.000 allelic profiles and 65,973 salmonella strains have been established in the mlst database. several studies have modified mlst method with fewer targeted housekeeping genes for the purpose of economy and efficiency. nevertheless, no study has conducted systematically to evaluate the correlation between the numbers o ...201728043703
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in salmonella enterica isolated from broiler chickens, pigs and meat products in thailand-cambodia border provinces.this study aimed to examine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (amr) of salmonella isolates from broiler chickens, pigs and their associated meat products in the thailand-cambodia border provinces. a total of 941 samples were collected from pigs and broiler chickens at slaughter houses and from carcasses at local fresh markets in sa kaeo, thailand (n = 554) and banteay meanchey, cambodia (n = 387) in 2014 and 2015. from these samples, 345 salmonella isolates were collected from sa keao ...201728042666
short communication: characterization of salmonella phages from dairy calves on farms with history of diarrhea.salmonella enterica can cause disease and mortality in calves. this pathogen is also a zoonosis that can be transmitted by animal contact or by food. the prevalence of salmonella in dairy farms has been reported to range from 0 to 64%, and, due to the diversity of salmonella serovars that can be circulating, salmonella is an important concern for dairy production. bacteriophages that infect salmonella have been documented to be abundant and widely distributed in the dairy environment. the curren ...201728041722
spread of a major clone of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis in poultry and in salmonellosis outbreaks in southern brazil.salmonella spp. are among the most important agents of foodborne diseases all over the world. human salmonella outbreaks are often associated with the consumption of poultry products (meat and eggs), and one of the most prevalent serotypes associated with these products is salmonella enteritidis. brazil is one of the most important poultry exporters in the world. in southern brazil, three closely related clones of salmonella enteritidis have been responsible for the majority of foodborne salmone ...201728221880
antimicrobial drug resistance and genetic properties of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis circulating in chicken farms in tunisia.this study focused on 77 isolates of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis collected during 2009 to 2013 from healthy and sick chickens and environmental farm samples in tunisia. resistance to 14 antimicrobials and the encoding genes were analyzed. 66, 26, 6.5, 3.9 and 1.3% were pan-susceptible or showed resistance to nalidixic acid (asp87 to tyr and asp87 to asn substitutions in gyra), ampicillin (blatem-1-like and blashv), sulfonamides (sul1and sul3) and streptomycin (strb), respectively. a ...201728215920
comparative responses of chicken macrophages to infection with salmonella enterica serovars. 201728204713
salmonella enterica serotype typhi bacteremia complicating pregnancy in the third trimester.background. salmonella enterica serotype typhi (s. typhi) is an anaerobic gram-negative enteric rod that causes infection when contaminated food or water is ingested and may cause illness in pregnancy. case. this is a patient who presented at 31 weeks' gestation with abdominal pain and fever and was diagnosed with s. typhi bacteremia. conclusion. s. typhi should be considered in febrile patients with recent travel presenting with abdominal discomfort with or without elevated liver enzymes.201728203469
epidemiological, molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of salmonella enterica serovars isolated from chicken farms in egypt.salmonella is one of major causes of foodborne outbreaks globally. this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence, typing and antibiotic susceptibilities of salmonella enterica serovars isolated from 41 broiler chicken farms located in kafr el-sheikh province in northern egypt during 2014-2015. the clinical signs and mortalities were observed.201728203289
antimicrobial resistance percentages of salmonella and shigella in seafood imported to jordan: higher percentages and more diverse profiles in shigella.this study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of human-specific ( shigella spp.) and zoonotic ( salmonella enterica ) foodborne pathogens in internationally traded seafood. sixty-four salmonella and 61 shigella isolates were obtained from 330 imported fresh fish samples from egypt, yemen, and india. the pathogens were isolated on selective media, confirmed by pcr, and tested for antimicrobial resistance. approximately 79 and 98% of the salmonella and shigella isolates, respec ...201728199151
development and validation of a cultural method for the detection and isolation of salmonella in cloves.detection of salmonella in some spices, such as cloves, remains a challenge due to their inherent antimicrobial properties. the purpose of this study was to develop an effective detection method for salmonella from spices using cloves as a model. two clove varieties, ceylon and madagascar, were used in the study. cloves were inoculated with salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes montevideo, typhimurium, or weltevreden at about 1, 3, or 6 log cfu/25 g. two test portion sizes, 10 and 25 g, ...201728199150
incidence of invasive salmonella disease in sub-saharan africa: a multicentre population-based surveillance study.available incidence data for invasive salmonella disease in sub-saharan africa are scarce. standardised, multicountry data are required to better understand the nature and burden of disease in africa. we aimed to measure the adjusted incidence estimates of typhoid fever and invasive non-typhoidal salmonella (ints) disease in sub-saharan africa, and the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the causative agents.201728193398
salmonella inactivation during extrusion of an oat flour model food.little research exists on salmonella inactivation during extrusion processing, yet many outbreaks associated with low water activity foods since 2006 were linked to extruded foods. the aim of this research was to study salmonella inactivation during extrusion of a model cereal product. oat flour was inoculated with salmonella enterica serovar agona, an outbreak strain isolated from puffed cereals, and processed using a single-screw extruder at a feed rate of 75 kg/h and a screw speed of 500 rpm. ...201728192610
first detection of salmonella enterica serovar napoli in kennel dogs in italy. 201728188162
comparison of the antimicrobial and sanitizer resistance of salmonella isolates from chicken slaughter processes in korea.salmonella is a foodborne pathogen worldwide. outbreaks of salmonella are commonly associated with consumption of contaminated foods such as poultry products. therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the occurrence, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and sanitizer resistance of salmonella enterica isolated from chicken carcasses. a total of 318 samples were collected from 15 chicken slaughterhouses in 8 provinces of korea. they were then examined for salmonella contaminatio ...201728178381
the mals-5'utr regulates hisg, a key gene in the histidine biosynthetic pathway in salmonella enterica serovar typhi.bacterial noncoding rnas (ncrna) regulate diverse cellular processes, including virulence and environmental fitness. the mals 5' untranslated region (named mals-5'utr) was identified as a regulatory ncrna that increases the invasive capacity of salmonella enterica serovar typhi. an intarna search suggested base pairing between mals-5'utr and hisg mrna, a key gene in the histidine biosynthetic pathway. overexpression of mals-5'utr markedly reduced bacterial growth in minimal medium without histid ...201728177798
identification of the crucial genes in the elimination and survival process of salmonella enterica ser. pullorum in the chicken spleen.salmonella enterica ser. pullorum is one of the most easily re-infecting pathogens in poultry production because of its mechanism of escaping from immune elimination. we used the transcriptome method to investigate the variation in gene expression in chicken spleen resulting from the interaction between hosts and s. pullorum in the survival process. the expression of various genes related to the maturation and activation of b cells was activated before s. pullorum was eliminated, which might hel ...201728176342
salmonella enterica serovar typhi lipopolysaccharide o-antigen modification impact on serum resistance and antibody recognition.salmonella enterica serovar typhi is a human-restricted gram-negative bacterial pathogen responsible for causing an estimated 27 million cases of typhoid fever annually, leading to 217,000 deaths, and current vaccines do not offer full protection. the o-antigen side chain of the lipopolysaccharide is an immunodominant antigen, can define host-pathogen interactions, and is under consideration as a vaccine target for some gram-negative species. the composition of the o-antigen can be modified by t ...201728167670
utilization of a molecular serotyping method for salmonella enterica in a routine laboratory in alberta canada.salmonella is one of the most common enteric pathogens related to foodborne illness. alberta's provincial laboratory for public health (provlab) provides outbreak and surveillance support by performing serotyping. the check&trace salmonella™ (cts) assay (check-points, netherlands), a commercial dna microarray system, can determine the serotype designation of a salmonella isolate with automated interpretation. here we evaluate 1028 salmonella isolates of human clinical or environmental sources in ...201728159627
homologous prime-boost immunization with live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg and its preventive efficacy against experimental challenge with various strains of s. senftenberg.the heterogeneity observed regarding persistence, and subsequent fecal shedding pattern of the salmonella senftenberg (s. senftenberg) serovar in chicken's calls for development of the optimized immunization strategy which can provide protection against various s. senftenberg isolated. optimization of an immunization strategy with a live attenuated s. senftenberg (δlon and δcpxr) vaccine candidate (jol1587) was undertaken in this study to evaluate the ability of a homologous prime-boost immuniza ...201728143524
cattle-derived salmonella enterica serovar dublin infections in red foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) in tyrol, austria.salmonella enterica serovar dublin is endemic in the cattle population in some areas of the austrian province tyrol, and each year single dairy farms have experienced clinical infections. to ascertain if tyrolean red foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) act as a reservoir for salmonella spp., we tested hepatic tissue and intestinal content from foxes hunted in the years 2015-16 by using microbiological methods. in addition, we included several fox fecal samples collected on a mountain pasture near chamois ca ...201728139955
a whole-genome sequencing approach to study cefoxitin-resistant salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg isolates from various sources.this study characterized cefoxitin-resistant and -susceptible salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg strains from humans, abattoir poultry, and retail poultry to assess the molecular relationships of isolates from these sources in québec in 2012. isolates were collected as part of the canadian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance (cipars). all isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, pcr for cmy-2, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and whole ...201728137797
a live attenuated mutant of salmonella montevideo triggers il-6, ifn-γ and il-12 cytokines that co-related with humoral and cellular immune responses required for reduction of challenge bacterial load in experimental chickens.a live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar montevideo (sm) mutant jol1599 was constructed by deletion of virulence-associated genes. the protective efficacy and immune response profiles of chickens immunized with jol1599 were investigated. immunized chickens demonstrated significant increases in plasma igg and lymphocyte proliferative responses (p≤0.05). increased levels of il-6, inf-γ, and il-12 were also observed. immunized birds strongly responded to infection by rapid stimulation of a cd4 ...201728131368
international outbreak of multiple salmonella serotype infections linked to sprouted chia seed powder - usa and canada, 2013-2014.salmonella is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness. we report the collaborative investigative efforts of us and canadian public health officials during the 2013-2014 international outbreak of multiple salmonella serotype infections linked to sprouted chia seed powder. the investigation included open-ended interviews of ill persons, traceback, product testing, facility inspections, and trace forward. ninety-four persons infected with outbreak strains from 16 states and four provinces we ...201728318456
comparative subproteomic analysis of clinically acquired fluoroquinolone resistance and ciprofloxacin stress in salmonella typhimurium dt104b.antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide public health threat and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium phage type dt104b multiresistant strains with additional quinolone resistance have been responsible for global outbreaks and high mortality. quinolone resistance is known to be multifactorial but is still far from a complete understanding. to give new insights about the resistance mechanisms involved, this work aimed to evaluate subproteome changes between a s. typhimurium dt ...201728314077
importance of salmonella typhi-responsive cd8+ t cell immunity in a human typhoid fever challenge model.typhoid fever, caused by the human-restricted organism salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), constitutes a major global health problem. the development of improved attenuated vaccines is pressing, but delayed by the lack of appropriate preclinical models. herein, we report that high levels of s. typhi-responsive cd8+ t cells at baseline significantly correlate with an increased risk of disease in humans challenged with a high dose (~10(4) cfu) wild-type s. typhi. typhoid fever developmen ...201728303138
genome sequences of four nonhuman/nonclinical salmonella enterica serovar kentucky st198 isolates recovered between 1972 and 1973.salmonella enterica serovar kentucky is a polyphyletic member of s. enterica subclade a1 with multiple sequence types that often colonize the same hosts but in different frequencies on different continents. to evaluate the genomic features involved in s kentucky host specificity, we sequenced the genomes of four isolates recovered in the 1970s.201728302786
complete genome and methylome sequences of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars typhimurium, saintpaul, and stanleyville from the sara/sarb collection.in this announcement, we report the complete genome and methylome sequences of three salmonella enterica strains from the sara and sarb collection: s. enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium (sara13), s. enterica subsp. enterica serovar saintpaul (sara26), and s. enterica subsp. enterica serovar stanleyville (sarb61).201728302778
kidney allograft pyelonephritis caused by salmonella enterica serovar schwarzengrund.kidney transplant recipients (ktrs) taking immunosuppressive drugs have a 20-fold greater risk of nontyphoidal salmonella (nts) infection than the healthy adult population. among ktrs, the urinary tract is the most common site of infection. however, few cases of urinary tract infection caused by nts have been documented in ktrs, and only one in japan. furthermore, it frequently induces acute allograft rejection with high mortality. salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar schwarzengrund (s. s ...201728302440
investigation of salmonella enteritidis outbreak associated with truffle oil - district of columbia, 2015.on september 8, 2015, the district of columbia department of health (dcdoh) received a call from a person who reported experiencing gastrointestinal illness after eating at a district of columbia (dc) restaurant with multiple locations throughout the united states (restaurant a). later the same day, a local emergency department notified dcdoh to report four persons with gastrointestinal illness, all of whom had eaten at restaurant a during august 30-september 5. two patients had laboratory-confi ...201728301453
a secretion-amplification role for salmonella enterica translocon protein sipd.the bacterial type iii secretion system (t3ss) is an important target for enabling high-titer production of proteins of biotechnological interest as well as for synthetic biology applications that rely on protein delivery to host cells. the t3ss forms a membrane-embedded needle complex that is capped by the translocon proteins and extends into the extracellular space. the needle tip complex in salmonella enterica consists of three translocon proteins: sipb, sipc, and sipd. it is known that knock ...201728301138
draft genome sequence of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar brancaster strain ps01 isolated from chicken meat, malaysia.salmonella spp. represent one of the main diarrhoeal pathogens that are transmitted via the food supply chain. here we report the draft genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar brancaster (ps01) that was isolated from poultry meat in malaysia.201728300643
low prevalence of salmonella enterica in cull dairy cattle at slaughter in northern italy.in order to evaluate salmonella carrier status of cull dairy cattle at slaughter, 125 animals were randomly selected during the period february-may 2016. dairy cows were reared in 89 farms located in two regions of northern italy (lombardy and emilia-romagna regions), where bovine milk is primarily used for parmigiano-reggiano cheese and grana padano cheese production. samples were collected by swabbing a 400-cm(2) area of the brisket hide and by rectoanal mucosal swabs. they were tested followi ...201728299287
inferring source attribution from a multiyear multisource data set of salmonella in minnesota.salmonella enterica is a global health concern because of its widespread association with foodborne illness. bayesian models have been developed to attribute the burden of human salmonellosis to specific sources with the ultimate objective of prioritizing intervention strategies. important considerations of source attribution models include the evaluation of the quality of input data, assessment of whether attribution results logically reflect the data trends and identification of patterns withi ...201728296192
survival of salmonella newport on whole and fresh-cut cucumbers treated with lytic bacteriophages.salmonella enterica associated with consumption of cucumbers ( cucumis sativus ) has led to foodborne outbreaks in the united states. whole and fresh-cut cucumbers are susceptible to s. enterica contamination during growing, harvesting, and postharvest handling. the application of lytic bacteriophages specific for s. enterica was evaluated to reduce salmonella populations on cucumbers. unwaxed cucumbers ('lisboa' variety, or mini-cucumbers purchased at retail) were inoculated with salmonella new ...201728294684
genome sequence of the thermotolerant foodborne pathogen salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg atcc 43845 and phylogenetic analysis of loci encoding increased protein quality control mechanisms.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica bacteria are important foodborne pathogens with major economic impact. some isolates exhibit increased heat tolerance, a concern for food safety. analysis of a finished-quality genome sequence of an isolate commonly used in heat resistance studies, s. enterica subsp. enterica serovar senftenberg 775w (atcc 43845), demonstrated an interesting observation that this strain contains not just one, but two horizontally acquired thermotolerance locus homologs. these ...201728293682
amino acid decarboxylase-dependent acid tolerance, selected phenotypic, and virulence gene expression responses of salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg.salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg (s. heidelberg) is one of the pathogens most frequently detected in recent years in food products from animals; here, we examine the acid tolerance of this strain. mild acid (ph5.5-5.0) induced a strong acid resistance in s. heidelberg; the induced acid resistance improved within 0.5-6h and resulted in >95% cell survival following challenge in ph3.0 medium. addition of lysine or arginine to ph2.5 acid challenge medium significantly improved the survival of ...201728290295
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