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comprehensive real-time epidemiological data from respiratory infections in finland between 2010 and 2014 obtained from an automated and multianalyte maripoc® respiratory pathogen test.respiratory viruses cause seasonal epidemics every year. several respiratory pathogens are circulating simultaneously and typical symptoms of different respiratory infections are alike, meaning it is challenging to identify and diagnose different respiratory pathogens based on symptoms alone. maripoc® is an automated, multianalyte antigen test which allows the rapid detection of nine respiratory infection pathogens [influenza a and b viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human metapneumovi ...201626740322
human metapneumovirus infection is associated with severe respiratory disease in preschool children with history of prematurity.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a recently discovered respiratory pathogen of the family paramyxoviridae, the same family as that of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). premature children are at high risk of severe rsv infections, however, it is unclear whether hmpv infection is more severe in hospitalized children with a history of severe prematurity.201626117550
a comparison of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus who-defined severe pneumonia in moroccan children.acute respiratory infections remain the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in moroccan children. besides bacterial infections, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) are prominent among other viruses due to their high prevalence and association with severe clinical episodes. we aimed to describe and compare rsv- and hmpv-associated cases of who-defined severe pneumonia in a paediatric population admitted to morocco's reference hospital. children aged 2-59 mont ...201626143933
google flu trends in canada: a comparison of digital disease surveillance data with physician consultations and respiratory virus surveillance data, 2010-2014.the value of google flu trends (gft) remains unclear after it overestimated the proportion of physician visits related to influenza-like illness (ili) in the united states in 2012-2013. however, gft estimates (%gft) have not been examined nationally in canada nor compared with positivity for respiratory viruses other than influenza. for 2010-2014, we compared %gft for canada to public health agency of canada ili consultation rates (%phac) and to positivity for influenza a and b, respiratory sync ...201626135239
viral respiratory infections of adults in the intensive care unit.viral lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) are an underappreciated cause of critical illness in adults. recent advances in viral detection techniques over the past decade have demonstrated viral lrtis are associated with rates of morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization comparable to those of seen with bacterial community acquired and nosocomial pneumonias. in this review, we describe the relationship between viral lrtis and critical illness, as well as discuss relevant clinical f ...201625990273
what we have learned from the influenza a ph1n1 2009/10 pandemic: high clinical impact of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized pediatric patients.the influenza pandemic in 2009/2010 shifted public awareness to respiratory tract infections caused by the influenza virus. a prospective study was conducted during the influenza pandemic from november 2009 through april 2010 to determine the causative pathogens and clinical symptoms present in all children and adolescents admitted to the university children's hospital, duesseldorf, germany, with signs and symptoms of respiratory tract infection. a total of 272 children and adolescents were admi ...201625971322
contribution of fcγ receptors to human respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis and the impairment of t-cell activation by dendritic cells.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the leading cause of infant hospitalization related to respiratory disease. infection with hrsv produces abundant infiltration of immune cells into the airways, which combined with an exacerbated pro-inflammatory immune response can lead to significant damage to the lungs. human rsv re-infection is extremely frequent, suggesting that this virus may have evolved molecular mechanisms that interfere with host adaptive immunity. infection with hrsv can be ...201626451966
phosphorylation of the human respiratory syncytial virus p protein mediates m2-2 regulation of viral rna synthesis, a process that involves two p proteins.the m2-2 protein regulates the balance between human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) transcription and replication. here it is shown that m2-2 mediated transcriptional inhibition is managed through p protein phosphorylation. transcription inhibition by m2-2 of the hrsv based minigenome prsvluc, required p protein phosphorylation at serines (s) in positions 116, 117, 119 and increased inhibition is observed if s232 or s237 is also phosphorylated. phosphorylation of these residues is required f ...201626474524
dna-aunp networks on cell membranes as a protective barrier to inhibit viral attachment, entry and budding.viral infections have caused numerous diseases and deaths worldwide. due to the emergence of new viruses and frequent virus variation, conventional antiviral strategies that directly target viral or cellular proteins are limited because of the specificity, drug resistance and rapid clearance from the human body. therefore, developing safe and potent antiviral agents with activity against viral infection at multiple points in the viral life cycle remains a major challenge. in this report, we prop ...201626606447
respiratory syncytial virus infection in macaques is not suppressed by intranasal sprays of pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors.there is imperious need for efficient therapies against ubiquitous and life-threatening respiratory viruses, foremost among them being the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv). several research groups who performed functional screens for broad-spectrum antivirals identified compounds targeting the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. despite their strong antiviral activity in vitro, whether such antimetabolites are effective in vivo remains highly controversial. here, we evaluated two po ...201626593978
gm-csf treatment prevents respiratory syncytial virus-induced pulmonary exacerbation responses in postallergic mice by stimulating alveolar macrophage maturation.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a frequent cause of asthma exacerbations, yet the susceptibility of asthmatic patients to rsv is poorly understood.201626560044
human respiratory syncytial virus: role of innate immunity in clearance and disease progression.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infections have worldwide records. the virus is responsible for bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma in humans of different age groups. premature infants, young children, and immunocompromised individuals are prone to severe hrsv infection that may lead to death. based on worldwide estimations, millions of cases were reported in both developed and developing countries. in fact, hrsv symptoms develop mainly as a result of host immune response. due to inabi ...201626679242
experimental evidence and molecular modeling of the interaction between hrsv-ns1 and quercetin.human respiratory syncytial virus is one of the major causes of acute respiratory infections in children, causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia. non-structural protein 1 (ns1) is involved in immune system evasion, a process that contributes to the success of hrsv replication. this protein can act by inhibiting or neutralizing several steps of interferon pathway, as well as by silencing the hrsv ribonucleoproteic complex. there is evidence that quercetin can reduce the infection and/or replication ...201626718867
seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus in buenos aires. relationship with global climate change.global climate change circulation pattern respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). we assessed whether rsv season has changed over the past 20 years and its correlation with mean annual temperature.201626914075
[respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections in the pediatric teaching hospital charles de gaulle of ouagadougou, burkina faso].human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections are little known in burkina faso. the objective of our work is to study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of rsv infections in infants in the pediatric teaching hospital charles de gaulle of ouagadougou. between july 1(st) 2010 and june 30(th) 2011, we analyzed by direct immunofluorescence and pcr nasopharyngeal swabs from children from 0 to 36 months old. all in all, 210 patients among whom 74 from the external consultation (35.2%) and 1 ...201626821370
induction of dna double-strand breaks and cellular senescence by human respiratory syncytial virus.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) accounts for the majority of lower respiratory tract infections during infancy and childhood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. hrsv provokes a proliferation arrest and characteristic syncytia in cellular systems such as immortalized epithelial cells. we show here that hrsv induces the expression of dna damage markers and proliferation arrest such as p-tp53, p-atm, cdkn1a and γh2afx in cultured cells secondary to the production of ...201626809688
complete genome sequence of human respiratory syncytial virus isolated in mexico.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a member of the paramyxoviridae family, which causes lower respiratory tract infections in neonates and children younger than 5 years. here, we report the complete genome sequence of hrsv, isolated from a nasopharyngeal swab of a pregnant woman with cardiac complications.201626769933
isg15 is upregulated in respiratory syncytial virus infection and reduces virus growth through protein isgylation.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), for which neither a vaccine nor an effective therapeutic treatment is currently available, is the leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in children. interferon-stimulated gene 15 (isg15) is a ubiquitin-like protein that is highly increased during viral infections and has been reported to have an antiviral or a proviral activity, depending on the virus. previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated strong isg15 upregulation during ...201626763998
novel insights into human respiratory syncytial virus-host factor interactions through integrated proteomics and transcriptomics analysis.the lack of vaccine and limited antiviral options against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) highlights the need for novel therapeutic strategies. one alternative is to develop drugs that target host factors required for viral replication. several microarray and proteomics studies had been published to identify possible host factors that are affected during rsv replication. in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of rsv-host interaction, we integrated available proteome and transcriptome ...201626760927
design and validation of small interfering rna on respiratory syncytial virus m2-2 gene: a potential approach in rna interference on viral replication.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children globally and is a significant pathogen of the elderly and immunocompromised. the m2-2 protein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is particularly important in regulation of viral rna transcription and replication that could be a potential anti-viral candidate against rsv infection. in this study, we designed and validated sirnas that specifically target the rsv ...201627432115
differences in viral load among human respiratory syncytial virus genotypes in hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory infections in the philippines.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a leading viral etiologic agent of pediatric lower respiratory infections, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. two antigenic subgroups, hrsv-a and b, each contain several genotypes. while viral load may vary among hrsv genotypes and affect the clinical course of disease, data are scarce regarding the actual differences among genotypes. therefore, this study estimated and compared viral load among na1 and on1 genotypes of hrsv-a and ba9 of hrsv-b. on ...201627350282
a molecular epidemiological study of human respiratory syncytial virus in croatia, 2011-2014.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) causes common respiratory tract infections in infants, young children and the elderly. the diversity of hrsv strains circulating in croatia was investigated throughout a period of four consecutive years from march 2011-march 2014. the analysis was based on sequences from the second hypervariable region of the g gene. a predominance of hrsv group a was observed in the first three years of the study, while group b became slightly predominant during the firs ...201627340014
epidemiology and molecular characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus in senegal after four consecutive years of surveillance, 2012-2015.the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection remains poorly defined in africa. to address this, we carried out a descriptive and retrospective pilot study, with a focus on the epidemiology of rsv in senegal after 4 years of surveillance.201627315120
ferrets as a novel animal model for studying human respiratory syncytial virus infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is an important cause of severe respiratory tract disease in immunocompromised patients. animal models are indispensable for evaluating novel intervention strategies in this complex patient population. to complement existing models in rodents and non-human primates, we have evaluated the potential benefits of an hrsv infection model in ferrets (mustela putorius furo). nine- to 12-month-old hrsv-seronegative immunocompetent or immunocompromised ferrets wer ...201627314379
targeting human respiratory syncytial virus transcription anti-termination factor m2-1 to inhibit in vivo viral replication.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. to date, no specific antiviral drug is available to treat or prevent this disease. here, we report that the smoothened receptor (smo) antagonist cyclopamine acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of in vitro and in vivo hrsv replication. cyclopamine inhibits hrsv through a novel, smo-independent mechanism. it specifically impairs the func ...201627194388
in hot pursuit of the first vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection, such as bronchiolitis, bronchitis, or pneumonia, in both infants and the elderly. despite the global burden of diseases attributable to rsv infection, no clinically approved vaccine is available, and a humanized monoclonal antibody for prophylaxis is not readily affordable in developing countries. there are several hurdles to the successful development of rsv vaccines: immune-vulnerable targ ...201627189271
a new real-time rt-qpcr assay for the detection, subtyping and quantification of human respiratory syncytial viruses positive- and negative-sense rnas.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major health problem and the main cause of hospitalization due to bronchiolitis. rsv is divided into two antigenic subgroups, rsv-a and -b that co-circulate worldwide. rapid and sensitive detection is desirable for proper patient handling while assessment of viral load may help to evaluate disease severity and progression. finally rsv subtyping is needed to determine the prevalence and pathogenicity of each rsv subgroup, as well as their sensitivity t ...201627180039
sixteen years of evolution of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup a in buenos aires, argentina: ga2 the prevalent genotype through the years.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the main viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) in children worldwide. in recent years, several preclinical trials with vaccine candidates have been reported. it is in this sense that molecular epidemiological studies become important. understanding viral dispersion patterns before and after the implementation of a vaccine can provide insight into the effectiveness of the control strategies. in this work we analyzed the molecula ...201627154330
structural and nonstructural viral proteins are targets of t-helper immune response against human respiratory syncytial virus.proper antiviral humoral and cellular immune responses require previous recognition of viral antigenic peptides that are bound to hla class ii molecules, which are exposed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. the helper immune response is critical for the control and the clearance of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infection, a virus with severe health risk in infected pediatric, immunocompromised, and elderly populations. in this study, using a mass spectrometry analysis of comp ...201627090790
influence of antigen conformation and mode of presentation on the antibody and protective responses against human respiratory syncytial virus: relevance for vaccine development.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) remains one of the most prevalent human pathogens for which a vaccine is still missing. after several decades of hesitant efforts, particularly after the harmful effects of a formalin-inactivated hrsv vaccine trial in the 1960s, hrsv vaccine development has received new impetus from structure-based studies of its main protective antigen: the fusion (f) glycoprotein. this article reviews studies done with hrsv f, either in pieces (e.g. epitopes) or as solu ...201627055009
ameliorating effect of dietary xylitol on human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infection.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. the lack of proper prophylactics and therapeutics for controlling hrsv infection has been of great concern worldwide. xylitol is a well-known sugar substitute and its effect against bacteria in the oral cavity is well known. however, little is known of its effect on viral infections. in this study, the effect of dietary xylitol on hrsv infection was investigated in a mouse model for the f ...201627040626
influence of respiratory syncytial virus f glycoprotein conformation on induction of protective immune responses.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) vaccine development has received new impetus from structure-based studies of its main protective antigen, the fusion (f) glycoprotein. three soluble forms of f have been described: monomeric, trimeric prefusion, and trimeric postfusion. most human neutralizing antibodies recognize epitopes found exclusively in prefusion f. although prefusion f induces higher levels of neutralizing antibodies than does postfusion f, postfusion f can also induce protection ...201627009962
respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pulmonary infection in humanized mice induces human anti-rsv immune responses and pathology.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease, which causes high rates of morbidity and mortality in infants and the elderly. models of human rsv pulmonary disease are needed to better understand rsv pathogenesis and to assess the efficacy of rsv vaccines. we assessed the rsv-specific human innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses in humanized mice (mice with a human immune system [his mice]) with functional human cd4(+) t and b cells. these mice w ...201626962219
molecular evolutionary dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus group a in recurrent epidemics in coastal kenya.the characteristic recurrent epidemics of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) within communities may result from the genetic variability of the virus and associated evolutionary adaptation, reducing the efficiency of preexisting immune responses. we analyzed the molecular evolutionary changes in the attachment (g) glycoprotein of rsv-a viruses collected over 13 epidemic seasons (2000 to 2012) in kilifi (n = 649), kenya, and contemporaneous sequences (n = 1,131) collected elsewhere within ken ...201626937038
actin-related protein 2 (arp2) and virus-induced filopodia facilitate human respiratory syncytial virus spread.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an enveloped rna virus that is the most important viral cause of acute pediatric lower respiratory tract illness worldwide, and lacks a vaccine or effective antiviral drug. the involvement of host factors in the rsv replicative cycle remains poorly characterized. a genome-wide sirna screen in human lung epithelial a549 cells identified actin-related protein 2 (arp2) as a host factor involved in rsv infection. arp2 knockdown did not reduce rsv entry, and ...201627926942
unique nonstructural proteins of pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) promote degradation of interferon (ifn) pathway components and ifn-stimulated gene proteins.pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) is the only virus that shares the pneumovirus genus of the paramyxoviridae family with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). a deadly mouse pathogen, pvm has the potential to serve as a robust animal model of rsv infection, since human rsv does not fully replicate the human pathology in mice. like rsv, pvm also encodes two nonstructural proteins that have been implicated to suppress the ifn pathway, but surprisingly, they exhibit no sequence similarity with their rsv e ...201627905537
structure and functional dynamics characterization of the ion channel of the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) small hydrophobic protein (sh) transmembrane domain by combining molecular dynamics with excited normal modes.the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children and elderly people worldwide. its genome encodes 11 proteins including sh protein, whose functions are not well known. studies show that sh protein increases rsv virulence degree and permeability to small compounds, suggesting it is involved in the formation of ion channels. the knowledge of sh structure and function is fundamental for a better understanding of its infection mechanism ...201627817112
structural basis for nonneutralizing antibody competition at antigenic site ii of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein.palivizumab was the first antiviral monoclonal antibody (mab) approved for therapeutic use in humans, and remains a prophylactic treatment for infants at risk for severe disease because of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). palivizumab is an engineered humanized version of a murine mab targeting antigenic site ii of the rsv fusion (f) protein, a key target in vaccine development. there are limited reported naturally occurring human mabs to site ii; therefore, the structural basis for human antib ...201627791117
dna vaccine encoding central conserved region of g protein induces th1 predominant immune response and protection from rsv infection in mice.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can cause serious infection in the lower respiratory tract, especially in infants, young children, the elderly and the immunocompromised population worldwide. previous study demonstrated the polypeptide (amino acids 148-198) of rsv attachment (g) glycoprotein, corresponding to the central conserved region and encompassing cx3c chemokine motif, could induce antibodies and protection from rsv challenge in mice [1,2]. in this study, we evaluated the immune ef ...201627688078
the respiratory syncytial virus phosphoprotein, matrix protein, and fusion protein carboxy-terminal domain drive efficient filamentous virus-like particle formation.virus-like particles (vlps) are attractive as a vaccine concept. for human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), vlp assembly is poorly understood and appears inefficient. hence, hrsv antigens are often incorporated into foreign vlp systems to generate anti-rsv vaccine candidates. to better understand the assembly, and ultimately to enable efficient production, of authentic hrsv vlps, we examined the associated requirements and mechanisms. in a previous analysis in hep-2 cells, the nucleoprotein ( ...201627654298
respiratory syncytial virus non-structural protein 1 facilitates virus replication through mir-29a-mediated inhibition of interferon-α receptor.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) non-structural protein 1 (ns1) has recently been suggested to inhibit type-i interferon (ifn)-dependent immune responses during rsv infection. however, the precise function of rsv ns1 protein in reducing the antiviral effects of ifns against rsv is poorly understood. the roles of cellular mirnas in the defence against rsv infection are not well characterized. in this study, qrt-pcr analysis revealed that mir-29a expression was upregulated in the recombinan ...201627569280
determinants of host susceptibility to murine respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease identify a role for the innate immunity scavenger receptor marco gene in human infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the global leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants. nearly 30% of all infected infants develop severe disease including bronchiolitis, but susceptibility mechanisms remain unclear.201627554839
trivalency of a nanobody specific for the human respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein drastically enhances virus neutralization and impacts escape mutant selection.alx-0171 is a trivalent nanobody derived from monovalent nb017 that binds to antigenic site ii of the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) fusion (f) glycoprotein. alx-0171 is about 6,000 to 10,000 times more potent than nb017 in neutralization tests with strains of hrsv antigenic groups a and b. to explore the effect of this enhanced neutralization on escape mutant selection, viruses resistant to either alx-0171 or nb017 were isolated after serial passage of the hrsv long strain in the pres ...201627550346
human respiratory syncytial virus: infection and pathology.the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is by far the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrtis) worldwide in infants and children younger than 2 years. the overwhelming number of hospitalizations due to hrsv-induced alrti each year is due, at least in part, to the lack of licensed vaccines against this virus. thus, hrsv infection is considered a major public health problem and economic burden in most countries. the lung pathology developed in hrsv-infected individuals ...201627486734
clarithromycin prevents human respiratory syncytial virus-induced airway epithelial responses by modulating activation of interferon regulatory factor-3.macrolide antibiotics exert immunomodulatory activity by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production by airway epithelial cells, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and immune cells. however, the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. here, we examined the effect of clarithromycin (cam) on pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including interferons (ifns), by primary human nasal epithelial cells and lung epithelial cell lines (a549 and beas-2b cells) after stimulation by toll-lik ...201627468646
mouse and cotton rat models of human respiratory syncytial virus.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a common respiratory virus that is usually no cause for alarm. symptoms of hrsv usually resemble those of the common cold and can go undiagnosed. however, infants as well as the elderly are at risk for developing severe cases, which can lead to high morbidity and mortality rates especially if there are underlying health issues. despite many years of effort, no vaccine or specific treatments exist and rsv is still the leading cause of infant hospitaliza ...201627464697
in vitro modeling of rsv infection and cytopathogenesis in well-differentiated human primary airway epithelial cells (wd-paecs).the choice of model used to study human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is extremely important. rsv is a human pathogen that is exquisitely adapted to infection of human hosts. rodent models, such as mice and cotton rats, are semi-permissive to rsv infection and do not faithfully reproduce hallmarks of rsv disease in humans. furthermore, immortalized airway-derived cell lines, such as hep-2, beas-2b, and a549 cells, are poorly representative of the complexity of the respiratory epith ...201627464691
human respiratory syncytial virus: an introduction.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is understood to be a significant human pathogen in infants, young children, and the elderly and the immunocompromised. over the last decade many important mechanisms contributing to rsv infection, replication, and disease pathogenesis have been revealed; however, there is still insufficient knowledge which has in part hampered vaccine development. considerable information is accumulating regarding how rsv proteins modulate molecular signaling and immune r ...201627464683
proteoform-specific insights into cellular proteome regulation.knowledge regarding compositions of proteomes at the proteoform level enhances insights into cellular phenotypes. a strategy is described herein for discovery of proteoform-specific information about cellular proteomes. this strategy involved analysis of data obtained by bottom-up mass spectrometry of multiple protein oge separations on a fraction by fraction basis. the strategy was exemplified using five matched sets of lysates of uninfected and human respiratory syncytial virus-infected a549 c ...201627451424
an investigation into respiratory tract viruses in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection or wheezing.this study aimed to determine the frequencies of respiratory tract viruses in patient (acute lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) or wheezing) and control (history of asthma without symptoms) groups.201627854115
chapter 11: the infant and toddler with wheezing.recurrent wheezing is common in young infants and toddlers with 27% of all children having at least one wheezing episode by the age of 9 years. the initial wheezing episodes in young children often are linked to respiratory infections due to viral pathogens such as respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, and influenza virus. bacterial colonization of the neonatal airway also may be significant in the late development of recurrent wheeze and asthma. some 60% of children wh ...201622794684
[detection of respiratory viruses in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection: an analysis of 5,150 children].to investigate the distribution of respiratory viruses on throat swabs in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infection (alrti).201626781413
peptide presentation on primate erythroparvovirus 1 virus-like particles: in vitro assembly, stability and immunological properties.virus-like particles (vlps) have demonstrated to be valuable scaffolds for the display of heterologous peptides for vaccine development and other specific interactions. vlps of primate erythroparvovirus 1, generally referred as parvovirus b19 (b19v), have already been produced in-vivo and in-vitro from the recombinant vp2 protein of this virus. in this study, chimeric forms of b19v vp2 were constructed, and their ability to assemble into vlps was evaluated. chimeras were composed of the vp2 prot ...201627523978
[potential neurocognitive consequences of infection by human respiratory syncytial virus].human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection remains as a major cause of morbidity and mortality among pediatric population. immune response is poor and unable to establish a long term effective protection against this virus. of particular interest has been the description of extrapulmonary manifestations of rsv infection in liver, kidney, endocrine system, heart and brain, associated to infection of peripheral blood. in the central nervous system (cns), recent studies in animals have sugge ...201628112337
autophagy, tgf-β, and smad-2/3 signaling regulates interferon-β response in respiratory syncytial virus infected macrophages.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a lung tropic virus causing severe airway diseases including bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants, children, and immuno-compromised individuals. rsv triggers transforming growth factor-β (tgf-β) production from lung epithelial cells and tgf-β facilitates rsv infection of these cells. however, it is still unknown whether rsv infected myeloid cells like macrophages produce tgf-β and the role of tgf-β if any during rsv infection of these cells. our st ...201628018859
pneumovirus-induced lung disease in mice is independent of neutrophil-driven inflammation.the human pneumovirus respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common pathogen causing lower respiratory tract disease in young children worldwide. a hallmark of severe human rsv infection is the strong neutrophil recruitment to the airways and lungs. massive neutrophil activation has been proven detrimental in numerous diseases, yet in rsv the contribution of neutrophils to disease severity, and thereby, the relevance of targeting them, is largely unknown. to determine the relevance of pot ...201628005954
nasopharyngeal aspirate & blood cytokine profile in infants hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a pilot study from south india.following a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis, only some infants develop serious illness, and a proportion of them develop recurrent wheeze subsequently. studies have revealed that cytokine expression following rsv infection may influence the severity and also the risk for subsequent reactive airway disease. this present study was conducted to determine the blood, and nasopharyngeal aspirate (npa) cytokine profile among infants admitted for rsv bronchiolitis.201628474631
respiratory syncytial virus infection: an innate perspective.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of upper respiratory tract infection in children and adults. however, infection with this virus sometimes leads to severe lower respiratory disease and is the major cause of infant hospitalisations in the developed world. several risk factors such as baby prematurity and congenital heart disease are known to predispose towards severe disease but previously healthy, full-term infants can also develop bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia during rsv ...201628105323
the relationships between respiratory virus infection and aminotransferase in children.we sought to examine the relationship between the clinical manifestations of nonspecific reactive hepatitis and respiratory virus infection in pediatric patients.201628090469
quantification and determinants of the amount of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) shed using real time pcr data from a longitudinal household study.background a better understanding of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) epidemiology requires realistic estimates of rsv shedding patterns, quantities shed, and identification of the related underlying factors. methods rsv infection data arise from a cohort study of 47 households with 493 occupants, in coastal kenya, during the 2009/2010 rsv season. nasopharyngeal swabs were taken every 3 to 4 days and screened for rsv using a real time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. the amount of virus s ...201628066826
glutathione peroxidase-1 suppresses the unfolded protein response upon cigarette smoke exposure.oxidative stress provokes endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress-induced unfolded protein response (upr) in the lungs of chronic obstructive pulmonary (copd) subjects. the antioxidant, glutathione peroxidase-1 (gpx-1), counters oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke exposure. here, we investigate whether gpx-1 expression deters the upr following exposure to cigarette smoke. expression of er stress markers was investigated in fully differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (nhbe) cells iso ...201628070146
burden of healthcare-associated viral respiratory infections in children's hospitals.although healthcare-associated (ha) viral respiratory infections (vris) are common in pediatrics, no benchmark for comparison exists. we aimed to determine, compare, and assess determinants of unit-specific ha-vri incidence rates in 2 children's hospitals.201628040689
viral agents causing acute respiratory infections in children under five: a study from eastern india.background. acute respiratory infections (aris) are important cause of mortality and morbidity in children under five in developing country. methods. this observational study was conducted over two-year period in a tertiary care teaching hospital of eastern india. nasal and throat swabs were collected, transported to the laboratory at 2-8°c in viral transport media, and then processed for detection of viruses using mono/multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. results. a total of 300 child ...201628018433
seasonality of influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses and the effect of climate factors in subtropical-tropical asia using influenza-like illness surveillance data, 2010 -2012.the seasonality of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is well known, and many analyses have been conducted in temperate countries; however, this is still not well understood in tropical countries. previous studies suggest that climate factors are involved in the seasonality of these viruses. however, the extent of the effect of each climate variable is yet to be defined.201628002419
a live rsv vaccine with engineered thermostability is immunogenic in cotton rats despite high attenuation.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of infant hospitalization and there remains no pediatric vaccine. rsv live-attenuated vaccines (lavs) have a history of safe testing in infants; however, achieving an effective balance of attenuation and immunogenicity has proven challenging. here we seek to engineer an rsv lav with enhanced immunogenicity. genetic mapping identifies strain line 19 fusion (f) protein residues that correlate with pre-fusion antigen maintenance by elisa and ther ...201628000669
vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus in pregnancy. 201627998593
[after the epidemic - before the epidemic. incidence of bronchiolitis at the pediatric ward of the bács-kiskun county hospital].bronchiolitis may cause severe respiratory insufficiency in infants and toddlers. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is its most frequent infective agent.201627989226
commentary: blood eosinophilia is associated with unfavorable hospitalization outcomes in children with bronchiolitis. 201627965947
correction: effects of chronologic age and young child exposure on respiratory syncytial virus disease among us preterm infants born at 32 to 35 weeks gestation.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166226.].201627959962
hygiene factors associated with childhood food allergy and asthma.childhood food allergy and asthma rates are increasing. the hygiene hypothesis has been proposed as an explanation for the increased incidence of allergic disease.201627931290
secondhand smoke exposure, illness severity, and resource utilization in pediatric emergency department patients with respiratory illnesses.hospital-based data reveal that children who have secondhand smoke exposure (shse) experience severe respiratory illnesses and greater resource utilization. our objective was to assess the relationship between shse and illness severity/resource utilization among children presenting to the pediatric emergency department (ped) with three common respiratory conditions-asthma, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia.201627929695
experiences of caring for infants with severe bronchiolitis.background common in children under two years, bronchiolitis is usually caused by respiratory syncytial virus (jhawar 2003). symptoms are usually self-limiting although some children develop respiratory distress requiring hospitalisation (scottish intercollegiate guidelines network 2006). supplemental oxygen, fluid support and ventilator assistance may also be necessary. in cases of moderately severe bronchiolitis, oxygen can be delivered through a head box, but some hospitals deliver high-flow ...201627927115
evaluation of the financial and health burden of infants at risk for respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading viral cause of death in infants younger than 1 year. in july 2014, the american academy of pediatrics (aap) committee on infectious diseases concluded that the "limited clinical benefit" for infants born at more than 29 weeks' gestation, together with the associated high cost of the immunoprophylaxis, no longer supported the routine use of palivizumab (synagis).201627926583
differences in the nasopharyngeal microbiome during acute respiratory tract infection with human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in infancy.respiratory viruses alter the nasopharyngeal microbiome and may be associated with a distinct microbial signature. to test this hypothesis, we compared the nasopharyngeal microbiome of 135 previously healthy infants with acute respiratory infection due to human rhinovirus (hrv; n = 52) or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv; n = 83). the nasopharyngeal microbiome was assessed by sequencing the v4 region of the 16s ribosomal rna. respiratory viruses were identified by quantitative reverse-transcript ...201627923952
pharmacist-driven respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis stewardship service in a neonatal intensive care unit.the development and implementation of a pharmacist-driven respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis stewardship program in a neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) are described.201627919877
synthetic biodegradable microparticle and nanoparticle vaccines against the respiratory syncytial virus.synthetic biodegradable microparticle and nanoparticle platform technology provides the opportunity to design particles varying in composition, size, shape and surface properties for application in vaccine development. the use of particle vaccine formulations allows improvement of antigen stability and immunogenicity while allowing targeted delivery and slow release. this technology has been design to develop novel vaccines against the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), the leading cause of lowe ...201627918420
effects of chronologic age and young child exposure on respiratory syncytial virus disease among us preterm infants born at 32 to 35 weeks gestation.to estimate the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease as a function of chronologic age and exposure to young children in us preterm infants.201627898687
clinical impact of mixed respiratory viral infection in children with adenoviral infection.although adenovirus (adv) infection occurs steadily all year round in korea and the identification of respiratory viral coinfections has been increasing following the introduction of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction tests, the clinical impact of viral coinfection in children with adv infection has rarely been reported.201627883373
respiratory viral infections and host responses; insights from genomics.respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease and mortality. the severity of these illnesses can vary markedly from mild or asymptomatic upper airway infections to severe wheezing, bronchiolitis or pneumonia. in this article, we review the viral sensing pathways and organizing principles that govern the innate immune response to infection. then, we reconstruct the molecular networks that differentiate symptomatic from asymptomatic respiratory viral infections, and identify the unde ...201627871304
defining the risk and associated morbidity and mortality of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection among infants with chronic lung disease.the regal (rsv evidence-a geographical archive of the literature) series provide a comprehensive review of the published evidence in the field of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in western countries over the last 20 years. this third publication covers the risk and burden of rsv infection in infants with chronic lung disease (cld), formerly called bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd).201627864751
absence of association between cord specific antibody levels and severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease in early infants: a case control study from coastal kenya.the target group for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease prevention is infants under 6 months of age. vaccine boosting of antibody titres in pregnant mothers could protect these young infants from severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) associated disease. quantifying protective levels of rsv-specific maternal antibody at birth would inform vaccine development.201627851799
antiviral activity of polysaccharide extract from laminaria japonica against respiratory syncytial virus.this study was designed to investigate the inhibition activity of polysaccharide extract from laminaria japonica against rsv. the polysaccharide from laminaria japonica was isolated by ethanol precipitation. hek293 cells were infected with rvs, and the antiviral activity of polysaccharide extract against rsv in host cells was tested. by using elisa and western blot assay, the expression level of ifn-α and irf3 and their functional roles in polysaccharide-mediated antiviral activity against rsv w ...201627847204
cytokine elevation in sudden death with respiratory syncytial virus: a case report of 2 children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common viral cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children worldwide. premature birth, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital heart disease, and down syndrome are risk factors for high mortality and prolonged morbidity after rsv infection. conversely, many previously healthy, full-term children are also admitted to the hospital because of rsv, and some of them experience severe sequelae or die due to the virus. various complications of rsv i ...201627940684
management of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: 2015 survey of members of the european society for paediatric infectious diseases.in 1995, the european society for paediatric infectious diseases (espid) carried out a survey of its members to assess the variation in management of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis. the aim of the current study was to carry out a similar survey 20 years later to assess how the management had changed. an electronic, structured, english language survey, based on the united kingdom national institute for health and care excellence (nice) bronchiolitis draft guideline, was sent to e ...201627840650
local variations in the timing of rsv epidemics.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a primary cause of hospitalizations in children worldwide. the timing of seasonal rsv epidemics needs to be known in order to administer prophylaxis to high-risk infants at the appropriate time.201627835988
co-circulation of 72bp duplication group a and 60bp duplication group b respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) strains in riyadh, saudi arabia during 2014.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important viral pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection (ari). limited data are available on molecular epidemiology of rsv from saudi arabia. a total of 130 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children less than 5 years of age with ari symptoms attending the emergency department at king khalid university hospital and king fahad medical city, riyadh, saudi arabia between october and december, 2014. rsv was identified in the 26% of the hospita ...201627835664
transcriptome assists prognosis of disease severity in respiratory syncytial virus infected infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes infections that range from common cold to severe lower respiratory tract infection requiring high-level medical care. prediction of the course of disease in individual patients remains challenging at the first visit to the pediatric wards and rsv infections may rapidly progress to severe disease. in this study we investigate whether there exists a genomic signature that can accurately predict the course of rsv. we used early blood microarray transcriptome ...201627833115
[effect of respiratory syncytial virus-related pulmonary infection on endogenous metabolites in large intestinal mucosa in mice].to investigate the effect of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-related pulmonary infection on endogenous metabolites in large intestinal mucosa in balb/c mice using metabolomics technology based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms).201627817786
health care-acquired viral respiratory diseases.health care-acquired viral respiratory infections are common and cause increased patient morbidity and mortality. respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus are frequently transmitted in the hospital setting. studies report decreased nosocomial transmission when aggressive infection control measures are implemented with more success using a multicomponent approach. influenza vaccination of health care personnel has been shown to further decrease rates of transmission, thus mandatory vaccina ...201627816139
non-invasive epicutaneous vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus: preclinical proof of concept.to put a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine onto the market, new vaccination strategies combining scientific and technical innovations need to be explored. such a vaccine would also need to be adapted to the vaccination of young children that are the principal victims of acute rsv infection. in the present project, we describe the development and the preclinical evaluation of an original epicutaneous rsv vaccine that combines two technologies: viaskin® epicutaneous patches as a delivery p ...201627720994
similar to those who are breastfed, infants fed a formula containing 2'-fucosyllactose have lower inflammatory cytokines in a randomized controlled trial.evidence suggests that human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) provide multiple benefits to infants, including prebiotic effects, gut maturation, antimicrobial activities, and immune modulation. clinical intervention studies with hmos are required to confirm these benefits in infants.201627798337
respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: enter the microbiome. 201627797613
inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus replication by simultaneous targeting of mrna and genomic rna using dual-targeting sirnas.we attempted to generate sirnas with two active strands, which can simultaneously knock down the expression of mrna and viral genomic rna. in this study, short hairpin rnas (shrnas) against n and f genes were used. expression of f and n mrna transcripts as well as genomic rna was determined with relative real-time rt-pcr. the rsv load in infected cell culture supernatant was determined by absolute quantitative real-time pcr. we found that (i) in the presence of shrna-n, a greater reduction in vi ...201627766578
hydrogen sulfide is an antiviral and antiinflammatory endogenous gasotransmitter in the airways. role in respiratory syncytial virus infection.hydrogen sulfide (h2s) is an endogenous gaseous transmitter whose role in the pathophysiology of several lung diseases has been increasingly appreciated. our recent studies in vitro have shown, we believe for the first time, that h2s has an important antiviral and antiinflammatory activity in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, the leading cause of bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in children. our objective was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of gyy4137, a novel slow-releasing h2 ...201627314446
pulmonary air leak syndrome associated with traumatic nasopharyngeal suctioning.we describe a healthy 7-month-old female infant who developed spontaneous pneumomediastinum (pm) and subcutaneous emphysema after traumatic nasopharyngeal suctioning (nps) while hospitalised for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of pulmonary air leak syndrome associated with traumatic nps in a healthy infant affected by bronchiolitis. although nps is currently the mainstay of treatment in patients admitted with bronchiolitis ...201627793871
rsv-specific anti-viral immunity is disrupted by chronic ethanol consumption.alcohol-use disorders (aud) persist in the united states and are heavily associated with an increased susceptibility to respiratory viral infections. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in particular has received attention as a viral pathogen commonly detected in children and immune-compromised populations (elderly, asthmatics), yet more recently was recognized as an important viral pathogen in young adults. our study evaluated the exacerbation of rsv-associated illness in mice that chronically co ...201627788776
respiratory syncytial virus vaccines: an update on those in the immediate pipeline.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is among the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infection among infants and the elderly worldwide. despite its long history, no licensed vaccine is available. recently, advances in the knowledge of rsv biology and pathology as well as the development of new techniques to generate vaccine candidates have increased the number of promising vaccines. the aim of this review is to analyze rsv characteristics, to consider the history of rsv vaccines and to d ...201627750448
nasogastric hydration in infants with bronchiolitis less than 2 months of age.to determine whether nasogastric hydration can be used in infants less than 2 months of age with bronchiolitis, and characterize the adverse events profile of these infants compared with infants given intravenous (iv) fluid hydration.201627522439
identification of different respiratory viruses, after a cell culture step, by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms).in this study matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms), a reliable identification method for the diagnosis of bacterial and fungal infections, is presented as an innovative tool to investigate the protein profile of cell cultures infected by the most common viruses causing respiratory tract infections in humans. maldi-tof ms was applied to the identification of influenza a and b viruses, adenovirus c species, parainfluenza virus types 1, 2 and 3 ...201627786297
management of bronchiolitis in community hospitals in ontario: a multicentre cohort study.bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospital admission for infants, but few studies have examined management of this condition in community hospital settings. we reviewed the management of children with bronchiolitis presenting to community hospitals in ontario.201626906352
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