Publications

update on traveler's diarrhea.	diarrhea is one of the most common health problems among travelers. although enterotoxigenic escherichia coli is implicated most commonly, enteroaggregative e. coli has recently been described as a major pathogen. shigella, campylobacter, and salmonella organisms are less common causes of acute diarrhea, and intestinal protozoa are typical causes of protracted diarrhea. although education is the mainstay of prevention measures, behavior modification has been shown to be difficult. chemopreventio ...	2002	11853660
shigella flexneri interactions with the basolateral membrane domain of polarized model intestinal epithelium: role of lipopolysaccharide in cell invasion and in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase erk.	an early step governing shigella flexneri pathogenesis is the invasion of the colonic epithelium from the basolateral surface followed by disruption of the colonic epithelial barrier. despite recent insight into s. flexneri-host interactions, much remains to be determined regarding the nature of the initial contact between s. flexneri and the host epithelial basolateral membrane domain. since the lipopolysaccharide (lps) is located at the outermost part of the bacterial membrane, we considered t ...	2002	11854195
cloned shiga toxin 2 b subunit induces apoptosis in ramos burkitt's lymphoma b cells.	the shiga toxins (stx1 and stx2), produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1 and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, consist of one a subunit and five b subunits. the stx1 and stx2 b subunits form a pentameric structure that binds to globotriaosylceramide (gb3-cer) receptors on eukaryotic cells and promotes endocytosis. the a subunit then inhibits protein biosynthesis, which triggers apoptosis in the affected cell. in addition to its gb3-cer binding activity, the data in the following report demons ...	2002	11854211
shigella apyrase--a novel variant of bacterial acid phosphatases?	a virulence-associated atp diphosphohydrolase activity in the periplasm of shigella, identified as apyrase, was found to be markedly similar to bacterial non-specific acid phosphatases in primary structure. when the shigella apyrase sequence was threaded in to the recently published 3d structure of the highly similar (73%) escherichia blattae acid phosphatase it was found to have a highly overlapping 3d structure. our analysis, which included assays for phosphatase, haloperoxidase and catalase a ...	2002	11852042
nuclear, biological, and chemical combined injuries and countermeasures on the battlefield.	the armed forces radiobiological research institute (afrri) has developed a research program to determine the major health risks from exposure to ionizing radiation in combination with biological and chemical warfare agents and to assess the extent to which exposure to ionizing radiation compromises the effectiveness of protective drugs, vaccines, and other biological and chemical warfare prophylactic and treatment strategies. afrri's defense technology objective md22 supports the development of ...	2002	11873528
norwalk virus gastroenteritis among israeli soldiers: lack of evidence for flyborne transmission.	paired sera collected from subjects before and after a fly-control intervention trial conducted in the israel defense force (idf) were tested for seroconversion to norwalk virus (nv) to examine the role of nv as a cause of diarrhea in this population and to ascertain whether flies might also be implicated in transmission.	2002	11876512
low frequency of enteric infections by salmonella, shigella, yersinia and campylobacter in patients with acute leukemia.	several authors found that isolation of salmonella, shigella, yersinia and campylobacter spp. (ssyc) from stool cultures after the 3rd day of hospitalization is a rare event. the significance of enteric infections caused by these pathogens has not been systematically investigated in severely immunosuppressed patients with acute leukemia.	2002	11878289
rate of seizures in children with shigellosis.		2002	11883810
polymerase chain reaction detection of invasive shigella and salmonella enterica in food.		2002	11692869
the immunosuppressive activity of chemically modified lipopolysaccharide of shigella sonnei.	in the present investigations we aimed to study the effect of shigella sonnei lipopolysaccharide (lps) on delayed type hypersensitivity (dth) to non-bacterial antigen in cba mice. these experiments showed that intraperitoneal injection of phenol-water extracted lps and avirulent s. sonnei did not affect the level of dth. however, an injection of avirulent bacteria and lps treated with 2-mercaptoethanol reduced significantly the levels of dth. gel filtration of redox-reactivated lps through sepha ...	2002	11716960
antimicrobial and anti-lipase activity of quercetin and its c2-c16 3-o-acyl-esters.	neither quercetin (q), nor 3-o-acylquercetines, up to 100 microg/ml, had any significant activity on selected gram-positive strains (staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, listeria ivanovi, listeria monocytogenes, listeria serligeri), gram-negative strains (escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, shigella sonnei, salmonella enteritidis, salmonella tiphymurium) and yeasts (candida albicans and candida glabrata). in addition, we confirmed the known anti-hiv activity of q (80% inhibition at 40 micr ...	2002	11741775
anti-diarrhoeal evaluation of some medicinal plants used by zulu traditional healers.	aqueous and methanolic extracts of several medicinal plants, psidium guajava (leaves), aristea spp., iridaceae family (stem), bridelia micrantha (bark) and eleutherina bulbosa (bulb), used by zulu traditional healers were evaluated for anti-diarrhoeal activity against different experimental models of diarrhoea in rats as well as for anti-microbial activity against different pathogenic microorganisms that cause diarrhoea. the methanolic extract of p. guajava (leaves) was the only agent showing si ...	2002	11744295
in vivo dna-binding and oligomerization properties of the shigella flexneri arac-like transcriptional regulator virf as identified by random and site-specific mutagenesis.	in shigella flexneri expression of the plasmid-encoded virulence genes is regulated via a complex mechanism involving both environmental signals and specific transactivators. the primary regulator protein, virf, is a member of the arac family of transcription factors and shares with other arac-like proteins a conserved carboxy-terminal domain thought to be important for dna binding. random and site-directed mutagenesis of the virf gene encoding virf yielded a number of mutations along the length ...	2002	11751832
high frequency of mutator strains among human uropathogenic escherichia coli isolates.	by using a panel of 603 commensal and pathogenic escherichia coli and shigella isolates, we showed that mutation rates of strains vary considerably among different ecotypes. uropathogenic strains had the highest frequency of mutators, while strains from patients with bacteremia had the lowest mutation rates. no correlation between the mutation rates and antibiotic resistance was observed among the studied strains.	2002	11751844
[etiologic profile of acute diarrhea in children in são paulo]	objective: to evaluate the etiologic profile of acute diarrhea in socioeconomically deprived children assisted at a regional pediatric emergency care service. methods: during two years all children with acute diarrhea assisted at a previously established day and week time schedule were included in the study. other selective criteria were: a) age less than 5 years; b) nonuse of antibiotics in the previous month; and c) no travel outside the city in the previous month. stool examination was used f ...	2002	14647809
bacterial enteropathogens isolated in childhood diarrhoea in kuala lumpur--the changing trend.	a retrospective review of all stool samples obtained from children aged < 16 years with diarrhoea from university of malaya medical centre (ummc), kuala lumpur, from 1978 to 1997 was undertaken to ascertain the pattern of bacterial pathogens causing diarrhoea in children in an urban area in malaysia. of 26444 stool samples processed, 2989 (11%) were positive. the five most common bacterial pathogens isolated were non-typhoidal salmonella (57%), enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) (14%), shigella spp ...	2002	14569714
first report of vibrio cholerae infection from andaman and nicobar, india.	out of 34 stool samples collected during an outbreak of diarrhoea, vibrio cholerae 01 was isolated from 10 samples contrary to earlier reports that shigella species was the only cause of diarrhoeal disease in andaman & nicobar islands.	2002	14710858
construction of a trivalent candidate vaccine against shigella species with dna recombination.	in this work asd gene of shigella flexneri 2a strain t32 was replaced by vibrio cholerae toxin b subunit (ctxb) gene with dna recombination in vivo and in vitro. the resulting derivative of t32, designed as fwl01, could stably express ctxb, but its growth in lb medium depended on the presence of diaminopimelic acid (dap). then form i plasmid of shigella sonnei strain s7 was labeled with strain t32 asd gene and mobilized into fwl01. thus a trivalent candidate oral vaccine strain, designed as fsw0 ...	2002	18763059
clarithromycin synergism with essential and trace elements.	in order to ascertain the role of various essential and trace element complexation on the antibacterial activity of various macrolide antibiotics, the synergistic or antagonistic behavior of clarithromycin metal complexes has been studied and compared with the parent drug. metal complexes of clarithromycin with magnesium, calcium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium has been investigated for their antibacterial activity and compared with clarithromycin by observin ...	2002	16414867
[infectious etiology of dysenteric syndromes at the principal hospital of dakar in 1999 and 2000].	dysenteric syndromes are relatively frequent in tropical areas, due essentially to infectious etiologies, constituted by flimsy pathogenic agents outside and possibilities of laboratory investigations little available. the authors evaluated during two years (1990-2000) the results of 399 parasitological examinations and 419 bacteriological examinations concerning dysenteric syndromes admitted to the laboratory of "hopital principal de dakar". the objective of these examination is to contribute t ...	2002	15776602
[place and resistance of epidemic strains of shigella dysenteriae-1 isolated at the fann hospital from 1995 to 1999].	shigella dysenteriae-1 (s.d-1) takes a more and more important place in intertropical countries, with multiresistant strains to antibiotics. the objectives of the study is to determine the prevalence of s.d-1 among bacterial isolations at fann hospital at dakar, and to identify the resistant profiles of the strains. this retrospective study was conducted on the strains isolated between 1995 and 1999 by examination of faeces for bacterial pathogens. the susceptibility of the strains to antibiotic ...	2002	15776683
determination of the profile of fatty acids of 4 species of shigella spp by chromatography of gases.	shigella boydii, shigella flexneri, shigella dysenteriae and shigella sonnei were identified using gas chromatography instead of the traditional techniques. their acid methyl esters profiles were determined using a gas chromatograph hewlett packard 5890a and a rsl-150 heliflex capillary column. a total of 192 samples were analyzed both reference strains (atcc 8700, indre b2188, b2194 and b2199) and environmental isolates. 12 fatty acids were included in the profiles from which 3-hydroxytetradeca ...	2002	17063774
effects of the bacteriocin psvp-10 produced by pseudomonas sp. on sensitive bacterial strains.	the bacteriocin psvp-10 is a 2.6 kda peptide which was isolated and purified from pseudomonas sp. this bacteriocin possesses lethal activity over enterococcus faecalis, salmonella typhimurium and shigella flexneri. the experimental assays showed that the bacteriocin is able to be adsorbed by all cells of these bacterial species and also by their isolated cell walls. it was observed that the resistant mutants and their respective cell walls are unable to adsorb the bacteriocin. assays performed w ...	2002	17061511
honey consumption in the state of são paulo: a risk to human health?	infantile botulism was recognized in 1976 as a paralyzing disease caused by the ingestion of viable spores that would germinate and colonize the intestinal tract of infants, with local production and absorption of clostridium botulinum toxin. the possible origins of botulinic spores are dust and honey, which has been identified as a dietary risk factor for infantile botulism. the objectives of the present study were to investigate 100 honey samples obtained in the state of são paulo (brazil) in ...	2003	16887716
[a case of inactive escherichia coli isolated from feces initially suspected to be shigella boydii subgroup c serotype 14 by conventional biochemical tests in tubes].	a small number of colorless colonies grew from dhl agar of feces culture taken as part of a complete physical for a 42 year-old woman who had lived in singapore for several years. when cultured for first-stage identification using conventional biochemical tests in tubes for enterobacteriaceae, such as tsi agar slant and sim medium, the results for lactose reaction (-), saccharose reaction (-), gas (very weak +) and motility (-) were obtained, and shigella spp. was suspected. serological tests (b ...	2003	15552836
bacteriological study of bottled drinking water marketed in mangalore.	bottled water is generally accepted as safe for consumption. however, its potability is uncertain. ninety samples of six national and 3 local brands marketed in mangalore city were studied. seven of these were isi certified. bacteriological analysis of these samples were carried out for viable count, presumtive coliform count by multiple tube method, confirmed esch. coli count by eijkman test and specific intestinal pathogens, such as salmonella, shigella and vibrios. thirty out of 90 samples th ...	2003	15562959
synergistic action of photosensitizers and normal human serum in a bactericidal process. i. effect of chlorophylls.	susceptibility of some gram-negative strains against the bactericidal action of normal human serum (nhs) and of chlorophyll, which induces production of reactive oxygen species by light, was studied. a synergistic bactericidal activity of nhs and chlorophyll against e. coli k1 and shigella flexneri strains was observed.	2003	15095924
[the observation of the lymphocyte phenotype change in different lymphoid tissues of mice after intranasal immunization with bivalent shigella vaccines].	to observe the changes of lymphocyte phenotype in different lymphoid tissues of mice at various time after intranasal immunization with bivalent shigella vaccines.	2003	15182658
attenuated salmonella and shigella as carriers for dna vaccines.	the discovery that genes can be functionally transferred from bacteria to mammalian cells has suggested the possible use of bacterial vectors as gene delivery vehicles for vaccines. attenuated invasive human intestinal bacteria, such as salmonella and shigella, have been used as plasmid dna vaccine carriers and their potency has been evaluated in several animal models. this delivery system allows the administration of dna vaccines together with associated bacterial immunostimulators directly to ...	2003	15203916
the prevalence of yersinia enterocolitica isolates in comparison to those of the commonly encountered enteropathogens causing diarrhoea among ethiopian patients in addis ababa.	this cross-sectional study was designed to determine and describe the prevalence of diarrhoea caused by yersinia enterocolitica isolates in comparison with the commonly encountered diarrhoeagenic salmonella and shigella among all age group out-patients of addis ababa, ethiopia. standardized bacteriological isolation and biochemical test techniques were used. among the stool samples of 205 patients tested for bacteriological cultures, only 3 (1.5%) were positive for yersinia enterocolitica, 22 (1 ...	2003	15227891
emerging food pathogens and bacterial toxins.	many different foodborne diseases have been described. for example, shigella bacteria, hepatitis a virus and norwalk virus were shown as a unwashed hands microorganisms, but pathogen campylobacter and escherichia coli were named as raw and undercooked meat and poultry or raw milk and untreated water born bacteria. however, two of them: listeria monocytogenes and yersinia enterocolitica are known as growing at refrigerator temperatures. essential virulence determinants of listeria monocytogenes p ...	2003	15058810
sanitary and bacteriological aspects of sewage treatment.	a study into the removal of contamination load and indicator bacteria was carried out in 1992-1996 in the mechanical, biological and chemical waste-water treatment plant wtp in lezany, in the county of reszel, in the province of warmia and mazury in poland. the results of chemical analyses found a high efficiency of removal of carbon compounds, cod (90%) and bod (98%), in the process of purification of household sewage. in addition, a high effectiveness of total nitrogen, on average 71%, and uns ...	2003	15058814
[out-of-laboratory control screening of growth mediums used by sanitary service laboratories for isolation of pathogenic enteric bacteria from fecal specimens].	the aim of the study was to test the selective-differential plating mediums used for isolation of salmonella and shigella for routine stool specimens examination for epidemiological and sanitary purpose. three plates of any such medium used in the laboratories in 37 sanitary service stations in poland were obtained. the specimens of mac conkey lactose bile salt agar and ss agar were obtained from all laboratories, hektoen enteric medium from 8 and eosinmethylene blue agar from only one laborator ...	2003	15103991
[comparative study on antibacterial effects of huangqin-tang and its metabolites produced by intestinal flora].	to compare the antibacterial effects of huangqin-tang with its metabolites produced by intestinal flora.	2003	15015311
changing trends in shigellosis at a tertiary care centre.		2003	15022943
shigellosis: innate mechanisms of inflammatory destruction of the intestinal epithelium, adaptive immune response, and vaccine development.	acute infectious colitis remains a major pediatric issue of worldwide impact because it still represents a significant public health burden among the larger group of diarrheal diseases with the highest mortality rate. it is also a relevant model of inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd), such as crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. among cases of acute colitis of infectious origin, shigellosis is certainly the one that has benefited the most from a significant research effort. shigella, the causat ...	2003	15030306
enhanced isolation of shigella species by extended incubation of primary isolation plates.		2003	15038595
antibacterial effects of carica papaya fruit on common wound organisms.	the purpose of the study was to investigate antibacterial activity of ripe and unripe carica papaya on selected micro-organisms. cultures of micro-organisms were routinely maintained in nutrient agar slants at 4 degrees c. extracts of immature, mature and ripe carica papaya fruit were obtained by separately grinding factions of the epicarp, endocarp and seeds and filtering them through gauze. sensitivity tests were conducted by adding 0.06 ml of extract to agar wells (6 mm diameter) prepared fro ...	2003	15040064
[myopericarditis complicating severe shigella sonnei infection].		2003	14770130
[study on gene knockout using red system in shigella flexneri].	the technology of gene knockout using lambda red system in bacteria has been developed lately, but its application being limited to esherichia coli. in order to get some experiences in other bacteria we select four genes, including alka, wcaj, yphf and dam, to test gene knockout using red system in e. coli and shigella. as a result, three genes were successfully knocked out in e. coli except dam while only alka gene was knocked out in shigella. it showed that the red system should be improved if ...	2003	16276895
[cloning of ipab gene from shigella flexneri and its expression in yeast cell].	ipab gene amplified from s. flexneri 2a by pcr was cloned into pgbkt7 vector (named pgbkt-ipab) and sequencing indicated that the amino encoded by the cloned gene was the same as the reported; the recombination plasmid pgbkt-ipab was transformed into the yeast strain ah109, in which the fusion expression of ipab was analyzed with sds-page and western blotting. this provided the basis for screening the interacting protein with ipab by two hybrid system and understanding the function of ipab in th ...	2003	16279212
[sequence analysis of bacterial transposon in nhx gene of populus euphratica].	the united nations environment program estimates that approximately 20% of agricultural land and 50% of cropland in the world is salt-stressed. the gene nhx (na+/h+ exchanger) encodes functional protein that catalyzes the countertransport of na+ and h+ across membranes and may play an important role in plant salt tolerance. to clone the nhx from the wild plant populus euphratica collected in tarim basin and xinjiang wujiaqu district into a t-vector, designed primer was used to amplify 1kb nhx cd ...	2003	15969097
complete dna sequence and gene analysis of the virulence plasmid pcp301 of shigella flexneri 2a.	the complete nucleotide sequence and organization of the large virulence plasmid pcp301 (termed by us) of shigella flexneri 2a strain 301 were determined and analyzed. the result showed that the entire dna sequence of pcp301 is composed of 221618 bp which form a circular plasmid. sequence analysis identified 272 open reading frames (orfs), among which, 194 correspond to the proteins described previously, 61 have low identity (<60%) to known proteins and the rest 17 have no regions of significant ...	2003	19448991
laribacter hongkongensis: a potential cause of infectious diarrhea.	in this study, we describe the isolation of laribacter hongkongensis, a recently described genus and species of bacterium, in pure culture on charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar from the stool of six patients with diarrhea. three patients were residents of hong kong, and three of switzerland. in none of the stool samples obtained from these six patients was salmonella, shigella, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, vibrio, aeromonas, plesiomonas, or campylobacter recovered. rotavirus antigen ...	2003	14711474
shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, kolkata, india.	since july 2002, bacteriologically confirmed shigellosis cases have increased, and multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 strains have reemerged in patients hospitalized with diarrhea in kolkata, india. the isolated strains of s. dysenteriae 1 showed resistance to chloramphenicol (80%), ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), co-trimoxazole (100%), nalidixic acid (100%), norfloxacin (100%), and ciprofloxacin (100%). emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in s. dysenteriae 1 strains ...	2003	14718096
antibacterial potential of an antispasmodic drug dicyclomine hydrochloride.	several compounds are known to possess antimicrobial activity in addition to their predesignated pharmacological actions. in the present study, dicyclomine hydrochloride, an antispasmodic drug, was tested for possible antimicrobial property in vitro and in vivo.	2003	14723484
the role of bacterial and non-bacterial toxins in the induction of changes in membrane transport: implications for diarrhea.	bacterial toxins induce changes in membrane transport which underlie the loss of electrolyte homeostasis associated with diarrhea. bacterial- and their secreted toxin-types which have been linked with diarrhea include: (a) vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin, e1 tor hemolysin and accessory cholera enterotoxin); (b) escherichia coli (heat stable enterotoxin, heat-labile enterotoxin and colicins); (c) shigella dysenteriae (shiga-toxin); (d) clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens enterotoxin, alpha-tox ...	2003	14757199
amlodipine: a cardiovascular drug with powerful antimicrobial property.	ten cardiovascular drugs were procured in pure form from their manufacturers in india and screened for antimicrobial property against fifteen known bacteria belonging to both gram-positive and gram-negative types. these bacteria were inhibited by the common antibiotics at 1-5 mg ml(-1) level through our earlier studies. since most of the bacteria were moderate to highly responsive to amlodipine, this compound was further tested in vitro against 504 bacteria comprising 4 genera of gram-positive a ...	2003	14743981
[airborne microorganisms in a rearing henhouse for layers during vaccination].	airborne microorganisms are proved regularly in livestock houses as a part of stable dust and its amount depends on housing conditions, the flow of air and the movement of material. health of animals and farmers can be influenced in a negative way by these bioaerosols. in a rearing house for layers concentrations of various groups of airborne microorganisms were measured during vaccination by a veterinary and his three assistants. during the vaccination activities the concentrations of some airb ...	2003	14746055
species distribution and antibiotic resistance of shigella isolates in an urban community in malaysia.	there is an increasing trend for shigella isolates worldwide to be resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics. the species distribution and antibiotic resistance of shigella species isolated from children in kuala lumpur, malaysia from 1978 to 1997 was reviewed. three hundred and eighty six isolates were positive for shigella species, representing 1.4% (95% ci: 1.3%-1.6%) of the 26320 total stool specimens and 13% (95% ci: 11.8%-14.2%) of 2986 isolates positive for bacterial pathogens. shigell ...	2003	14569747
comparison of two major forms of the shigella virulence plasmid pinv: positive selection is a major force driving the divergence.	all shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) strains carry a 230-kb virulence plasmid (pinv) which is essential for their invasiveness. there are two sequence forms, pinv a and pinv b, of the plasmid (r. lan, b. lumb, d. ryan, and p. r. reeves, infect. immun. 69:6303-6309, 2001), and the recently sequenced pinv plasmid from shigella flexneri serotype 5 is a pinv b form. in this study we sequenced the majority of the coding region of the pinv a form from s. flexneri serotype 6 other th ...	2003	14573649
antimicrobial interactions of microbial species involved in the fermentation of cassava dough into agbelima with particular reference to the inhibitory effect of lactic acid bacteria on enteric pathogens.	lactic acid bacteria, bacillus species and yeasts are involved in the fermentation of cassava dough into agbelima. microbial interactions within and between these groups of microorganisms were investigated in addition to the survival of five enteric pathogens inoculated into agbelima under various conditions. nine out of 10 cultures of lactic acid bacteria isolated at the end of agbelima fermentation showed inhibitory effect against 10 cultures of lactic acid bacteria isolated at the start of fe ...	2003	14580972
mycobacterium marinum escapes from phagosomes and is propelled by actin-based motility.	mycobacteria are responsible for a number of human and animal diseases and are classical intracellular pathogens, living inside macrophages rather than as free-living organisms during infection. numerous intracellular pathogens, including listeria monocytogenes, shigella flexneri, and rickettsia rickettsii, exploit the host cytoskeleton by using actin-based motility for cell to cell spread during infection. here we show that mycobacterium marinum, a natural pathogen of fish and frogs and an occa ...	2003	14597736
temporal shifts in the dominance of serotypes of shigella dysenteriae from 1999 to 2002 in dhaka, bangladesh.	a total of 358 shigella dysenteriae strains isolated from patients attending the dhaka treatment center of the international centre for diarrheal disease research, bangladesh, between the years 1999 and 2002 were included in this study. s. dysenteriae type 1, the dominant serotype in 1999 (76.4%), declined to 6.5% in 2002. on the other hand, s. dysenteriae types 2 to 12 were isolated with increasing frequencies of 19, 67, 73.5, and 87% in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002, respectively. of these, types ...	2003	14605138
duplex real-time sybr green pcr assays for detection of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in stools.	a duplex real-time sybr green lightcycler pcr (lc-pcr) assay with dna extraction using the qiaamp dna stool mini kit was evaluated with regard to detection of 8 of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in five stool specimens in 2 h or less. the protocol used the same lc-pcr with 20 pairs of specific primers. the products formed were identified based on a melting point temperature (t(m)) curve analysis. the 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens examined were enteroinvasive escherichi ...	2003	14605150
a simple method for semi-preparative-scale production and recovery of enterocin as-48 derived from enterococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens a-48-32.	production of enterocin as-48 by enterococcus faecalis a-48-32 was compared between standard and high-cell density batch fermentations. in high-cell density cultures, bacteriocin production was 2.47-fold higher, provided that the ph was controlled during the fermentation. a two-step procedure for recovery of milligram quantities of purified bacteriocin was developed, based on adsorption of the bacteriocin on carboxymethyl sephadex cm-25 followed by reversed-phase chromatography on a semi-prepara ...	2003	14607403
identification of foodborne bacteria by infrared spectroscopy using cellular fatty acid methyl esters.	identification of bacterial species by profiling fatty acid methyl esters (fames) has commonly been carried out by using a 20-min capillary gas chromatographic procedure followed by library matching of fame profiles using commercial midi databases and proprietary pattern recognition software. fast gc (5 min) fame procedures and mass spectrometric methodologies that require no lipid separation have also been reported. in this study, bacterial identification based on the rapid (2 min) infrared mea ...	2003	14607413
fitness cost of the green fluorescent protein in gastrointestinal bacteria.	there are surprisingly few studies that have successfully used the green fluorescent protein (gfp) as a quantitative reporter in selection experiments screening for inducible bacterial promoters. one explanation is that gfp expression may confer a fitness cost for bacteria. to test this possibility, we monitored the doubling time in enteric bacteria expressing gfp. four bacterial species, escherichia coli, enterohaemorrhagic e. coli, shigella flexneri, salmonella typhi, and vibrio cholerae, were ...	2003	14608419
shigella flexneri sepsis in an infant.	shigellosis continues to be an important public health problem in developed countries, since communication in the world village has become more frequent. in addition, this disease is difficult to be prevented because only a small number of bacteria are required to cause infection, and it has exhibited steady trends towards multiple drug resistance. this report describes a 7-month-old female infant with shigella flexneri sepsis presenting initially with a high fever, watery diarrhea, and dehydrat ...	2003	14609044
[co-expression of cfa/i and cs6 of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli ( etec ) in shigella flexneri 2a t32 derivative strain fwl01].	among the known colonization factors of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), cfa/i and cs6 (the common antigen in the cfa/iv fimbrial antigens ) are two of the most prevalent fimbriae found in clinical isolates but are never expressed by the same wild-type strains. in this study, cfa/i and cs6 of etec were co-expressed in shigella flexneri 2a t32 derivative strain fwl01 by using a host-plasmid lethal balancing system based on asd gene. the results indicate that the recombinant plasmid carryi ...	2003	14614538
modulation of gut physiology through enteric toxins.	diarrheal diseases caused by microorganisms and their toxins are a major cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. acute diarrhea is mainly caused due to increased intestinal secretion, commonly as a result of infection with enterotoxin producing organisms (enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, vibrio cholera) or due to decreased intestinal absorption from infection with organisms that damage the intestinal epithelium (enteropathogenic e. coli sp., shigella sp., salmonella sp.) the stud ...	2003	14619951
cold shock induction of rnase r and its role in the maturation of the quality control mediator ssra/tmrna.	in this paper we show that rnase r is a cold shock protein that is induced seven- to eightfold by cold shock and that its expression is tightly regulated by temperature. transcriptional studies reveal that the rnr gene is co-transcribed with flanking genes as an operon induced under cold shock. the induction of rnase r levels is mainly a result of the stabilization of the rnr transcripts. the transient stability of the rnr transcripts is shown to be regulated by pnpase at the end of the acclimat ...	2003	14622421
characterization of antimicrobial resistance, plasmids, and gene cassettes in shigella spp. from patients in vietnam.	the objective of the study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance, plasmids and class 1 integrons in 150 shigella strains isolated from patients with diarrhea in vietnam. most isolates were resistant to the majority of antimicrobial agents used for treatment in the isolation areas and 90% were resistant to three or more antibiotics. a total of 20 strains yielded class 1 integrons, which harbored oxa1, dfra, orff, and aada gene cassettes. the most common gene cassette, aada2, was always loca ...	2003	14633363
shiga toxins and apoptosis.	the enteric pathogens shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) cause bloody diarrheal diseases that may progress to life-threatening extraintestinal complications. although the s. dysenteriae and stec differ in the expression of a number of virulence determinants, they share the capacity to produce one or more potent cytotoxins, called shiga toxins (stxs). following the ingestion of the organisms, the expression of stxs is critical for the development of ...	2003	14638419
epidemiology of nalidixic acid resistance and tem-1- and tem-52-mediated ampicillin resistance of shigella sonnei isolates obtained in korea between 1980 and 2000.	the resistance to ampicillin and nalidixic acid in shigella sonnei isolates obtained in korea during the period 1998 to 2000 was characterized. recently (j. y. oh, h. s. yu, s. k. kim, s. y. seol, d. t. cho, and j. c. lee, j. clin. microbiol. 41:421-423, 2003) ampicillin and nalidixic acid resistance was found in 49 and 70%, respectively, of the 67 s. sonnei isolates obtained during this period. we analyzed 138 s. sonnei isolates collected during the same period. ampicillin and nalidixic acid re ...	2003	14638472
analysis of virulence and inflammatory potential of shigella flexneri purine biosynthesis mutants.	several shigella flexneri mutants with defects in aromatic amino acid and/or purine biosynthesis have been evaluated as vaccines in humans or in animal models. to be suitable as a vaccine, a mutant has to show virulence attenuation, minimal reactogenicity, and a good immunogenic potential in animal models. with this aim, we have constructed five s. flexneri 5 (wild-type strain m90t) mutants with inactivation of one or two of the loci purek, purhd, and guaba, governing early or late steps of puri ...	2003	14638790
characterization of an extracellular virulence factor made by group a streptococcus with homology to the listeria monocytogenes internalin family of proteins.	leucine-rich repeats (lrr) characterize a diverse array of proteins and function to provide a versatile framework for protein-protein interactions. importantly, each of the bacterial lrr proteins that have been well described, including those of listeria monocytogenes, yersinia pestis, and shigella flexneri, have been implicated in virulence. here we describe an 87.4-kda group a streptococcus (gas) protein (designated slr, for streptococcal leucine-rich) containing 10 1/2 sequential units of a 2 ...	2003	14638794
epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of acute diarrhea with emphasis on entamoeba histolytica infections in preschool children in an urban slum of dhaka, bangladesh.	the epidemiology, clinical features, nutritional status, and causative agents of diarrhea were studied in 289 bangladeshi children (147 boys and 142 girls) 2-5 years old. the use of improved diagnostic tests for amebiasis enabled for the first time analysis of the contribution of entamoeba histolytica to total diarrheal illness in this community setting. the average incidence rate of diarrhea was 1.8/child-year, and the average number of diarrheal days was 3.7 days/child-year over an average obs ...	2003	14640500
porin of shigella dysenteriae enhances mrna levels for toll-like receptor 2 and myd88, up-regulates cd80 of murine macrophage, and induces the release of interleukin-12.	sera of patients convalescing from shigellosis reacted strongly and specifically with the 38,000 da monomer of porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1. since human, the only natural host of s. dysenteriae type 1, recognized the protein through humoral immune response, it is of great significance to study the surface-exposed outer membrane antigen as an adjuvant. porin treatment of cd11b+ peritoneal cavity (perc) mphi of balb/c mouse was found to up-regulate cd80 on cell surface and had no effect on ...	2003	14642305
identification and characterization of simple sequence repeats in the genomes of shigella species.	a variety of simple sequence repeats (ssrs) have been identified in the genome of shigella flexneri serotype 2a (strain sf301), an enteric pathogen that causes bacillary dysentery in man. the distribution of ssrs, with unit length ranging from 1 to 9 nucleotides, was biased in different regions of the genome. the tri-, tetra- and hexanucleotide ssrs prevailed in the coding regions while the mono- and dinucleotide ssrs were more common in the noncoding regions. many intergenic ssrs are less than ...	2003	14644500
structural basis of peptide-carbohydrate mimicry in an antibody-combining site.	the structure of a complex between the fab fragment of the antibody (sya/j6) specific for the cell surface o-antigen polysaccharide of the pathogen shigella flexneri y and an octapeptide (met-asp-trp-asn-met-his-ala-ala), a functional mimic of the o-antigen, has been determined at 1.8-a resolution. comparison of the structure with that of the complex with the pentasaccharide antigen [-->2)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->2)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->3)-beta-d-glcnac-(1-->2)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->] reveal ...	2003	14645714
antimicrobial activity of extracts of local cough mixtures on upper respiratory tract bacterial pathogens.	the punched-hole and the paper disc diffusion methods were used in screening for the antimicrobial activity of six common ingredients used locally in cough mixtures, against the following bacteria: klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus. enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli, salmonella spp, salmonella paratyphi, shigella dysenteria, shigella sonnei and candida albicans. the results, evaluated as the diameter of zone of inhibition of microbial growth, showed that ...	2003	14649097
bilateral pneumonia associated with shigella sonnei dysentery.		2003	14650419
multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 in south asia.		2003	14652200
bovine colostrums: a review of clinical uses.	bovine colostrums are the "early" milk produced by cows during the first several days post-parturition. this "early" milk has a nutrient profile and immunological composition that differs substantially from "mature" milk. included in the nutrient profile are higher amounts of immunoglobulins, growth factors, cytokines, and nucleosides than are found in milk. bovine colostrums are also rich in oligosaccharides, antimicrobials, and immune-regulating factors. available evidence suggests a beneficia ...	2003	14653766
shigella dysenteriae type 1-specific bacteriophage from environmental waters in bangladesh.	shigella dysenteriae type 1 is the causative agent of the most severe form of bacillary dysentery, which occurs as epidemics in many developing countries. we isolated a bacteriophage from surface water samples from bangladesh that specifically lyses strains of s. dysenteriae type 1. this phage, designated sf-9, belongs to the podoviridae family and has a 41-kb double-stranded dna genome. further screening of water samples for the prevalence of the phage revealed 9 of 71 (12.6%) water samples whi ...	2003	14660345
newly emerged multiple-antibiotic-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 strains in and around kolkata, india, are clonal.		2003	14662996
cadc is the preferential target of a convergent evolution driving enteroinvasive escherichia coli toward a lysine decarboxylase-defective phenotype.	enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec), like shigella, is the etiological agent of bacillary dysentery, a particularly severe syndrome in children in developing countries. all eiec strains share with shigella the inability to synthesize lysine decarboxylase (the ldc phenotype). the lack of this function is considered a pathoadaptive mutation whose emergence was necessary to obtain the full expression of invasiveness. cadaverine, the product of lysine decarboxylation, is a small polyamine which interferes ...	2003	14500464
icsa, a polarly localized autotransporter with an atypical signal peptide, uses the sec apparatus for secretion, although the sec apparatus is circumferentially distributed.	asymmetric localization of proteins is essential to many biological functions of bacteria. shigella icsa, an outer membrane protein, is localized to the old pole of the bacillus, where it mediates assembly of a polarized actin tail during infection of mammalian cells. actin tail assembly provides the propulsive force for intracellular movement and intercellular dissemination. localization of icsa to the pole is independent of the amino-terminal signal peptide (charles, m., perez, m., kobil, j.h. ...	2003	14507362
leitbakteria of microbial biofilm communities causing occlusion of biliary stents.	biliary stents inserted to relieve obstructive jaundice caused by biliary or pancreatic malignancies inevitably become occluded by microbial growth in the form of diverse microbial community biofilms. the scarce information available on these communities is based on cultivation methods, but such methods usually provide distorted overviews of community composition, so commonalities and differences in biliary stent communities are uncertain. we extracted dna and rna from the microbial communities ...	2003	14510839
[integrons and antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes in shigella flexneri strains ].	the resistance of shigella flexneri to antimicrobial agents can be associated to the presence of integrons that may contain and express antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes.	2003	14513692
ctx-m-3 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in a shigella sonnei clinical isolate: first report from turkey.	a shigella sonnei strain resistant to cefotaxime and aztreonam (but not ceftazidime) was isolated from the stool sample of a 7-y-old outpatient. double disk synergy test, isoelectric focusing, polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis confirmed that the isolate produced ctx-m-3, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl). this is the first report from turkey of shigella spp. producing an esbl, and of ctx-m type enzyme.	2003	14514153
activation of hila expression at low ph requires the signal sensor cpxa, but not the cognate response regulator cpxr, in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	a two-component regulatory system, cpxr-cpxa, plays an important role in the ph-dependent regulation of virf, a global activator for virulence determinants including invasion genes, in shigella sonnei. the authors examined whether the cpxr-cpxa homologues have some function in the expression of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invasion genes via the regulation of hila, an activator for these genes. in a salmonella cpxa mutant, the hila expression level was reduced to less than 10 % of tha ...	2003	14523114
[intercontinental spread of a trimethoprim-resistant strain of shigella flexneri].	in this study we characterize a trimethoprim-resistant strain of shigella flexneri recovered from stool samples of an international traveler after a trip to kenya, and analyze its epidemiological relationship with a set of strains having similar characteristics from tanzania.	2003	14525704
the shia protein encoded by the shigella flexneri shi-2 pathogenicity island attenuates inflammation.	shigella spp. are the aetiologic agents of dysentery, a severe diarrhoeal syndrome characterized by acute inflammation in the colon. the inflammatory response, which includes recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn), damages the colonic mucosa and exacerbates the infection. shigella encodes a pathogenicity island (pai), shi-2, which is localized in a region of the chromosome linked to the induction of inflammation. surprisingly, shi-2 deletion mutants induce a stronger inflammatory resp ...	2003	14531895
abl tyrosine kinases are required for infection by shigella flexneri.	infection by the opportunistic bacterial pathogen shigella flexneri stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of host cell proteins, but the kinases involved and their effects on the regulation of cell signaling pathways during bacterial entry remain largely undefined. here, we demonstrate a requirement for the abl family of tyrosine kinases during shigella internalization. family members abl and arg are catalytically activated upon shigella infection, accumulate at the site of bacterial entry, and ar ...	2003	14532119
etiology of acute diarrhea in adults in southwestern nigeria.	stool specimens from 113 adult outpatients with diarrhea in southwestern nigeria and 63 controls were examined for bacterial and parasitic enteric pathogens. enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) (p < 0.02), enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec) (p < 0.02), and entamoeba histolytica (p < 0.0002) were significantly associated with diarrhea. salmonella, shigella, nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae, other categories of diarrheagenic e. coli, as well as a variety of helminths were recovered more frequently ...	2003	14532177
antimicrobial activity of some 2- and 3-pyridinyl-1h-benzimidazoles and their feiii, cuii, znii, and agi complexes.	2-(2-pyridinyl)- (li), 2-(6-methyl-2-pyridinyl)- (lii), 2-(6-methyl-2-pyridinyl)-5-methyl-(liii), 2-(3-pyridinyl)- (liv), 2-(3-pyridinyl)-5-methyl-1h-benzimidazoles (lv) and their complexes with fe(no3)3, cu(no3)2, zn(no3)2, and agno3 were synthesized and antibacterial activity of the compounds was tested toward staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri, proteus mirabilis and antifungal ...	2003	14533478
the evolutionary history of shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli revised.	in shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec), the etiologic agents of shigellosis in humans, the determinants responsible for entry of bacteria into and dissemination within epithelial cells are encoded by a virulence plasmid. to understand the evolution of the association between the virulence plasmid and the chromosome, we performed a phylogenetic analysis using the sequences of four chromosomal genes (trpa, trpb, pabb, and putp) and three virulence plasmid genes (ipab, ipad, and ics ...	2003	14562958
[specific prophylaxis of shigellosis].	a high level of shigellosis morbidity requires new approaches to the control of bacterial dysentery. according to modern concepts, the outbreaks of shigella infections are linked both with less intensive epidemic control measures and the objective cyclic character of the epidemic process. in this connection great importance is attached to the development of vaccines for the immunization of high risk groups in territories with unfavorable epidemic conditions and in zones of military conflicts, as ...	2003	14565136
cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of goniothalamin isolated from bryonopsis laciniosa.	the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of goniothalamin isolated from bryonopsis laciniosa was investigated. goniothalamin showed potent cytotoxicity with lc50 values (5.03 microg/ml) comparable with the reference standard agent, gallic acid. it also showed weak antibacterial and significant antifungal activity against a wide range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungi. the antibacterial (minimum inhibitory concentration) effect against bacillus cereus and shigella shiga was ...	2003	14669248
identification of alka gene related to virulence of shigella flexneri 2a by mutational analysis.	in vivo induced genes are thought to play an important role during infection of host. alka was identified as an in vivo-induced gene by in vivo expression technology (ivet), but its virulence in shigella flexneri was not reported. the purpose of this study was to identify the role of alka gene in the pathogenesis of s. flexneri.	2003	14669321
efficacy of detergents in removing salmonella and shigella spp. from the surface of fresh produce.	fresh produce has been implicated in several foodborne disease outbreaks. produce surfaces can be primary sites of contamination during production and handling. one approach to reduce contamination is to treat fresh produce with rinsing agents. in this study, different detergent agents were used at 22 and 40 degrees c to determine their efficacy in removing salmonella and shigella spp. from the surfaces of strawberries, tomatoes, and green-leaf lettuce. produce was inoculated at 22 degrees c wit ...	2003	14672215
pcrh of pseudomonas aeruginosa is essential for secretion and assembly of the type iii translocon.	pseudomonas aeruginosa harbors a type iii secretion system that translocates antihost effectors into an infected eukaryotic cell. pcrh is a key component of type iii secretion in this essential virulence strategy. in the absence of pcrh, p. aeruginosa is translocation deficient because of a specific reduction in presecretory stability and subsequent secretion of popb and popd, 2 proteins essential for the translocation process. pcrh exerts this chaperone function by binding directly to popb and ...	2003	14673772
multiple drug resistant strains of shigella isolated in jos, central nigeria.	the objective of this study is to highlight the alarming rise in antimicrobial resistance among shigella species in jos, plateau state. stool samples of eight hundred and ten patients who presented at the jos university teaching hospital with diarrhoea/dysentery were analysed using standard bacteriological techniques. the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates were determined. 25 shigella species were isolated representing 3.1% isolation rate. the male to female ratio is 1.3:1, children ag ...	2003	14692056
[shigellosis, a sexually transmitted disease in homosexual men].	a study of the registered number of shigella infections in amsterdam for the period 1997-2001 revealed that in 2001, there was an increase in the number of homosexual patients with oral-anal contacts as source for their infections. all of these infections were caused by subtype shigella sonnei. the infections were not associated with a specific meeting place for homosexual men. a relationship with an underlying hiv-infection is likely.	2003	14694556
patterns and properties of haemagglutinins expressed by shigella serogroups in lagos, nigeria.	forty-five strains of shigella were screened for haemagglutinin production and broad-spectrum haemagglutination reaction. mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin (msha) was found in 22 strains [shigella flexneri (7), s. dysenteriae (7), s. sonnei (3), and s. boydii (5)]. eighteen strains harboured mannose-resistant haemagglutinin (mrha), and 8 strains were observed to be non-haemagglutinating to guinea pig erythrocyte. with the exception of human erythrocytes (o, a, b, and ab), the observed msha and mr ...	2003	13677435
prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of shigella species among patients with acute diarrhoea in karaj, tehran, iran.	the study was carried out to determine the prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of shigella species among patients with acute diarrhoea in karaj, tehran, iran. the study included all acute diarrhoea patients who visited the hospitals and treatment centres of karaj during november 2001-october 2002. of 734 stool samples collected from patients with acute diarrhoea and analyzed for shigella spp., 123 (16.8%) yielded shigella spp. (7.5% shigella flexneri, 5.2% s. sonnei, 2.6% s. dysen ...	2003	13677436
the tailspike protein of shigella phage sf6. a structural homolog of salmonella phage p22 tailspike protein without sequence similarity in the beta-helix domain.	bacteriophage sf6 tailspike protein is functionally equivalent to the well characterized tailspike of salmonella phage p22, mediating attachment of the viral particle to host cell-surface polysaccharide. however, there is significant sequence similarity between the two 70-kda polypeptides only in the n-terminal putative capsid-binding domains. the major, central part of p22 tailspike protein, which forms a parallel beta-helix and is responsible for saccharide binding and hydrolysis, lacks detect ...	2003	12424253
methods for the identification of host receptors for shiga toxin.		2003	12375430