Publications

histone-like proteins and the shigella invasivity regulon.	the contribution of histone-like proteins to the transcriptional regulation of virulence gene networks is a common feature among pathogenic bacteria. in this article we review current knowledge about the regulative role of major histone-like proteins in the silencing/activation of the invasivity phenotype of shigella, the etiological agent of bacillary dissentery.	2002	12405354
an inv/mxi-spa-like type iii protein secretion system in burkholderia pseudomallei modulates intracellular behaviour of the pathogen.	burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a serious infectious disease of humans and animals that is endemic in subtropical areas. b. pseudomallei is a facultative intracellular pathogen that may invade and survive within eukaryotic cells for prolonged periods. after internalization, the bacteria escape from endocytic vacuoles into the cytoplasm of infected cells and form membrane protrusions by inducing actin polymerization at one pole. it is believed that survival within ...	2002	12410823
a high-throughput genetic system for assessing the inhibition of proteins: identification of antibiotic resistance and virulence targets and their cognate inhibitors in salmonella.	this study describes the development of a high-throughput genetic system for producing oligopeptides that can be used to identify molecular interactions leading to inhibition of specific proteins. using a pathogenic bacteria model, we screened a library of clones expressing intracellular oligopeptides in order to identify inhibitors of proteins involved in antibiotic resistance and virulence. this method involved transforming the pathogen with an oligopeptide-encoding plasmid library, constructe ...	2002	12413476
a clinicopathological study of acute necrotising jejunoileitis.	we describe a variety of acute necrotizing enteritis that is endemic to the indian subcontinent. during the period 1992-1998, 18 cases of acute jejunoileitis (aji) were managed. only those in whom the diagnosis was confirmed at laparotomy have been included in this study. the most common symptoms were abdominal pain (100%), fever (77%), and blood in the stool (100%). a stricture following conservative treatment was present in 1 case. the mean age at presentation was 6.5 years (range 6 months-12 ...	2002	12415384
shigella flexneri bacteraemia in an immunocompetent male treated with oral ciprofloxacin.		2002	12423618
identification of shiga toxin-producing bacteria by a new immuno-capture toxin gene pcr.	infections with bacteria producing shiga toxin are responsible for widespread disease and for the death of a large number of people. in the present study, we have developed a rapid method of high specificity for the detection of shigella dysenteriae by combining immuno-capture of the bacteria and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of their toxin gene. we compared the sensitivity of our new method, referred to as immuno-capture toxin gene pcr (itgpcr), with a conventional tgpcr (ctgpcr ...	2002	12423749
shigellosis complicating preterm premature rupture of membranes resulting in congenital infection and preterm delivery.	the association of chorioamnionitis with preterm birth is well established. intra-amniotic infection complicates 13-60% of preterm premature rupture of membranes (prom) with enteric gram-negative pathogens accounting for 20-40% of recoverable organisms. however, the source of enteric pathogens leading to premature birth has been poorly characterized.	2002	12423805
conformation of the branched o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 2: molecular mechanics calculations show a compact helical structure exposing an epitope which potentially mimics galabiose.	conformational analyses of the branched repeating unit of the o-antigenic polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 2 have been performed with molecular mechanics mm3. a filtered systematic search on the trisaccharide alpha-d-galnac-(1-->3)-[alpha-d-glcnac-(1-->4)]-alpha-d-galnac forming the branch, shows essentially a single favored conformation. also, the downstream alpha-d-galnac-(1-->4)-alpha-d-glc linkage is sterically constrained. the alpha-d-glc-(1-->4)-beta-d-gal moiety, however, forms ...	2002	12423964
electrophoretic analysis of salmonella typhi and other bacteria.	a comparative study involving sds-page of salmonella typhi and other bacteria was conducted. protoplasmic antigens of salmonella typhi. salmonella paratyphi a, salmonella typhimurium, proteus sp, klebsiellas sp. pseudomonas aeruginosa, shigella flexneri, staphylococcus aureus were separated and compared on sds-page followed by checking of their cross reactivity by gel diffusion using antisera raised against whole cell and lysates of salmonella typhi. lines of identity between salmonella typhi, s ...	2002	12649947
[evaluation of usefulness for selected virulence markers for identifying pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica strains. iv. genes myfa and urec].	we check by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) the presence of gene urec and myfa, encoding subunits of urease and myf fimbriae, among clinical and food-originated strains of yersinia to determine their usefulness as molecular virulence markers of y. enterocolitica. the examinations were done on 130 clinical strains of y. enterocolitica o:3/4 isolated in poland from humans. all strains were obtained from stool and possessed the virulence plasmid pyv. in addition 40 isogenic, plasmid-cured strains w ...	2002	12650057
bacterial enteric pathogens in children with acute dysentery in thailand: increasing importance of quinolone-resistant campylobacter.	current data on pathogen prevalence and drug resistance patterns are important for treatment and vaccine-development strategies. an etiologic study of acute bacterial dysentery was conducted in children up to 12 years of age in 2 major hospitals in and around bangkok. stool samples or rectal swabs and clinical data were collected. standard microbiological methods were used to detect salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, vibrio, aeromonas and plesiomonas. pathogenic e. coli (etec, eiec, stec) was ...	2002	12757222
blood culture isolates from children admitted to medical unit iii, yangon children's hospital, 1998.	a one year study (august 1998-july 1999) of bacteremia in febrile children was carried out in the medical unit (iii), yangon children's hospital (ych), myanmar, to determine: (1) the bacteria responsible for fever of five days or more in children; (2) the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of these bacteria. children aged one month to 12 years who had fever for five days or more and who did not receive antibiotics within the first 48 hours irrespective of the diagnosis were included in this study. a ...	2002	12757224
adipokinetic hormone enhances laminarin and bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of the prophenoloxidase cascade in the african migratory locust, locusta migratoria.	lom-akh-i enhances the activation in vivo of prophenoloxidase in the haemolymph of the african migratory locust, locusta migratoria, in response to challenge with laminarin. akh does not influence the speed or initial magnitude of the phenoloxidase response to laminarin, but prolongs the period of activation of the enzyme in a dose-dependent manner. injections of preparations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) do not activate prophenoloxidase in vivo, but co-injection of lom-akh-i with commer ...	2002	12770071
his-asp phosphorelay signal transduction in higher plants: receptors and response regulators for cytokinin signaling in arabidopsis thaliana.	bacteria have devised phosphotransfer signaling mechanisms for eliciting a variety of adaptive responses to their environment. these mechanisms are collectively referred to as two-component regulatory systems. each system generally consists of a sensor protein histidine kinase, which is anchored in the cell membrane, and a cytoplasmic response regulator, whose activity is modulated by the sensor. most response regulators are transcription factors. in this review, we briefly introduce the establi ...	2002	12589073
[microbial quality assessment of some street food widely consumed in ouagadougou, burkina faso].	the major part of the population of ouagadougou, burkina faso, have their breakfast, dinner and lunch in street food shops. the characteristics of street food vendors are indicated. it appeared clearly that women play a major part (75%) in street food sale. vendors have only a slight knowledge of food processing and of hygienic practices. there is a high proportion (about 50%) of people among them. this dietary habit has some negative aspects on the consumers' health. ours studies clearly showed ...	2002	12626290
identification of escherichia coli o157:h7 by multiplex pcr with primers specific to the hlya, eaea, stx1, stx2, flic and rfb genes.	escherichia coli o157:h7 can cause fatal diseases such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. the early symptoms of e. coli o157:h7 infection are similar to those of infection with other gastrointestinal bacteria, so the availability of a rapid and precise method to identify e. coli o157:h7 is important for early recognition. we report a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with primers to detect the presence of the e. coli o157:h7 genes hlya, which produces e ...	2002	12645196
prevalence of multidrug-resistant shigella isolated in malaysia.		2002	12659418
[infectious etiology of dysenteric syndromes at the principal hospital of dakar in 1999 and 2000].	dysenteric syndromes are relatively frequent in tropical areas, due essentially to infectious etiologies, constituted by flimsy pathogenic agents outside and possibilities of laboratory investigations little available. the authors evaluated during two years (1990-2000) the results of 399 parasitological examinations and 419 bacteriological examinations concerning dysenteric syndromes admitted to the laboratory of "hopital principal de dakar". the objective of these examination is to contribute t ...	2002	15776602
[place and resistance of epidemic strains of shigella dysenteriae-1 isolated at the fann hospital from 1995 to 1999].	shigella dysenteriae-1 (s.d-1) takes a more and more important place in intertropical countries, with multiresistant strains to antibiotics. the objectives of the study is to determine the prevalence of s.d-1 among bacterial isolations at fann hospital at dakar, and to identify the resistant profiles of the strains. this retrospective study was conducted on the strains isolated between 1995 and 1999 by examination of faeces for bacterial pathogens. the susceptibility of the strains to antibiotic ...	2002	15776683
clarithromycin synergism with essential and trace elements.	in order to ascertain the role of various essential and trace element complexation on the antibacterial activity of various macrolide antibiotics, the synergistic or antagonistic behavior of clarithromycin metal complexes has been studied and compared with the parent drug. metal complexes of clarithromycin with magnesium, calcium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium has been investigated for their antibacterial activity and compared with clarithromycin by observin ...	2002	16414867
first report of vibrio cholerae infection from andaman and nicobar, india.	out of 34 stool samples collected during an outbreak of diarrhoea, vibrio cholerae 01 was isolated from 10 samples contrary to earlier reports that shigella species was the only cause of diarrhoeal disease in andaman & nicobar islands.	2002	14710858
[etiologic profile of acute diarrhea in children in são paulo]	objective: to evaluate the etiologic profile of acute diarrhea in socioeconomically deprived children assisted at a regional pediatric emergency care service. methods: during two years all children with acute diarrhea assisted at a previously established day and week time schedule were included in the study. other selective criteria were: a) age less than 5 years; b) nonuse of antibiotics in the previous month; and c) no travel outside the city in the previous month. stool examination was used f ...	2002	14647809
bacterial enteropathogens isolated in childhood diarrhoea in kuala lumpur--the changing trend.	a retrospective review of all stool samples obtained from children aged < 16 years with diarrhoea from university of malaya medical centre (ummc), kuala lumpur, from 1978 to 1997 was undertaken to ascertain the pattern of bacterial pathogens causing diarrhoea in children in an urban area in malaysia. of 26444 stool samples processed, 2989 (11%) were positive. the five most common bacterial pathogens isolated were non-typhoidal salmonella (57%), enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) (14%), shigella spp ...	2002	14569714
methods for the identification of host receptors for shiga toxin.		2003	12375430
species distribution and antibiotic resistance of shigella isolates in an urban community in malaysia.	there is an increasing trend for shigella isolates worldwide to be resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics. the species distribution and antibiotic resistance of shigella species isolated from children in kuala lumpur, malaysia from 1978 to 1997 was reviewed. three hundred and eighty six isolates were positive for shigella species, representing 1.4% (95% ci: 1.3%-1.6%) of the 26320 total stool specimens and 13% (95% ci: 11.8%-14.2%) of 2986 isolates positive for bacterial pathogens. shigell ...	2003	14569747
comparison of two major forms of the shigella virulence plasmid pinv: positive selection is a major force driving the divergence.	all shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) strains carry a 230-kb virulence plasmid (pinv) which is essential for their invasiveness. there are two sequence forms, pinv a and pinv b, of the plasmid (r. lan, b. lumb, d. ryan, and p. r. reeves, infect. immun. 69:6303-6309, 2001), and the recently sequenced pinv plasmid from shigella flexneri serotype 5 is a pinv b form. in this study we sequenced the majority of the coding region of the pinv a form from s. flexneri serotype 6 other th ...	2003	14573649
antimicrobial interactions of microbial species involved in the fermentation of cassava dough into agbelima with particular reference to the inhibitory effect of lactic acid bacteria on enteric pathogens.	lactic acid bacteria, bacillus species and yeasts are involved in the fermentation of cassava dough into agbelima. microbial interactions within and between these groups of microorganisms were investigated in addition to the survival of five enteric pathogens inoculated into agbelima under various conditions. nine out of 10 cultures of lactic acid bacteria isolated at the end of agbelima fermentation showed inhibitory effect against 10 cultures of lactic acid bacteria isolated at the start of fe ...	2003	14580972
mycobacterium marinum escapes from phagosomes and is propelled by actin-based motility.	mycobacteria are responsible for a number of human and animal diseases and are classical intracellular pathogens, living inside macrophages rather than as free-living organisms during infection. numerous intracellular pathogens, including listeria monocytogenes, shigella flexneri, and rickettsia rickettsii, exploit the host cytoskeleton by using actin-based motility for cell to cell spread during infection. here we show that mycobacterium marinum, a natural pathogen of fish and frogs and an occa ...	2003	14597736
temporal shifts in the dominance of serotypes of shigella dysenteriae from 1999 to 2002 in dhaka, bangladesh.	a total of 358 shigella dysenteriae strains isolated from patients attending the dhaka treatment center of the international centre for diarrheal disease research, bangladesh, between the years 1999 and 2002 were included in this study. s. dysenteriae type 1, the dominant serotype in 1999 (76.4%), declined to 6.5% in 2002. on the other hand, s. dysenteriae types 2 to 12 were isolated with increasing frequencies of 19, 67, 73.5, and 87% in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002, respectively. of these, types ...	2003	14605138
duplex real-time sybr green pcr assays for detection of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in stools.	a duplex real-time sybr green lightcycler pcr (lc-pcr) assay with dna extraction using the qiaamp dna stool mini kit was evaluated with regard to detection of 8 of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in five stool specimens in 2 h or less. the protocol used the same lc-pcr with 20 pairs of specific primers. the products formed were identified based on a melting point temperature (t(m)) curve analysis. the 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens examined were enteroinvasive escherichi ...	2003	14605150
a simple method for semi-preparative-scale production and recovery of enterocin as-48 derived from enterococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens a-48-32.	production of enterocin as-48 by enterococcus faecalis a-48-32 was compared between standard and high-cell density batch fermentations. in high-cell density cultures, bacteriocin production was 2.47-fold higher, provided that the ph was controlled during the fermentation. a two-step procedure for recovery of milligram quantities of purified bacteriocin was developed, based on adsorption of the bacteriocin on carboxymethyl sephadex cm-25 followed by reversed-phase chromatography on a semi-prepara ...	2003	14607403
identification of foodborne bacteria by infrared spectroscopy using cellular fatty acid methyl esters.	identification of bacterial species by profiling fatty acid methyl esters (fames) has commonly been carried out by using a 20-min capillary gas chromatographic procedure followed by library matching of fame profiles using commercial midi databases and proprietary pattern recognition software. fast gc (5 min) fame procedures and mass spectrometric methodologies that require no lipid separation have also been reported. in this study, bacterial identification based on the rapid (2 min) infrared mea ...	2003	14607413
fitness cost of the green fluorescent protein in gastrointestinal bacteria.	there are surprisingly few studies that have successfully used the green fluorescent protein (gfp) as a quantitative reporter in selection experiments screening for inducible bacterial promoters. one explanation is that gfp expression may confer a fitness cost for bacteria. to test this possibility, we monitored the doubling time in enteric bacteria expressing gfp. four bacterial species, escherichia coli, enterohaemorrhagic e. coli, shigella flexneri, salmonella typhi, and vibrio cholerae, were ...	2003	14608419
shigella flexneri sepsis in an infant.	shigellosis continues to be an important public health problem in developed countries, since communication in the world village has become more frequent. in addition, this disease is difficult to be prevented because only a small number of bacteria are required to cause infection, and it has exhibited steady trends towards multiple drug resistance. this report describes a 7-month-old female infant with shigella flexneri sepsis presenting initially with a high fever, watery diarrhea, and dehydrat ...	2003	14609044
[co-expression of cfa/i and cs6 of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli ( etec ) in shigella flexneri 2a t32 derivative strain fwl01].	among the known colonization factors of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), cfa/i and cs6 (the common antigen in the cfa/iv fimbrial antigens ) are two of the most prevalent fimbriae found in clinical isolates but are never expressed by the same wild-type strains. in this study, cfa/i and cs6 of etec were co-expressed in shigella flexneri 2a t32 derivative strain fwl01 by using a host-plasmid lethal balancing system based on asd gene. the results indicate that the recombinant plasmid carryi ...	2003	14614538
modulation of gut physiology through enteric toxins.	diarrheal diseases caused by microorganisms and their toxins are a major cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. acute diarrhea is mainly caused due to increased intestinal secretion, commonly as a result of infection with enterotoxin producing organisms (enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, vibrio cholera) or due to decreased intestinal absorption from infection with organisms that damage the intestinal epithelium (enteropathogenic e. coli sp., shigella sp., salmonella sp.) the stud ...	2003	14619951
cold shock induction of rnase r and its role in the maturation of the quality control mediator ssra/tmrna.	in this paper we show that rnase r is a cold shock protein that is induced seven- to eightfold by cold shock and that its expression is tightly regulated by temperature. transcriptional studies reveal that the rnr gene is co-transcribed with flanking genes as an operon induced under cold shock. the induction of rnase r levels is mainly a result of the stabilization of the rnr transcripts. the transient stability of the rnr transcripts is shown to be regulated by pnpase at the end of the acclimat ...	2003	14622421
characterization of antimicrobial resistance, plasmids, and gene cassettes in shigella spp. from patients in vietnam.	the objective of the study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance, plasmids and class 1 integrons in 150 shigella strains isolated from patients with diarrhea in vietnam. most isolates were resistant to the majority of antimicrobial agents used for treatment in the isolation areas and 90% were resistant to three or more antibiotics. a total of 20 strains yielded class 1 integrons, which harbored oxa1, dfra, orff, and aada gene cassettes. the most common gene cassette, aada2, was always loca ...	2003	14633363
shiga toxins and apoptosis.	the enteric pathogens shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) cause bloody diarrheal diseases that may progress to life-threatening extraintestinal complications. although the s. dysenteriae and stec differ in the expression of a number of virulence determinants, they share the capacity to produce one or more potent cytotoxins, called shiga toxins (stxs). following the ingestion of the organisms, the expression of stxs is critical for the development of ...	2003	14638419
epidemiology of nalidixic acid resistance and tem-1- and tem-52-mediated ampicillin resistance of shigella sonnei isolates obtained in korea between 1980 and 2000.	the resistance to ampicillin and nalidixic acid in shigella sonnei isolates obtained in korea during the period 1998 to 2000 was characterized. recently (j. y. oh, h. s. yu, s. k. kim, s. y. seol, d. t. cho, and j. c. lee, j. clin. microbiol. 41:421-423, 2003) ampicillin and nalidixic acid resistance was found in 49 and 70%, respectively, of the 67 s. sonnei isolates obtained during this period. we analyzed 138 s. sonnei isolates collected during the same period. ampicillin and nalidixic acid re ...	2003	14638472
analysis of virulence and inflammatory potential of shigella flexneri purine biosynthesis mutants.	several shigella flexneri mutants with defects in aromatic amino acid and/or purine biosynthesis have been evaluated as vaccines in humans or in animal models. to be suitable as a vaccine, a mutant has to show virulence attenuation, minimal reactogenicity, and a good immunogenic potential in animal models. with this aim, we have constructed five s. flexneri 5 (wild-type strain m90t) mutants with inactivation of one or two of the loci purek, purhd, and guaba, governing early or late steps of puri ...	2003	14638790
characterization of an extracellular virulence factor made by group a streptococcus with homology to the listeria monocytogenes internalin family of proteins.	leucine-rich repeats (lrr) characterize a diverse array of proteins and function to provide a versatile framework for protein-protein interactions. importantly, each of the bacterial lrr proteins that have been well described, including those of listeria monocytogenes, yersinia pestis, and shigella flexneri, have been implicated in virulence. here we describe an 87.4-kda group a streptococcus (gas) protein (designated slr, for streptococcal leucine-rich) containing 10 1/2 sequential units of a 2 ...	2003	14638794
epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of acute diarrhea with emphasis on entamoeba histolytica infections in preschool children in an urban slum of dhaka, bangladesh.	the epidemiology, clinical features, nutritional status, and causative agents of diarrhea were studied in 289 bangladeshi children (147 boys and 142 girls) 2-5 years old. the use of improved diagnostic tests for amebiasis enabled for the first time analysis of the contribution of entamoeba histolytica to total diarrheal illness in this community setting. the average incidence rate of diarrhea was 1.8/child-year, and the average number of diarrheal days was 3.7 days/child-year over an average obs ...	2003	14640500
porin of shigella dysenteriae enhances mrna levels for toll-like receptor 2 and myd88, up-regulates cd80 of murine macrophage, and induces the release of interleukin-12.	sera of patients convalescing from shigellosis reacted strongly and specifically with the 38,000 da monomer of porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1. since human, the only natural host of s. dysenteriae type 1, recognized the protein through humoral immune response, it is of great significance to study the surface-exposed outer membrane antigen as an adjuvant. porin treatment of cd11b+ peritoneal cavity (perc) mphi of balb/c mouse was found to up-regulate cd80 on cell surface and had no effect on ...	2003	14642305
identification and characterization of simple sequence repeats in the genomes of shigella species.	a variety of simple sequence repeats (ssrs) have been identified in the genome of shigella flexneri serotype 2a (strain sf301), an enteric pathogen that causes bacillary dysentery in man. the distribution of ssrs, with unit length ranging from 1 to 9 nucleotides, was biased in different regions of the genome. the tri-, tetra- and hexanucleotide ssrs prevailed in the coding regions while the mono- and dinucleotide ssrs were more common in the noncoding regions. many intergenic ssrs are less than ...	2003	14644500
structural basis of peptide-carbohydrate mimicry in an antibody-combining site.	the structure of a complex between the fab fragment of the antibody (sya/j6) specific for the cell surface o-antigen polysaccharide of the pathogen shigella flexneri y and an octapeptide (met-asp-trp-asn-met-his-ala-ala), a functional mimic of the o-antigen, has been determined at 1.8-a resolution. comparison of the structure with that of the complex with the pentasaccharide antigen [-->2)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->2)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->3)-beta-d-glcnac-(1-->2)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->] reveal ...	2003	14645714
antimicrobial activity of extracts of local cough mixtures on upper respiratory tract bacterial pathogens.	the punched-hole and the paper disc diffusion methods were used in screening for the antimicrobial activity of six common ingredients used locally in cough mixtures, against the following bacteria: klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus. enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli, salmonella spp, salmonella paratyphi, shigella dysenteria, shigella sonnei and candida albicans. the results, evaluated as the diameter of zone of inhibition of microbial growth, showed that ...	2003	14649097
bilateral pneumonia associated with shigella sonnei dysentery.		2003	14650419
multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 in south asia.		2003	14652200
bovine colostrums: a review of clinical uses.	bovine colostrums are the "early" milk produced by cows during the first several days post-parturition. this "early" milk has a nutrient profile and immunological composition that differs substantially from "mature" milk. included in the nutrient profile are higher amounts of immunoglobulins, growth factors, cytokines, and nucleosides than are found in milk. bovine colostrums are also rich in oligosaccharides, antimicrobials, and immune-regulating factors. available evidence suggests a beneficia ...	2003	14653766
shigella dysenteriae type 1-specific bacteriophage from environmental waters in bangladesh.	shigella dysenteriae type 1 is the causative agent of the most severe form of bacillary dysentery, which occurs as epidemics in many developing countries. we isolated a bacteriophage from surface water samples from bangladesh that specifically lyses strains of s. dysenteriae type 1. this phage, designated sf-9, belongs to the podoviridae family and has a 41-kb double-stranded dna genome. further screening of water samples for the prevalence of the phage revealed 9 of 71 (12.6%) water samples whi ...	2003	14660345
newly emerged multiple-antibiotic-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 strains in and around kolkata, india, are clonal.		2003	14662996
cadc is the preferential target of a convergent evolution driving enteroinvasive escherichia coli toward a lysine decarboxylase-defective phenotype.	enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec), like shigella, is the etiological agent of bacillary dysentery, a particularly severe syndrome in children in developing countries. all eiec strains share with shigella the inability to synthesize lysine decarboxylase (the ldc phenotype). the lack of this function is considered a pathoadaptive mutation whose emergence was necessary to obtain the full expression of invasiveness. cadaverine, the product of lysine decarboxylation, is a small polyamine which interferes ...	2003	14500464
icsa, a polarly localized autotransporter with an atypical signal peptide, uses the sec apparatus for secretion, although the sec apparatus is circumferentially distributed.	asymmetric localization of proteins is essential to many biological functions of bacteria. shigella icsa, an outer membrane protein, is localized to the old pole of the bacillus, where it mediates assembly of a polarized actin tail during infection of mammalian cells. actin tail assembly provides the propulsive force for intracellular movement and intercellular dissemination. localization of icsa to the pole is independent of the amino-terminal signal peptide (charles, m., perez, m., kobil, j.h. ...	2003	14507362
leitbakteria of microbial biofilm communities causing occlusion of biliary stents.	biliary stents inserted to relieve obstructive jaundice caused by biliary or pancreatic malignancies inevitably become occluded by microbial growth in the form of diverse microbial community biofilms. the scarce information available on these communities is based on cultivation methods, but such methods usually provide distorted overviews of community composition, so commonalities and differences in biliary stent communities are uncertain. we extracted dna and rna from the microbial communities ...	2003	14510839
[integrons and antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes in shigella flexneri strains ].	the resistance of shigella flexneri to antimicrobial agents can be associated to the presence of integrons that may contain and express antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes.	2003	14513692
ctx-m-3 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in a shigella sonnei clinical isolate: first report from turkey.	a shigella sonnei strain resistant to cefotaxime and aztreonam (but not ceftazidime) was isolated from the stool sample of a 7-y-old outpatient. double disk synergy test, isoelectric focusing, polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis confirmed that the isolate produced ctx-m-3, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl). this is the first report from turkey of shigella spp. producing an esbl, and of ctx-m type enzyme.	2003	14514153
activation of hila expression at low ph requires the signal sensor cpxa, but not the cognate response regulator cpxr, in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	a two-component regulatory system, cpxr-cpxa, plays an important role in the ph-dependent regulation of virf, a global activator for virulence determinants including invasion genes, in shigella sonnei. the authors examined whether the cpxr-cpxa homologues have some function in the expression of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invasion genes via the regulation of hila, an activator for these genes. in a salmonella cpxa mutant, the hila expression level was reduced to less than 10 % of tha ...	2003	14523114
[intercontinental spread of a trimethoprim-resistant strain of shigella flexneri].	in this study we characterize a trimethoprim-resistant strain of shigella flexneri recovered from stool samples of an international traveler after a trip to kenya, and analyze its epidemiological relationship with a set of strains having similar characteristics from tanzania.	2003	14525704
the shia protein encoded by the shigella flexneri shi-2 pathogenicity island attenuates inflammation.	shigella spp. are the aetiologic agents of dysentery, a severe diarrhoeal syndrome characterized by acute inflammation in the colon. the inflammatory response, which includes recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn), damages the colonic mucosa and exacerbates the infection. shigella encodes a pathogenicity island (pai), shi-2, which is localized in a region of the chromosome linked to the induction of inflammation. surprisingly, shi-2 deletion mutants induce a stronger inflammatory resp ...	2003	14531895
abl tyrosine kinases are required for infection by shigella flexneri.	infection by the opportunistic bacterial pathogen shigella flexneri stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of host cell proteins, but the kinases involved and their effects on the regulation of cell signaling pathways during bacterial entry remain largely undefined. here, we demonstrate a requirement for the abl family of tyrosine kinases during shigella internalization. family members abl and arg are catalytically activated upon shigella infection, accumulate at the site of bacterial entry, and ar ...	2003	14532119
etiology of acute diarrhea in adults in southwestern nigeria.	stool specimens from 113 adult outpatients with diarrhea in southwestern nigeria and 63 controls were examined for bacterial and parasitic enteric pathogens. enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) (p < 0.02), enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec) (p < 0.02), and entamoeba histolytica (p < 0.0002) were significantly associated with diarrhea. salmonella, shigella, nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae, other categories of diarrheagenic e. coli, as well as a variety of helminths were recovered more frequently ...	2003	14532177
antimicrobial activity of some 2- and 3-pyridinyl-1h-benzimidazoles and their feiii, cuii, znii, and agi complexes.	2-(2-pyridinyl)- (li), 2-(6-methyl-2-pyridinyl)- (lii), 2-(6-methyl-2-pyridinyl)-5-methyl-(liii), 2-(3-pyridinyl)- (liv), 2-(3-pyridinyl)-5-methyl-1h-benzimidazoles (lv) and their complexes with fe(no3)3, cu(no3)2, zn(no3)2, and agno3 were synthesized and antibacterial activity of the compounds was tested toward staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri, proteus mirabilis and antifungal ...	2003	14533478
the evolutionary history of shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli revised.	in shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec), the etiologic agents of shigellosis in humans, the determinants responsible for entry of bacteria into and dissemination within epithelial cells are encoded by a virulence plasmid. to understand the evolution of the association between the virulence plasmid and the chromosome, we performed a phylogenetic analysis using the sequences of four chromosomal genes (trpa, trpb, pabb, and putp) and three virulence plasmid genes (ipab, ipad, and ics ...	2003	14562958
[specific prophylaxis of shigellosis].	a high level of shigellosis morbidity requires new approaches to the control of bacterial dysentery. according to modern concepts, the outbreaks of shigella infections are linked both with less intensive epidemic control measures and the objective cyclic character of the epidemic process. in this connection great importance is attached to the development of vaccines for the immunization of high risk groups in territories with unfavorable epidemic conditions and in zones of military conflicts, as ...	2003	14565136
laribacter hongkongensis: a potential cause of infectious diarrhea.	in this study, we describe the isolation of laribacter hongkongensis, a recently described genus and species of bacterium, in pure culture on charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar from the stool of six patients with diarrhea. three patients were residents of hong kong, and three of switzerland. in none of the stool samples obtained from these six patients was salmonella, shigella, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, vibrio, aeromonas, plesiomonas, or campylobacter recovered. rotavirus antigen ...	2003	14711474
antibacterial potential of an antispasmodic drug dicyclomine hydrochloride.	several compounds are known to possess antimicrobial activity in addition to their predesignated pharmacological actions. in the present study, dicyclomine hydrochloride, an antispasmodic drug, was tested for possible antimicrobial property in vitro and in vivo.	2003	14723484
amlodipine: a cardiovascular drug with powerful antimicrobial property.	ten cardiovascular drugs were procured in pure form from their manufacturers in india and screened for antimicrobial property against fifteen known bacteria belonging to both gram-positive and gram-negative types. these bacteria were inhibited by the common antibiotics at 1-5 mg ml(-1) level through our earlier studies. since most of the bacteria were moderate to highly responsive to amlodipine, this compound was further tested in vitro against 504 bacteria comprising 4 genera of gram-positive a ...	2003	14743981
[airborne microorganisms in a rearing henhouse for layers during vaccination].	airborne microorganisms are proved regularly in livestock houses as a part of stable dust and its amount depends on housing conditions, the flow of air and the movement of material. health of animals and farmers can be influenced in a negative way by these bioaerosols. in a rearing house for layers concentrations of various groups of airborne microorganisms were measured during vaccination by a veterinary and his three assistants. during the vaccination activities the concentrations of some airb ...	2003	14746055
cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of goniothalamin isolated from bryonopsis laciniosa.	the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of goniothalamin isolated from bryonopsis laciniosa was investigated. goniothalamin showed potent cytotoxicity with lc50 values (5.03 microg/ml) comparable with the reference standard agent, gallic acid. it also showed weak antibacterial and significant antifungal activity against a wide range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungi. the antibacterial (minimum inhibitory concentration) effect against bacillus cereus and shigella shiga was ...	2003	14669248
identification of alka gene related to virulence of shigella flexneri 2a by mutational analysis.	in vivo induced genes are thought to play an important role during infection of host. alka was identified as an in vivo-induced gene by in vivo expression technology (ivet), but its virulence in shigella flexneri was not reported. the purpose of this study was to identify the role of alka gene in the pathogenesis of s. flexneri.	2003	14669321
efficacy of detergents in removing salmonella and shigella spp. from the surface of fresh produce.	fresh produce has been implicated in several foodborne disease outbreaks. produce surfaces can be primary sites of contamination during production and handling. one approach to reduce contamination is to treat fresh produce with rinsing agents. in this study, different detergent agents were used at 22 and 40 degrees c to determine their efficacy in removing salmonella and shigella spp. from the surfaces of strawberries, tomatoes, and green-leaf lettuce. produce was inoculated at 22 degrees c wit ...	2003	14672215
pcrh of pseudomonas aeruginosa is essential for secretion and assembly of the type iii translocon.	pseudomonas aeruginosa harbors a type iii secretion system that translocates antihost effectors into an infected eukaryotic cell. pcrh is a key component of type iii secretion in this essential virulence strategy. in the absence of pcrh, p. aeruginosa is translocation deficient because of a specific reduction in presecretory stability and subsequent secretion of popb and popd, 2 proteins essential for the translocation process. pcrh exerts this chaperone function by binding directly to popb and ...	2003	14673772
multiple drug resistant strains of shigella isolated in jos, central nigeria.	the objective of this study is to highlight the alarming rise in antimicrobial resistance among shigella species in jos, plateau state. stool samples of eight hundred and ten patients who presented at the jos university teaching hospital with diarrhoea/dysentery were analysed using standard bacteriological techniques. the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates were determined. 25 shigella species were isolated representing 3.1% isolation rate. the male to female ratio is 1.3:1, children ag ...	2003	14692056
[shigellosis, a sexually transmitted disease in homosexual men].	a study of the registered number of shigella infections in amsterdam for the period 1997-2001 revealed that in 2001, there was an increase in the number of homosexual patients with oral-anal contacts as source for their infections. all of these infections were caused by subtype shigella sonnei. the infections were not associated with a specific meeting place for homosexual men. a relationship with an underlying hiv-infection is likely.	2003	14694556
shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, kolkata, india.	since july 2002, bacteriologically confirmed shigellosis cases have increased, and multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 strains have reemerged in patients hospitalized with diarrhea in kolkata, india. the isolated strains of s. dysenteriae 1 showed resistance to chloramphenicol (80%), ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), co-trimoxazole (100%), nalidixic acid (100%), norfloxacin (100%), and ciprofloxacin (100%). emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in s. dysenteriae 1 strains ...	2003	14718096
the role of bacterial and non-bacterial toxins in the induction of changes in membrane transport: implications for diarrhea.	bacterial toxins induce changes in membrane transport which underlie the loss of electrolyte homeostasis associated with diarrhea. bacterial- and their secreted toxin-types which have been linked with diarrhea include: (a) vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin, e1 tor hemolysin and accessory cholera enterotoxin); (b) escherichia coli (heat stable enterotoxin, heat-labile enterotoxin and colicins); (c) shigella dysenteriae (shiga-toxin); (d) clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens enterotoxin, alpha-tox ...	2003	14757199
[myopericarditis complicating severe shigella sonnei infection].		2003	14770130
[study on gene knockout using red system in shigella flexneri].	the technology of gene knockout using lambda red system in bacteria has been developed lately, but its application being limited to esherichia coli. in order to get some experiences in other bacteria we select four genes, including alka, wcaj, yphf and dam, to test gene knockout using red system in e. coli and shigella. as a result, three genes were successfully knocked out in e. coli except dam while only alka gene was knocked out in shigella. it showed that the red system should be improved if ...	2003	16276895
[cloning of ipab gene from shigella flexneri and its expression in yeast cell].	ipab gene amplified from s. flexneri 2a by pcr was cloned into pgbkt7 vector (named pgbkt-ipab) and sequencing indicated that the amino encoded by the cloned gene was the same as the reported; the recombination plasmid pgbkt-ipab was transformed into the yeast strain ah109, in which the fusion expression of ipab was analyzed with sds-page and western blotting. this provided the basis for screening the interacting protein with ipab by two hybrid system and understanding the function of ipab in th ...	2003	16279212
[sequence analysis of bacterial transposon in nhx gene of populus euphratica].	the united nations environment program estimates that approximately 20% of agricultural land and 50% of cropland in the world is salt-stressed. the gene nhx (na+/h+ exchanger) encodes functional protein that catalyzes the countertransport of na+ and h+ across membranes and may play an important role in plant salt tolerance. to clone the nhx from the wild plant populus euphratica collected in tarim basin and xinjiang wujiaqu district into a t-vector, designed primer was used to amplify 1kb nhx cd ...	2003	15969097
[a case of inactive escherichia coli isolated from feces initially suspected to be shigella boydii subgroup c serotype 14 by conventional biochemical tests in tubes].	a small number of colorless colonies grew from dhl agar of feces culture taken as part of a complete physical for a 42 year-old woman who had lived in singapore for several years. when cultured for first-stage identification using conventional biochemical tests in tubes for enterobacteriaceae, such as tsi agar slant and sim medium, the results for lactose reaction (-), saccharose reaction (-), gas (very weak +) and motility (-) were obtained, and shigella spp. was suspected. serological tests (b ...	2003	15552836
bacteriological study of bottled drinking water marketed in mangalore.	bottled water is generally accepted as safe for consumption. however, its potability is uncertain. ninety samples of six national and 3 local brands marketed in mangalore city were studied. seven of these were isi certified. bacteriological analysis of these samples were carried out for viable count, presumtive coliform count by multiple tube method, confirmed esch. coli count by eijkman test and specific intestinal pathogens, such as salmonella, shigella and vibrios. thirty out of 90 samples th ...	2003	15562959
shigellosis: innate mechanisms of inflammatory destruction of the intestinal epithelium, adaptive immune response, and vaccine development.	acute infectious colitis remains a major pediatric issue of worldwide impact because it still represents a significant public health burden among the larger group of diarrheal diseases with the highest mortality rate. it is also a relevant model of inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd), such as crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. among cases of acute colitis of infectious origin, shigellosis is certainly the one that has benefited the most from a significant research effort. shigella, the causat ...	2003	15030306
enhanced isolation of shigella species by extended incubation of primary isolation plates.		2003	15038595
antibacterial effects of carica papaya fruit on common wound organisms.	the purpose of the study was to investigate antibacterial activity of ripe and unripe carica papaya on selected micro-organisms. cultures of micro-organisms were routinely maintained in nutrient agar slants at 4 degrees c. extracts of immature, mature and ripe carica papaya fruit were obtained by separately grinding factions of the epicarp, endocarp and seeds and filtering them through gauze. sensitivity tests were conducted by adding 0.06 ml of extract to agar wells (6 mm diameter) prepared fro ...	2003	15040064
synergistic action of photosensitizers and normal human serum in a bactericidal process. i. effect of chlorophylls.	susceptibility of some gram-negative strains against the bactericidal action of normal human serum (nhs) and of chlorophyll, which induces production of reactive oxygen species by light, was studied. a synergistic bactericidal activity of nhs and chlorophyll against e. coli k1 and shigella flexneri strains was observed.	2003	15095924
[the observation of the lymphocyte phenotype change in different lymphoid tissues of mice after intranasal immunization with bivalent shigella vaccines].	to observe the changes of lymphocyte phenotype in different lymphoid tissues of mice at various time after intranasal immunization with bivalent shigella vaccines.	2003	15182658
attenuated salmonella and shigella as carriers for dna vaccines.	the discovery that genes can be functionally transferred from bacteria to mammalian cells has suggested the possible use of bacterial vectors as gene delivery vehicles for vaccines. attenuated invasive human intestinal bacteria, such as salmonella and shigella, have been used as plasmid dna vaccine carriers and their potency has been evaluated in several animal models. this delivery system allows the administration of dna vaccines together with associated bacterial immunostimulators directly to ...	2003	15203916
the prevalence of yersinia enterocolitica isolates in comparison to those of the commonly encountered enteropathogens causing diarrhoea among ethiopian patients in addis ababa.	this cross-sectional study was designed to determine and describe the prevalence of diarrhoea caused by yersinia enterocolitica isolates in comparison with the commonly encountered diarrhoeagenic salmonella and shigella among all age group out-patients of addis ababa, ethiopia. standardized bacteriological isolation and biochemical test techniques were used. among the stool samples of 205 patients tested for bacteriological cultures, only 3 (1.5%) were positive for yersinia enterocolitica, 22 (1 ...	2003	15227891
[comparative study on antibacterial effects of huangqin-tang and its metabolites produced by intestinal flora].	to compare the antibacterial effects of huangqin-tang with its metabolites produced by intestinal flora.	2003	15015311
changing trends in shigellosis at a tertiary care centre.		2003	15022943
emerging food pathogens and bacterial toxins.	many different foodborne diseases have been described. for example, shigella bacteria, hepatitis a virus and norwalk virus were shown as a unwashed hands microorganisms, but pathogen campylobacter and escherichia coli were named as raw and undercooked meat and poultry or raw milk and untreated water born bacteria. however, two of them: listeria monocytogenes and yersinia enterocolitica are known as growing at refrigerator temperatures. essential virulence determinants of listeria monocytogenes p ...	2003	15058810
sanitary and bacteriological aspects of sewage treatment.	a study into the removal of contamination load and indicator bacteria was carried out in 1992-1996 in the mechanical, biological and chemical waste-water treatment plant wtp in lezany, in the county of reszel, in the province of warmia and mazury in poland. the results of chemical analyses found a high efficiency of removal of carbon compounds, cod (90%) and bod (98%), in the process of purification of household sewage. in addition, a high effectiveness of total nitrogen, on average 71%, and uns ...	2003	15058814
[out-of-laboratory control screening of growth mediums used by sanitary service laboratories for isolation of pathogenic enteric bacteria from fecal specimens].	the aim of the study was to test the selective-differential plating mediums used for isolation of salmonella and shigella for routine stool specimens examination for epidemiological and sanitary purpose. three plates of any such medium used in the laboratories in 37 sanitary service stations in poland were obtained. the specimens of mac conkey lactose bile salt agar and ss agar were obtained from all laboratories, hektoen enteric medium from 8 and eosinmethylene blue agar from only one laborator ...	2003	15103991
a colony blot immune assay to identify enteroinvasive escherichia coli and shigella in stool samples.	using an ipac protein-specific monoclonal antibody a colony blot immune assay was developed for the identification of enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) and shigella in fecal specimens, and was evaluated in a field study. by screening the entire culture plates the colony blot assay was significantly more sensitive than the investigation of 16 randomly selected colonies from artificially contaminated fecal specimens. among the 165 stool samples from 121 patients with diarrhea the immune assay ...	2003	12663157
one predominant type of genetically closely related shigella sonnei prevalent in four sequential outbreaks in school children.	seventy-six shigella sonnei isolates from four sequential outbreaks in school children were analyzed to determine their relatedness. outbreak strains exhibited two major antibiograms, 9 plasmid profiles, 10 enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (eric)-pcr patterns, and 17 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns. of typing methods, eric-pcr types generally coincided with the pfge types within these outbreak strains. however, eric-pcr analysis could not discriminate an ...	2003	12663158
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of [2-[2-(n, n-disubstituted thiocarbamoyl-sulfanyl)-acylamino] thiazol-4-yl]acetic acid ethyl esters.	[2-[2-(n, n-disubstituted thiocarbamoyl-sulfanyl)acylamino ]thiazol-4-yl]acetic acid ethyl esters (3a-x) were synthesized by the reaction of potassium salts of n, n-disubstituted dithiocarbamoic acids with [2-(2-chloroalkanoyl)amino-thiazol-4-yl]acetic acid ethyl esters. the structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analyses, uv, ir, (1)h-nmr, and ei mass spectral data. the antimicrobial activities of all the compounds were investigated by microbroth dilution technique ...	2003	12666252
live attenuated bacteria as vectors to deliver plasmid dna vaccines.	live attenuated bacterial vaccines allow vaccination via the mucosal surfaces and specific targeting to professional antigen presenting cells located at the inductive sites of the immune system. a novel approach exploits attenuated intracellular bacteria as a delivery system for eukaryotic antigen expression vectors (so-called dna vaccines). candidate carrier bacteria include attenuated strains of salmonella, shigella and listeria spp, which have been shown, in vitro, to deliver dna vaccines to ...	2003	12669465
virk, soma and rcsc are important for systemic salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection and cationic peptide resistance.	salmonella must express and deploy a type iii secretion system located in salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi-2) in order to survive in host phagocytic vacuoles and to cause systemic infection in mouse models of typhoid fever. a genome-wide approach to screening for salmonella genes that are transcriptionally co-regulated in vitro with spi-2 genes was used to identify bacterial loci that might function in a mouse model of systemic disease. strains with mutations in three spi-2 co-expressed ge ...	2003	12675799