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incidence and viral aetiologies of acute respiratory illnesses (aris) in the united states: a population-based study.we conducted prospective, community-wide surveillance for acute respiratory illnesses (aris) in rochester, ny and marshfield, wi during a 3-month period in winter 2011. we estimated the incidence of aris in each community, tested for viruses, and determined the proportion of aris associated with healthcare visits. we used a rolling cross-sectional design to sample participants, conducted telephone interviews to assess ari symptoms (defined as a current illness with feverishness or cough within t ...201626931351
c-terminal dxd-containing sequences within paramyxovirus nucleocapsid proteins determine matrix protein compatibility and can direct foreign proteins into budding particles.paramyxovirus particles are formed by a budding process coordinated by viral matrix (m) proteins. m proteins coalesce at sites underlying infected cell membranes and induce other viral components, including viral glycoproteins and viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vrnps), to assemble at these locations from which particles bud. m proteins interact with the nucleocapsid (np or n) components of vrnps, and these interactions enable production of infectious, genome-containing virions. for the param ...201626792745
murine norovirus (mnv-1) exposure in vitro to the purine nucleoside analog ribavirin increases quasispecies diversity.ribavirin is a pharmaceutical antiviral used for the treatment of rna virus infections including norovirus, hepatitis c virus, hepatitis e virus, lassa virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and rhinovirus. despite the drug's history and documented efficacy, the antiviral mechanism of ribavirin remains unclear. mechanisms proposed include depletion of the intracellular gtp pool, immunomodulatory effects, induction of error catastrophe, inhibition of viral polymerase activity, and/or inhibition of v ...201626494169
approved antiviral drugs over the past 50 years.since the first antiviral drug, idoxuridine, was approved in 1963, 90 antiviral drugs categorized into 13 functional groups have been formally approved for the treatment of the following 9 human infectious diseases: (i) hiv infections (protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (ii) hepatitis b virus (hbv) infections (lamivudine, interferon ...201627281742
chimeric virus-like particles containing a conserved region of the g protein in combination with a single peptide of the m2 protein confer protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection.to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of a virus-like particle (vlp) vaccine composed of the conserved antigenic epitopes of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), the chimeric rsv vlps hbcδ-tg and hbcδ-tg/m282-90 were generated based on the truncated hepatitis b virus core protein (hbcδ). hbcδ-tg consisted of hbcδ, the conserved region (aa 144-204) of the rsv g protein. hbcδ-tg was combined with a single peptide (aa 82-90) of the m2 protein to generate hbcδ-tg/m282-90. immunization of mice wi ...201627154395
new vaccines for the world's poorest people.the 2000 millennium development goals helped stimulate the development of life-saving childhood vaccines for pneumococcal and rotavirus infections while greatly expanding coverage of existing vaccines. however, there remains an urgent need to develop new vaccines for hiv/aids, malaria, and tuberculosis, as well as for respiratory syncytial virus and those chronic and debilitating (mostly parasitic) infections known as neglected tropical diseases (ntds). the ntds represent the most common disease ...201626356803
rapid profiling of rsv antibody repertoires from the memory b cells of naturally infected adult donors.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes substantial morbidity and mortality in young children and the elderly. there are currently no licensed rsv vaccines, and passive prophylaxis with the monoclonal antibody palivizumab is restricted to high-risk infants in part due to its modest efficacy. although it is widely agreed that an effective rsv vaccine will require the induction of a potent neutralizing antibody response against the rsv fusion (f) glycoprotein, little is known about the specificit ...201628111638
development of a multiplex rt-pcr for simultaneous diagnosis of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) from clinical specimens.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) are ubiquitous respiratory viral pathogens. they belong to the family paramyxoviridae (subfamily pneumovirinae) and is responsible for acute respiratory tract infections in children, elderly and immunocompromised patients. we designed and tested a multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (mrt-pcr) as a cost-effective alternative to real-time pcr and cell culture based detection for hmpv and hrsv. the newly ...201628004017
viral pathogens among elderly people with acute respiratory infections in shanghai, china: preliminary results from a laboratory-based surveillance, 2012-2015.acute respiratory infections (aris), with viral pathogens as the major contributors, are the most common illnesses worldwide, and increase the morbidity and mortality among the elderly population. the clinical and pathological features of elderly people with aris need to be identified for disease intervention. from january 1(st) , 2012 through december 31(st) , 2015, respiratory specimens from patients above 60 years old with aris were collected from the outpatient and inpatient settings of six ...201627943329
aberrant t cell immunity triggered by human respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus infection.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) are the two major etiological viral agents of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting mainly infants, young children and the elderly. although the infection of both viruses trigger an antiviral immune response that mediate viral clearance and disease resolution in immunocompetent individuals, the promotion of long-term immunity appears to be deficient and reinfection are common throughout life. a possible explanation f ...201627911218
human metapneumovirus in the preterm neonate: current perspectives.premature birth (<37 weeks gestation) occurs in ~11% of all births in the us. these infants are at risk of chronic lung disease and respiratory conditions, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia. respiratory viruses are important causes of acute respiratory illness (ari) in preterm infants, leading to rehospitalization, increased health care burden, and long-term morbidity. human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a paramyxovirus discovered in 2001 that is related to respiratory syncytial virus. epidemiolo ...201627891060
viral respiratory infections in a nursing home: a six-month prospective study.the knowledge on viral respiratory infections in nursing home (nh) residents and their caregivers is limited. the purpose of the present study was to assess and compare the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ari) in nursing home (nh) residents and staff, to identify viruses involved in ari and to correlate viral etiology with clinical manifestations of ari.201627814689
maternal vitamin d supplementation during pregnancy and lactation to prevent acute respiratory infections in infancy in dhaka, bangladesh (mdari trial): protocol for a prospective cohort study nested within a randomized controlled trial.early infancy is a high-risk period for severe acute respiratory infection (ari), particularly in low-income countries with resource-limited health systems. lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) is commonly preceded by upper respiratory infection (urti), and often caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza and other common community-acquired viral pathogens. vitamin d status is a candidate modifiable early-life determinant of the host antiviral immune response and thus may influen ...201627737646
community acquired respiratory virus infections in cancer patients-guideline on diagnosis and management by the infectious diseases working party of the german society for haematology and medical oncology.community acquired viruses (crvs) may cause severe disease in cancer patients. thus, efforts should be made to diagnose crv rapidly and manage crv infections accordingly.201627681877
spirometry filters can be used to detect exhaled respiratory viruses.respiratory viruses are very common in the community and contribute to the burden of illness for patients with chronic respiratory diseases, including acute exacerbations. traditional sampling methods are invasive and problematic to repeat. accordingly, we explored whether respiratory viruses could be isolated from disposable spirometry filters and whether detection of viruses in this context represented presence in the upper or lower respiratory tract. discovery (n  =  53) and validation (n  =  ...201627669334
etiology and clinical characteristics of single and multiple respiratory virus infections diagnosed in croatian children in two respiratory seasons.the aim of this study was to determine the causative agent of acute respiratory infection (ari) in hospitalized children, as well as investigate the characteristics of aris with single and multiple virus detection in two respiratory seasons. in 2010 and 2015, nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal swabs from a total of 134 children, admitted to the hospital due to ari, were tested using multiplex pcr. viral etiology was established in 81.3% of the patients. coinfection with two viruses was diagnosed in 2 ...201627656298
multiple strategies reveal a bidentate interaction between the nipah virus attachment and fusion glycoproteins.the paramyxoviral family contains many medically important viruses, including measles virus, mumps virus, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and the deadly zoonotic henipaviruses hendra and nipah virus (niv). to both enter host cells and spread from cell to cell within infected hosts, the vast majority of paramyxoviruses utilize two viral envelope glycoproteins: the attachment glycoprotein (g, h, or hemagglutinin-neuraminidase [hn]) and the fusion glycopro ...201627654290
engineering, structure and immunogenicity of the human metapneumovirus f protein in the postfusion conformation.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a paramyxovirus that is a common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children less than five years of age. the hmpv fusion (f) glycoprotein is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies and is thus a critical vaccine antigen. to facilitate structure-based vaccine design, we stabilized the ectodomain of the hmpv f protein in the postfusion conformation and determined its structure to a resolution of 3.3 å by x-ray crystallography. the structure resembles an ...201627611367
respiratory viral infections and coinfections in children with cancer, fever and neutropenia: clinical outcome of infections caused by different respiratory viruses.respiratory viral infections in episodes of fever and neutropenia (fn) in children with cancer are not well characterized. we compared the clinical outcome of infections caused by different respiratory viruses (rvs) and by rv coinfection in this population.201627518750
metapneumovirus infections and respiratory complications.acute respiratory tract infections (artis) are the most common illnesses experienced by people of all ages worldwide. in 2001, a new respiratory pathogen called human metapneumovirus (hmpv) was identified in respiratory secretions. hmpv is an rna virus of the paramyxoviridae family, and it has been isolated on every continent and from individuals of all ages. hmpv causes 7 to 19% of all cases of artis in both hospitalized and outpatient children, and the rate of detection in adults is approximat ...201627486733
codetection of respiratory syncytial virus in habituated wild western lowland gorillas and humans during a respiratory disease outbreak.pneumoviruses have been identified as causative agents in several respiratory disease outbreaks in habituated wild great apes. based on phylogenetic evidence, transmission from humans is likely. however, the pathogens have never been detected in the local human population prior to or at the same time as an outbreak. here, we report the first simultaneous detection of a human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infection in western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and in the local human ...201627436109
pathogen profiles and molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses in japanese inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia.the etiological profile of viruses among adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) has not been characterized yet. the aim of this study was twofold: first, investigate the pathogen profiles and the molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses among japanese cap patients; and second, explore the clinical significance of viral infections.201627424825
a celebration of the life and work of caroline breese hall, md. 201626908498
severity of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection with viral coinfection in hiv-uninfected children.molecular diagnostics enable sensitive detection of respiratory viruses, but their clinical significance remains unclear in pediatric lower respiratory tract infection (lrti). we aimed to determine whether viral coinfections increased life-threatening disease in a large cohort.201627927871
thermoresponsive polymer nanoparticles co-deliver rsv f trimers with a tlr-7/8 adjuvant.structure-based vaccine design has been used to develop immunogens that display conserved neutralization sites on pathogens such as hiv-1, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and influenza. improving the immunogenicity of these designed immunogens with adjuvants will require formulations that do not alter protein antigenicity. here, we show that nanoparticle-forming thermoresponsive polymers (trp) allow for co-delivery of rsv fusion (f) protein trimers with toll-like receptor 7 and 8 agonists (tl ...201627583777
a structural and mathematical modeling analysis of the likelihood of antibody-dependent enhancement in influenza.broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnabs) for viral infections, such as hiv, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and influenza, are increasingly entering clinical development. for influenza, most neutralizing antibodies target influenza virus hemagglutinin. these bnabs represent an emerging, promising modality for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza due to their multiple mechanisms of antiviral action and generally safe profile. preclinical work in other viral diseases, such as dengue ...201627751627
respiratory virus-associated severe acute respiratory illness and viral clustering in malawian children in a setting with a high prevalence of hiv infection, malaria, and malnutrition.we used data from 4 years of pediatric severe acute respiratory illness (sari) sentinel surveillance in blantyre, malawi, to identify factors associated with clinical severity and coviral clustering.201627630199
ending preventable maternal and newborn deaths due to infection.over 300,000 maternal deaths occur each year, 11% of which are thought to be due to infectious causes, and approximately one million newborns die within the first week of life annually due to infectious causes. infections in pregnancy may result in a variety of adverse obstetrical outcomes, including preterm delivery, pre-labor rupture of membranes, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, congenital infection, and anomalies. this paper reviews the burden of disease due to key infections and their cont ...201627450868
clinical characterisation and phylogeny of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalised children at red cross war memorial children's hospital, cape town.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children in both the community and hospital setting.201627246848
maternal immunization: optimizing protection for the mother and infant.immunizing the pregnant woman to protect both the mother and her infant from infection has been utilized increasingly over the last decade. new outbreaks of pandemic influenza and the resurgence of pertussis have resulted in policy changes and shifts in health authority recommendations for a number of vaccines aimed to protect both pregnant women and their infants in the first months of life. the ability of maternal immunoglobulin igg antibodies to be transported readily across the healthy intac ...201627233120
epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infection in hiv-exposed uninfected infants.increased morbidity and mortality from lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) has been suggested in hiv-exposed uninfected (heu) children; however, the contribution of respiratory viruses is unclear. we studied the epidemiology of lrti hospitalization in hiv-unexposed uninfected (huu) and heu infants aged <6 months in south africa.201627025960
the role of influenza, rsv and other common respiratory viruses in severe acute respiratory infections and influenza-like illness in a population with a high hiv sero-prevalence, south africa 2012-2015.viruses detected in patients with acute respiratory infections may be the cause of illness or asymptomatic shedding.201626741826
epidemiology and clinical characteristics of respiratory infections due to adenovirus in children living in milan, italy, during 2013 and 2014.to evaluate the predominant human adenovirus (hadv) species and types associated with pediatric respiratory infections, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from otherwise healthy children attending an emergency room in milan, italy, due to a respiratory tract infection from january 1 to february 28 of two subsequent years, 2013 and 2014. the hadvs were detected using a respiratory virus panel fast assay (xtag rvp fast v2) and with a hadv-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction; their nucleo ...201627045588
is the role of rhinoviruses as causative agents of pediatric community-acquired pneumonia over-estimated?the role that rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, parainfluenza viruses, coronaviruses and human bocavirus play in pediatric pneumonia is insufficiently studied. we used polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to study 9 virus groups, including 16 different viruses or viral strains, in 56 ambulatory children with radiologically confirmed community-acquired pneumonia (cap). the same tests were carried out on 474 apparently healthy control children of the same age and sex. the mean age of children with cap was 6 ...201627714467
inflammation and emphysema in cigarette smoke-exposed mice when instilled with poly (i:c) or infected with influenza a or respiratory syncytial viruses.the length of time for cigarette smoke (cs) exposure to cause emphysema in mice is drastically reduced when cs exposure is combined with viral infection. however, the extent of inflammatory responses and lung pathologies of mice exposed to cs and infected with influenza a virus (iav), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), or treated with the viral derivative dsrna (polyinosine-polycytidylic acid [poly (i:c)] have not been compared.201627363862
a novel p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) specific inhibitor suppresses respiratory syncytial virus and influenza a virus replication by inhibiting virus-induced p38 mapk activation.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza a virus are leading causes of acute lower respiratory infectious disease. respiratory diseases caused by rsv and influenza a virus result in serious economic burden and life-threatening disease for immunocompromised people. with the revelation that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activity in host cells is crucial for infection and replication of rsv and influenza a virus, inhibition of p38 mapk activity has been suggested as a potential ...201627346133
identification and characterization of influenza virus entry inhibitors through dual myxovirus high-throughput screening.influenza a virus (iav) infections cause major morbidity and mortality, generating an urgent need for novel antiviral therapeutics. we recently established a dual myxovirus high-throughput screening protocol that combines a fully replication-competent iav-wsn strain and a respiratory syncytial virus reporter strain for the simultaneous identification of iav-specific, paramyxovirus-specific, and broad-spectrum inhibitors. in the present study, this protocol was applied to a screening campaign to ...201627252534
detection of common respiratory viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae in patient-occupied rooms in pediatric wards.few studies have assessed viral contamination in the rooms of hospital wards. this cross-sectional study evaluated the air and objects in patient-occupied rooms in pediatric wards for the presence of common respiratory viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae.air samplers were placed at a short (60-80 cm) and long (320 cm) distance from the head of the beds of 58 pediatric patients, who were subsequently confirmed to be infected with enterovirus (n = 17), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) (n = 13), inf ...201627057827
epidemiology of 11 respiratory rna viruses in a cohort of hospitalized children in riyadh, saudi arabia.respiratory tract infections are a principal cause of illness and mortality in children worldwide and mostly caused by viruses. in this study, the epidemiology of 11 respiratory rna viruses was investigated in a cohort of hospitalized children at a tertiary referral center in riyadh from february 2008 to march 2009 using conventional and real-time monoplex rt-pcr assays. among 174 nasopharyngeal aspirates, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was detected in 39 samples (22.41%), influenza a virus i ...201626595650
performance of a novel point-of-care molecular assay for detection of influenza a and b viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (enigma minilab) in children with acute respiratory infection.the performance of the enigma minilab assay for influenza a and b viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was compared to a centralized laboratory respiratory virus panel. the positive and negative percent agreement for influenza a virus, influenza b virus, and rsv were 79.2% (95% confidence interval [95% ci], 57.8 to 92.9%) and 99.4% (95% ci, 98.4 to 99.9), 100% (95% ci, 47.8 to 100%) and 100% (95% ci, 99.3 to 100%), 98.5% (95% ci, 94.6 to 99.8%) and 94.5% (95% ci, 91.9 to 96.4%), respect ...201626560540
recombinant measles virus incorporating heterologous viral membrane proteins for use as vaccines.recombinant measles virus (rmv) vectors expressing heterologous viral membrane protein antigens are potentially useful as vaccines. genes encoding the mumps virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (muv-hn), the influenza virus haemagglutinin (flu-ha) or the respiratory syncytial virus fusion (rsv-f) proteins were inserted into the genome of a live attenuated vaccine strain of measles virus. additionally, in this case rmv with the muv-hn or the influenza ha inserts, chimeric constructs were created th ...201627311834
packaging and prefusion stabilization separately and additively increase the quantity and quality of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-neutralizing antibodies induced by an rsv fusion protein expressed by a parainfluenza virus vector.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) are major pediatric respiratory pathogens that lack vaccines. a chimeric bovine/human piv3 (rb/hpiv3) virus expressing the unmodified, wild-type (wt) rsv fusion (f) protein from an added gene was previously evaluated in seronegative children as a bivalent intranasal rsv/hpiv3 vaccine, and it was well tolerated but insufficiently immunogenic for rsv f. we recently showed that rb/hpiv3 expressing a partially stabi ...201627581977
early occurrence of influenza a epidemics coincided with changes in occurrence of other respiratory virus infections.viral interaction in which outbreaks of influenza and other common respiratory viruses might affect each other has been postulated by several short studies. regarding longer time periods, influenza epidemics occasionally occur very early in the season, as during the 2009 pandemic. whether early occurrence of influenza epidemics impacts outbreaks of other common seasonal viruses is not clear.201626369646
intranasal treatment with a novel immunomodulator mediates innate immune protection against lethal pneumonia virus of mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. there are no licensed rsv vaccines available, and the few treatment options for high-risk individuals are either extremely costly or cause severe side effects and toxicity. immunomodulation mediated by a novel formulation consisting of the toll-like receptor 3 agonist poly(i:c), an innate defense regulator peptide and a polyphosphazene (p-i-p) was evaluated in the con ...201627771388
il-12p40 gene-deficient balb/c mice exhibit lower weight loss, reduced lung pathology and decreased sensitization to allergen in response to infection with pneumonia virus of mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) causes similar disease. balb/c mice are highly susceptible, while c57bl/6 mice are more resistant to pvm. il-12 was significantly more up-regulated in response to pvm infection in balb/c than in c57bl/6 mice. il-12p40-deficient neonatal and adult balb/c mice showed significantly less weight loss than wild-type mice after pvm challenge. the percentage of regulatory t cell ...201627400340
aeroallergen-induced il-33 predisposes to respiratory virus-induced asthma by dampening antiviral immunity.frequent viral lower respiratory infections in early life are an independent risk factor for asthma onset. this risk and the development of persistent asthma are significantly greater in children who later become sensitized.201627236500
the response of aged mice to primary infection and re-infection with pneumonia virus of mice depends on their genetic background.the pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) model is used to study respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pathogenesis. the outcome of pvm infection varies in different inbred mouse strains, balb/c being highly susceptible and c57bl/6 more resistant. as the disease symptoms induced by rsv infection can become more severe as people age, we examined the primary and secondary immune responses to infection with pvm in aged balb/c and c57bl/6 mice. based on clinical parameters, aged c57bl/6 mice displayed less seve ...201626621546
characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus-induced bronchiolitis co-infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae and add-on therapy with montelukast.the influence of mycoplasma pneumoniae (mp) infection on bronchiolitis remains unclear. additionally, reports on the efficacies of leukotriene receptor antagonists in the treatment of bronchiolitis have been inconclusive.201625846070
molecular identification and epidemiological features of human adenoviruses associated with acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children in southern china, 2012-2013.acute respiratory infections (ari) are the major worldwide health problem associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. human adenovirus (hadv) is one of the most common pathogens associated with viral ari, and thus calls for specific diagnosis and better understanding of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics.201627171486
roles of nuclear trafficking in infection by cytoplasmic negative-strand rna viruses: paramyxoviruses and beyond.genome replication and virion production by most negative-sense rna viruses (nsvs) occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm, but many nsv-expressed proteins undergo active nucleocytoplasmic trafficking via signals that exploit cellular nuclear transport pathways. nuclear trafficking has been reported both for nsv accessory proteins (including isoforms of the rabies virus phosphoprotein, and v, w and c proteins of paramyxoviruses) and for structural proteins. trafficking of the former is thought to en ...201627498841
synthesis and antiviral properties of novel indole-based thiosemicarbazides and 4-thiazolidinones.a novel series of indolylthiosemicarbazides (6a-6g) and their cyclization products, 4-thiazolidinones (7a-7g), have been designed, synthesized and evaluated, in vitro, for their antiviral activity against a wide range of dna and rna viruses. compounds 6a, 6b, 6c and 6d exhibited notable antiviral activity against coxsackie b4 virus, at ec50 values ranging from 0.4 to 2.1 μg/ml. the selectivity index (ratio of cytotoxic to antivirally effective concentration) values of these compounds were betwee ...201626707844
[importance of respiratory virus in immunocompetent adult patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia].community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a relevant worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality in adult population, however its etiology is often not identified and therapy is empirical.201628393985
announcement: world pneumonia day - november 12, 2016.november 12th marks the eighth annual world pneumonia day, observed to raise awareness of pneumonia as a global public health concern for persons of all ages and a leading infectious cause of death of children aged <5 years, causing approximately 900,000 child deaths annually (1). in the united states, the majority of the 53,000 annual pneumonia deaths occur in persons aged ≥65 years. respiratory viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza, and streptococcus pneumoniae bacte ...201627832057
invasive pneumococcal disease rates linked to meteorological factors and respiratory virus circulation (catalonia, 2006-2012).to study the impact of meteorological data and respiratory viral infections on invasive pneumococcal disease (ipd) rates.201627178436
high pneumococcal density correlates with more mucosal inflammation and reduced respiratory syncytial virus disease severity in infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants. a small percentage of the infected infants develops a severe infection, while most of these severely ill patients were previously healthy. it remains unclear why these children develop severe rsv infections. in this study, we investigate whether pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage patterns correlate with mucosal inflammation and severity of disease.201626983753
dynamics of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage during the course of viral bronchiolitis.the effect of viral infection on nasopharyngeal carriage of streptococcus pneumoniae during childhood is not well known. we studied dynamics of pneumococcal colonization by quantitative pcr during the natural course of viral bronchiolitis. at time of admission, 47 (47%) of 100 patients with bronchiolitis carried pneumococci. in patients with viral bronchiolitis who did not receive antibiotics, pneumococcal load decreased from time of admission to discharge (n = 35, cycle threshold 23 vs. 25, p = ...201626859410
differences between radiologically confirmed pneumonia with and without pleural fluid in hospitalized children younger than 5 years in southern israel.we compared demographic and clinical characteristics of pneumonia with and without pleural fluid (pf and pn, respectively) in hospitalized children younger than 5 years in southern israel, between 2002 and 2011. overall, 108 pf and 5811 pn episodes were recorded. children with pf were older. prematurity (6.6% vs 14.0%) and asthma (9.9% vs 23.5%) were less common in pf. mean temperature and saturation were higher in pf while hemoglobin and sodium levels were lower in pf compared with pn. nasal wa ...201626578358
facile and rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus using metallic nanoparticles.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes severe respiratory infection in infants, children and elderly. currently, there is no effective vaccine or rsv specific drug for the treatment. however, an antiviral drug ribavirin and palivizumab is prescribed along with symptomatic treatment. rsv detection is important to ensure appropriate treatment of children. most commonly used detection methods for rsv are dfa, elisa and real-time pcr which are expensive and time consuming. newer approach of plasmo ...201626921130
the interaction between respiratory pathogens and mucus.the interaction between respiratory pathogens and their hosts is complex and incompletely understood. this is particularly true when pathogens encounter the mucus layer covering the respiratory tract. the mucus layer provides an essential first host barrier to inhaled pathogens that can prevent pathogen invasion and subsequent infection. respiratory mucus has numerous functions and interactions, both with the host and with pathogens. this review summarizes the current understanding of respirator ...201626867175
efficacy and long-term outcomes of palivizumab prophylaxis to prevent respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants with cystic fibrosis in northern ireland.rsv causes considerable morbidity and mortality in children. in cystic fibrosis (cf) viral infections are associated with worsening respiratory symptoms and bacterial colonization. palivizumab is effective in reducing rsv hospitalization in high risk patient groups. evidence regarding its effectiveness and safety in cf is inconclusive. cf screening in n. ireland enabled timely palivizumab prophylaxis, becoming routine in 2002.201626808981
respiratory syncytial virus infection enhances pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growth through dysregulation of nutritional immunity.clinical observations link respiratory virus infection and pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in chronic lung disease, including cystic fibrosis (cf) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the development of p. aeruginosa into highly antibiotic-resistant biofilm communities promotes airway colonization and accounts for disease progression in patients. although clinical studies show a strong correlation between cf patients' acquisition of chronic p. aeruginosa infections and respiratory viru ...201626729873
acute uncomplicated febrile illness in children aged 2-59 months in zanzibar - aetiologies, antibiotic treatment and outcome.despite the fact that a large proportion of children with fever in africa present at primary health care facilities, few studies have been designed to specifically study the causes of uncomplicated childhood febrile illness at this level of care, especially in areas like zanzibar that has recently undergone a dramatic change from high to low malaria transmission.201626821179
evaluation of case definitions to detect respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized children below 5 years in rural western kenya, 2009-2013.in order to better understand respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) epidemiology and burden in tropical africa, optimal case definitions for detection of rsv cases need to be identified.201627207342
diagnostic performance of influenza viruses and rsv rapid antigen detection tests in children in tertiary care.rapid antigen detection tests (radts) are increasingly used to detect influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). however, their sensitivity and specificity are a matter of debate, challenging their clinical usefulness.201627045454
incidence of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection amongst children in ontario, canada: a population-based study using validated health administrative data.rsv is a common illness among young children that causes significant morbidity and health care costs.201626958849
identification of respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein 2 residues essential for exploitation of the host ubiquitin system and inhibition of innate immune responses.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children worldwide. the rsv nonstructural protein 2 (ns2) is a multifunctional protein that primarily acts to antagonize the innate immune system by targeting stat2 for proteasomal degradation. we investigated the structural determinants of ns2 important for interaction with the host ubiquitin system to degrade stat2 during infection. we found that ns2 expression enhances ubiquitination of host pro ...201627147743
prevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus circulating in iran.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection during early childhood and is associated with a great burden on patients, parents, and society. while no treatment is yet available, results from recent phase 2 clinical trials of cell-entry inhibitors and rsv vaccines are promising. to prepare for introduction of these novel therapeutics, good understanding of its molecular epidemiology and continuous rsv surveillance data are necessary. this paper provides an o ...201626143136
circulation of a novel human respiratory syncytial virus group b genotype during the 2014-2015 season in catalonia (spain).human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is one of the most common viral aetiological agents in the youngest population. in the present study a novel hrsv-b ba genotype is first described based on the phylogenetic analysis of the coding hypervariable region 2 sequences of g protein from strains detected during the 2014-2015 season. among all strains detected in the last season, 44% belonged to this new genotype. therefore, it highlights the importance of a continuous hrsv surveillance to monitor ...201626408279
investigating the influence of ribavirin on human respiratory syncytial virus rna synthesis by using a high-resolution transcriptome sequencing approach.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a major cause of serious respiratory tract infection. treatment options include administration of ribavirin, a purine analog, although the mechanism of its anti-hrsv activity is unknown. we used transcriptome sequencing (rna-seq) to investigate the genome mutation frequency and viral mrna accumulation in hrsv-infected cells that were left untreated or treated with ribavirin. in the absence of ribavirin, hrsv-specific transcripts accounted for up to one ...201626656699
klf6 and inos regulates apoptosis during respiratory syncytial virus infection.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a highly pathogenic lung-tropic virus that causes severe respiratory diseases. enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide (inos) is required for no generation. although no contributes to exaggerated lung disease during rsv infection, the role of no in apoptosis during infection is not known. in addition, host trans-activator(s) required for inos gene expression during rsv infection is unknown. in the current study we have uncovered the mechanism of in ...201623831683
respiratory viral detection in children and adults: comparing asymptomatic controls and patients with community-acquired pneumonia.the clinical significance of viruses detected in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is often unclear.201626180044
therapeutic potential of n-acetylcysteine for wound healing, acute bronchiolitis, and congenital heart defects.wound healing is a composite and vital process in which devitalized tissue layers and cellular structures repair themselves. bronchiolitis is generally prompted by respiratory syncytial virus or human metapneumovirus; this condition is an acute inflammatory injury of bronchioles. heart problems that develop before birth are known as congenital heart defects (chds), and pregestational diabetes is considered a major predisposing factor of chds. n-acetylcysteine (nac) is a transformed kind of amino ...201626651980
sendai virus as a backbone for vaccines against rsv and other human paramyxoviruses.human paramyxoviruses are the etiological agents for life-threatening respiratory virus infections of infants and young children. these viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), the human parainfluenza viruses (hpiv1-4) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv), are responsible for millions of serious lower respiratory tract infections each year worldwide. there are currently no standard treatments and no licensed vaccines for any of these pathogens. here we review research with which sendai ...201626648515
similar virus spectra and seasonality in paediatric patients with acute respiratory disease, ghana and germany.epidemiological differences between tropical and temperate regions regarding viruses causing acute respiratory infection are poorly understood. this is in part because methodological differences limit the comparability of data from these two regions. using identical molecular detection methods, we tested 1174 ghanaian and 539 german children with acute respiratory infections sampled over 12 months for the 15 most common respiratory viruses by pcr. a total 43.2% of the ghanaian and 56.6% of the g ...201626585774
predictors of hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infection in children aged <2 years in the province of quebec, canada.young age, adverse environmental conditions and infectious agents are established risk factors of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti), whereas pneumococcal conjugate vaccines may be protective. to explore their relative role as predictors of hospitalizations under the continental climate prevailing in the province of quebec, canada, an ecological study was performed. records with a main diagnosis of lrti in children born during 2007-2010 and observed up to their second-year anniversary were ...201626381086
temporal trends and factors associated with pediatric hospitalizations with respiratory infection.asthma is the leading cause of emergency room visits in children, and those with asthma tend to suffer from more severe consequences of respiratory tract infections. the aims of this study were among children who required hospitalization, compare differences between those admitted with or without respiratory infection, describe changes in yearly proportion of asthma among the children admitted with a respiratory infection in new york city from 2006 to 2012 and ascertain how asthma affected the a ...201626364908
spatial and temporal spread of acute viral respiratory infections in young children living in high-altitude rural communities: a prospective household-based study.few studies have described patterns of transmission of viral acute respiratory infections (ari) in children in developing countries. we examined the spatial and temporal spread of viral ari among young children in rural peruvian highland communities. previous studies have described intense social interactions in those communities, which could influence the transmission of viral infections.201627404599
partial comparison of the nxtag respiratory pathogen panel assay with the luminex xtag respiratory panel fast assay v2 and singleplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of respiratory pathogens.in this study, 185 nasopharyngeal swabs were tested to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the luminex nxtag (nxtag) respiratory pathogen panel (rpp) assay with those of the luminex respiratory virus panel (rvp) fast assay v2 and singleplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the nxtag assay identified at least one infectious agent in 164 (88.7%) of the swabs. in 91 (6.2%) tests with negative results with the rvp fast assay v2, a virus was identified by the nxtag (p < 0.001). with ...201627401400
human metapneumovirus epidemiological and evolutionary patterns in coastal kenya, 2007-11.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is an important global cause of severe acute respiratory infections in young children and the elderly. the epidemiology of hmpv in sub-saharan africa is poorly described and factors that allow its recurrent epidemics in communities not understood.201627316548
human metapneumovirus infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and hematologic malignancy patients: a systematic review.over the past decade, reported incidence of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has increased owing to the use of molecular assays for diagnosis of respiratory viral infections in cancer patients. the seasonality of these infections, differences in sampling strategies across institutions, and small sample size of published studies make it difficult to appreciate the true incidence and impact of hmpv infections. in this systematic review, we summarized the published data on hmpv infections in hematopoie ...201627260872
human metapneumovirus circulation in the united states, 2008 to 2014.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infection causes respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. however, national hmpv seasonality, as it compares with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza seasonality patterns, has not been well described.201627244790
detection of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction among hospitalized young children in iran.acute respiratory infection plays an important role in hospitalization of children in developing countries; detection of viral causes in such infections is very important. the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common etiological agent of viral lower respiratory tract infection in children, and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract infections among infants and children.201627226877
a chimeric pneumovirus fusion protein carrying neutralizing epitopes of both mpv and rsv.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) are paramyxoviruses that are responsible for substantial human health burden, particularly in children and the elderly. the fusion (f) glycoproteins are major targets of the neutralizing antibody response and studies have mapped dominant antigenic sites in f. here we grafted a major neutralizing site of rsv f, recognized by the prophylactic monoclonal antibody palivizumab, onto hmpv f, generating a chimeric protein displaying epi ...201627224013
coinfections of the respiratory tract: viral competition for resources.studies have shown that simultaneous infection of the respiratory tract with at least two viruses is common in hospitalized patients, although it is not clear whether these infections are more or less severe than single virus infections. we use a mathematical model to study the dynamics of viral coinfection of the respiratory tract in an effort to understand the kinetics of these infections. specifically, we use our model to investigate coinfections of influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rhi ...201627196110
acute myopericarditis caused by human metapneumovirus.human metapneumovirus is known to be similar to respiratory syncytial virus. because of an incomplete protective immune response to new genotypes, re-infection occurs frequently, especially in the elderly. however, the clinical manifestations of human metapneumovirus need to be further characterized in adults. a 73-year-old woman presented to the emergency room with acute dyspnea, chest discomfort and influenza-like illness. the patient was diagnosed with human metapneumovirus infection, complic ...201627104014
etiology, seasonality, and clinical characterization of viral respiratory infections among hospitalized children in beirut, lebanon.acute respiratory tract viral infections occur worldwide and are one of the major global burdens of diseases in children. the aim of this study was to determine the viral etiology of respiratory infections in hospitalized children, to understand the viral seasonality in a major lebanese hospital, and to correlate disease severity and the presence of virus. over a 1-year period, nasal and throat swabs were collected from 236 pediatric patients, aged 16-year old or less and hospitalized for acute ...201627061822
[phylogenetic variability of human metapneumovirus strains circulating in turkey during two consecutive epidemic seasons].human metapneumovirus (hmpv), classified in paramyxoviridae family, phylogenetically consists of two major groups namely a and b, with genetic lineages of a1, a2 (comprises of sublineages a2a and a2b) and b1, b2. although detailed evaluation on phylogenetic analysis of hmpv has been described in other countries, there are no data from turkey on this subject. the aim of this study was to demonstrate for the first time, the phylogenetic diversity of hmpv strains circulating in turkey during two co ...201627058330
[respiratory viruses in pediatrics: what's new?].molecular diagnostic tests have greatly increased our knowledge regarding the contribution of respiratory viruses in respiratory illnesses in children, mainly lower respiratory tract infections. respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus (rv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) are predominant viral agents identified in children. notwithstanding the importance of respiratory viruses in children, treatment and prophylactic options remain limited. these include palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody prophyl ...201627039461
paramyxovirus infection: mortality and morbidity in a pediatric intensive care unit.we investigated mortality and morbidity of patients admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (picu) with paramyxovirus infection.201627037248
respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus in severe lower respiratory tract infections in children under two.viruses are the most important causative agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrtis), ranked as the second leading cause of death and the primary cause of hospitalization in children. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) are among the commonest viral causes of severe alrti. in this study, we aimed to study the burden of both rsv and hmpv in causing severe alrti in children younger than two years of age admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (p ...201627031461
novel respiratory syncytial virus-like particle vaccine composed of the postfusion and prefusion conformations of the f glycoprotein.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of severe respiratory disease in infants and children and represents an important global health burden for the elderly and the immunocompromised. despite decades of research efforts, no licensed vaccine for rsv is available. we have developed virus-like particle (vlp)-based rsv vaccines assembled with the human metapneumovirus (hmpv) matrix protein (m) as the structural scaffold and the rsv fusion glycoprotein (f) in either the postfusion or ...201627030590
viral etiology of severe acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children in cameroon, 2011-2013.severe acute respiratory illness (sari) is recognized as an important cause of morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization among children in developing countries. little is known, however, in tropical countries like cameroon about the cause and seasonality of respiratory infections, especially in hospitalized settings.201627012372
albuterol use in children hospitalized with human metapneumovirus respiratory infection.introduction. human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a paramyxovirus from the same subfamily as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and causes similar acute lower respiratory tract infection. albuterol in the setting of acute rsv infection is controversial and has not yet been studied in hmpv. we sought to determine the frequency of albuterol use in hmpv infection and the association between albuterol administration and patient outcomes. methods. we conducted a retrospective cohort study identifying all ...201626925109
systematic review and meta-analysis of respiratory viral coinfections in children.respiratory infections are a common cause of paediatric morbidity. clinical outcomes in children hospitalized with single respiratory virus infection are compared with those with two or more viral-viral coinfection. studies were restricted to those reporting on children aged less than 5 years (prospero crd#42014009133). published data to calculate risk ratios (rr) comparing children with single viral infections to coinfection using a random effects model were used. similar analyses by pathogen p ...201626919484
prevalence of rhinovirus in wheezing children: a comparison with respiratory syncytial virus wheezing.to explore the distribution and clinical manifestations of rhinovirus infection in wheezing children, and compare the clinical differences between rhinovirus- and respiratory syncytial virus-induced wheezing.201626859065
respiratory viruses associated hospitalization among children aged <5 years in bangladesh: 2010-2014.we combined hospital-based surveillance and health utilization survey data to estimate the incidence of respiratory viral infections associated hospitalization among children aged < 5 years in bangladesh.201626840782
viral etiology of medically attended influenza-like illnesses in children less than five years old in suzhou, china, 2011-2014.limited information is available on the non-influenza etiology and epidemiology of influenza-like illness (ili) in china. from april 2011 to march 2014, we collected oropharyngeal swabs from children less than 5 years of age with symptoms of ili who presented to the outpatient departments of suzhou university affiliated children's hospital (sch). we used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) or pcr to detect 11 respiratory viruses. among 3,662 enrolled ili patients, 1,292 (35. ...201626792409
prevalence of human metapneumovirus infection among patients with influenza-like illness: report from a tertiary care centre, southern india.human metapneumovirus (hmpv), discovered in the 21st century, has emerged as an important cause of influenza-like illness in children and adults causing mild upper respiratory tract infection to severe bronchiolitis and community-associated pneumonia. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hmpv in the union territory of puducherry, india, as part of national influenza surveillance programme.201626776115
immunogenicity and efficacy of alphavirus-derived replicon vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus in nonhuman primates.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) are major causes of illness among children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. no vaccine has been licensed for protection against either of these viruses. we tested the ability of two venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-based viral replicon particle (vee-vrp) vaccines that express the hrsv or hmpv fusion (f) protein to confer protection against hrsv or hmpv in african green monkeys. animals immunized with vee-vrp va ...201626772634
pediatric asthma and viral infection.respiratory viral infections, particularly respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and rhinovirus, are the most importance risk factors for the onset of wheezing in infants and small children. bronchiolitis is the most common acute respiratory infection in children under 1year of age, and the most common cause of hospitalization in this age group. rsv accounts for approximately 70% of all these cases, followed by rhinovirus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and bocavirus. the association between bronchioli ...201626766408
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