Publications

[antibiotic sensitivity of vibrio cholerae 01 isolated from humans].	antibiotic susceptibility of 1479 vibrio cholerae 01 strains isolated from humans between 1991 and 1995 was studied. the antibiotics used belonged to different chemical groups. the assay method was that of serial dilutions in solid media. the isolates showed high susceptibility to tetracyclines, gentamicin, erythromycin, rifampicin, ampicillin, carbenicillin and cefazolin. the susceptibility to kanamycin and monomycin was moderate and that to chloramphenicol, streptomycin and polymixin b was low ...	1998	9606491
immunogenicity and protective role of three formulations of oral cholera vaccine.	three formulations of oral cholera vaccine were compared with respect to their immunogenicity and protective ability in a rat ileal loop model. eight-week-old wistar rats were divided into five groups. the first group received orally vaccine a consisting of liposome-associated v. cholera lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae and procholeragenoid, whereas the rats of groups 2 and 3 received orally vaccines b and c consisting of heatkilled fimbriated and non-fimbriated whole cell v. cholerae, respectively. ...	1998	9607031
enteric infections in an endemic area induce a circulating antibody-secreting cell response with homing potentials to both mucosal and systemic tissues.	enteric infections induce a response of circulating pathogen-specific antibody-secreting cells (asc). the expression of homing receptors (hrs) on these cells was studied in patients with diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae in bangladesh, an area in which cholera is endemic. the gut hr, alpha4beta7, was expressed by approximately 80% of the asc, indicating mucosal homing of these cells. however, the peripheral lymph node hr, l-selectin, was also expressed by approximately 80% of the asc specific t ...	1998	9607838
[vibriocidal and agglutinating antibodies in the urban population in the municipality of manacapuru/am (1992-1993)].	a serological study was carried out involving 1,196 individuals residents in the urban area of manacapuru--amazonas, to evaluate the behavior of vibriocidal and agglutinating antibodies. a systematic random sampling procedure was employed to obtain the sample. a year later a 2nd sample of serum was obtained from 120 individuals selected among the participants of the survey. vibriocidal antibodies microtitulation and seroagglutination in tubes were employed. the correspondence between the studied ...	1998	9608237
recombination between rrna operons created most of the ribotype variation observed in the seventh pandemic clone of vibrio cholerae.	individual rrn operons and their flanking regions have been analysed in a study of the molecular basis of ribotype variation in the seventh pandemic clone of vibrio cholerae. the genome of an early isolate of the seventh pandemic clone had nine rrn operons of which two were in tandem with other rrn operons. the site for bgli, the most discriminatory enzyme used for ribotyping, was found to be present in the 16s sequence of three of the operons of the earliest isolate. this site was observed to b ...	1998	9611796
a single dose of live oral cholera vaccine cvd 103-hgr is safe and immunogenic in hiv-infected and hiv-noninfected adults in mali.	despite considerable experience with single-dose, live, oral cholera vaccine cvd 103-hgr in asia, europe, and the americas, the vaccine had not been evaluated in sub-saharan africa or on individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). we therefore conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over clinical trial in 38 hiv-seropositive (without clinical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)) and 387 hiv-seronegative adults in mali to assess its safety and immun ...	1998	9615498
ctxphi immunity: application in the development of cholera vaccines.	ctxphi is a filamentous bacteriophage that encodes cholera toxin, the principal virulence factor of vibrio cholerae. ctxphi is unusual among filamentous phages because it encodes a repressor and forms lysogens. ctxphi can infect the existing live-attenuated v. cholerae vaccine strains derived from either the el tor or classical v. cholerae biotypes and result in vaccine reversion to toxinogenicity. intraintestinal ctxphi transduction assays were used to demonstrate that el tor biotype strains of ...	1998	9618534
incidence of non-01 vibrio cholerae and aeromonas spp. in fresh water in araraquara, brazil.	the occurrence of aeromonas spp., vibrio cholerae, and plesiomonas shigelloides in fresh water from various sources in araraquara, state of são paulo, brazil was determined. samples from ten distinct irrigation systems used in vegetable cultivation, from five distinct streams, from two reservoirs, from one artificial lake, and from three distinct springs were analyzed. all isolates were serotyped and tested for hemolysin, cytotoxin, heat-stable (st) and heat-labile (lt) enterotoxins production; ...	1998	9625786
distinct roles of an alternative sigma factor during both free-swimming and colonizing phases of the vibrio cholerae pathogenic cycle.	vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, has a pathogenic cycle consisting of a free-swimming phase outside its host, and a sessile virulent phase when colonizing the human small intestine. we have cloned the v. cholerae homologue of the rpon gene (encoding sigma54) and determined its role in the cholera pathogenic cycle by constructing an rpon null mutant. the v. cholerae rpon mutant is non-motile; examination of this mutant by electron microscopy revealed that it lacks a flagellum. ...	1998	9632254
phase 1 evaluation of vibrio cholerae o1, serotype inaba, polysaccharide-cholera toxin conjugates in adult volunteers.	conjugate vaccines were prepared by binding hydrazine-treated lipopolysaccharide (dealps) from vibrio cholerae o1, serotype inaba, to cholera toxin (ct) variants ct-1 and ct-2. volunteers (n = 75) were injected with either 25 microg of dealps, alone or as a conjugate, or the licensed cellular vaccine containing 4 x 10(9) organisms each of serotypes inaba and ogawa per ml. no serious adverse reactions were observed. dealps alone did not elicit serum lps or vibriocidal antibodies in mice and only ...	1998	9632571
cloning and characterization of an outer membrane protein of vibrio vulnificus required for heme utilization: regulation of expression and determination of the gene sequence.	vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic, marine pathogen that has been associated with septicemia and serious wound infections in patients with iron overload and preexisting liver disease. for v. vulnificus, the ability to acquire iron from the host has been shown to correlate with virulence. v. vulnificus is able to use host iron sources such as hemoglobin and heme. we previously constructed a fur mutant of v. vulnificus which constitutively expresses at least two iron-regulated outer membrane protei ...	1998	9632577
role of intracellular second messengers and reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of v. cholera o139 treated rabbit ileum.	vibrio cholerae o139 has pandemic potential and it produces copious amounts of fluid secretion. the levels of various second messengers (intracellular ca2+, camp, ip3, pkc) were measured to determine the cause of fluid secretion produced by this strain of v. cholerae. there was a significant increase in the levels of these second messengers in v. cholerae o139 treated ileum as compared to control ileum (enterocytes). levels of these second messengers were also assessed in v. cholerae 569b induce ...	1998	9639666
macromolecular assembly and secretion across the bacterial cell envelope: type ii protein secretion systems.	a decade ago, pugsley and colleagues reported the existence of a large region of klebsiella dna, distinct from the klebsiella gene encoding pullulanase, which was necessary for secretion of this enzyme to the cell surface in escherichia coli (d'enfert et al., 1987a,b). the pul genes it contained proved to be the tip of an iceberg. the sequences reported before 1992 (d'enfert et al., 1987a,b; d'enfert & pugsley, 1989; pugsley & reyss, 1990; reyss & pugsley, 1990) included only one gene (puld) tha ...	1998	9641973
molecular epidemiology of reemergent vibrio cholerae o139 bengal in india.	we report the prevalence of the o139 serogroup in calcutta, india, after its reemergence in august 1996 and the spread of the reemerged clone to other parts of the country by using previously established molecular markers. phenotypically, the reemerged vibrio cholerae o139 displayed a difference compared to those that appeared in late 1992 and 1993 in that the current o139 strains are sensitive to co-trimoxazole. ribotyping with the enzyme bgli produced two rrna restriction patterns in the o139 ...	1998	9650989
structure of the o-antigen of vibrio cholerae o155 that shares a putative d-galactose 4,6-cyclophosphate-associated epitope with v. cholerae o139 bengal.	the o-specific polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae 0155 was studied by sugar and methylation analyses, dephosphorylation with 48% hydrofluoric acid, 1h- and 13c-nmr spectroscopy, including two-dimensional cosy, tocsy, noesy, and heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (hsqc) experiments. the following structure of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established: carbohydrate sequence [see text]. an unusual component, d-galactose 4,6-cyclophosphate, has been reported previou ...	1998	9652394
bactericidal activity of lys49 and asp49 myotoxic phospholipases a2 from bothrops asper snake venom--synthetic lys49 myotoxin ii-(115-129)-peptide identifies its bactericidal region.	mammalian group-ii phospholipases a2 (pla2) of inflammatory fluids display bactericidal properties, which are dependent on their enzymatic activity. this study shows that myotoxins ii (lys49) and iii (asp49), two group-ii pla2 isoforms from the venom of bothrops asper, are lethal to a broad spectrum of bacteria. since the catalytically inactive lys49 myotoxin ii isoform has similar bactericidal effects to its catalytically active asp49 counterpart, a bactericidal mechanism that is independent of ...	1998	9654096
[a study on chemical and immunochemical properties and chemotaxonomy of lipopolysaccharides of vibrionaceae, in particular vibrio cholerae and v. parahaemolyticus].		1998	9654940
filamentous phage fs1 of vibrio cholerae o139.	filamentous phage, fs1, was obtained from vibrio cholerae o139. the lysogenized strains produced a large amount of fs1 phage in the culture supernatant. this phage was previously reported as novel fimbriae of that organism. the genome of the phage was a 6.5 kb single-stranded dna. the capsid of fsl consists of a small molecule peptide (about 2.5 kda).	1998	9570290
acalculous cholecystitis and septicemia caused by non-o1 vibrio cholerae: first reported case and review of biliary infections with vibrio cholerae.	the first case of septicemic acute acalculous cholecystitis caused by non-o1 vibrio cholerae is described in a healthy traveler, and biliary tract infections from v. cholerae are reviewed. immediately after a vacation in cancun, mexico, a 55-year-old man developed acute cholecystitis. blood and bile cultures grew non-o1 v. cholerae. at surgery, the gallbladder was acalculous, inflamed, distended, and nearly ruptured. pathogenetic factors may have included diarrhea prophylaxis with bismuth subsal ...	1998	9572025
validation of a volunteer model of cholera with frozen bacteria as the challenge.	to evaluate a standardized inoculum of vibrio cholerae for volunteer challenge studies, 40 healthy adult volunteers were challenged at three different institutions with a standard inoculum prepared directly from vials of frozen, virulent, el tor inaba v. cholerae n16961, with no further incubation. groups of 5 volunteers, with each group including 2 volunteers with blood group o, were given a dose of 10(5) cfu, and 34 of the 40 volunteers developed diarrhea (mean incubation time, 28 h). transien ...	1998	9573077
nucleotide sequence and spatiotemporal expression of the vibrio cholerae viesab genes during infection.	the ivivii gene of vibrio cholerae was previously identified by a screen for genes induced during intestinal infection. in the present study, nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that ivivii is a 1,659-bp open reading frame, herein designated vieb, that is predicted to be last in a tricistronic operon (viesab). the deduced amino acid sequence of vies exhibited similarity to the sensor kinase component, and those of viea and vieb were similar to the response regulator components, respectively, o ...	1998	9573178
versatile gene uptake system found in cholera bacterium.		1998	9575097
comparative analysis of pseudomonas aeruginosa penicillin-binding protein 7 in the context of its membership in the family of low-molecular-mass pbps.	the pseudomonas aeruginosa pbpg gene encoding penicillin-binding protein 7, a homologue of the escherichia coli gene encoding a dd-endopeptidase, was cloned and sequenced, pbpg was located immediately downstream of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (phh) operon. dna sequencing revealed an open reading frame of 936 bp (starting with a gtg codon) which encodes a protein of 34,115 da. n-terminal amino acid sequencing confirmed the presence of a cleavable n-terminal signal peptide of 23 amino acids. ver ...	1998	9579071
oceanography and the seventh cholera pandemic.		1998	9583431
slaying the hydra all at once or head by head?		1998	9585195
[survival of vibrio cholerae non-o1 in river sediment during cold season].	to assess the existence of vibrio cholerae non-o1 in the environment water system during the cold season, the organism was incubated in both river sediment or terrestrial soil as particle matter-water (1:1) suspension. the low temperature condition was set to 5 degrees and 10 degrees c. at 5 degrees c, v. cholerae non-o1 did not grow in any medium, sediment and soil. at 10 degrees c, the decrease of the number of organisms was delayed in river sediment as compared with peptone medium. at 30 degr ...	1998	9585694
misidentification of unusual aeromonas species as members of the genus vibrio: a continuing problem.	two unusual cases of aeromonas infection are described, one associated with bacteremia (aeromonas schubertii) and another in which the organism was recovered from an infected gall bladder (aeromonas veronii biotype veronii). these strains were initially identified as vibrio damsela and vibrio cholerae by the vitek and api 20e systems, respectively. use of appropriate screening tests and familiarity with the newer aeromonas species could prevent initial misidentifications and potential public hea ...	1998	9542946
evaluation of different antibiotics in inhibiting colonization of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 in the rabbit intestine.	the effects of furazolidone, erythromycin and azithromycin in inhibiting colonisation of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 in the rabbit intestine were tested. both v. cholerae o1 and o139 highly colonised the gut in control rabbits. the colonisation of furazolidone-resistant strains in the rabbit intestine was prevented effectively by both erythromycin and azithromycin. in furazolidone-sensitive strains, the efficacies of erythromycin and azithromycin were very much comparable to furazolidone. these ...	1998	9551241
a distinctive class of integron in the vibrio cholerae genome.	the ability of bacteria to acquire and disseminate heterologous genes has been a major factor in the development of multiple drug resistance. a gene, inti4, was identified that encodes a previously unknown integrase that is associated with a "gene-vcr" organization (vcrs are vibrio cholerae repeated sequences), similar to that of the well-characterized antibiotic resistance integrons. the similarity was confirmed by inti1-mediated recombination of a gene-vcr cassette into a class 1 integron. vcr ...	1998	9554855
oral administration of one dose of cholera toxin induces a systemic immune response prior to a mucosal immune response by a direct presentation in the spleen.	in the present report the results indicate that the oral administration of one dose of ct in rats results in an antibody immune response in the spleen 48 h later, whereas no antitoxin antibody forming cells were found in the peyer patches (pp), mesenteric lymph node (mln) and lamina propria (lp) of the small intestine. at this time the main isotype of the antitoxin antibodies in the spleen were igg and igm, 5 days after the priming, few antitoxin afc were observed in the mln, igg being the main ...	1998	9557957
immunogenicity of liposome-associated and refined antigen oral cholera vaccines in thai volunteers.	a mixture of vibrio cholerae antigens made up of crude fimbrial extract, lipopolysaccharide and procholeragenoid was administered orally to thai volunteers either as free antigen or associated with liposomes. all vaccines and controls were administered in three doses given at 14 day intervals. nine volunteers received liposome-associated vaccine and seven received free vaccine. liposomes without antigens were given to eight volunteers and seven volunteers received 5% nahco3 solution alone. both ...	1998	9562686
molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity.	cautious optimism has arisen over recent decades with respect to the long struggle against bacteria, viruses, and parasites. this has been offset, however, by a fatal complacency stemming from previous successes such as the development of antimicrobial drugs, the eradication of smallpox, and global immunization programs. infectious diseases nevertheless remain the world's leading cause of death, killing at least 17 million persons annually [61]. diarrheal diseases caused by vibrio cholerae or sh ...	1998	9562989
[molecular mechanisms of the emergence of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 and newly emerged vibrio cholerae].		1998	9564786
development and evaluation of a multiplex pcr assay for rapid detection of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 and o139.	a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay was developed for concurrent detection of rfb sequences specific for the o1 and the o139 serogroups of vibrio cholerae and for ctxa specific sequences. the multiplex pcr assay was found to be highly specific and sensitive and was capable of detecting 65 cfu and 200 cfu per assay of v. cholerae o1 and o139, respectively. evaluation of the multiplex pcr assay using 121 stool samples from patients admitted to the infectious diseases hospital, calcutta, sh ...	1998	9566491
cellular microbiology: how enteric pathogens socialize with their intestinal host.		1998	9586763
identification of a regulatory protein required for pressure-responsive gene expression in the deep-sea bacterium photobacterium species strain ss9.	here, we report the characterization of a gene necessary for hydrostatic pressure regulation of gene expression in the deep-sea bacterium photobacterium species strain ss9. the deduced amino acid sequence of the gene product shares extensive similarity to toxr, a transmembrane dna-binding protein first discovered as a virulence determinant in the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae. changes in hydrostatic pressure induce changes in both the abundance and the activity of the ss9 toxr protein (or ...	1998	9535087
serological reactivity of humans to a vibrio cholerae common antigen.	over the course of seven pandemics, vibrio cholerae serotypes have varied. in 1992 the appearance of a new serotype, o139 bengal, began the eighth cholera pandemic. several new o139 antigens have been identified, yet a common v. cholerae antigen has not been described. in this study, a monoclonal antibody specific against an 18.7-kda outer membrane antigen reacted in dotblot analysis with 292 epidemiologically diverse v. cholerae isolates including o1, non-o1, and o139 serotypes. serum collected ...	1998	9537749
patient compliance in the use of vivotif berna(r) vaccine, typhoid vaccine, live oral ty21a.	several live attenuated vaccines against bacterial enteric pathogens have recently been licensed. these include the salmonella typhi ty21a typhoid vaccine (vivotif berna(r) vaccine) and vibrio cholerae cvd103-hgr cholera vaccine (mutacol berna(r) vaccine). they comprise a unique class of biologics in which patient compliance is required for their optimal use. this is of particular importance in the case of the ty21a vaccine strain of which multiple doses are required. furthermore, exposure to he ...	1998	9772310
a rivalry of foulness: official and unofficial investigations of the london cholera epidemic of 1854.	contemporaneous with john snow's famous study of the 1854 london cholera epidemic were 2 other investigations: a local study of the broad street outbreak and an investigation of the entire epidemic, undertaken by england's general board of health. more than a quarter-century prior to koch's description of vibrio comma, a board of health investigator saw microscopic "vibriones" in the rice-water stools of cholera patients that, in his later life, he concluded had been cholera bacilli. although th ...	1998	9772861
intestinal colonization of the infant mouse model by attenuated and virulent vibrio cholerae strains.	intestinal colonization of humans with virulent vibrio cholerae stimulates substantial, lasting immunity against reinfection. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the colonizing capability of various vibrio cholerae strains which are promising candidates to oral vaccine.	1998	9775456
[characterization of aldehyde dehydrogenase gene fragment from mung bean vigna radiata using the polymerase chain reaction].	two degenerate oligonucleotide sequence primers and polymerase chain reactions on total dna have been utilized to clone on 651--bp gene fragment coding the central part of amino acid sequence of an earlier unknown aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh) from mung bean. the deduced partial amino acid sequence for this aldehyde dehydrogenase shows about 65% sequence identity to aldhs of vibrio cholerae rhodococcus sp., alcaligenes eutrophus and about 45% sequence identity to mammalian aldhs 1 and 2, aldhs o ...	1998	9778740
identification of the vibrio cholerae type 4 prepilin peptidase required for cholera toxin secretion and pilus formation.	cholera toxin secretion is dependent upon the extracellular protein secretion apparatus encoded by the eps gene locus of vibrio cholerae. although the eps gene locus encodes several type four prepilin-like proteins, the peptidase responsible for processing these proteins has not been identified. this report describes the identification of a prepilin peptidase from the v. cholerae genomic database by virtue of its homology with the pild prepilin peptidase of pseudomonas aeruginosa. plasmid disrup ...	1998	9781884
vibrio cholerae iron transport: haem transport genes are linked to one of two sets of tonb, exbb, exbd genes.	vibrio cholerae was found to have two sets of genes encoding tonb, exbb and exbd proteins. the first set (tonb1, exbb1, exbd1) was obtained by complementation of a v. cholerae tonb mutant. in the mutant, a plasmid containing these genes permitted transport via the known v. cholerae high-affinity iron transport systems, including uptake of haem, vibriobactin and ferrichrome. when chromosomal mutations in exbb1 or exbd1 were introduced into a wild-type v. cholerae background, no defect in iron tra ...	1998	9781885
[a monoclonal antibody-based study of the antigenic interrelations of typical and r forms of vibrio cholerae].	monoclonal antibodies to surface determinants of v. cholerae r forms (r-mca) were obtained. r-mca and monoclonal antibodies to lipopolysaccharide (lps) of v. cholerae s forms (s-mca) were used to show that the lps of deeply altered vibrios, agglutinating only with ro serum, completely lost its o-side chain. some common o determinants on the basis of s-mca were detected in typical cultures of v. cholerae o1 and ro vibrios which agglutinated to 1/4 t with o serum and, in low titers, with ro serum. ...	1998	9783389
[the prospects for improving chemical cholera vaccines].		1998	9783412
identification of the perosamine synthetase gene of brucella melitensis 16m and involvement of lipopolysaccharide o side chain in brucella survival in mice and in macrophages.	brucella organisms are facultative intracellular bacteria that may infect many species of animals as well as humans. the smooth lipopolysaccharide (s-lps) has been reported to be an important virulence factor of these organisms, but the genetic basis of expression of the s-lps o antigen has not yet been described. likewise, the role of the o side chain of s-lps in the survival of brucella has not been clearly defined. a mini-tn5 transposon mutant library of brucella melitensis 16m was screened b ...	1998	9784561
characterization of the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pathovar ribicola ncppb 963.	in 1939, a bacterial spot caused severe defoliation of ribes aureum (golden currant) the causal agent is now recognized as pseudomonas syringae pathovar ribicola. this communication extends the phenotype of the only identified strain of p. syringae pv. ribicola, which is reminiscent of those of other pathovars, and provides a molecular biological characterization. a minimum size of 5.55 mb for the bacterial genome was obtained using pulsed-field electrophoresis. the sds-page outer-membrane profi ...	1998	9785483
molecular basis of vaccination.	vaccines represent the most cost-effective means to prevent infectious diseases. most of the vaccines which are currently available were developed long before the era of molecular biology and biotechnology. they were obtained following empirical approaches leading to the inactivation or to the attenuation of microorganisms, without any knowledge neither of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of the disease they were expected to protect from, nor of the immune responses elicited by the infectious agen ...	1998	9789264
endochitinase is transported to the extracellular milieu by the eps-encoded general secretory pathway of vibrio cholerae.	the chia gene of vibrio cholerae encodes a polypeptide which degrades chitin, a homopolymer of n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac) found in cell walls of fungi and in the integuments of insects and crustaceans. chia has a coding capacity corresponding to a polypeptide of 846 amino acids having a predicted molecular mass of 88.7 kda. a 52-bp region with promoter activity was found immediately upstream of the chia open reading frame. insertional inactivation of the chromosomal copy of the gene confirmed ...	1998	9791107
regional differences in the effect of cholera toxin and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli infection on electrolyte and fluid transport in the porcine small intestine.	the regional differences in secretory and absorptive responses to cholera toxin (ct) and to infection by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), producing heat-stable enterotoxins, were studied in the porcine small intestine. proximal, mid and distal small intestine from newly weaned piglets were used. na+ and cl- fluxes and electrical parameters in ct-stimulated and etec-infected intestine were measured by the ussing chamber technique. in addition, ct-induced fluid accumulation in ligated loop ...	1998	9793468
more on the structure of vibrio cholerae o22 lipopolysaccharide.	the structure of a short-chain lipopolysaccharide (lps) of vibrio cholerae o22 strain 169-68, that cross-reacts with v. cholerae o139 bengal, was elucidated. the structure differs in detail from that reported on another strain of o22 [a.d. cox, j-r. brisson, p. thibault and m.b. perry, carbohydr. res., 304 (1997) 191-208]. the similarity and difference between the lps structures of the two strains as well as between o22 and o139 are discussed.	1998	9794075
d d cunningham and the aetiology of cholera in british india, 1869-1897.		1998	9796575
infections due to non-o1 vibrio cholerae in southern taiwan: predominance in cirrhotic patients.	although taiwan is not an area where cholera is endemic, from october 1988 to october 1997 30 episodes of non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae infection were noted at the national cheng kung university hospital in taiwan. infections generally occurred in hot seasons, and two episodes were concomitant with vibrio vulnificus infection. three major clinical presentations were found: bacteremia with concurrent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis or invasive soft-tissue infections that occurred solely in c ...	1998	9798033
survival of vibrio cholerae 01 strains in shrimp subjected to freezing and boiling.	this research was undertaken to assess the resistance of vibrio cholerae 01 strains inoculated into white shrimp, penaeus schimitti, to heating and freezing treatments. shrimp samples with and without carapace were obtained from sao luis, brazil. microbial analysis revealed the presence of marine vibrios including vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and other vibrios and aerobic gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria that grew on selective medium, thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucro ...	1998	9798148
a lime in a litre rapidly kills toxogenic vibrio cholerae o1.		1998	9803858
endemic cholera in delhi, 1995: analysis of data from a sentinel centre.	data on cholera cases admitted to the delhi infectious diseases hospital (idh) are presented to describe the pattern of occurrence of cholera in delhi in 1995. rectal swabs from 4082 cases of acute diarrhoea admitted to the idh were examined for excretion of vibrio cholerae. of them, 2004(49%) and 4(0.1%) were positive for v. cholerae o1 biotype el tor and v. cholerae o139 respectively. most cholera cases occurred during may-september (summer and monsoon months). the period from january to march ...	1998	9805411
entamoeba histolytica: identification of functional gs and gi proteins as possible signal transduction elements in the interaction of trophozoites with fibronectin.	trophozoites of entamoeba histolytica adhere to several components of the extracellular matrix. binding is mediated by specific receptors identified in the parasite surface. interaction of trophozoites with fn induces the formation of special adhesion structures that are dynamic cytoskeleton membrane complexes and facilitate both adhesion and substrate degradation. the process requires activation of signaling pathways in which plc, ip3, ca2-, and pkc participate. these observations, and recent e ...	1998	9806871
cholera--the new epidemic?		1998	9807185
[acute gastroenteritis by vibrio cholerae no 01].		1998	9808890
novel approaches for oral delivery of macromolecules.	traditional forms of administrations of nonabsorbable drugs and peptides often rely on their parenteral injection, since the intestinal epithelium is poorly permeable to these therapeutical agents. a number of innovative drug delivery approaches have been recently developed, including the drug entrapment within small vesicles or their passage through the intestinal paracellular pathway. zonula occludens toxin, a recently discovered protein elaborated by vibrio cholerae, provided tools to gain mo ...	1998	9811489
[cholera update and vaccination problems].	cholera remains an important public health problem. the long-term control of cholera depends on good personal hygiene, uncontaminated water supply and appropriate sewage disposal. however, the improvement of hygiene is distant goal for many countries. thus the availability of an effective cholera vaccine is important for the prevention of cholera in these countries. research on new cholera vaccines has mainly focused on oral formulations that stimulate the mucosal secretory immune system. two or ...	1998	9812307
cholera in children in karachi from 1990 through 1995: a study of cases admitted to a tertiary care hospital.	although cholera is an endemic disease in bangladesh, india and other countries, it was never a significant cause of gastroenteritis in pakistan before 1988. since then, cases of cholera are identified each year, both in adults and children in pakistan. in order to see the contribution of vibrio cholerae as a cause of gastroenteritis in children, we reviewed the cases of cholera admitted in the pediatric ward of the aga khan university hospital, karachi, pakistan. of 4346 children hospitalized w ...	1998	9813989
aetiological, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a seasonal peak of diarrhoea in dhaka, bangladesh.	during the spring peak of diarrhoea in bangladesh, 113 consecutive patients who represented a systematic 4% sample of all patients attending an urban diarrhoea treatment facility between 18 and 23 april 1995 were studied. the study was conducted to characterize enteric pathogens associated with the spring peak of the diarrhoea outbreak in bangladesh and to describe clinical and epidemiological features of the patients. the spring peak is traditionally thought to be mostly due to v. cholerae o1. ...	1998	9817521
rapid diagnosis of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o139.	hybridomas secreting specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 were produced. six monoclones (hybridomas) secreting mabs specific only to lipopolysaccharide of v. cholerae o139 strains and which did not cross-react to 137 strains of other enteric microorganisms were obtained. these clones were designated 12f5-g11, 12f5-g2, 15f5-h5, 5b9-f8, 14c9-d2, and 6d2-d8. the immunoglobulin (ig) heavy chain isotypes secreted by these clones were igg2b, igg2b, igg2b, igm, igg2b, ...	1998	9817879
morphological and physical characterization of the capsular layer of vibrio cholerae o139.	the morphological and physical characteristics of the capsule of vibrio cholerae o139 were examined. an electron microscopic study using the freeze-substitution technique showed that all of the v. cholerae strains of the o139 serogroup examined have a very thin fibrous layer on the outside of the outer membrane. in contrast, the mutants of strain o139, strain mo10t4 (which lacks capsule synthesis), and strain bengal-2r1 (which fails to synthesize both the capsule and the o-antigen of lipopolysac ...	1998	9818353
[experimental study of mixed infection by vibrio cholerae and salmonella typhi].	mixed infection caused by v.cholerae and s.typhi was studied on guinea pig gall-bladder, used as an experimental model. these microorganisms coexisted in association in animals and exhibited no pronounced antagonistic properties in vitro. the cultures isolated from the organs of infected guinea pigs did not differ from initial ones. the study revealed that in nutrient broth containing 50% of dried bile salmonellae were preserved, but not v.cholerae. the latter could co-exist with s.typhi in 1% b ...	1998	9825490
[immunoenzyme test-system for the detection of vibrio cholerae 0139].	on the basis of antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (lps) and capsular antigen of v.cholerae o139 two variants of the enzyme immunoassay (eia) system permitting the detection of the infective agent at a concentration of 1 x 10(6) microbial cells/ml were developed. antibodies to v.cholerae o139 k-antigen and lps were found to be highly active and specifically reacted only with homologous antigens without additional adsorption. both variants of the eia system, developed on the basis of antibodies ...	1998	9825508
rapid spread of the new clone of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor in cholera endemic areas in india.	using molecular techniques, we investigated whether the clone of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor which appeared in calcutta, india, in 1994 has spread to other cholera endemic areas in the country. the ribotype of 31 of the 33 strains isolated from different parts of india during 1996 and 1997 was identical to the ribotype displayed by the new clone of v. cholerae o1 which emerged in calcutta in 1994. likewise, 12 of the 15 strains examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) showed ide ...	1998	9825773
changes in vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated in romania during 1977-95.	six hundred and twenty-four vibrio cholerae o1 strains, 623 serotype ogawa and one serotype inaba, isolated in romania between 1977-95 were tested to detect all changing traits concerning serogroup, serotype, biotype, phage type and resistotype patterns and subsequently, the possible epidemiological relationship among these strains. biotyping revealed one classical, 580 eltor strains and 43 intermediary variants. when tested with mukerjee phages, 546 (87%) strains were sensitive and 78 (13%) res ...	1998	9825774
phenotypic and molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated in samutsakorn, thailand before, during and after the emergence of v. cholerae o139.	seventy clinical strains of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated from 1982-96 in samutsakorn, a port city 30 km southwest of bangkok where cholera occurs at low levels with regular seasonality, were characterized to investigate if there were any differences among the o1 strains isolated before, during and after the 0139 epidemic. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) typing, ribotyping and southern blot hybridization with a cholera toxin probe (ct genotyping) demonstrated several genotypes among o1 str ...	1998	9825775
analysis of clinical and environmental strains of nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae for susceptibility to ctxphi: molecular basis for origination of new strains with epidemic potential.	toxigenic vibrio cholerae strains are lysogens of ctxphi, a filamentous phage which encodes cholera toxin. the receptor for ctxphi for invading v. cholerae cells is the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp), the genes for which reside in a larger genetic element, the tcp pathogenicity island. we analyzed 146 ctx-negative strains of v. cholerae o1 or non-o1 isolated from patients or surface waters in five different countries for the presence of the tcp pathogenicity island, the regulatory gene toxr, and ...	1998	9826360
modulation of expression of the toxr regulon in vibrio cholerae by a member of the two-component family of response regulators.	the toxrs system in vibrio cholerae plays a central role in the modulation of virulence gene expression in response to environmental stimuli. an integration of multiple signalling inputs mediated by toxr, -s, and -t controls virulence gene expression leading to cholera toxin (ct) production. recently, we identified a new virulence locus, vara (virulence associated regulator), in classical v. cholerae o1 that positively controls transcription of tcpa, the major subunit of the toxin-coregulated pi ...	1998	9826365
the vibrio cholerae genome contains two unique circular chromosomes.	vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, is a gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the gamma subdivision of the family proteobacteriaceae. the physical map of the genome has been reported, and the genome has been described as a single 3.2-mb chromosome [majumder, r., et al. (1996) j. bacteriol. 178, 1105-1112]. by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic dna immobilized in agarose plugs and digested with the restriction enzymes i-ceui, sfii, and noti, we ...	1998	9826723
the survival strategy of vibrio cholerae.		1998	9828704
structural and functional characterization of is1358 from vibrio cholerae.	the new epidemic serovar o139 of vibrio cholerae has emerged from the pandemic serovar o1 biotype el tor through the replacement of a 22-kbp dna region by a 40-kbp o139-specific dna fragment. this o139-specific dna fragment contains an insertion sequence that was described previously (u. h. stroeher, k. e. jedani, b. k. dredge, r. morona, m. h. brown, l. e. karageorgos, j. m. albert, and p. a. manning, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 92:10374-10378, 1995) and designated is1358o139. we studied the dis ...	1998	9829917
a family of stability determinants in pathogenic bacteria.	a novel segregational stability system was identified on plasmid r485, which originates from morganella morganii. the system is composed of two overlapping genes, stbd and stbe, which potentially encode proteins of 83 and 93 amino acids, respectively. homologs of the stbde genes were identified on the enterotoxigenic plasmid p307 from escherichia coli and on the chromosomes of vibrio cholerae and haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius. the former two homologs also promote plasmid stability in ...	1998	9829958
evolutionary control of infectious disease: prospects for vectorborne and waterborne pathogens.	evolutionary theory may contribute to practical solutions for control of disease by identifying interventions that may cause pathogens to evolve to reduced virulence. theory predicts, for example, that pathogens transmitted by water or arthropod vectors should evolve to relatively high levels of virulence because such pathogens can gain the evolutionary benefits of relatively high levels of host exploitation while paying little price from host illness. the entrance of vibrio cholerae into south ...	1998	9830519
molecular basis of ribotype variation in the seventh pandemic clone and its o139 variant of vibrio cholerae.	ribotyping has been widely used to characterise the seventh pandemic clone including south american and o139 variants which appeared in 1991 and 1992 respectively. to reveal the molecular basis of ribotype variation we analysed the rrn operons and their flanking regions. all but one variation detected by bgli, the most discriminatory enzyme, was found to be due to changes within the rrn operons, resulting from recombination between operons. the recombinants are detected because of the presence o ...	1998	9830524
the amazonia variant of vibrio cholerae: molecular identification and study of virulence genes.	the pathogenic o1 amazonia variant of vibrio cholerae has been shown previously to have a cytotoxin acting on cultured vero and y-1 cells, and to lack important virulence factors such as the cholera toxin (coelho et al. 1995a). this study extends the molecular analysis of the amazonia strains, detecting the presence of the toxr gene, with a very similar sequence to that of the e1 tor and classical biotypes. the outer membrane proteins are analyzed, detecting a variation among the group of amazon ...	1998	9830525
membrane carbohydrate conjugates desialylation does not alter [3h]-dopamine uptake in rat striatal slices.	incubation of rat striatal slices induced a large decrease (about 50%) of da uptake and a slight desialylation of polysialogangliosides (gt1b, gd1b, gd1a) with an increase of monosialogangliosides (gm1). moreover, a pretreatment of slices by exogenous added neuraminidase of vibrio cholerae did not modify da uptake, although the pattern of gangliosides was modified and there was considerable loss (about 45%) of sialic acid in gangliosides and glycoproteins. it was verified that neuraminidase acti ...	1998	9832192
effect of canavanine from alfalfa seeds on the population biology of bacillus cereus	bacillus cereus uw85 suppresses diseases of alfalfa seedlings, although alfalfa seed exudate inhibits the growth of uw85 in culture (j. l. milner, s. j. raffel, b. j. lethbridge, and j. handelsman, appl. microbiol. biotechnol. 43:685-691, 1995). in this study, we determined the chemical basis for and biological role of the inhibitory activity. all of the alfalfa germ plasm tested included seeds that released inhibitory material. we purified the inhibitory material from one alfalfa cultivar and i ...	1998	9835549
epidemiology, genetics, and ecology of toxigenic vibrio cholerae.	cholera caused by toxigenic vibrio cholerae is a major public health problem confronting developing countries, where outbreaks occur in a regular seasonal pattern and are particularly associated with poverty and poor sanitation. the disease is characterized by a devastating watery diarrhea which leads to rapid dehydration, and death occurs in 50 to 70% of untreated patients. cholera is a waterborne disease, and the importance of water ecology is suggested by the close association of v. cholerae ...	1998	9841673
vibrio cholerae non-o1 on blood culture, saskatchewan.		1998	9844253
james carroll: a biography.	james carroll was born in england in 1854; at the age of 15, he emigrated to canada where he worked at various odd jobs. at age 20, he crossed the border and volunteered for the us army, in which he remained for the rest of his life. appointed as hospital steward, he became interested in medicine. he was permitted to take basic courses at st paul university and later at bellevue hospital in new york. he received his md degree in 1891 from the university of maryland while still a sergeant. he the ...	1998	9845758
cholera toxin differentially regulates nitric oxide synthesis, tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and respiratory burst in murine macrophages.	the aim of this study was to determine if cholera toxin can modulate the expression of several macrophage effector functions. the effect of cholera toxin on the induction of no synthesis, production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and induction of respiratory burst was examined in the j774.a2 macrophage cell line. pre-incubation of cell cultures with cholera toxin significantly down-regulated lipopolysaccharide-induced no synthesis and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced respiratory burst. co ...	1998	9848679
a randomized clinical trial to compare the efficacy of erythromycin, ampicillin and tetracycline for the treatment of cholera in children.	to compare the clinical outcome of treatment of cholera in children with ampicillin, erythromycin or tetracycline, a double-'blind' randomized four-cell trial was carried out in bangladesh. ampicillin was chosen as additional therapy for acute respiratory tract infection, present in many subjects with diarrhoea. one hundred and eighty-four children aged 1-5 years who were not wasted, with diarrhoea of duration < 48 h, signs of some or severe dehydration, dark-field stool microscopy demonstrating ...	1998	9850410
competence for natural transformation in neisseria gonorrhoeae: a model system for studies of horizontal gene transfer.	a combined effort integrating studies of gonococcal tfp biogenesis, the data made available from the gonococcal genome sequence project and applied molecular genetics have been used to identify the fibrillar filaments themselves, the pilt protein and the comp protein as essential components for the dna uptake phase of competence for natural transformation. our ongoing studies are focused on identifying and understanding the complex interactions which exist between these essential constituents. t ...	1998	9850683
genetic organization of the regions associated with surface polysaccharide synthesis in vibrio cholerae o1, o139 and vibrio anguillarum o1 and o2: a review.	vibrio cholerae and v. anguillarum are recognized as aquatic-borne human and fish pathogens, respectively. based upon analyses of several genes and the presence of novel genetic elements it seems that these two species are very closely related. studies in this laboratory have identified an association of is1358 with rfb and capsule loci in these two species. the most recent findings suggest that is1358 is associated with the rfb region in v. cholerae o1 and o139 and in v. anguillarum o1 and o2. ...	1998	9858748
studies towards neoglycoconjugates from the monosaccharide determinant of vibrio cholerae o:1, serotype ogawa using the diethyl squarate reagent.	the effect of reaction time, concentration and molar excess of hapten upon the efficiency of the conjugation of carbohydrates to proteins using the diethyl squarate reagent has been studied using chicken serum albumin (csa) as the carrier protein and a linker-equipped d-glucose derivative as the hapten. a high degree of incorporation of the latter into csa was achieved with high efficiency, and the use of a large excess of the ligand was not necessary. conjugation of the immunodominant monosacch ...	1998	9861698
[outcome of patients treated with intra-peritoneal immunochemotherapy for ovarian cancer].	the aim of this study is to show that i.p. chemotherapy improves the evolution of the patients with an ovarian cancer, as the risk of a small number of complications due to this route of administration.	1998	9864886
study of proteases and other enzymes of vibrio cholerae 01 e2 tor and 0139 serotypes isolated in yavatmal (maharashtra).	v. cholerae 01 e1 tor isolated during cholera epidemic of 1994 and v cholerae 0139 serotype isolated during 1993 epidemic were subjected to the study of proteases and other enzymes. out of 26 strains of v. cholerae 01 studied, gelatinase and caseinase activity was seen in 100 and 69.23 percent strains respectively. all strains showed catalase and oxidase activity. of the other enzymes studied 19.23, 65.38 and 57.69 percent strains were positive for dnase, lipase and phosphatase respectively. non ...	1998	9866901
characterization of non-membrane-damaging cytotoxin of non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 and its relevance to disease.	the non-membrane-damaging cytotoxin which causes dramatic cell rounding of cultured hela cells was purified to homogeneity from a clinical strain (wo5) of non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 inaba belonging to the e1 tor biotype. the purified protein has a denatured molecular weight of 35 kda and a native molecular weight of approximately 37 kda indicating the monomeric nature of the protein. the 15 n-terminal amino acid sequence of non-membrane-damaging cytotoxin showed complete homology to the he ...	1998	9868778
note: characterization of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal isolated from water in malaysia.	four vibrio cholerae o139 bengal strains isolated from surface water were characterized by antibiotic resistance, plasmid profile, presence of cholera toxin gene and random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis. all four strains exhibit multiple resistance towards the antibiotics tested with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.5-0.66, and harboured a 2.0 mda non-conjugative plasmid. the vibrio cholerae o139 bengal were positive for the cholera toxin gene. antibiotyping and ran ...	1998	9871327
antisera to selected outer membrane proteins of vibrio cholerae protect against challenge with homologous and heterologous strains of v. cholerae.	each year cholera epidemics occur in various places around the world. though there is no effective vaccine against cholera, people who recover from an infection usually have prolonged immunity to the disease. sera from convalescent patients contain antibodies to a number of outer membrane proteins (omps) of v. cholerae. we isolated several omps (43, 42, 30, and 22 kda) from v. cholerae v86 e1 tor inaba, sequenced their amino-termini, and generated hyperimmune sera against them in rabbits. antise ...	1998	9879921
impact of medium-chain monoglycerides on intestinal colonisation by vibrio cholerae or enterotoxigenic escherichia coli.	although a number of studies have shown that various free fatty acids (ffas) and monoacylglycerides (mgs) have bactericidal properties in vitro, the role of these compounds in vivo has not been determined. this study evaluated the antibacterial properties of medium-chain mgs and ffas for different bacterial enteropathogens with an in-vitro bacterial killing assay and an in-vivo model of intestinal colonisation. incubation of test bacteria with medium-chain mgs for 4 h led to 100-10,000-fold redu ...	1998	9879938
antibacterial activity of lactobacillus species against vibrio species.	forty-one lactobacillus strains were tested for antagonistic activity against nine strains of vibrio. l. plantarum and l. casei were the most effective, and l. brevis was the least effective in inhibiting the growth of vibrio species. l. gasseri and l. helveticus strains showed higher activity, while l. reuteri and l. fermentum showed lower inhibitory activity against vibrio species. l. acidophilus strains exhibited various degrees of antagonistic activities against vibrio species. however, none ...	1998	9880930
synthesis and evaluation of n-acetylneuraminic acid-based affinity matrices for the purification of sialic acid-recognizing proteins.	the synthesis of 2-s-(2-aminoethyl) 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-2-thio-d-galacto-2-nonulopyranosidonic acid (1) has been successfully achieved from the precursors methyl 5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra-o-acetyl-2-s-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-2-thio-d-glyce ro-alpha-d-galacto-2-nonulopyranosonate (2) and 2-bromo-n-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-ethylamine (5). compounds 1 and 2 were coupled, via amino and thioglycosidic linkages, respectively, to epoxy-activated sepharose 6b. the resultant affinity adsorbents have proved e ...	1998	9881772
recent advances in vaccine adjuvants for systemic and mucosal administration.	although vaccines produced by recombinant dna technology are safer than traditional vaccines, which are based on attenuated or inactivated bacteria or viruses, they are often poorly immunogenic. therefore, adjuvants are often required to enhance the immunogenicity of these vaccines. a number of adjuvants which are particulates of defined dimensions (<5 microm) have been shown to be effective in enhancing the immunogenicity of weak antigens in animal models. two novel adjuvants which possess sign ...	1998	9504429
mid-life crisis for m cells.	the epithelium that lines the gut is impermeable to macromolecules and microorganisms, except in peyer's patches (pp), where the lymphoid follicle-associated epithelium (fae) contains m cells that transport antigens and microorganisms. a cultured system that reproduces the main characteristics of fae and m cells was established by cultivation of pp lymphocytes with the differentiated human intestinal cell line caco-2. lymphocytes settled into the epithelial monolayer, inducing reorganization of ...	1998	9505877
molecular analysis of non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae associated with an unusual upsurge in the incidence of cholera-like disease in calcutta, india.	there was an inexplicable upsurge in the incidence of non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae among hospitalized patients admitted to the infectious diseases hospital, calcutta, india, between february and march 1996. of the 18 strains of v. cholerae isolated during this period, 15 belonged to the non-o1, non-o139 serogroups (4 belonged to o144, 3 belonged to o11, 1 each belonged to o6, o8, o12, o19, o39, and o58, and 2 strains could not be typed), 2 belonged to the o139 serogroup, and 1 belonged to th ...	1998	9508308