Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| the possible role of hepatitis a virus in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. | the possible association between hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and coronary artery disease (cad) was studied. blood from 391 patients undergoing coronary angiography was tested for serum igg antibodies to hav and c-reactive protein (crp). of the 391 patients, 205 (52%) had anti-hav igg antibodies. cad prevalence was 74% in hav-seropositive and 52% in hav-seronegative patients (p<.0001); significance persisted after adjustment for either traditional cad risk factors or for risk factors plus o ... | 2000 | 11069227 |
| screening travelers for hepatitis a antibodies: an observational cost-comparison study of vaccine use. | to measure the seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) in a health plan population of travelers and to determine whether prevaccination screening for anti-hav can reduce unnecessary vaccination and thus promote the most effective, economic use of hepatitis a vaccine. | 2000 | 11069868 |
| screening international travelers for hepatitis a antibodies versus routine vaccination: how generalizable are the results? | 2000 | 11069869 | |
| hepatitis a virus-specific immunoglobulin a mediates infection of hepatocytes with hepatitis a virus via the asialoglycoprotein receptor. | the mechanisms underlying the hepatotropism of hepatitis a virus (hav) and the relapsing courses of hav infections are unknown. in this report, we show for a mouse hepatocyte model that hav-specific immunoglobulin a (iga) mediates infection of hepatocytes with hav via the asialoglycoprotein receptor, which binds and internalizes iga molecules. proof of hav infection was obtained by detection of hav minus-strand rna, which is indicative for virus replication, and quantification of infectious viri ... | 2000 | 11069989 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a virus antibodies in patients with chronic liver diseases. | the age of persons with hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in the general population has risen; these persons are at increased risk of clinically severe disease, especially patients with chronic liver disease. the aim of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of total antibodies against hav in patients with chronic liver disease. | 2000 | 11084818 |
| asian perspectives on viral hepatitis a. | recent decades have witnessed a marked decline in the prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in asian populations, especially in children. this is attributable to general improvements in socio-economic status and hygiene, which have, in turn, made a large population of young adults susceptible to the disease. the hav infection rarely results in death and mortality is age-dependent. according to previous reports, it may be more severe in persons with underlying chronic liver disease (cld ... | 2000 | 11101002 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a virus infection in sewage plant workers of central italy: is indication for vaccination justified? | prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav) was studied in a group of 65 sewage plant workers living in tuscany, central italy. in order to evaluate the effect of several confounders (age, place of birth, income, educational degree, sea-food consumption, etc.), subjects under study were matched with 160 other workers residing in the same area. anti-hav was detected in about 51% of sewage workers and 44% of other employees. the difference was not statistically significant. both univariate ... | 2000 | 11115708 |
| assessment of synthetic peptides for hepatitis a diagnosis using biosensor technology. | in the present work we demonstrate the application of a commercial biosensor instrument (biacore 1000, biacore ab, uppsala) for the detection of antibodies against the hepatitis a virus (hav) in human serum samples using linear and branched synthetic peptides related to the vp3 capsid protein of hav. we also studied the conformation of the synthetic peptides by circular dichroism (cd) in order to analyse the changes in secondary structure of the constructs that could influence their recognition ... | 2000 | 11121543 |
| detection methods for human enteric viruses in representative foods. | although viral foodborne disease is a significant problem, foods are rarely tested for viral contamination, and when done, testing is limited to shellfish commodities. in this work, we report a method to extract and detect human enteric viruses from alternative food commodities using an elution-concentration approach followed by detection using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). fifty-gram lettuce or hamburger samples were artificially inoculated with poliovirus type 1 (pv ... | 2000 | 11131900 |
| hepatitis a, liver transplants and indigenous communities. | 2000 | 10682006 | |
| fulminant hepatitis a in indigenous children in north queensland. | since 1993, three indigenous children in north queensland have died of fulminant hepatitis a. even if the children had been able to undergo liver transplantation, prolonged immunosuppressant therapy and the likelihood of opportunistic infections would inevitably have jeopardised any chance of long-term survival. as hepatitis a has become a leading infectious cause of death in young indigenous children in north queensland, hepatitis a vaccine has recently been introduced into the vaccination sche ... | 2000 | 10682011 |
| hepatitis a shifting epidemiology in latin america. | in the past, latin america was considered to be an area of high endemicity for hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, with most people infected in early childhood. a seroepidemiological study was recently undertaken in six countries to determine whether this pattern has changed. the highest seroprevalence of antibodies to hav (anti-hav) was found in mexico and the dominican republic. analysis of the different age groups showed that at age 6-10 years, 30% of children in chile and 54-55% in brazil, ve ... | 2000 | 10683550 |
| hepatitis a shifting epidemiology in south-east asia and china. | a review of the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection over the last 20 years shows shifting patterns in the prevalence of antibodies to hav (anti-hav) throughout south-east asia and china. a number of countries have shifted from high to moderate and from moderate to low endemicity, with a corresponding increase in the age of exposure from childhood to early adulthood. the changes have resulted from improvements in hygiene, sanitation and the quality of drinking water, reflecting impr ... | 2000 | 10683551 |
| hepatitis a shifting epidemiology in the middle east and africa. | data on the endemicity of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in africa and the middle east are scant, but most of africa appears to remain a high endemicity region, with the exception of subpopulations in some areas, e.g. white people in south africa. saudi arabia is a model for the middle east, and is a country in which shifting hav epidemiology has been documented in recent years, concurrent with the social and economic development that has occurred over the last two decades. earlier studies ge ... | 2000 | 10683552 |
| hepatitis a shifting epidemiology in poland and eastern europe. | the clinical morbidity of hepatitis a probably only represents 20% of cases of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. when it became possible to determine specific antibodies, a seroepidemiological survey of anti-hav was undertaken in poland, which showed that between 1979 and 1997 there was a shift in the peak age of infection from childhood to adulthood, concomitant with a substantial decline in the incidence of hav infection. data from the world health organization also indicate that there has al ... | 2000 | 10683553 |
| clinical course and consequences of hepatitis a infection. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a small, non-enveloped rna virus belonging to the picornaviridae, for which only one serotype has been identified. transmission is usually through the faecal-oral route by person-to-person contact. the most common risk factors are household or sexual contact with a sufferer, attendance or working at a day-care centre, international travel, and association with food or waterborne outbreaks; 55% of cases have no identifiable risk factors. hav infection may be symptomatic ... | 2000 | 10683554 |
| prospects for vaccination against hepatitis a and b in catalonia (spain). | catalonia is in an area of intermediate endemicity for hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. an expert committee has recently proposed the implementation of universal hepatitis a vaccination for 12-year-olds, based on the fact that no risk factors can be identified for hepatitis a in 50% of cases, and also that selective vaccination targeted at high-risk groups has a limited potential to reduce the incidence of hepatitis a. the well-established programme of hepatitis b vaccination of pre-adolescent ... | 2000 | 10683557 |
| prevalence of anti-hepatitis a antibodies in an urban middle class area of argentina: some associated factors. | this study evaluated the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies in 360 middle-class subjects from buenos aires city and its outskirts. | 2000 | 10689212 |
| hepatitis a vaccines. | 2000 | 10693358 | |
| evaluation of occupational transmission of hepatitis a virus among wastewater workers. | to provide information concerning potential occupational transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) among wastewater workers in a large city in the united states, a cross-sectional survey was performed using a saliva test to detect antibodies to hav (anti-hav). fifty-nine (20%) of 302 participants tested positive for anti-hav. after controlling for the confounding effects of age and race, wastewater work was not significantly associated with an increase in the prevalence of anti-hav (prevalence rat ... | 2000 | 10652693 |
| development of methods to detect "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) and hepatitis a virus in delicatessen foods: application to a food-borne nlv outbreak. | "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are the most common causes of virus-mediated food-borne illness. epidemiological investigations of outbreaks associated with these viruses have been hindered by the lack of available methods for the detection of nlvs and hav in foodstuffs. although reverse transcription (rt)-pcr methods have been useful in detecting nlvs and hav in bivalve mollusks implicated in outbreaks, to date such methods have not been available for other foods. to a ... | 2000 | 10618226 |
| cost-effective analysis of hepatitis a prevention in ireland. | the purpose of this study was to determine the most cost-effective prevention strategy against hepatitis a virus (hav) infection for healthcare workers and the general population at risk in ireland. | 2000 | 10638588 |
| molecular biology of hepatitis a virus: significance of various substitutions in the hepatitis a virus genome. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is the sole member of the hepatogenus of picorna viridae. this virus can now be propagated in cell culture and in primates. molecular biological studies of hav have disclosed its genomic structure and the functional significance of the viral proteins to some extent. hepatitis a virus has a positive-stranded rna of approximately 7.5 kb that encodes a large polyprotein. translation of the protein is influenced by the function of the internal ribosomal entry site in the 5' n ... | 2000 | 10759226 |
| does the concurrent administration of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine influence the immune response to other travelers vaccines? | travelers seeking protection from hepatitis a also often need protection against other infections, prevalent at their destinations. | 2000 | 10759573 |
| comparison of the prevalence of igg antibodies to hepatitis e virus and hepatitis a virus in members of households in the mekong delta region of vietnam. | 2000 | 10761716 | |
| inhibition of cap-dependent gene expression induced by protein 2a of hepatitis a virus. | the viral protein 2a of hepatitis a virus (hav) lacks the conserved 18 aa sequence found in other picornavirus proteases; hence, it is unclear whether the induction of cpe by culture-adapted hav strains is due to 2a-mediated activity. moreover, the cleavage sites and actual borders of hav 2a are not known. accordingly, a nested series of cdna sequences encoding the segment of the hav polyprotein (aa 760-1087) were linked to the 5'-utr of poliovirus type 2 (lansing strain) and inserted downstream ... | 2000 | 10769081 |
| heat inactivation of hepatitis a virus in dairy foods. | experiments were performed to determine the thermal resistance of hepatitis a virus (hav) in three types of dairy products containing increased amounts of fat content (skim milk, homogenized milk; 3.5% mfg, and table cream; 18% mfg). hav-inoculated dairy products were introduced into custom-made u-shaped microcapillary tubes that in turn were simultaneously immersed in a waterbath, using custom-made floating boats and a carrying platform. following exposure to the desired time and temperature co ... | 2000 | 10772219 |
| hepatitis a antibodies in liver transplant recipients: evidence for loss of immunity posttransplantation. | liver transplant recipients frequently have chronic liver diseases and should be considered for vaccination against hepatitis a virus (hav). however, persistence of protective antibodies after orthotopic liver transplantation (olt) has not been shown in this population, which may have implications for future vaccine recommendations. we evaluated the prevalence and epidemiological significance of immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody to hav (anti-hav) in a nonvaccinated population before olt (immunity ... | 2000 | 10719019 |
| the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis a vaccination in patients with chronic hepatitis c. | infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) occasionally leads to acute liver failure and has a higher fatality rate in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv). vaccination of patients with hcv against hav is effective and well tolerated. this study examines the cost-effectiveness of hav vaccination in north american patients with chronic hcv. a decision analysis model was constructed to compare 3 hav vaccination strategies in adult patients with chronic hcv over a period of 5 years: (1) vaccin ... | 2000 | 10733536 |
| liver failure attributable to hepatitis a virus infection in a developing country. | in young children hepatitis a virus (hav) infections are usually subclinical events. however, hav is also associated with progressive hepatic failure and even death in some patients. this study was undertaken to characterize the course of hepatitis a-related acute liver failure in children from a developing country where hepatitis a is endemic and produces significant morbidity. patients <15 years of age with confirmed hepatitis a, seen at the aga khan university hospital between january 1991 an ... | 2000 | 10654972 |
| hepatitis a virus replication: an intermediate in the uncoating process. | dense, rnase-sensitive, vp2-containing, non-infectious hepatitis a virus (hav) particles were found to be formed at early times after the infection of cultured cells. these particles formed with kinetics mirroring those reported for hav uncoating. the kinetics of the formation of dense hav particles corresponded to a decrease in detectable, mature input virions, as detected by rna dot blot hybridization of cscl density gradient fractions. the dense hav particles did not appear to have altered se ... | 2000 | 10773736 |
| foodborne spread of hepatitis a: recent studies on virus survival, transfer and inactivation. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is responsible for considerable morbidity and economic losses worldwide, and is the only reportable, foodborne viral pathogen in canada. outbreaks caused by it occur more frequently in settings such as hospitals, daycare centres, schools, and in association with foods and food service establishments. in recent years, the incidence of hepatitis a has increased in canada. many factors, including changing lifestyles and demographics, faster and more frequent travel, and enha ... | 2000 | 18159284 |
| studies on transmission of hepatitis a virus to squirrel monkeys. | non-human primates have been playing an essential role in the study of hepatitis a virus (hav) biology, pathogenesis and for testing candidate hav vaccines. this study was to determine the suitability of squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) as animal model for hav infection. animals were inoculated, either intragastrically or intravenously, with a brazilian hav isolate (haf-203). alanine aminotransferase (alt) and anti-hav antibodies (igm and total) were monitored. feces were daily collected for ... | 2000 | 30545165 |
| neutralization of hepatitis a virus (hav) by an immunoadhesin containing the cysteine-rich region of hav cellular receptor-1. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infects african green monkey kidney (agmk) cells via the hav cellular receptor-1 (havcr-1), a mucin-like type 1 integral-membrane glycoprotein of unknown natural function. the ectodomain of havcr-1 contains an n-terminal immunoglobulin-like cysteine-rich region (d1), which binds protective monoclonal antibody (mab) 190/4, followed by an o-glycosylated mucin-like threonine-serine-proline-rich region that extends d1 well above the cell surface. to study the interaction of h ... | 2001 | 11134285 |
| prospective study of pathogen burden and risk of myocardial infarction or death. | we previously demonstrated that the risk of coronary artery disease (cad) increased in relation to the number of pathogens (the "pathogen burden") in a cross-sectional study. in the present prospective study with a different patient cohort, we evaluated the effect of pathogen burden on the risk of myocardial infarction (mi) or death among cad patients. | 2001 | 11136684 |
| global market: shellfish imports as a source of reemerging food-borne hepatitis a virus infections in spain. | a total of 16 mollusk imports from south america to spain, including clam and scallop species, were analyzed for hepatitis a virus (hav), due to the great concern about this type of food after an important hepatitis a outbreak in eastern spain in september 1999. in addition, clams from the stock that had caused the outbreak were also tested. of the 17 stocks, four were positive for the presence of hav rna as demonstrated by rt-pcr and southern hybridization. contradictory analyses confirmed the ... | 2001 | 12051566 |
| interaction study of peptide from vp3 capsid protein of hepatitis a virus through monolayers and fluorescence spectroscopy. | a synthetic peptide with the sequence [lys113]vp3(110--121): fwrkdlvfdfqv, corresponding to an epitope of the vp3 capsid protein of hepatitis a virus (hav), was synthesized by solid phase and characterized. to obtain insight into its physicochemical properties and to understand its possible mechanism of action at the membrane level, interaction with dppc or dppc/dppg (95/5) liposomes and lipid monolayers of dppc, dppg, sa, ps, pa and sm were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and langmuir--blo ... | 2001 | 11312535 |
| improved method for the recovery of hepatitis a virus from oysters. | hepatitis a is one of the major infectious diseases epidemiologically associated with worldwide shellfish consumption. molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to detect hepatitis a virus (hav) in contaminated shellfish can be hindered by low virus recoveries during the concentration process and by natural pcr inhibitors in shellfish. this study evaluated and modified two major steps of a processing procedure for virus concentration from oysters: acid adsorption-elution and solv ... | 2001 | 11337037 |
| genetic analysis of wild-type hepatitis a virus strains. | to clarify the distribution of hepatitis a virus (hav) genotype in geographical regions of china. | 2001 | 11780469 |
| perinuclear accumulation of hepatitis a virus proteins, rna, and particles and ultrastructural alterations in infected cells. | the exact intracellular site of hepatitis a virus (hav) production is unknown, possibly due to its usually slow and inefficient replication. using immunocytochemistry and in-situ rt-pcr, we show that in cells infected with the rapidly replicating hav strain has-15, viral proteins and rna are scattered throughout the cytoplasm and accumulate in the perinuclear cytoplasmic area. various ultrastructural alterations were found in infected cells, such as large polyribosomes, swelling of the perinucle ... | 2001 | 11811680 |
| immunization strategies to control a community-wide hepatitis a epidemic. | one fifth of 527 cases of hepatitis a occurred in self-identified injection drug users during a community-wide epidemic in spokane county (washington) in 1997-8. we hypothesized that an immunization campaign targeted at illicit drug users could control the epidemic. starting in may 1998, hepatitis a vaccine was provided to individuals in jails and other sites frequented by illicit drug users. volunteers at vaccination sites were surveyed about risk. serial convenience samples of jail inmates who ... | 2001 | 11811879 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a amongst injecting drug users. | this descriptive study investigated an outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection among injecting drug users (idus) and their contacts. twenty-seven cases of acute hav infection were identified in a 5-month period. connections with the local injecting drug using (idu) population were established for 25 of the cases of whom 14 admitted to injecting drug use. hav rna genotyping revealed two hav variants, closely related to variants found in scandinavian idus and in south east asia. the study de ... | 2001 | 11811880 |
| prevalence of markers for hepatitis a, b and c in the german population. results of the german national health interview and examination survey 1998. | the prevalence of serological parameters indicative of infection with hepatitis a, b and c was determined using sera collected from representative population samples in the former east german (new) federal states and the west german (old) federal states during the german national health and examination survey in 1998. sera were tested for antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav), to hepatitis b core antigen (hbc) and to hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), hepatitis c virus (hcv), as well as for th ... | 2001 | 11855576 |
| molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus in korea. | the prevalence of antibodies for hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) in adolescents and young adults has decreased remarkably following the economic growth in korea. as a result, this age group has a high risk for hav infection paradoxically, and over 1500 cases of clinically overt hepatitis a occurred in 1998. human isolates of hepatitis a virus (hav) are categorized within four genotypes (i, ii, iii, and vii). in some geographic regions, closely related isolates cluster, suggesting endemic spread of ... | 2001 | 11350547 |
| genetic relatedness of cuban hav wild-type isolates. | knowledge of the nucleotide sequence in the region of the putative vp1/2a junction of the hepatitis a virus (hav) genome has enabled differentiation of hav strains and their classification into seven genotypes, in some of which sub-genotypes a and b can be defined. a 168 base segment encompassing the putative vp1/2a junction of 27 clinical wild-type isolates of hav from cuba was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and then sequenced. the cuban isolates are clustered with ... | 2001 | 11360240 |
| change in hepatitis a virus seroepidemiology in southern taiwan: a large percentage of the population lack protective antibody. | hepatitis a, the predominant reported etiologic form of viral hepatitis in taiwan, continues to be a disease primarily of children and young adults. a seroepidemiologic study was performed to assess the seroprevalence of hepatitis a (hav) antibodies in the southern taiwan general population in 1998 and is compared with results of a similar study in 1992. a total of 948 subjects (477 male and 471 female) with ages ranging from 0.3 to 63 years were stratified into 14 age-specific groups. the prese ... | 2001 | 11360241 |
| epstein-barr virus specific salivary antibodies as related to stress caused by examinations. | epstein-barr virus (ebv) is prevalent in 90% of the population. after primary infection it remains in a latent state and the majority of the virus carriers are asymptomatic during their life. among the immunocompromized patients such as organ and bone marrow transplant recipients, individuals lacking t cell immunity, and patients treated with corticosteroid, cancer, and aids patients ebv primary infection and reactivation can cause life threatening diseases. immunosupression may occur also durin ... | 2001 | 11360247 |
| hepatitis a virus: a test method for virucidal activity. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is closely related to the genus enterovirus. hav is very stable and resistant to acid ph and elevated temperature, as well as to chemicals and environmental influences. human poliovirus is still one of the model viruses for testing disinfectants but there are discussions about changing to hepatitis a virus. the purpose of this study was to develop a method for using adapted hepatitis a virus to test hand disinfectants. using hav strains hm175/24a and frhk-4 cytopathic eff ... | 2001 | 11759019 |
| [chronic hepatitis c and risk for hepatitis a infection]. | the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-hav antibodies and factors associated with hav infection amongst patients with chronic hepatitis c. the prevalence of anti-hav antibodies in hepatitis c patients was 69.2% and did not differ significantly from 63.3% observed in the group of healthy controls. in patients with chronic hepatitis c the occurrence of hav antibodies was not associated with the duration of hcv infection, history of transfusions and surgeries. there was a ten ... | 2001 | 11761835 |
| [assessment of the pcr-southern blot technique for the analysis of viremia in patients with acute hepatitis a]. | assessment of viremia in hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is not frequently performed with conventional methods because the techniques used are laborious, have low sensitivity are usually performed in feces. the aims of this study were to develop a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and southern blot technique to detect hav-rna in the serum of patients with acute hav infection and to determine the relationship between hav-rna and anti-hav igm and alanine aminotransferase (alt) levels. the presence ... | 2001 | 11219133 |
| infection with hepatitis a and tt viruses and socioeconomic status in rio de janeiro, brazil. | the prevalence of antibodies directed against the enterically transmitted hepatitis a virus (hav) was measured in 2 groups of people living in rio de janeiro, brazil. of 1,056 health care workers (hcws), 778 (73.7%) were anti-hav positive. a high prevalence of anti-hav antibodies (85.7%) was also found among 274 voluntary blood donors (bds). tt virus (ttv) is a dna virus that has been found in the sera of patients with post-transfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. occurrence of virus shedding ... | 2001 | 11233846 |
| rapid decline of antibodies after hepatitis a immunization in liver and renal transplant recipients. | hepatitis a vaccine is safe and achieves good seroconversion rates in liver (ltx) and renal (rtx) transplant recipients. | 2001 | 11233913 |
| infection of hepatitis a virus in japanese haemophiliacs. | outbreaks of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in haemophiliacs have been reported from many countries. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis a virus antibody (havab) in japanese haemophiliacs. | 2001 | 11243755 |
| fecal shedding of hepatitis a virus in indian patients with hepatitis a and in experimentally infected rhesus monkey. | hepatitis a is highly endemic in india. the surveillance reports for the disease from this region are primarily based on the demonstration of hepatitis a virus (hav) specific serum igm and igg antibodies. the present study was conducted to assess the presence and duration of fecal shedding of hav in patients with hepatitis a and in an experimentally infected rhesus monkey. nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was applied to fecal specimens from 67 sporadic cases of hep ... | 2001 | 11251306 |
| combining hepatitis a and b vaccination in children and adolescents. | hepatitis a and b are common infections worldwide and their severity is related to the individual's age upon initial infection. furthermore, when hepatitis b infection occurs in infants, the risk of becoming a chronic carrier is 90%. for hepatitis a, the lower incidence of disease arising from an improvement in living conditions leaves a greater number of children, adolescents and young adults susceptible to residual circulating virus. consequently, initial infection occurs later in life when cl ... | 2001 | 11257370 |
| hepatitis a: old and new. | the hepatitis a virus (hav), a picornavirus, is a common cause of hepatitis worldwide. spread of infection is generally person to person or by oral intake after fecal contamination of skin or mucous membranes; less commonly, there is fecal contamination of food or water. hepatitis a is endemic in developing countries, and most residents are exposed in childhood. in contrast, the adult population in developed countries demonstrates falling rates of exposure with improvements in hygiene and sanita ... | 2001 | 11148002 |
| characterization of recombinant hepatitis a virus genomes containing exogenous sequences at the 2a/2b junction. | hepatitis a virus (hav) differs from other members of the family picornaviridae in that the cleavage of the polyprotein at the 2a/2b junction, commonly considered to be the primary polyprotein cleavage by analogy with other picornaviruses, is mediated by 3c(pro), the only proteinase encoded by the virus. however, it has never been formally demonstrated that the 2a/2b junction is the site of primary cleavage, and the actual function of the 2a sequence, which lacks homology with sequence of other ... | 2001 | 11152515 |
| viral hepatitis during pregnancy. | a great degree of controversy prevails over the existing reports on the severity and outcome of acute viral hepatitis (avh) during pregnancy. the present study describes the outcome of avh associated with pregnancy. a correlation was also assessed for gestation period, viral etiology and outcome of avh. | 2001 | 11166742 |
| suppression of hepatitis b virus replication mediated by hepatitis a-induced cytokine production. | acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection can cause severe hepatitis especially in patients with underlying chronic liver disease. in patients with pre-existing chronic hepatitis b (hbv) acute hav infection can suppress hbv replication. the exact mechanism of hbv suppression during acute hav infection is still a subject of debate. one mechanism may be the production of hav infection-induced cytokines leading to suppression of hbv replication and viral clearance. | 2001 | 11169072 |
| molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus in amsterdam, the netherlands. | the transmission of sporadic community-acquired hepatitis a virus (hav) among different risk groups in amsterdam was verified by applying molecular techniques on fecal samples. these were collected in 1997/1998 from 33 persons with hav infection that was confirmed serologically. from 8 of these persons serial stool samples were collected. nested rt-pcr targeting the vp3-vp1 and vp1-p2a regions followed by sequence analysis established the duration of fecal hav rna excretion in stool and the epid ... | 2001 | 11170043 |
| adaptation of primate cell-adapted hepatitis a virus strain hm175 to growth in guinea pig cells is independent of mutations in the 5' nontranslated region. | previous studies of hepatitis a virus (hav) genotypes after adaptation of wild-type virus to growth in cell cultures of primate origin identified determinants for growth in cell culture in the viral 2b and 2c protein-coding regions of the genome and demonstrated that an increased growth efficiency in a particular cell line was achieved by subsequent mutations in the 5' nontranslated region (5'ntr). the results reported in this study demonstrate that the passage of hav adapted to primate bs-c-1 c ... | 2001 | 11172101 |
| the cost-saving potential of prevaccination antibody tests when implementing a mass immunization program. | a seroprevalence study of hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) was carried out among saudi arabian national guard soldiers with the objective of determining the cost-saving potential of prevaccination antibody tests when implementing an immunization program for the soldiers. a systematic sampling of 450 blood samples from 1,350 soldiers who donated blood at our hospital was carried out. antibody tests were performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorb ... | 2001 | 11197089 |
| protracted, but not acute, hepatitis a virus infection is strongly associated with hla-drb*1301, a marker for pediatric autoimmune hepatitis. | hla alleles are known to be associated with susceptibility to develop autoimmune hepatitis (ah), and hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is postulated as a putative trigger for ah. we investigated whether hla may influence the outcome of the hav infection by studying 67 children with self-limited and 39 children with protracted forms of this infection. hla typing of the uncomplicated forms showed no significant increase of any hla class i or ii alleles. in contrast, drb1*1301 was present in 46.1% ... | 2001 | 11391541 |
| allogenic bone marrow transplantation with a donor presenting with an acute hepatitis a. | we report the unique occurrence of an allogenic bone marrow transplantation performed as the donor was suffering from an acute hepatitis a. the bone marrow was contaminated at the time of collection, as demonstrated by hepatitis a virus (hav) rna detected by rt-pcr. hepatitis a virus infection in such a situation could have resulted in a severe liver disease in the recipient. however, although we could demonstrate that the recipient had been infected, he did not develop a symptomatic hepatitis a ... | 2001 | 11394666 |
| hepatitis a control in a refugee camp by active immunization. | an outbreak of hepatitis a occurred among children of a refugee camp in croatia. in order to disrupt the outbreak, we decided to vaccinate children from 1 to 15 years of age in the camp, in addition to intensified general preventive measures. assuming high prevalence of hepatitis a virus antibodies within this population, we conducted anti-hav testing of the children eligible for vaccination. of 108 children tested, 74 (68.5%) were anti-hav positive. we vaccinated 34 children. one month after va ... | 2001 | 11395194 |
| molecular epidemiology of viral pathogens and tracing of transmission routes: hepatitis-, calici- and hantaviruses. | background: the need to rapidly identify new therapeutic drugs and vaccines for clinically important viral infections has resulted in intensive study of the molecular properties of viruses. modern molecular techniques have provided tools for tracing infections and studying the evolution of viruses. objective study and design: two examples illustrating how modern molecular techniques can be used in clinical virology and molecular epidemiology (hepatitis and caliciviruses), and one example documen ... | 2001 | 11397654 |
| closed-circuit system for the depuration of mussels experimentally contaminated with hepatitis a virus. | in italy, the consumption of raw or slightly cooked mussels represents the most important risk factor for the transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav). although there exist effective methods for the bacterial depuration of contaminated mussels, these methods are poorly effective on enteric viruses. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a closed-circuit depuration system that uses both ozone and uv light for disinfecting water and that allows salinity and temperat ... | 2001 | 11403143 |
| a new g-tailing method for the determination of the poly(a) tail length applied to hepatitis a virus rna. | to study the role of the poly(a) tail length during the replication of poly(a)-containing plus-strand rna virus, we have developed a simple reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr)-based method that substantially improves the previously reported pat [poly(a) test] assay. in contrast to the pat assay, the new method is based on the enzymatic 3' elongation of mrna with guanosine residues, thus immediately preserving the 3' end of the rna and creating a unique poly(a)-oligo(g) junct ... | 2001 | 11410680 |
| immunoglobulin a nephropathy associated with hepatitis a virus infection. | renal involvement in association with nonfulminant hepatitis a virus (hav) infections have been reported infrequently and when present have been characterized by mild proteinuria, microscopic hematuria and slight urinary sediment abnormalities. acute renal failure and nephrotic syndrome are extremely rare complications. this report describes a case of acute renal failure and nephrotic syndrome following a nonfulminant course of hav infection with biopsy proven immunoglobulin a nephropathy. the c ... | 2001 | 11411012 |
| risks associated with hepatitis a and hepatitis b in patients with hepatitis c. | individuals with hepatitis c virus (hcv) are at risk for acquiring hepatitis a virus (hav) or hepatitis b virus (hbv) because of shared risk factors. a number of organizations recommend vaccination against hav and hbv for patients with hcv. the rationale for vaccinating these patients is to prevent hepatic superinfections. acute hav superinfection causes more severe disease, acute hepatic failure, and higher fatality rates in patients with underlying chronic liver disease, specifically chronic h ... | 2001 | 11418785 |
| immunogenicity of hepatitis a vaccination in decompensated cirrhotic patients. | hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination is recommended in chronic liver disease because of an increased morbidity and mortality associated with hav superinfection. however, data regarding the efficacy of hav vaccination in patients with advanced chronic liver disease is limited. we assessed the efficacy of a standard hav vaccination schedule in decompensated chronic liver disease in comparison with compensated disease and defined clinical predictors associated with seroconversion. eighty-four anti-h ... | 2001 | 11431730 |
| hepatitis c and cirrhotic liver disease in the nile delta of egypt: a community-based study. | residents of egypt's nile river delta have among the world's highest seroprevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection. to assess the impact of hcv on chronic liver disease, we studied the association between hcv, other hepatitis viruses, and cirrhotic liver disease in a cross-sectional, community-based survey of 801 persons aged > or = 10 years living in a semi-urban, nile delta village. residents were systematically sampled using questionnaires, physical examination, abdominal ultrasonograph ... | 2001 | 11442209 |
| changing epidemiology of hepatitis a and hepatitis e in urban and rural india (1982-98). | the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) was assessed among age-stratified urban high socioeconomic, lower middle socioeconomic status and rural populations from western india in 1998. when compared with previous surveys, a clear shift from high to intermediate endemicity of hav was evident only for higher socioeconomic population (1982-98), raising the possibility of outbreaks of hepatitis a in this category. a decrease in anti-hav positivity was noted in rural ch ... | 2001 | 11454182 |
| human enteric viruses in coquina clams associated with a large hepatitis a outbreak. | an outbreak of hepatitis a, affecting 183 people, occurred in valencia (spain). epidemiological evidence pointed to an association of the outbreak with consumption of coquina clams (donax sp), imported frozen from peru. shellfish were analysed for the presence of hepatitis a virus (hav), enteroviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruses and hepatitis e virus. hav was detected in 75% of assayed shellfish samples. other enteric viruses were occasionally found in the same samples. molecular e ... | 2001 | 11464770 |
| experimental hepatitis a virus infection in guinea pigs. | although many of the properties of hepatitis a virus (hav) are known, several aspects of hav pathogenesis are still not understood, such as the mechanism underlying the hepatotropism or hav replication in extrahepatic sites. detailed studies of these aspects were hampered mostly by the lack of accessible animal models, since only nonhuman primates are susceptible to experimental infections. an alternative animal model would also be of interest to assess the primary replication site and for the e ... | 2001 | 11468723 |
| tt virus infection in cases of fulminant hepatic failure-evaluation by clonality based on amino acid sequence of hypervariable regions. | the significance of tt virus (ttv) infection in the pathogenesis of acute liver disease is uncertain. serum ttv-dna was determined by polymarase-chain reaction (pcr) methods using both hemi-nested (ng059/ng063 and ng061/ng063) and single-step (t801/t935) primers in four patients with fulminant hepatic failure and one patient with late onset hepatic failure in whom hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) markers were negative. of these five patients, the ttv-dna was positive in two pa ... | 2001 | 11470631 |
| activity of the hepatitis a virus ires requires association between the cap-binding translation initiation factor (eif4e) and eif4g. | the question of whether translation initiation factor eif4e and the complete eif4g polypeptide are required for initiation dependent on the ires (internal ribosome entry site) of hepatitis a virus (hav) has been examined using in vitro translation in standard and eif4g-depleted rabbit reticulocyte lysates. in agreement with previous publications, the hav ires is unique among all picornavirus iress in that it was inhibited if translation initiation factor eif4g was cleaved by foot-and-mouth disea ... | 2001 | 11483729 |
| detailed analysis of the requirements of hepatitis a virus internal ribosome entry segment for the eukaryotic initiation factor complex eif4f. | the hepatitis a virus (hav) internal ribosome entry segment (ires) is unique among the picornavirus iress in that it is inactive in the presence of either the entero- and rhinovirus 2a or aphthovirus lb proteinases. since these proteinases both cleave eukaryotic initiation factor 4g (eif4g) and hav ires activity could be rescued in vitro by addition of eif4f to proteinase-treated extracts, it was concluded that the hav ires requires eif4f containing intact eif4g. here, we show that the inability ... | 2001 | 11483730 |
| analysis of full-length hepatitis a virus genome in sera from patients with fulminant and self-limited acute type a hepatitis. | type a hepatitis still poses a considerable problem worldwide. why some patients progress to fulminant type a hepatitis and others do not is still unknown. to examine whether genomic differences of hepatitis a virus (hav) are responsible for the severity of the disease, we analyzed the whole hav genomes from patients with fulminant and self-limited acute type a hepatitis. | 2001 | 11495028 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis a infection in india: changing pattern. | recent changes in the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and the availability of effective vaccines have renewed interest in this infection. we determined the age-related prevalence of anti-hav antibodies in india and looked for differences by known risk factors for hav infection. | 2001 | 11497169 |
| yield and future issues of nucleic acid testing. | despite the much lower actual yield than that estimated for hepatitis c virus (hcv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) nucleic acid testing (nat)-only positives in the usa and germany, look-back procedures have revealed that no hcv transmission has occurred in germany since the introduction of nat. this indicates sufficient sensitivity of the pool-pcr approach. the slow ramp-up of hepatitis b virus (hbv) however, may require a different approach. it has been shown in germany that the pooling ... | 2001 | 11499978 |
| past infection with hepatitis a virus among vancouver street youth, injection drug users and men who have sex with men: implications for vaccination programs. | in canada, inactivated hepatitis a vaccines are targeted selectively at those at increased risk for infection or its complications. in order to evaluate the need for routine hepatitis a vaccination programs in vancouver for street youth, injection drug users (idus) and men who have sex with men (msm), we determined the prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) and risk factors for hav in these groups. | 2001 | 11517645 |
| rapid and efficient extraction method for reverse transcription-pcr detection of hepatitis a and norwalk-like viruses in shellfish. | as part of an effort to develop a broadly applicable test for norwalk-like viruses and hepatitis a virus (hav) in shellfish, a rapid extraction method that is suitable for use with one-step reverse transcription (rt)-pcr-based detection methods was developed. the method involves virus extraction using a ph 9.5 glycine buffer, polyethylene glycol (peg) precipitation, tri-reagent, and purification of viral poly(a) rna by using magnetic poly(dt) beads. this glycine-peg-tri-reagent-poly(dt) method c ... | 2001 | 11526018 |
| genetic analysis of hepatitis a virus outbreak in france confirms the co-circulation of subgenotypes ia, ib and reveals a new genetic lineage. | genetic analysis of selected genome regions of hepatitis a virus (hav) suggested that distinct genotype could be defined in different geographic locations. in order to study the degree of genetic variability among hav isolated during a single epidemic outbreak, sequences from a 148 base pair segment within the vp1 amino terminal region were obtained for eight distinct hav isolates from an outbreak that occurred in north bretagne (france). these sequences were compared among themselves and with p ... | 2001 | 11536228 |
| protease inhibitors as potential antiviral agents for the treatment of picornaviral infections. | the picornavirus family contains several human pathogens including human rhinovirus (hrv) and hepatitis a virus (hav). in the case of hrvs, these small single-stranded positive-sense rna viruses translate their genetic information into a polyprotein precursor which is further processed mainly by two viral proteases designated 2a and 3c. the 2a protease (2apro) makes the first cleavage between the structural and non-structural proteins, while 3c protease (3cpro) catalyzes most of the remaining in ... | 2001 | 11548209 |
| [expression of hepatitis a virus recombinant proteins in escherichia coli]. | on the basis of coding regions on the fragments of genes p1 and p2 of hepatitis a virus (hav) recombinant proteins of this virus have been synthesized in the prokaryotic expressing system of e. coli, isolated and studied with the use of sera obtained from hepatitis a patients. the capacity of hav recombinant proteins for binding with the sera of patients with hepatitis a in the acute stage has been shown with the use of immunoblotting and the indirect solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. the results ... | 2001 | 11548267 |
| interaction of picornavirus 2c polypeptide with the viral negative-strand rna. | the picornavirus membrane-associated polypeptide 2c is believed to be required for viral rna synthesis. hepatitis a virus (hav)- and human rhinovirus (hrv)-encoded recombinant 2c proteins have been expressed, purified and examined for their ability to interact with the terminal sequences of viral positive- and negative-strand rnas. the results demonstrate that both the hav- and the hrv-encoded 2c polypeptide specifically interact with the 3'-terminal sequences of the negative-strand rna, but not ... | 2001 | 11602773 |
| genetic variability of hepatitis a virus in south america reveals heterogeneity and co-circulation during epidemic outbreaks. | genetic analysis of selected genome regions of hepatitis a virus (hav) suggested that distinct genotypes of hav could be found in different geographical regions. in order to gain insight into the genetic variability and mode of evolution of hav in south america, an analysis was performed of sequence data obtained from the vp1 amino terminus and the vp1/2a region of hav strains isolated over a short period of time in uruguay, argentina and chile. sequences obtained from 22 distinct hav isolates w ... | 2001 | 11602776 |
| [autoimmune hepatitis with prolonged igm antibodies to hav. are serological markers reliable in ruling out a diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis?]. | we present the case of a 44-year-old woman who was referred to us for jaundice, choluria and acholia. review of the patient's clinical history revealed that tests for hepatitis a virus (hav) igm antibody had been positive 4 and 2 years previously and continued to be so. the patient showed a score of 16 in the international autoimmune hepatitis group's system when the hav marker was not taken into account and a score of 13 when this marker was taken into account. the persistence of this viral mar ... | 2001 | 11674957 |
| icc/pcr detection of enteroviruses and hepatitis a virus in environmental samples. | this study applied the integrated cell culture/polymerase chain reaction methodology (icc/pcr) for rapid and specific detection of both cytopathogenic and noncytopathogenic viruses. results of this study showed that the use of direct rt-pcr or conventional cell culture alone may yield erroneous results with the analysis of environmental samples. the purpose of this study was to compare cultural, molecular, and combined assays for the most effective method of virus detection in variable environme ... | 2001 | 11261495 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a associated with green onions. | forty-three cases of serologically confirmed hepatitis a occurred among individuals who ate at restaurant a in ohio in 1998. serum samples from all restaurant a employees who worked during the exposure period were negative for igm antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav). a matched case-control study determined that foods containing green onions, which were eaten by 38 (95%) of 40 case patients compared with 30 (50%) of 60 control subjects, were associated with illness (matched odds ratio, 12.7; 95 ... | 2001 | 11262211 |
| serological and molecular testing in viral hepatitis: an update. | the routine serological diagnoses of the three major forms of viral hepatitis - a, b and c - as well as delta hepatitis, are important in the evaluation of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. increasingly, molecular virology is also being used to evaluate patients with chronic hepatitis c, with genotype and viral load testing to plan therapy. | 2001 | 11264571 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a virus and hepatitis b virus immunity in patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed hepatitis c: implications for vaccination strategy. | administration of vaccine for hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) is recommended for patients with chronic hepatitis c (chc) because of the potential for increased severity of acute hepatitis superimposed on existing liver disease. the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of antibodies directed against hav and hbv in patients with chc, analyze demographic and risk factors associated with this prevalence, and develop a cost-effective vaccination strategy. | 2001 | 11280565 |
| nucleic acid testing: update and applications. | nucleic acid testing (nat) holds the promise of closing the window of infectiousness for hepatitis c virus (hcv) and the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in the general blood supply. pioneering work by the source plasma industry with nat for hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and parvovirus b19 suggests that, in the future, the risk of other viral infections may be reduced using similar technology. the european commission decree that, by july 1999, all source plasma for fraction ... | 2001 | 11685721 |
| the epidemiology of hepatitis a infection in palestine: a universal vaccination programme is not yet needed. | in palestine, there has been an increase in the reported incidence of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection since 1995. since overt clinical disease occurs only among adults, questions were raised whether or not a shift in the epidemiology of hav has occurred. this is generally characterized by a decrease in the overall incidence rate and a shifting in the mean age of infection towards adolescence and early adulthood. the need for a vaccination programme is being discussed. to resolve this iss ... | 2001 | 11693511 |
| antibodies to hepatitis a virus in italian patients with chronic liver disease. | to improve our knowledge for future hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination strategies we carried out a multicentre study on naturally acquired immunological protection against hav in patients with chronic hepatitis in italy. we enrolled 830 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis on their first observation at one of the six italian liver units participating in the study. six hundred and fifty-eight patients (79.3%) were positive for total anti-hav and 172 (20.7%) were negative. the anti-hav neg ... | 2001 | 11693512 |
| detecting the presence of infectious hepatitis a virus in molluscs positive to rt-nested-pcr. | the objective of this study was to determine the presence of infectious hepatitis a virus (hav) in molluscs naturally contaminated with viral hav-rna. | 2001 | 11696097 |
| transmission of hepatitis a through household contact. | in the usa, cost effectiveness assessments support childhood hepatitis a vaccination in geographical areas with elevated disease rates, but not nationally. however, these studies do not address the reduction in disease transmission which may result from routine childhood vaccination. using decision analysis, we estimated the number and age distribution of secondary hepatitis a cases occurring within households with an index case. based on the age of the index case, we determined household size a ... | 2001 | 11703577 |
| genetic analysis of hepatitis a virus strains recovered from the environment and from patients with acute hepatitis. | the molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) was studied by analysing hav strains recovered from environmental water samples over a 7 year period and strains recovered from patients with acute hepatitis over a 5 year period. a total of 54 samples of raw domestic sewage and 66 samples of river water were collected. hav particles were concentrated and detected by nested rt-pcr. hav infection in patients with acute hepatitis was serologically diagnosed in 26 of 74 serum samples, which were ... | 2001 | 11714971 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus by the nucleic acid sequence-based amplification technique and comparison with reverse transcription-pcr. | a nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) technique for the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) in foods was developed and compared to the traditional reverse transcription (rt)-pcr technique. oligonucleotide primers targeting the vp1 and vp2 genes encoding the major hav capsid proteins were used for the amplification of viral rna in an isothermal process resulting in the accumulation of rna amplicons. amplicons were detected by hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide ... | 2001 | 11722911 |