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in vitro and in vivo isolation of a novel rearranged porcine circovirus type 2.here, we present the first report of a novel rearranged porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) strain named biv, isolated from both in vitro and in vivo sources. the complete circular genome of biv is 896 nucleotides in length. the data will help us to update current knowledge of the replication of pcv2 viruses in cell culture and of their molecular evolution, as well as their diagnosis.201223118451
reduction of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) viremia by a reformulated inactivated chimeric pcv1-2 vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immunity after experimental pcv2 challenge.the objective of the present study was to elucidate the humoral and cellular immune response mechanisms by which a reformulated inactivated chimeric pcv1-2 vaccine reduces the pcv2 viremia. forty pcv2 seronegative 3-week-old pigs were randomly divided into the following four groups: vaccinated challenged (t01), vaccinated non-challenged (t02), non-vaccinated challenged (t03), and non-vaccinated non-challenged (t04) animals. the pigs in groups t01 and t02 were immunized with a reformulated inacti ...201223078878
efficacy of simultaneous vaccination with enterisol® ileitis and ingelvac® circoflextm in a swiss breeding farm.this study explores administration of two piglet vaccines as compared to the mono- and adjuvant-application. a vaccine against the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) cap protein subunit and a vaccine with attenuated live culture against lawsonia (l.) intracellularis were applied to piglets aged 23.5 days on average. 1'405 animals were divided randomly into four groups. one piglet group was immunized with both vaccines while two other groups were immunized with a combination of one vaccine and adju ...201223027511
[infection related fertility disorders in swiss pig breeding farms at the end of the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) epizooty].porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is able to induce reproductive failures. 286 fetuses from 113 sows of 59 farms with increased reproductive disorders which included abortions, mummies, stillborn and weak born piglets were studied six years after the beginning of the epizooty of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in switzerland. 14 % of the cases were bacterial infections based on histological signs of inflammation and pathogen isolation. 12 % further cases showed inflammatory reac ...201223027510
[postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) in switzerland in the years 2003 - 2006].in switzerland postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), caused by porcine circovirus type 2, was detected for the first time in 2001. to comprise the pmws epizooty in 2003 - 2006 retrospectively, individual animals were diagnosed according to internationally accepted criteria and temporal and regional patterns of the epizooty were reconstructed. occurrence of pmws was predominantly in regions with a high frequency of swine farms (central and eastern switzerland). apparently it was spre ...201223027508
evaluation of cell-mediated immune responses against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) cap and rep proteins after vaccination with a commercial pcv2 sub-unit vaccine.this study investigated the development of cellular immunity to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) cap and rep proteins in pigs vaccinated with a commercial pcv2 genotype a (pcv2a) based sub-unit vaccine, before and after a heterologous challenge with a pcv2b isolate. at three weeks of age, 20 pigs were inoculated intramuscularly with either the vaccine product (v group, n=9) or phosphate buffered saline solution (pbs) (nv group, n=11). three weeks after vaccination, pigs were challenged intranasa ...201223010221
complete genome sequence of a novel field strain of rearranged porcine circovirus type 2 in southern china.we report here the complete genomic sequence of a novel porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) strain, which is supposed to be the result of natural genetic recombination between the orf1 gene of genotype pcv2b-1b and the orf2 gene of pcv2b-1c. further analyses revealed that this novel pcv2 strain arose from recombination between pcv2a and pcv2b strains within the orf2 gene. to our knowledge, this is the first report of both inter- and intragenotype pcv2 gene rearrangement in the field, and it will he ...201222966188
surveillance of human and swine adenovirus, human norovirus and swine circovirus in water samples in santa catarina, brazil.animal and human wastewater can potentially contaminate water sources and the treatment of drinking water may not effectively remove all contaminants, especially viruses. the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the viral contamination of water used for human and animal consumption in the city of concórdia, located in southern brazil. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine adenovirus (padv), human adenovirus (hadv) and human norovirus (nov) were searched for using quantitative polymer ...201222960488
vaccination of sows reduces the prevalence of pcv-2 viraemia in their piglets under field conditions.the objectives of this study were to further understand vertical transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) and the effect of dam vaccination on pcv-2 viraemia in newborn piglets. randomly selected sows from each of two breeding herds were designated as non-vaccinated or vaccinated groups. a commercial inactivated pcv-2 vaccine was administered at weaning and 18 days later to half of the sows on each farm. at parturition, colostrum was collected from 70 dams on each farm and postsuckle (f ...201222952131
recombinant porcine norovirus identified from piglet with diarrhea.noroviruses (novs) are members of the family caliciviridae and are emerging enteric pathogens of humans and animals. some porcine novs are genetically similar to human strains and are classified into gii, like most epidemic human novs. so far, ponov have been exclusively detected in fecal samples of adult pig without clinical signs.201222938017
a novel porcine circovirus-like agent p1 is associated with wasting syndromes in pigs.a novel porcine pathogen tentatively named p1, which was obtained from the sera of the pigs exhibiting clinical signs of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) experimentally caused the classical clinic signs and pathologic lesions of the disease in pigs by direct in vivo injection with p1 dna plasmids. twenty colostrum-fed (cf) pigs that were free of pcv2 and p1 at 1 month of age were randomly designated equally to two groups. group 1 pigs were each injected with 400 µg of the cloned ...201222936978
reproduction in porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) seropositive gilts inseminated with pcv2b spiked semen.since 1999, field evidence of transplacental infection by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and reproductive failure has been reported in pigs. the objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathological consequences of pcv2 infection in conventional pcv2-seropositive gilts by insemination with pcv2b-spiked semen.201222935352
porcine circovirus type 2 induces autophagy via the ampk/erk/tsc2/mtor signaling pathway in pk-15 cells.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) uses autophagy machinery to enhance its replication in pk-15 cells. however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. by the use of specific inhibitors, rna interference, and coimmunoprecipitation, we show that pcv2 induces autophagy in pk-15 cells through a pathway involving the kinases amp-activated protein kinase (ampk) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (erk1/2), the tumor suppressor protein tsc2, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor). ampk an ...201222915817
study of the genetic variability of porcine circovirus type 2 detected in serbia and slovenia.recent variants of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) were obtained from tissues of domestic pigs with porcine circovirus associated disease and from randomly selected wild boar samples from serbia and slovenia. a 450-base-pair nucleotide sequence was obtained by pcr from the orf2. the derived nucleotide and amino acid sequences were aligned and compared to the corresponding region of closely related pcv2 sequences determined in previous years and retrieved from the genbank. the 30 serbian and 17 ...201222903085
complete genome sequence of porcine circovirus 2b strain cc1.a porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) strain, designated cc1, was isolated and purified from tissue samples from pigs with wasting syndromes in china. we report the complete genome sequence of pcv2b strain cc1 with a deletion of c at position 1053 resulting in elongation of open reading frame 2 (orf2) and formation of orf5. there were 11 orfs in the genome.201222879609
functional analysis of the interferon-stimulated response element of porcine circovirus type 2 and its role during viral replication in vitro and in vivo.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in young weaned pigs. immune stimulation was found to activate the replication of pcv2 and exacerbate the clinical outcome of the infection. proper amount of interferon-α (ifn-α) is able to enhance pcv2 infection and production in porcine kidney-15 (pk-15) cells when administered after inoculation.201222871036
effect of sow and piglet porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccination on piglet mortality, viraemia, antibody titre and production parameters.the present study describes the effects of sow and/or piglet porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccination on viraemia, antibody response and production parameters (average daily weight gain [adwg] and mortality) of piglets from a pcv2 subclinically infected farm. four hundred seventy-six piglets born from vaccinated (v) or non-vaccinated (nv) sows were further subdivided in a total of four groups: nv sows-nv pigs (nv-nv, n=134), nv sows-v pigs (nv-v, n=135);v sows-nv pigs (v-nv, n=104) and v sow ...201222858231
in vitro intragenomic rearrangement of porcine circovirus type 2.we report here for the first time the genome sequence of a rearranged porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) strain, ch-ivt1, isolated from pcv2-infected pk-15 cells. the complete circular genome of the ch-ivt1 is 605 nucleotides (nt) in length. the finding will help us to understand the molecular evolution of pcv2 and the relationship between pcv2 and pcv-associated diseases.201222843866
commercial porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines: efficacy and clinical application.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the one of the most economically important pathogens of pigs. after postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) was first identified and reported in western canada in 1991, it took 13years for the first commercial pcv2 vaccine to be used under special licence in france and germany in 2004. along with pmws, pcv2 is also associated with a number of diseases and syndromes, collectively referred to as porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad). currently, ...201222841450
a porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) mutant with 234 amino acids in capsid protein showed more virulence in vivo, compared with classical pcv2a/b strain.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is considered to be the primary causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), which has become a serious economic problem for the swine industry worldwide. the major genotypes, pcv2a and pcv2b, are highly prevalent in the pig population and are present worldwide. however, another newly emerging pcv2b genotype mutant, which has a mutation in its orf2-encoded capsid protein, has been sporadically present in china, as well as in other countri ...201222829951
subclinical porcine circovirus infection: what lies beneath. 201222819006
development and application of a double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to porcine circovirus 2.a double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is described for detection of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) antibodies using the well-characterized recombinant pcv2 capsid protein. in a comparative test of 394 pig sera against an indirect immunofluorescence (iif) test and a commercial elisa kit (also based on the recombinant pcv2 capsid protein), the results showed that the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the assay were, respectively, 90.61, 94.02, and 91.6 ...201222815145
serological profile of torque teno sus virus species 1 (ttsuv1) in pigs and antigenic relationships between two ttsuv1 genotypes (1a and 1b), between two species (ttsuv1 and -2), and between porcine and human anelloviruses.the family anelloviridae includes human and animal torque teno viruses (ttvs) with extensive genetic diversity. the antigenic diversity among anelloviruses has never been assessed. using torque teno sus virus (ttsuv) as a model, we describe here the first investigation of the antigenic relationships among different anelloviruses. using a ttsuv genotype 1a (ttsuv1a) or ttsuv1b enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on the respective putative orf1 capsid antigen and ttsuv1-specific real-t ...201222811540
immunization of mice by hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles as carriers of porcine circovirus type 2 orf2 protein.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a primary etiological agent of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (pmws), which is a disease of increasing importance to the pig industry worldwide. hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (hmsns) have gained increasing interest for use in vaccines.201222691538
genotypic change and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 in taiwanese pig herds.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. two major pcv2 genotypes, pcv2a and pcv2b, have been identified. to explore the prevalence of different subgroups of pcv2 in taiwan, 37 pcv2 isolates collected during 2002-2011 were analyzed. the genotypes of the pcv2 isolates collected before 2007 belonged to either pcv2a or pcv2b. however, all of the isolates collected after 2008 were pcv2b. most of the isolates obtained since 2008 ha ...201222673086
porcine circovirus type 2 infection before and during an outbreak of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome on a pig farm in the uk.the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) and other pathogens before and during an outbreak of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pwms) in pigs is evaluated in this study. at the time of the outbreak on a large commercial pig farm in the uk, serum samples and data were collected in two independent on-going research projects, one in weaned pigs and the other in sows. serum samples of growing pigs and sows were pcv-2-antibody and pcr positive before and during the pmws outbreak. u ...201222645151
co-infection of porcine dendritic cells with porcine circovirus type 2a (pcv2a) and genotype ii porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) induces cd4(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+) t cells in vitro.porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) is currently one of the most economically important diseases in the global swine industry. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent, however co-infection with other swine pathogens such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is often required to induce the full spectrum of clinical pcvad. while the specific mechanisms of viral co-infection that lead to clinical disease are not fully understood, immune mo ...201222633482
complete genome sequence of the first canine circovirus.we found a highly divergent circovirus in serum samples from several dogs. phylogenetic analysis indicates that canine circovirus genotype 1 (cacv-1) represents the first circovirus reported in dogs and is genetically most closely related to the only known mammalian circovirus, porcine circovirus. here we report the complete genome sequence of the cacv-1 strain ny214, which will help toward understanding the evolutionary and pathogenic characteristics of mammalian circoviruses.201222628401
a novel porcine circovirus type 2a strain, 10js-2, with eleven-nucleotide insertions in the origin of genome replication.here, we report a novel porcine circovirus type 2a (pcv2a) strain with 11 nucleotides (nt) inserted in the origin of genome replication (ori). this is the first report of a pcv2a strain with nucleotide insertion in ori. our study will help further epidemiological studies and extend our knowledge of evolutionary characteristics of pcv2.201222628400
selenium blocks porcine circovirus type 2 replication promotion induced by oxidative stress by improving gpx1 expression.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is recognized as a key infectious agent in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), but not all pigs infected with pcv2 will develop pmws. the aim of this work was to explore the relationships among pcv2 infection, oxidative stress, and selenium in a pk-15 cell culture model of pcv2 infection. the results showed that oxidative stress induced by h(2)o(2) treatment increased pcv2 replication as measured by pcv2 dna copies and the number of infected cells. ...201222580339
extraneous agent detection in vaccines--a review of technical aspects.the quality and safety of commercial vaccines have a profound importance. contrary to all precautions and efforts the use of biological material in vaccine development and production may lead to potential contamination of the vaccines with known and unknown extraneous agents (eas). in veterinary field official lists of eas have been compiled as legal framework to describe the potential agents, which must be tested during manufacture of vaccines. nevertheless, detection of known and unknown conta ...201222575785
detection of porcine circovirus genotypes 2a and 2b in aborted foetuses from infected swine herds in the state of são paulo, brazil.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been associated with several disease complexes, including reproductive failure. the aim of this study was to identify the subtypes of pcv2 that are associated with reproductive failure in pigs from the state of são paulo, brazil and to investigate co-infections with other infectious organisms.201222554105
complete genome sequence of the rearranged porcine circovirus type 2.we first report here the genome sequences of 4 rearranged porcine circovirus type 2 strains, jstz, zjqdh1, zjqdh2, and jshm, isolated from porcine sera in china. the complete circular genomes of these isolates are 578, 483, 574, and 772 nucleotides in length, respectively. they are predicted to be defective interfering particles of porcine circovirus type 2. the findings will help us to understand molecular evolution of porcine circovirus type 2 and the relationship between porcine circovirus ty ...201222532529
antibody responses following vaccination versus infection in a porcine circovirus-type 2 (pcv2) disease model show distinct differences in virus neutralization and epitope recognition.porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) encompasses a group of syndromes linked to infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). based on the hypothesis that the immune responses to vaccination versus infection are quantitatively and qualitatively different, the objective of this study was to evaluate immunity, virus replication and disease protection in pigs vaccinated with pcv2 capsid protein (cp) and during infection. the disease model included dual infection with pcv2 and porcine re ...201222521847
proteomic analysis of porcine alveolar macrophages infected with porcine circovirus type 2.post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (pmws), which is primarily caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), is an emerging swine immunosuppressive disease. to characterize the interaction between target immune cells and pcv2, the differential proteomes of porcine alveolar macrophages, with and without pcv2 infection, were analyzed at different time points with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) followed by maldi-tof/tof identification. mass spectrometry identified 21 altered host ...201222513220
protective effect of the maternally derived porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-specific cellular immune response in piglets by dam vaccination against pcv2 challenge.the objective of the present study was to evaluate (i) the passive transfer of maternally derived functional porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-specific lymphocytes of seronegative sows immunized with the pcv2 vaccine to newborn piglets and (ii) the functional role of the maternally derived pcv2-specific cellular immune response in protecting newborn piglets from challenge with pcv2. after ingesting colostrums, piglets from vaccinated sows (pt01 and pt02) have significantly higher numbers of pcv2- ...201222495234
the association between submission counts to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory and the economic and disease challenges of the ontario swine industry from 1998 to 2009.an intuitive assumption is to believe that the number of submissions made to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory is dictated by the financial state of the industries using the laboratory. however, no research is available to document how the economics of a food animal industry affects laboratory submissions and therefore disease monitoring and surveillance efforts. the objective of this study was to determine if economic indices associated with the ontario swine industry can account for the varia ...201222494906
single amino acid mutations in the capsid switch the neutralization phenotype of porcine circovirus 2.porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases in pigs. previously, it was demonstrated that mabs 16g12, 38c1, 63h3 and 94h8 directed against the pcv2 capsid protein recognize pcv2 strains stoon-1010 (pcv2a), 48285 (pcv2b), 1121 (pcv2a), 1147 (pcv2b) and ii9f (pcv2b), but only neutralize stoon-1010 and 48285. this points to the existence of two distinct pcv2 neutralization phenotypes: phenotype α (mab recognition with neutralization; stoon-1010 and 4 ...201222492916
attenuated streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus as a bacterial vector for expression of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection and other concurrent factors is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, which is becoming a major problem for the swine industry worldwide. coinfection of streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (sez) and pcv2 in swine has necessitated demand for a recombinant vaccine against these two pathogens. a recombinant sez-cap strain expressing the major immunogenic capsid protein of pcv2 in place of the szp gene of acapsular sez c55138 δhasb ...201222489773
subclinical porcine circovirus type 2 infection does not modulate the immune response to an aujeszky's disease virus vaccine.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) negatively modulates the immune response in vitro. the objective of this study was to investigate if pcv2 interferes with the development of the immune response to aujeszky's disease virus (adv) vaccine, using an in vivo experimental subclinical model. pigs were divided into four groups: (group cc) not infected with pcv2 and not vaccinated against adv; (group ic) infected with pcv2 but not vaccinated against adv; (group cv) not infected with pcv2 but vaccinated a ...201222464756
complete genome sequence of a highly prevalent porcine circovirus 2 isolated from piglet stool samples in china.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the etiologic agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease. here, we first report the complete genome sequence of pcv2 strain jstz, which was isolated from piglet stool samples and is highly prevalent in china. it will help in understanding the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of pcv2.201222457531
identification of three new type-specific antigen epitopes in the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 1.porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) has been identified as a contaminant of porcine kidney cell line (pk-15). serological evidence and genetic studies have suggested that pcv1 is widespread in domestic pigs. in this study, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and polyclonal antibodies (pabs) were generated against a recombinant pcv1 cap protein (pcv1-cap), which was expressed using the baculovirus system. pepscan analysis was used to identify epitopes on the pcv1-cap with mabs and pabs. three linear b-cell ...201222437253
longitudinal analysis of acute-phase proteins in saliva in pig farms with different health status.this study assesses the utility of saliva samples to monitor the time course of the acute-phase response to different viruses in pigs under field conditions by using time-resolved immunofluorometric assays (tr-ifma). a total of 30 pigs from three different farms, located in southeast spain, were used. farm 1 had outbreaks of porcine circovirus type 2, farm 2 had infections with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and farm 3 had concomitant infections with both viruses. serology w ...201222436191
orf1 but not orf2 dependent differences are important for in vitro replication of pcv2 in porcine alveolar macrophages singularly or coinfected with prrsv.the objective of this study was to investigate cytokine expression and in vitro replication of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (pams) emphasizing pcv2 open-reading frame (orf) origin (pcv2a or pcv2b) and prrsv strain. chimeric pcv2 viruses composed of different combinations of orf1 and orf2 of pcv2a or pcv2b (chimera pcv2a-2b and chimera pcv2b-2a) were constructed and five different prrsv isolates ...201222406345
culturing and molecular methods to assess the infectivity of porcine circovirus from treated effluent of swine manure.samples were collected at the effluent of two swine manure treatment systems and were analyzed by qpcr to determine the presence and amounts of porcine circovirus (pcv2) genetic material. st cells were inoculated with the positive samples to evaluate virus viability and for viral genotyping. twenty-five water samples were collected monthly from treated effluent (march 2009 to december 2010). the pcv2 genome was identified by qpcr in 60% of the samples, and all of the positive samples were able t ...201222405906
prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of the current porcine circovirus 2 genotypes after implementation of widespread vaccination programmes in the usa.to determine the prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) genotypes in the usa during 2010-2011, 5 years after widespread pcv2 vaccination, serum samples from clinically normal pigs that were pcv2 vaccinated (n = 1177), non-vaccinated (n = 378) or of unknown vaccination status (n = 120), and 100 lung samples from pigs diagnosed with pcv-associated disease (pcvad) were tested. the presence of pcv2, pcv1, pcv1-2a and porcine parvovirus (ppv) dna was determined by pcr. determination of the pcv2 ge ...201222398315
expression of human cd46 has no effect on porcine circovirus type 2 infection and shedding in the experimental pig model.xenotransplantation of tissues from transgenic pigs with desired genetic modifications such as cd46 expression help minimize xenograft rejections. however, cd46 is a known receptor for some viruses. in this study, pigs transgenic for human cd46 (cd46-tg) and appropriate non-transgenic (non-tg) control pigs were utilized to determine possible differences in the level of replication and shedding of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). non-tg and cd46-tg were blocked by transgenic status and randomly ...201222388862
detection, prevalence and analysis of emerging porcine parvovirus infections.a number of newly identified porcine parvoviruses had been described during the last decade, but the presence and prevalence of these viruses are unknown in hungary and only partly known for europe. the present study was conducted to detect and measure the prevalence of these viruses, namely porcine parvovirus (ppv) 2, ppv3, ppv4, porcine bocavirus (pbov) 1, pbov2, pbo-likev and the 6v and 7v parvoviruses. the prevalence of ppv1 and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was also investigated. faecal ...201222383055
naturally co-infected boars with both porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2.in this study, the humoral response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), the presence of the virus in semen and serum and the genetic characteristics of the virus detected in 15 boars from a commercial farm were analysed. the results showed that 53% of the boars presented anti-prrsv antibodies and 100% presented anti-pcv2 antibodies. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was detected in 43% of the boars and 73% we ...201222335816
reactive oxygen species regulate the replication of porcine circovirus type 2 via nf-κb pathway.intracellular redox state has been suggested to have various effects on the replication of different viruses within host cells. the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of reactive oxygen species (ros) on replication of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), in pk15 cells. following pcv2 infection there was a time-dependent increase in ros. antioxidant n-acetyl-l-cysteine treatment of cells resulted in lower ros levels and lower pcv2 replication. in contrast, treatment by buthion ...201222330204
oral vaccination with attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing cap protein of pcv2 and its immunogenicity in mouse and swine models.attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) was selected as a transgenic vehicle for the development of oral vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). the cap-encoding gene of pcv2 was amplified by pcr and cloned into expression vector pya3341. the recombinant plasmid pya3341-cap was transformed into attenuated s. typhimurium x4550. balb/c mice were inoculated orally with various doses of attenuated s. typhimurium x4550/pya3341-cap. the bacterium was safe to mice ...201222326539
identification of an emerging recombinant cluster in porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is continuously evolving through point mutation and genome recombination. in the present study, genetic affiliations of 40 pcv2 strains were determined by amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses during the nationwide molecular epidemiology investigation from 2009 to 2010 in mainland china. the results revealed that pcv2b was the predominant genotype in mainland china from 2009 to 2010 and pcv2b-1c within pcv-2b genotype was an emerging predominant sub ...201222300584
simultaneous detection of porcine parvovirus and porcine circovirus type 2 by duplex real-time pcr and amplicon melting curve analysis using sybr green.the development of a sybr green-based duplex real-time pcr is described for simultaneous detection of porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) genomes. viral genomes were identified in the same sample by their distinctive melting temperature (t(m)) which is 77.5°c for ppv vp2 313bp amplicon and 82.3°c for pcv-2 orf2 171bp amplicon, respectively. the detection limit of the method was 0.01tcid(50)/ml for ppv and pcv-2, about 10 times more sensitive than conventional pcr. in a ...201322771739
porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccination reduces pcv2 in a pcv2 and salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis coinfection model.we previously reported that prior porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection potentiates the severity of clinical signs, lung lesions, and fecal shedding and tissue dissemination of salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis in infected pigs. here, we evaluated whether pcv2 vaccination is effective in reducing fecal shedding and tissue dissemination of s. choleraesuis and improving clinical signs associated with pcv2 and s. choleraesuis infection in 15 cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs ran ...201323107657
lack of antibody protection against porcine circovirus 2 and porcine parvovirus in naturally infected dams and their offspring.the aim of this study was to evaluate porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection in dams and their offspring and the role of antibody protection on these infections. sera were collected from gilts and sows by venipuncture and from umbilical cord of newborn pre-suckle piglets for the detection of pcv2 and ppv antibodies by immunoperoxidase monolayer and haemmaglutination inhibition assays, respectively. gilts and sows sera were submitted to viral detection by pcr, as well ...201323084257
evaluation of the enhancing ability of three adjuvants for dna vaccination using the porcine circovirus type 2 orf2 (capsid) gene in mice.molecular adjuvants were used to augment the amplitude of the immune response in many studies recently. ubiquitin (ub), the peptide binding truncated c-terminal portion of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70c) and interleukin-2 (il-2) are widely investigated adjuvants which have been proved to be efficient. in our study, we compared the enhancing ability of these three adjuvants based on dna vaccination using the porcine circovirus type 2 orf2 (capsid) gene in mice. the results of lymphocyte proliferat ...201323123215
verification of natural infection of peridomestic rodents by pcv2 on commercial swine farms.the porcine circovirus-2 (pcv2) is the main agent responsible for porcine circovirus associated diseases (pcvad). few studies have been done regarding pcv2 infection in other species. the purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of pcv2 infection in the peridomestic rodent species mus musculus and rattus rattus on commercial pig farms in brazil. immunohistochemistry assay demonstrated pcv2 in the spleen, lung and kidney. viral dna was detected in tissues by nested pcr assay. parti ...201323141170
comparative analysis of different methods to enhance porcine circovirus 2 replication.porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is an extremely slow-growing virus, and pcv2 infection and replication in cell culture yield very low viral titers. the effects of different methods of pcv2 cultivation in vitro were compared with the purpose of increasing viral yield. the results showed that treatment with il-2, cona, and d-glucosamine increased pcv2 yield more effectively than other treatments. additionally, treatment with il-2, cona, d-glucosamine and mβcd consistently increased pcv2 infection in p ...201323159413
identification and functional analysis of the novel orf4 protein encoded by porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases in pigs. to date, viral proteins cap, rep, rep', and orf3, encoded by the pcv2 genome, have been described. here, transcription and translation of a novel viral gene within the pcv2 genome (designated orf4) was determined and functionally analyzed in vitro and in vivo. northern blot analysis indicated that the rna transcribed from the orf4 gene is about 180 bp in length and overlaps orf3 in ...201323152517
high-level expression and immunogenicity of a porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein through codon optimization in pichia pastoris.the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) capsid protein (cap) is an important antigen for the development of vaccines. to achieve high-level expression of recombinant pcv2 cap in pichia pastoris, the wild-type cap (wt-cap) and optimized cap (opti-cap) gene fragments encoding the same amino acid sequence of pcv2 were amplified by pcr using dna from lymph nodes of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome-suffered pigs and synthesized based on the codon bias of the methylotrophic yeast p. pastoris, r ...201323143467
activation of nf-κb contributes to production of pig-major acute protein and serum amyloid a in pigs experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2.acute phase proteins (apps) have protective and regulatory roles in the inflammatory response. previous studies indicate that apps in serum change after pigs are infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), but the mechanisms underlying app production have remained unclear. in this present study, 35-day-old pigs were challenged with pcv2 and responses compared to an uninfected control group. to investigate the concentrations of apps in serum and the activity of nf-κb in the liver, five pigs i ...201324011594
a multiplex rt-pcr assay for rapid and differential diagnosis of four porcine diarrhea associated viruses in field samples from pig farms in east china from 2010 to 2012.since october 2010, clinical outbreaks of diarrhea in suckling piglets have reemerged in pig-producing areas of china, causing an acute increase in the morbidity and mortality in young piglets. four viruses, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine group a rotaviruses (gar), and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2), are the major causative agents of enteric disease in piglets. a novel multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mrt-pcr) wa ...201323988656
detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) antibodies in meat juice samples from polish wild boar (sus scrofa l.).pcv2 and prrsv are two important pathogens of domestic swine. there is considerable evidence that the infection is also present in wild boars. meat juice provides an alternative to serum for antibody testing, and it has been used in testing for many important porcine infectious diseases. samples of brachial muscle were collected from 142 wild boars shot in different regions of poland during the 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 hunting seasons. meat juice harvested from muscle samples was tested using an ...201323974935
synergistic effects of sequential infection with highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is the causative agent of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs. coinfection with highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv) and pcv2 in the field has recently become extensive in some asian countries. a synergistic pathogenicity between prrsv and pcv2 infections has previously been reported. however, the consequences ...201323971711
vero cells expressing porcine circovirus type 2-capsid protein and their diagnostic application.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in swine. although the incidences of pcv2-related diseases are ubiquitous throughout the world, the serological tools are rather limited, mainly because the virus does not induce any cytopathic effects in cells. the purpose of this study was to develop a rapid, sensitive and easy quantitative immunofluorescence assay (qifa) using the recombinant pcv2 nucleocapsid protein (ncp) for the det ...201323954842
interaction of porcine circovirus type 2 replication with intracellular redox status in vitro.redox status influences replication of some viruses but its effect on porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), the primary causative agent of the emerging swine disease post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome is not known. the interaction of pcv2 replication with intracellular redox status in pk15 cells was examined in this study.201323902724
multiple routes of porcine circovirus type 2 transmission to piglets in the presence of maternal immunity.porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2), the cause of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad), is widespread in swine farms throughout the united states with vaccine controlling disease, but not eliminating infection. we examined the pcv2 virological and immunological status of sows, pre-suckling piglets, and the farrowing environment of sow farms to determine pcv2 exposure risks, transmission dynamics, and immunological impacts at the time of farrowing. pcv2 was widely distributed in animals and the ...201323867083
epitope screening of the pcv2 cap protein by use of a random peptide-displayed library and polyclonal antibody.capsid protein (cap), the only structural protein of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2), is involved in the host protective response and is a target for vaccine development. to find a rapid and easy way to fully map the antigenic epitopes of cap, purified cap-specific polyclonal antibodies were used to screen a random heptapeptide phage display library. after three rounds of screening, twenty phage clones that had binding activity to cap-specific antibodies (tested by phage elisa) were sequenced. when ...201323845304
correlation of the cyclin a expression level with porcine circovirus type 2 propagation efficiency.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is an important pathogen in swine, and it is assumed that pcv2 replication is cell cycle dependent (especially during s phase). however, the cellular molecules that regulate pcv2 replication have not been fully identified. here, we cloned the porcine cyclin a (cyca) and cdk2 genes, the major regulators of the s phase, and established cyca or cdk2 overexpression and lower-expression cell lines. the propagation efficiency of strains pcv2a/cl or pcv2b/yj in these ce ...201323836398
effectiveness of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccination in reducing the severity of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs.changes in the severity of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and the effect of vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) on the severity of pmws and the prevalence of pcv2 were assessed on 50 english pig farms from 2008 to 2010. pmws severity on farms before and after pcv2 vaccination was estimated by combining data on post-weaning mortality, morbidity and proportion of pigs positive for pcv2 by pcr. at the first visit (before vaccination), all 50 farms were seroposit ...201323830301
molecular analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 strains from uruguay: evidence for natural occurring recombination.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a worldwide distributed virus and is considered an important emerging pathogen related to several distinct disease syndromes in pigs. genomic structure consists of three major open reading frames (orfs). orf1 (rep gene) encodes replication-related proteins, orf2 (cap gene) encodes the capsid protein and orf3 encodes a protein putatively involved in virus-induced apoptosis. based on cap gene sequences, pcv2 strains are classified into two main genotypes, pcv2a ...201323806516
torque teno sus virus (ttsuv) in tissues of pigs and its relation with the occurrence of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.torque teno sus virus (ttsuv) is a member of the recently created family anelloviridae. two distinct species of ttsuvs, 1 (ttsuv1) and 2 (ttsuv2) have been reported so far in domestic pigs and wild boars. although ttsuvs have not been clearly linked to any specific disease of pigs, a relation between ttsuv infections and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) has been suggested. to examine further this possibility, the present study was conducted in search for ttsuv1 and ttsuv2 genome ...201323783757
three new emerging subgroups of torque teno sus viruses (ttsuvs) and co-infection of ttsuvs with porcine circovirus type 2 in china.torque teno sus viruses (ttsuvs) are non-enveloped viruses and have single-stranded, negative sense circular dna genomes and are widely distributed in pigs. but till now, the prevalence of ttsuvs with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in pig herds of china is not very clear; and the genetic variation among different ttsuvs isolate is very large and need to divide the subgroups. in this study, the co-infection with ttsuvs and porcine circovrius (pcv) in the pig population of china was investigated ...201323758726
porcine cd74 is involved in the inflammatory response activated by nuclear factor kappa b during porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) infection.human cd74 induces a signalling cascade that results in the activation of nuclear factor kappa b (nf-κb); however, porcine cd74 has not been widely studied. in this study, we show that porcine cd74 is mainly expressed in cells of the macrophage lineage and can be induced by lipopolysaccharide (lps), polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid [poly(i:c)], and infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in vitro. in addition, we confirmed that porcine cd74 can activate nf-κb by promoting iκbα degrad ...201323736979
the blurred border between porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease and porcine respiratory disease complex.porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) is the name used to describe a clinical presentation characterized by respiratory signs and poor growth in growing-finishing pigs. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is one of the pathogens potentially involved in the presentation of this complex, although, it has been mainly linked to pcv2-systemic disease (pcv2-sd). however, some reports have suggested that pcv2 can cause respiratory lesions in the absence of systemic lymphoid damage; this apparently di ...201323398668
torque teno sus virus 1 and 2 distribution in tissues of porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease affected and age-matched healthy pigs.the present work was aimed to investigate the torque teno sus virus 1 and 2 (ttsuv1 and 2) loads of different tissues of pigs affected by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-systemic disease (pcv2-sd) and healthy age-matched ones. a total of 20 pigs (10 healthy and 10 diagnosed as pcv2-sd) were chosen for the study. from each pig, a total of 7 tissues were analyzed, including lung, kidney, liver, ileum, bone marrow, and mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes. ttsuv 1 and 2 were quantified by means ...201323395293
the natural history of porcine circovirus type 2: from an inoffensive virus to a devastating swine disease?the present review summarizes the current knowledge on the natural history of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection and its related diseases. the perception about pcv2 as a significant pathogen has markedly changed in the last 15 years. the ubiquitous nature of the virus, the retrospective evidence of this infection long before disease association, the multifactorial aetio-pathogenesis of pcv2-systemic disease (sd) and the lack of consistent demonstration of koch's postulates caused great c ...201323380460
economic efficiency analysis of different strategies to control post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome and porcine circovirus type 2 subclinical infection in 3-weekly batch system farms.the study assessed the economic efficiency of different strategies for the control of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and porcine circovirus type 2 subclinical infection (pcv2si), which have a major economic impact on the pig farming industry worldwide. the control strategies investigated consisted on the combination of up to 5 different control measures. the control measures considered were: (1) pcv2 vaccination of piglets (vac); (2) ensuring age adjusted diet for growers (d ...201323375866
glutamine modifies immune responses of mice infected with porcine circovirus type 2.the present study was conducted to evaluate the immune-enhancing effects of dietary l-glutamine supplementation in porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-infected mice, and to examine the clearance effects of glutamine against pcv2 in experimentally infected mice. a total of sixty kunming female mice were infected with pcv2 at a dose of 100 tcid(50) (50% tissue culture infection dose) by intraperitoneal injection after 2 weeks of dietary l-glutamine supplementation or l-alanine supplementation (as the ...201323351361
single-tube multiplexed molecular detection of endemic porcine viruses in combination with background screening for transboundary diseases.detection of several pathogens with multiplexed real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) assays in a one-step setup allows the simultaneous detection of two endemic porcine and four different selected transboundary viruses. reverse transcription (rt)-qpcr systems for the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), two of the most economically important pathogens of swine worldwide, were combined with a screening system for diseases noti ...201323303496
comparative effects of vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in a pcv2-prrsv challenge model.the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) vaccinations in an experimental pcv2-prrsv challenge model, based on virological (viremia), immunological (neutralizing antibodies [nas], gamma interferon-secreting cells [ifn-γ-scs], and cd4(+) cd8(+) double-positive cells), and pathological (lesions and antigens in lymph nodes and lungs) evaluations. a total of 72 pigs were randomly ...201323302743
porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2): pathogenesis and interaction with the immune system.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad). the virus preferentially targets the lymphoid tissues, which leads to lymphoid depletion and immunosuppression in pigs. the disease is exacerbated by immunostimulation or concurrent infections with other pathogens. pcv2 resides in certain immune cells, such as macrophage and dendritic cells, and modulates their functions. upregulation of il-10 and proinflammatory cytokines in infecte ...201325387012
interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interleukin-13 gene expression in cultured mononuclear cells from porcine circovirus type 2-vaccinated pigs after cells were challenged with porcine circovirus type 2 open reading frame 2 antigen.to characterize the kinetics of interleukin (il)-4, il-5, and il-13 secretion in peripheral blood and lymph node mononuclear cells isolated from porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-vaccinated pigs after cells were challenged with pcv2 open reading frame 2 antigen.201323270354
prevalence and genetic variation of porcine circovirus type 2 in taiwan from 2001 to 2011.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the major causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in taiwanese pig farms. we analyzed the complete genomes of 571 taiwanese pcv2 isolates in taiwan from 2001 to 2011 and divided the isolates into 2 distinct genotypes (pcv2a and pcv2b) with 6 clusters (1a, 1b, 1c, 2b, 2d, and 2e). of the 571 taiwanese pcv2 isolates, 22.9% (131/571) belonged to pcv2a and 77.1% (440/571) to pcv2b. in this study, pcv2a isolates were the most common in ...201323260863
adoption of rotavirus vaccine by u.s. physicians: progress and challenges.pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (rv5) was recommended for routine use in 2006 followed by monovalent rotavirus vaccine (rv1) in 2008.201323253650
immune gene expression profiles in swine inguinal lymph nodes with different viral loads of porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection has been suggested as an acquired immunodeficiency disorder. however, the immunopathogenesis of pcv2 infection is still not fully clarified. in the present study, 35 inguinal lymph nodes (lns) with different levels of pcv2 load obtained from postwaening multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-affected pigs and 7 from healthy subclinically pcv2-infected pigs were selected. the lns were subsequently ranked by their pcv2 loads to mimic the progression of pcv ...201323245486
two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (itraq) labeling approach revealed first proteome profiles of pulmonary alveolar macrophages infected with porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been identified as the essential causal agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, which has spread worldwide. monocyte/macrophage lineage cells are the major target cells of pcv2. to discover cellular protein responses of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (pams) to pcv2 infection, two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (itraq) labeling was employed to quantitat ...201323238063
highly permissive subclone of the porcine kidney cell line for porcine circovirus type 2 production.this study established a highly permissive and decontaminated cell line for growing porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). a porcine kidney-15 cell line (pk-15) contaminated with porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) was decontaminated by neutralizing with rabbit anti-pcv1 hyperimmune serum. subsequently, by limiting dilution and cell subcloning, four pcv1-free monoclonal cells were grown to monolayers. each cell clone and pk-15 cell were infected with pcv2. the pkkc cell clone yielded up to 10(6.8)tcid(5 ...201323219808
regulatory role of ask1 in porcine circovirus type 2-induced apoptosis.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), a major causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome which is an emerging and important swine disease, can induce apoptotic responses in vitro and in vivo. however, the molecular mechanism of pcv2-induced apoptosis is not well understood. apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ask1), serves as an upstream enzyme that activates the jnk and p38 mapk pathways, has been shown to play a target role in the regulation of apoptosis. here, we showed that ...201324210125
hsp70 positively regulates porcine circovirus type 2 replication in vitro.the hsp70 chaperone plays a central role in multiple processes within cells. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the essential causal agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), which has spread worldwide. but the mechanism of pcv2 replication remains poorly understood. in this study, we firstly found the positive effect of heat stress on the replication of pcv2 in the continuous porcine monocytic cell line 3d4/31. downregulation of hsp70 by the specific chaperone inhibitor quer ...201324210099
influence of porcine circovirus type 2 infections on bovine tuberculosis in wild boar populations.the wild boar is an important reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (btb) in south-western spain. some risk factors such as wild boar density or age have been associated with the presence of high prevalences of btb in wild boar. however, the influence of other risk factors such as co-infections with other pathogens has not yet been studied. this work aims to assess the influence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) infection on btb prevalence and btb lesional patterns observed in wild boar. the prese ...201324171857
porcine circovirus type 2 stimulates plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the presence of ifn-gamma.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is recognized as the primary cause for the development of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvd). a number of reports demonstrated that pcv2 double-stranded (ds) dna inhibits interferon-α (ifn-α) production in cultures of porcine plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc). in addition, a short-lived peak of systemic ifn-α was detectable in the serum of pcv2-infected pigs, suggesting that the interaction of pcv2 with pdc may be more complex. culturing pdc supplement ...201324183591
induction of robust immunity response in mice by dual-expression-system-based recombinant baculovirus expressing the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), an emerging swine disease that causes progressive weight loss, dyspnea, tachypnea, anemia, jaundice, and diarrhea in piglets. although baculovirus is an enveloped virus that infects insects in nature, it has emerged as a vaccine vector, and we used it to develop a novel candidate vaccine for a preventive or therapeutic strategy to control pcv2 infections.201324161107
the serological evidence in humans supports a negligible risk of zoonotic infection from porcine circovirus type 2.there are two porcine circovirus (pcv) genotypes, pcv-1 and pcv-2. in pigs, pcv-1 infection is asymptomatic but pcv-2 infection can cause severe respiratory disease and other pathology. although humans ingest pcv-contaminated foods and are exposed to pcv through other sources, the potential of pcv-2 as a zoonotic agent in humans and other species has not been fully explored. here, four recombinant proteins derived from the pcv-2 capsid gene were examined as antigens using the luciferase immunopr ...201324120888
efficacy of a piglet-specific commercial inactivated vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 in clinical field trials.the efficacy of a piglet-specific inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccine was evaluated with clinical field trials, as recommended by the republic of korea's animal, plant & fisheries quarantine & inspection agency. three farms were selected on the basis of their history of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. on each farm 60, 1-week-old pigs were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups: vaccination at 1 and 3 wk of age or no vaccination. the 2-dose schedule of vaccinat ...201324101803
immune responses of mice immunized by dna plasmids encoding pcv2 orf 2 gene, porcine il-15 or the both.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with many kinds of diseases including postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). it affects the immune system of swine and causes huge epidemic losses every year. in our previous study, we provided evidence that dna plasmid bearing porcine il-15 (pvax-pil-15) might serve as an immune enhancer for dna plasmid encoding porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus gp5 gene. in this study, pcv2 open reading frame (orf)2 gene was cloned in ...201324091312
effect of sophora subprosrate polysaccharide on oxidative stress induced by pcv2 infection in raw264.7 cells.in this study, an oxidative stress model was first developed in a mouse macrophage cell line (raw264.7 cells) by infecting the cells with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). the regulatory effect of sophora subprosrate polysaccharide (ssp) on pcv2-induced oxidative stress was investigated. the results showed that after infection with pcv2, reactive oxygen species (ros) and nitric oxide (no) production, myeloperoxidase (mpo) activity, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression were signi ...201324080450
concurrent porcine circovirus type 2a (pcv2a) or pcv2b infection increases the rate of amino acid mutations of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) during serial passages in pigs.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) has a high degree of genetic and antigenic variability. the purpose of this study was to determine if porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection increases genetic variability of prrsv during serial passages in pigs and to determine if there is a difference in the prrsv mutation rate between pigs concurrently infected with pcv2a or pcv2b. after 8 consecutive passages of prrsv alone (group 1), prrsv with pcv2a (group 2), or pcv2b (group 3 ...201324036229
transcription analysis of the porcine alveolar macrophage response to porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the causal agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), which has severely impacted the swine industry worldwide. pcv2 triggers a weak and atypical innate immune response, but the key genes and mechanisms by which the virus interferes with host innate immunity have not yet been elucidated. in this study, genes that control the response of primary porcine alveolar macrophages (pams), the main target of pcv2, were profiled in vitro.201323711280
humoral response and colostral antibody transfer following 'one-dose' pre-mating vaccination of sows against porcine circovirus type-2.the objective of this study was to investigate the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) dna and antibody to the virus in the serum and colostrum of sows vaccinated prior to mating and in their offspring. seventy-seven sows were randomly distributed into vaccinated (v, n=36) and non-vaccinated (nv, n=41) groups. one week before mating, sows were given a pcv2 vaccine (v group) or pbs (nv group) im. blood samples were taken from the sows at fixed time-points and colostrum samples were taken ...201323707054
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