Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted ascending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
pharmacokinetics of an extended-release formulation of eprinomectin in healthy adult alpacas and its use in alpacas confirmed with mange.the study objective was to determine the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of an extended-release 5% eprinomectin formulation (longrange(®) ) following subcutaneous (s.c.) injection in healthy (n = 6) and mange-infected (n = 4) adult alpacas. high-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze plasma samples obtained at regular intervals for 161 days following a single 5 mg/kg injection s.c. in healthy alpacas, and for 5 days following each dose (3 treatments, 2 months apart) in mange ...201727641517
localization of orexin b and receptor 2 for orexins in testicular cytotypes of the camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos).the orexins a (oxa) and b (oxb) are two hypothalamic peptides involved in many physiological functions of the mammalian body. they act through the binding of two g-coupled receptors named receptor 1 (ox1 ) and receptor 2 (ox2 ) for orexins. the first receptor is specific for oxa, while the second binds both the substances with equal affinity. the orexins and the relative receptors have been traced by means of different techniques also at the periphery of the body and particularly in the adrenals ...201728181310
evaluation of a panel of antibodies for the immunohistochemical identification of immune cells in paraffin-embedded lymphoid tissues of new- and old-world camelids.different species of camelids play an important role in the epidemiology of various emerging infectious diseases such as middle east respiratory syndrome. for precise investigations of the immunopathogenesis in these host species, appropriate immunohistochemical markers are highly needed in order to phenotype distinct immune cells populations in camelids. so far, specific immunohistochemical markers for camelid immune cells are rarely commercially available, and cross-reactivity studies are rest ...201728166931
joining the in vitro immunization of alpaca lymphocytes and phage display: rapid and cost effective pipeline for sdab synthesis.camelids possess unique functional heavy chain antibodies, which can be produced and modified in vitro as a single domain antibody (sdab or nanobody) with full antigen binding ability. production of sdab in conventional manner requires active immunization of camelidae animal, which is laborious, time consuming, costly and in many cases not feasible (e.g. in case of highly toxic or infectious antigens).201728114943
current status and future direction of cryopreservation of camelid embryos.over the past 3 decades, and similar to the horse industry, fresh embryo transfer has been widely practiced on large commercial scales in different camelid species, especially the dromedary camel and alpaca. however, the inability to cryopreserve embryos significantly reduces its broader application, and as such limits the capacity to utilize elite genetic resources internationally. in addition, cryopreservation of the semen of camelids is also difficult, suggesting an extreme sensitivity of the ...201728043352
molecular cloning, bioinformatics analysis, and expression of small heat shock protein beta-1 from camelus dromedarius, arabian camel.small heat shock protein beta-1 (hspb-1) plays an essential role in the protection of cells against environmental stress.elucidation of its molecular, structural, and biological characteristics in a naturally wild-type model is essential. although the sequence information of the hspb-1 gene is available for many mammalian species, the hspb-1 gene of arabian camel (arabian camel hspb-1) has not yet been structurally characterized. we cloned and functionally characterized a full-length of arabian ...201729287083
ablation with irreversible electroporation in patients with advanced perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (alpaca): a multicentre phase i/ii feasibility study protocol.the majority of patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (phc) has locally advanced disease or distant lymph node metastases on presentation or exploratory laparotomy, which makes them not eligible for resection. as the prognosis of patients with locally advanced phc or lymph node metastases in the palliative setting is significantly better compared with patients with organ metastases, ablative therapies may be beneficial. unfortunately, current ablative options are limited. photodynamic thera ...201728864693
market access and community size influence pastoral management of native and exotic livestock species: a case study in communities of the cordillera real in bolivia's high andean wetlands.grazing areas management is of utmost importance in the andean region. in the valleys of the bolivian cordillera real near la paz, pastoralism constitutes the traditional way for people to insure food security and economical sustainability. in these harsh mountains, unique and productive wetlands sustained by glacial water streams are of utmost importance for feeding cattle herds during the dry season. after the colonization by the spanish, a shift in livestock species has been observed, with th ...201729228062
identification of two novel rotavirus a genotypes, g35 and p[50], from peruvian alpaca faeces.rotavirus a (rva) alp11b was detected from a neonatal peruvian alpaca presenting with diarrhea, and the alp11b vp7, vp4, vp6, nsp4, and nsp5 genes were sequenced. the partial genotype constellation of this strain, rva/alpaca-wt/per/alp11b/2010, was determined to be g35-p[50]-i13-e16-h6.201728866138
gross anatomy of the heart of the alpaca (vicugna pacos, linnaeus 1758).the available information about anatomical characteristics of the cardiovascular system of the alpaca (vicugna pacos, linnaeus 1758) is scarce. the general objective of this work was to describe its heart anatomy. we dissected six adult animals and five neonates. the heart of the alpaca was located in the middle mediastinum, with a craniocaudal extension from the third to the sixth rib. no ligament that connected the fibrous pericardium to the sternum or to the diaphragm was detected. in the rig ...201729205465
a supercluster of neutralizing epitopes at the interface of ricin's enzymatic (rta) and binding (rtb) subunits.as part of an effort to engineer ricin antitoxins and immunotherapies, we previously produced and characterized a collection of phage-displayed, heavy chain-only antibodies (vhhs) from alpacas that had been immunized with ricin antigens. in our initial screens, we identified nine vhhs directed against ricin toxin's binding subunit (rtb), but only one, jiz-b7, had toxin-neutralizing activity. linking jiz-b7 to different vhhs against ricin's enzymatic subunit (rta) resulted in several bispecific a ...201729168727
polyclonal antibodies for the detection of trypanosoma cruzi circulating antigens.detection of trypanosoma cruzi antigens in clinical samples is considered an important diagnostic tool for chagas disease. the production and use of polyclonal antibodies may contribute to an increase in the sensitivity of immunodiagnosis of chagas disease.201729121659
successful pregnancies from vitrified embryos in the dromedary camel: avoidance of a possible toxic effect of sucrose on embryos.successful embryo cryopreservation facilitates the wider application of assisted reproduction technologies and also provides a useful method for gene banking of valuable genetics. unfortunately attempts to establish an effective cryopreservation protocol for camelid embryos have been unsuccessful. in the current study, a modified vitrification protocol with three steps was investigated, whereby embryos were exposed to solutions containing increasing amounts of glycerol and ethylene glycol for fi ...201729110898
structural basis of nanobody-mediated blocking of btuf, the cognate substrate-binding protein of the escherichia coli vitamin b12 transporter btucd.bacterial abc importers catalyze the uptake of essential nutrients including transition metals and metal-containing co-factors. recently, an igg antibody targeting the external binding protein of the staphylococcus aureus mn(ii) abc importer was reported to inhibit transport activity and reduce bacterial cell growth. we here explored the possibility of using alpaca-derived nanobodies to inhibit the vitamin b12 transporter of escherichia coli, btucd-f, as a model system by generating nanobodies a ...201729084999
no detectable carotenoid concentrations in serum of llamas and alpacas.carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments and important for a variety of physiological functions. they are major dietary vitamin a precursors and act as lipophilic antioxidants in a variety of tissues and are associated with important health benefits in humans and animals. all animals must acquire carotenoids from their diet, but to our knowledge, there are no studies investigating the intestinal carotenoid absorption and their blood concentrations in new world camelids. the present study aimed to ...201727862386
assessment of clinical application of pulse oximetry probes in llamas and alpacas.the placement and accuracy of pulse oximeter probes can vary markedly among species. for our study, we aimed to assess the accuracy of pulse oximetry and to determine the most clinically useful sites for probe placement in llamas and alpacas. the objectives included an analysis of pulse oximetry probes for accurate assessment of llamas and alpacas and to determine the best placement of the probes to achieve accurate readings. for study 1, saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen was measured in 184 ...201729067213
oxytocin is not involved in luteolysis and early maternal recognition of pregnancy (mrp) in alpacas.pregnancy maintenance depends on the maternal recognition of pregnancy (mrp), a physiological process by which the lifespan of the corpus luteum is prolonged. this mechanism is not well characterized in camelids. the objectives of the present research were to determine if exogenous oxytocin prolongs the corpus luteum activity in alpacas and to evaluate expression and localization of oxytocin receptors within the endometrium at 9 and 14days post-mating. in the oxytocin studies, plasma progesteron ...201729029875
evolutionary relationships of the hexon and penton base genes of novel squirrel adenovirus.squirrel adenovirus (sqadv) was reported previously. however, only partial sequences of its hexon and polymerase genes have been revealed. for the first time, we report the full-length genome of sqadv including the complete hexon and penton base genes. from internal body organs of 59 red squirrels archived in korea bank for pathogenic viruses, the hexon, penton base, and full-length genome of sqadv were determined by a pcr method. of the internal body organs examined, the spleen showed the highe ...201728830830
pathology in practice. vitamin d toxicosis in an alpaca cria. 201728828956
evaluation of three intravenous injectable anaesthesia protocols in healthy adult male alpacas.few studies have investigated the effects of intravenous injectable anaesthesia in alpacas. the objective of this study was to evaluate three intravenous injectable anaesthesia protocols in healthy adult alpacas exposed to noxious stimulation. a prospective randomised crossover study was done using six healthy adult male alpacas. cardiopulmonary variables including heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, end-tidal pco2and haemoglobin oxygen saturation were collected immediately aft ...201728847875
comparison of indocyanine green and sodium fluorescein for anterior segment angiography of ophthalmically normal eyes of goats, sheep, and alpacas performed with a digital single-lens reflex camera adaptor.objective to compare results of anterior segment angiography of ophthalmically normal eyes of goats, sheep, and alpacas performed by use of indocyanine green (icg) and sodium fluorescein (sf). animals 10 female goats (mean ± sd age, 6.8 ± 1.7 years), 10 female sheep (3.0 ± 2.2 years), and 10 alpacas (7 females and 3 males; 6.8 ± 3.8 years). procedures a catheter was aseptically placed into a jugular vein. each animal was anesthetized and properly positioned, and 0.25% icg was administered. image ...201728240948
corneal thickness of eyes of healthy goats, sheep, and alpacas manually measured by use of a portable spectral-domain optical coherence tomography device.objective to determine corneal thickness of eyes of healthy goats, sheep, and alpacas by use of a portable spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (sd-oct) device and evaluate intraoperator reliability for measurements. animals 11 female goats, 10 female sheep, and 11 (4 males and 7 females) alpacas. procedures each animal was sedated, and gentle manual restraint was used to ensure proper positioning of the head and globe. corneal pachymetry was performed (in triplicate) with a portable sd- ...201728029294
an ontogenetic perspective on symphyseal fusion, occlusion and mandibular loading in alpacas (vicugna pacos).a primary hypothesis for the evolution of mandibular symphyseal fusion in some mammals is that it functions to resist loads incurred during routine mastication. anecdotal support for this hypothesis is based on the fact that when the symphysis fuses, it typically does so early during postnatal ontogeny prior to or around the time of weaning. however, little is known about the process of fusion, particularly relative to feeding behaviors and the dynamics of mastication, including occlusion and ma ...201728811168
hybrid assembly with long and short reads improves discovery of gene family expansions.long-read and short-read sequencing technologies offer competing advantages for eukaryotic genome sequencing projects. combinations of both may be appropriate for surveys of within-species genomic variation.201728724409
selection of similar single domain antibodies from two immune vhh libraries obtained from two alpacas by using different selection methods.the two most used methods to select camelid single-domain antibody-fragments (vhhs) are: displaying their repertoires on the surface of filamentous bacteriophages (phage display) or linking them to ribosomes (ribosome display). in this study, we compared specific vhhs isolated from two different immune libraries coming from two different alpacas by using these two selection methods. three anti-gfap (glial fibrillary acidic protein) vhhs were derived from an immune library obtained by ribosome di ...201728690185
application of laboratory and portable attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopic approaches for rapid quantification of alpaca serum immunoglobulin g.the objective of this study was to develop and compare the performance of laboratory grade and portable attenuated total reflectance infrared (atr-ir) spectroscopic approaches in combination with partial least squares regression (plsr) for the rapid quantification of alpaca serum igg concentration, and the identification of low igg (<1000 mg/dl), which is consistent with the diagnosis of failure of transfer of passive immunity (ftpi) in neonates. serum samples (n = 175) collected from privately ...201728651006
semen collection methods in alpacas.south american camelids, particularly alpacas, are gaining in popularity outside their native lands. reproductive biotechnologies, such as artificial insemination or embryo transfer with cryopreserved embryos, are more complicated in these species than many others due to differences in their reproductive physiology compared to the more commonly encountered domestic livestock. this article reviews the methods currently available for obtaining semen or spermatozoa from alpacas and describes some o ...201728646058
vca nanobodies target n-wasp to reduce invadopodium formation and functioning.invasive cancer cells develop small actin-based protrusions called invadopodia, which perform a primordial role in metastasis and extracellular matrix remodelling. neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp) is a scaffold protein which can directly bind to actin monomers and arp2/3 and is a crucial player in the formation of an invadopodium precursor. expression modulation has pointed to an important role for n-wasp in invadopodium formation but the role of its c-terminal vca domain in this ...201728938008
histological characterization of umbilical cord in alpaca (vicugna pacos).the histomorphometric features of umbilical cord constituents in seven foetuses of alpaca (vicugna pacos) from cerro de pasco, department, peru, were determined. sections of 2-5 cm of umbilical cord were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for light microscopy. standard histological slides stained with haematoxylin and eosin, masson's trichrome and van gieson's trichrome were obtained. histologically, common features of umbilical artery and vein were observed as well as mucous c ...201728884482
high-resolution epitope positioning of a large collection of neutralizing and nonneutralizing single-domain antibodies on the enzymatic and binding subunits of ricin toxin.we previously produced a heavy-chain-only antibody (ab) vh domain (vhh)-displayed phage library from two alpacas that had been immunized with ricin toxoid and nontoxic mixtures of the enzymatic ricin toxin a subunit (rta) and binding ricin toxin b subunit (rtb) (d. j. vance, j. m. tremblay, n. j. mantis, and c. b. shoemaker, j biol chem 288:36538-36547, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m113.519207). initial and subsequent screens of that library by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elis ...201729021300
evaluation of transmission infrared spectroscopy and digital and optical refractometers to identify low immunoglobulin g concentrations in alpaca serum.this study aimed to evaluate the digital brix and optical serum total protein (stp) refractometers for measuring concentrations of serum immunoglobulin g (igg) in alpacas and compare them to igg concentrations measured by the reference method of radial immunodiffusion (rid) assay. the appropriate cutoff point for brix and stp refractometers and the transmission infrared (tir) spectroscopy method was determined for low igg concentrations (< 10 g/l). serum samples were collected from alpacas (n = ...201728725112
the alpaca (vicugna pacos) as a natural intermediate host of taenia omissa (cestoda: taeniidae).three metacestodes were collected from the mesentery and the surface of the liver of three adult alpacas (vicugna pacos) in a slaughterhouse located in puno, peru. various features of the metacestodes were observed for morphological identification. a molecular diagnosis was performed by pcr-based sequencing of mitochondrial genes of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and the nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1). all metacestodes were identified as taenia omissa by morphology and molecular meth ...201728969787
prediction of packed cell volume after whole blood transfusion in small ruminants and south american camelids: 80 cases (2006-2016).calculation of desired whole blood transfusion volume relies on an estimate of an animal's circulating blood volume, generally accepted to be 0.08 l/kg or 8% of the animal's body weight in kilograms.201728961345
[construction and identification of nanobody phage display library targeting middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus].objective to construct a phage display library of specific nano-antibodies against the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and apply it to the screening of neutralizing nano-antibodies. methods mers-cov receptor-binding domain (rbd) recombinant protein was used to immunize alpaca. after the last immunization, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) were isolated from the whole blood and total rna was extracted. the vhh gene was amplified by pcr and used to construct recomb ...201729382428
prevalence of candidatus mycoplasma haemolamae, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, and gastrointestinal parasitism in a sample of adult new zealand alpaca (vicugna pacos).aim to determine the prevalence of infection with candidatus mycoplasma haemolamae (mhl), antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), and bvdv antigen, and the prevalence of animals with elevated faecal nematode egg counts (fec) in a sample of adult new zealand alpaca (vicugna pacos). methods blood samples were obtained from 175 alpaca, collected from 15 farms around new zealand, and from 31 samples sent to a diagnostic laboratory for routine haematology. blood smears (n=170) were examine ...201728826356
y-chromosome and mtdna variation confirms independent domestications and directional hybridization in south american camelids.investigations of genetic diversity and domestication in south american camelids (sac) have relied on autosomal microsatellite and maternally-inherited mitochondrial data. we present the first integrated analysis of domestic and wild sac combining male and female sex-specific markers (male specific y-chromosome and female-specific mtdna sequence variation) to assess: (i) hypotheses about the origin of domestic camelids, (ii) directionality of introgression among domestic and/or wild taxa as evid ...201728699276
epidemiological investigations of four cowpox virus outbreaks in alpaca herds, germany.four cowpox virus (cpxv) outbreaks occurred in unrelated alpaca herds in eastern germany during 2012-2017. all incidents were initially noticed due to severe, generalized, and finally lethal cpxv infections, which were confirmed by testing of tissue and serum samples. as cpxv-infection has been described in south american camelids (sacs) only three times, all four herds were investigated to gain a deeper understanding of cpxv epidemiology in alpacas. the different herds were investigated twice, ...201729156539
detection and genetic characterization of pasteurella multocida from alpaca (vicugna pacos) pneumonia cases.pasteurella multocida is a common constituent of upper respiratory tract microbiota but is frequently isolated of alpaca lung tissues from pulmonary infections. despite its importance, very little is known about this bacteria at molecular level. in order to characterize p. multocida isolates, 24 isolates recovered from 46 mortal acute cases in young alpacas with suspected pneumonia were analyzed, using biochemical and molecular tests for capsule and lps typing, virulence factors detection, and e ...201728523388
seed dispersal of diospyros virginiana in the past and the present: evidence for a generalist evolutionary strategy.several north american trees are hypothesized to have lost their co-evolved seed disperser during the late-pleistocene extinction and are therefore considered anachronistic. we tested this hypothesis for the american persimmon (diospyros virginiana) by studying the effects of gut passage of proposed seed dispersers on seedling survival and growth, natural fruiting characteristics, and modern animal consumption patterns. we tested gut passage effects on persimmon seeds using three native living s ...201728616198
x chromosome evolution in cetartiodactyla.the phenomenon of a remarkable conservation of the x chromosome in eutherian mammals has been first described by susumu ohno in 1964. a notable exception is the cetartiodactyl x chromosome, which varies widely in morphology and g-banding pattern between species. it is hypothesized that this sex chromosome has undergone multiple rearrangements that changed the centromere position and the order of syntenic segments over the last 80 million years of cetartiodactyla speciation. to investigate its ev ...201728858207
determination of aspergillus pathogens in agricultural products by a specific nanobody-polyclonal antibody sandwich elisa.aspergillus and its poisonous mycotoxins are distributed worldwide throughout the environment and are of particular interest in agriculture and food safety. in order to develop a specific method for rapid detection of aspergillus flavus to forecast diseases and control aflatoxins, a nanobody, po8-vhh, highly reactive to a. flavus was isolated from an immunized alpaca nanobody library by phage display. the nanobody was verified to bind to the components of extracellular and intracellular antigen ...201728659622
validation of the famacha© system in south american camelids.haemonchus contortus resistant to multiple anthelmintics threaten the viability of the small ruminant industry in areas where this parasite is prevalent. in response to this situation, the famacha© system was developed and validated for use with small ruminants as a way to detect clinical anemia associated with haemonchosis. given that h. contortus and multiple anthelmintic resistance is a similar problem in camelids, the famacha© system might also provide the same benefits. to address this need ...201728807317
draft genome sequence of a virulent strain of pasteurella multocida isolated from alpaca.pasteurella multocida is one of the most frequently isolated bacteria in acute pneumonia cases, being responsible for high mortality rates in peruvian young alpacas, with consequent social and economic costs. here we report the genome sequence of p. multocida strain unmsm, isolated from the lung of an alpaca diagnosed with pneumonia, in peru. the genome consists of 2,439,814 base pairs assembled into 82 contigs and 2,252 protein encoding genes, revealing the presence of known virulence-associate ...201728698737
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus experimental transmission using a pig model.dromedary camels are the main reservoir of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), but other livestock species (i.e., alpacas, llamas, and pigs) are also susceptible to infection with mers-cov. animal-to-animal transmission in alpacas was reported, but evidence for transmission in other species has not been proved. this study explored pig-to-pig mers-cov transmission experimentally. virus was present in nasal swabs of infected animals, and limited amounts of viral rna, but no in ...201728653496
pairing alpaca and llama-derived single domain antibodies to enhance immunoassays for ricin.previously, our group isolated and evaluated anti-ricin single domain antibodies (sdabs) derived from llamas, engineered them to further increase their thermal stability, and utilized them for the development of sensitive immunoassays. in work focused on the development of therapeutics, vance et al. 2013 described anti-ricin sdabs derived from alpacas. herein, we evaluated the utility of selected alpaca-derived anti-ricin sdabs for detection applications, and engineered an alpaca-derived sdab to ...201731548519
potential animal reservoir of mycobacterium ulcerans: a systematic review.mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of buruli ulcer, also known in australia as daintree ulcer or bairnsdale ulcer. this destructive skin disease is characterized by extensive and painless necrosis of the skin and soft tissue with the formation of large ulcers, commonly on the leg or arm. to date, 33 countries with tropical, subtropical and temperate climates in africa, the americas, asia and the western pacific have reported cases of buruli ulcer. the disease is rarely fatal, although ...201830274452
effects of orexins on 17β-estradiol synthesis and p450 aromatase modulation in the testis of alpaca (vicugna pacos).the steroidogenic enzyme p450 aromatase (aro) has a key role in the conversion of testosterone (t) into estrogens (e), expressed as 17β-estradiol. the presence and localization of this key enzyme have not been described before in the south american camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos). in our previous studies of the expression and biological effects of orexin a (oxa) and oxb on the alpaca testis demonstrated that oxa, via its specific receptor 1 (ox1r), stimulated t synthesis. in order to extend these ...201829622348
genetic characterization of the oxytocin-neurophysin i gene (oxt) and its regulatory regions analysis in domestic old and new world camelids.oxytocin is a neurohypophysial peptide linked to a wide range of biological functions, including milk ejection, temperament and reproduction. aims of the present study were a) the characterization of the oxt (oxytocin-neurophysin i) gene and its regulatory regions in old and new world camelids; b) the investigation of the genetic diversity and the discovery of markers potentially affecting the gene regulation. on average, the gene extends over 814 bp, ranging between 825 bp in dromedary, 811 bp ...201829608621
effect of foetal bovine serum on sperm motility, acrosome reaction and spermatic interaction to zona pellucida in alpacas (vicugna pacos).the use of foetal bovine serum (fbs) in cell culture media is quite common. however, little is known about the effect of fbs on sperm. the severe difficulties in alpaca reproduction demand the search of new methods for in vitro reproductive management. in the present study, we use for the first time fbs as a supplement in the culture medium for sperm in alpaca, and the effect of fbs on motility, acrosome reaction and sperm binding to the zona pellucida in this species was evaluated. a concentrat ...201829566287
safety and serologic response to a haemonchus contortus vaccine in alpacas.haemonchosis in camelids remains a challenging disease to treat, and prevention has become increasingly problematic due to widespread anthelmintic resistance. barbervax®is an adjuvanted vaccine containing natural h-11, h-gal-gp antigens obtained from haemonchus contortus adults via a proprietary process and solubilized in quil a. this vaccine is approved for use in australia, after demonstrating its safety and efficacy in sheep and goats. there are no published studies evaluating barbervax in ot ...201829559145
the pathology of vitamin d deficiency in domesticated animals: an evolutionary and comparative overview.although vitamin d is critical to calcium/phosphorus homeostasis, bone formation and remodeling, there is evolution-based variation between species in vitamin d metabolism and susceptibility to rickets and osteomalacia. most herbivores produce vitamin d3 in response to sunlight, but dogs and cats have generally lost the ability as carnivore diets are rich in vitamin d. nutritional deficiencies and/or poor exposure to sunlight can induce rickets in birds, swine, cattle and sheep, but horses are l ...201829544996
protecting the uk's alpaca population. 201829523726
immunohistochemical mapping of neurotensin in the alpaca diencephalon.the distribution of the immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers containing neurotensin in the alpaca diencephalon was determined by an immunohistochemical technique.201829516445
multiple ocular developmental defects in four closely related alpacas.to describe the clinical, gross pathologic, and histopathologic findings for a visually impaired 5.8-year-old female alpaca with multiple ocular abnormalities, as well as the clinical findings for three closely related alpacas.201829493862
follicular fluid stimulates capacitation and acrosome reaction in alpaca sperm (vicugna pacos).the follicular fluid exerts an effect on the sperm capacitation of several species; however, these effects vary according to species, both in the sperm motility and in the subsequent acrosome reaction. in this study, the effect of alpaca follicular fluid (aff) on the motility and acrosome reaction of alpaca spermatozoa was observed, using follicular fluid of three follicle sizes: small (<3 mm), medium (3-6 mm) and large (>6 mm), in a concentration of 30%. sperm motility at the first hour of incu ...201829473229
anti-ctla-4 therapy requires an fc domain for efficacy.ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen (ctla)-4, was the first approved "checkpoint"-blocking anticancer therapy. in mouse tumor models, the response to antibodies against ctla-4 depends entirely on expression of the fcγ receptor (fcγr), which may facilitate antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, but the contribution of simple ctla-4 blockade remains unknown. to understand the role of ctla-4 blockade in the complete absence of fc-dependent functions, ...201829581255
pharmacokinetics of intravenous gentamicin in healthy young-adult compared to aged alpacas.the study objective was to evaluate the effects of age on aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in eight young-adult (<4 years) and eight aged (≥14 years) healthy alpacas, receiving a single 6.6 mg/kg intravenous gentamicin injection. heparinized plasma samples were obtained at designated time points following drug administration and frozen at -80°c until assayed by a validated immunoassay (qms® ). compartmental and noncompartmental analyses of gentamicin plasma concentrations versus time were perform ...201829761517
microrna-5110 regulates pigmentation by cotargeting melanophilin and wnt family member 1.mammalian pigmentation requires the production of melanin by melanocytes and its transfer to neighboring keratinocytes. these complex processes are regulated by several molecular pathways. melanophilin ( mlph) and wnt family member 1 ( wnt1), known to be involved in melanin transfer and melanin production, respectively, were predicted to be targets of microrna-5110 using bioinformatics. in the current study, we investigated the effects of microrna-5110 on pigmentation in alpaca ( vicugna pacos) ...201829733692
[bone sequestration in alpacas in germany - a practice report with 12 cases].bone sequestration is relatively unknown in new-world camelids in germany and is frequently wrongly addressed as neoplasia by veterinary practitioners. this clinical case report describes diagnosis and treatment for bone sequestration in alpacas based on 12 cases. the main symptom of the presented alpacas was moderate to severe lameness in one limb. some of the patients had been treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by the referring veterinarian. in eight alpacas, palpation of the sw ...201829727876
streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus septicemia in alpacas: three cases and review of the literature.streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus septicemia of alpacas and llamas, also called alpaca fever, is characterized clinically by fever, depression, recumbency, and death, and pathologically by polyserositis. although a few natural and experimental cases of the disease have been reported, very little information about the pathology of spontaneous cases has been published. we present a detailed gross and microscopic description of 3 spontaneous cases of alpaca fever and review the literature ...201829717639
comparison of mcmaster and fecpakg2 methods for counting nematode eggs in the faeces of alpacas.this study aimed to compare the fecpakg2 and the mcmaster techniques for counting of gastrointestinal nematode eggs in the faeces of alpacas using two floatation solutions (saturated sodium chloride and sucrose solutions). faecal eggs counts from both techniques were compared using the lin's concordance correlation coefficient and bland and altman statistics. results showed moderate to good agreement between the two methods, with better agreement achieved when saturated sugar is used as a floata ...201829716657
detection of persistent pestivirus infection in pudú (pudu puda) in a captive population of artiodactyls in chile.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is the viral agent causing the most important economic losses in livestock throughout the world. infection of fetuses before their immunological maturity causes the birth of animals persistently infected with bvdv (pi), which are the main source of infection and maintenance of this pathogen in a herd. there is evidence of susceptibility to infection with bvdv in more than 50 species of the order artiodactyla, and the ability to establish persistent infection in ...201829391001
imbrication of the medial retinaculum to repair a bilateral traumatic lateral patellar luxation in an alpaca (vicugna pacos). 201828946822
effect of age and castration on serum anti-müllerian hormone concentration in male alpacas.the synthesis of anti-müllerian hormone (amh) by the sertoli cells in males is crucial for sexual differentiation. there are no studies on amh in camelids. the objectives of this research were to 1) compare amh serum concentrations in prepubertal and adult male alpacas and 2) determine the effect of castration on these concentrations in adult males to provide a validation of a commercial amh test in alpacas. serum samples were obtained from 15 prepubertal animals (5 for each age groups of 6, 7 a ...201828982028
evidence of post-transcriptional readthrough regulation in fgf5 gene of alpaca.two different phenotypes are described in alpaca, identified as suri and huacaya, which differ in the type of fleece. the huacaya fleece is characterized by compact, soft and highly crimped fibers, while the suri fleece is longer, straight, less-crimped and lustrous. in our study, the fibroblast growth factor 5 (fgf5) was investigated as a possible candidate gene for hair length in alpaca (vicugna pacos). as previously identified in other mammals, our results show that the alpaca fgf5 gene gives ...201829307854
microcystin-lr nanobody screening from an alpaca phage display nanobody library and its expression and application.microcystin-lr (mc-lr) is a type of biotoxin that pollutes the ecological environment and food. the study aimed to obtain new nanobodies from phage nanobody library for determination of mc-lr. the toxin was conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (klh) and bovine serum albumin (bsa), respectively, then the conjugates were used as coated antigens for enrichment (coated mc-lr-klh) and screening (coated mc-lr-bsa) of mc-lr phage nanobodies from an alpaca phage display nanobody library. the antigen ...201829353171
microrna 143-5p regulates alpaca melanocyte migration, proliferation and melanogenesis.micrornas (mirnas) have been shown to be closely involved in the control of melanogenesis and hair colour in mammals. previous data also indicate that mir-143 regulates cell growth in melanoma. here, we aimed to investigate the role of mir-143-5p in alpaca melanocytes. we found that mir-143-5p was highly expressed in the cytoplasm of alpaca melanocytes as demonstrated by an in situ hybridization assay. prediction analysis revealed that mir-143-5p could regulate tgf-β-activated kinase 1 (tak1) ex ...201829230879
let-7b regulates alpaca hair growth by downregulating ectodysplasin a.hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (hed), also known as anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, is characterized by the clinical manifestations of less sweat or no sweat, sparse or no hair, tooth agenesis and/or abnormal tooth morphology. the characteristics of alpaca ear hair differ from the back hair. the ectodysplasin a (eda) signaling pathway has a regulatory effect on skin development and hair growth. the aim of the present study was to study the effects of eda on alpaca hair growth by examining th ...201829344666
cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulates mapk/erk signaling in the skin of mice.cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase that has been shown to play important roles in many tissues except the nervous system. we previously reported that cdk5 showed differential expression in the transcriptome profiles of the skin of alpacas with different hair colors. to understand the functional role of cdk5 in hair color determination, we constructed cdk5-knockdown mice and identified the effect on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway in ...201829132690
draft genome sequences of enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenicescherichia colistrains isolated from alpacas in peru.the draft genome sequences of two strains ofescherichia coli, isolated from alpacas in peru, are reported here. eca1 has been determined to be a strain of enterohemorrhagice. coliand ecb1 a strain of enteropathogenice. colithese pathogens are responsible for hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans and diarrhea in different mammals, respectively.201829301877
evaluation of a jugular venipuncture alpaca model to teach the technique of blood sampling in adult alpacas.the effectiveness of teaching aids in veterinary medical education is not often assessed rigorously. the objective in the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercially available jugular venipuncture alpaca model as a complementary tool to teach veterinary students how to perform venipuncture in adult alpacas. we hypothesized that practicing on the model would allow veterinary students to draw blood in alpacas more rapidly with fewer attempts than students without previous pra ...201828534723
assessment of the zinc and copper status in alpaca.this study was performed with the aim of investigating the concentration of zinc and copper in the blood of healthy alpacas (vicugna pacos) kept in central europe and to compare the concentration of zn and cu in plasma and in whole blood. a further objective was to evaluate blood zn and cu in relation to different micromineral supplementation, age and sex groups of alpacas. a total of 299 alpacas (224 adults and 75 crias) from 18 farms were included in this study. the concentrations of copper an ...201828508190
determination of schirmer tear test-1 values in clinically normal alpacas (vicugña pacos) in north america.to determine the normal reference range for schirmer tear test-1 (stt-1) values in eyes of healthy alpacas (vicugña pacos).201828295997
[clinical presentation of cowpox virus infection in south american camelids - a review].cowpox virus (cpxv) infection is a reportable and potentially zoonotic disease that occurs sporadically in a variety of animals. during the past six decades, cpxv infection has been extensively researched and described in both domestic (cat, dog, horse, cattle) and zoo animals (e. g. elephant, rhinoceros, okapi). of note, a review of the literature produced only three reports of cpxv in individual or small groups of south american camelids. the goal of this review was to describe the current kno ...201829536472
bovine-like coronaviruses in domestic and wild ruminants.coronaviruses (covs) produce a wide spectrum of disease syndromes in different mammalian and avian host species. these viruses are well-recognized for their ability to change tissue tropism, to hurdle the interspecies barriers and to adapt ecological variations. it is predicted that the inherent genetic diversity of covs caused by accumulation of point mutations and high frequency of homologous recombination is the principal determinant of these competences. several covs (e.g. severe acute respi ...201830683171
in this issue - november 2018: anaesthesia standards of care · novel technique for patella luxation · high blood lead in captive tasmanian devils · baseline biochemical parameters in eastern water dragons · controlled-release devices for chromium and zinc in alpacas · magnetic resonance vs radiographic imaging in equine navicular bone partition · shunt morphology and surgical management in dogs. 201830370592
the armadillo (dasypus novemcinctus): a witness but not a functional example for the emergence of the butyrophilin 3/vγ9vδ2 system in placental mammals.1-5% of human blood t cells are vγ9vδ2 t cells whose t cell receptor (tcr) contain a trgv9/trgjp rearrangement and a trdv2 comprising vδ2-chain. they respond to phosphoantigens (pags) like isopentenyl pyrophosphate or (e)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl-pyrophosphate (hmbpp) in a butyrophilin 3 (btn3)-dependent manner and may contribute to the control of mycobacterial infections. these cells were thought to be restricted to primates, but we demonstrated by analysis of genomic databases that trgv9, ...201829527206
spatial perseveration error by alpacas (vicugna pacos) in an a-not-b detour task.spatial perseveration has been documented for domestic animals such as mules, donkeys, horses and dogs. however, evidence for this spatial cognition behavior among other domestic species is scarce. alpacas have been domesticated for at least 7000 years yet their cognitive ability has not been officially reported. the present article used an a-not-b detour task to study the spatial problem-solving abilities of alpacas (vicugna pacos) and to identify the perseveration errors, which refers to a ten ...201829488112
isolation of streptococcus agalactiae in a female llama (lama glama) in south tyrol (italy).streptococcus agalactiae is pathogenic for both animals and humans. in dairy cattle it commonly causes mastitis, with great economic losses, and there is scientific evidence of mastitis, caseous lymphadenitis, contagious skin necrosis and purulent infections associated with s. agalactiae in camels (camelus dromedarius) as well. in humans, it is a common component of the respiratory and gastrointestinal microflora, but it can also act as a pathogen, especially in elderly people and immunocompromi ...201830424747
first cross-sectional, molecular epidemiological survey of cryptosporidium, giardia and enterocytozoon in alpaca (vicugna pacos) in australia.eukaryotic pathogens, including cryptosporidium, giardia and enterocytozoon, have been implicated in neonatal diarrhoea, leading to marked morbidity and mortality in the alpaca (vicugna pacos) and llama (lama glama) around the world. australia has the largest population of alpacas outside of south america, but very little is known about these pathogens in alpaca populations in this country. here, we undertook the first molecular epidemiological survey of cryptosporidium, giardia and enterocytozo ...201830185227
enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in people with gastrointestinal disorders in queensland and western australia.enterocytozoon bieneusi is the commonest pathogenic microsporidian found in humans and animals in many countries, but there is scant information on this pathogen in australia. here, we conducted the first molecular epidemiological investigation of e. bieneusi in humans with gastrointestinal disorders in queensland and western australia. genomic dnas derived from 605 individual faecal samples from children (n = 279) and adults (n = 326) were extracted, and then subjected to nested pcr-based seque ...201830125732
structural basis for the specific neutralization of stx2a with a camelid single domain antibody fragment.shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) are a subset of pathogens leading to illnesses such as diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome and even death. the shiga toxins are the main virulence factors and divided in two groups: stx1 and stx2, of which the latter is more frequently associated with severe pathologies in humans.201829494518
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus specific antibodies in naturally exposed israeli llamas, alpacas and camels.thus far, no human mers-cov infections have been reported from israel. evidence for the circulation of mers-cov in dromedaries has been reported from almost all the countries of the middle east, except israel. therefore, we aimed to analyze mers-cov infection in israeli camelids, sampled between 2012 and 2017. a total of 411 camels, 102 alpacas and 19 llamas' sera were tested for the presence of antibodies to mers-cov. our findings indicate a lower mers-cov seropositivity among israeli dromedari ...201829911167
source and localization of ovulation-inducing factor/nerve growth factor in male reproductive tissues among mammalian species.the objectives of the study were to compare the presence and localization of ovulation-inducing factor (oif)/nerve growth factor (ngf) in male reproductive organs and determine the abundance in ejaculates of species representative of both spontaneous and induced ovulators. we hypothesized that the protein is a widely conserved component of semen among mammals, but is most abundant in camelids. immunohistochemical analysis was performed on tissues from the male reproductive system of llamas, rats ...201829982342
molecular epidemiology of coronavirus in faeces of brazilian calves and peruvian camelid herds.the enteric disorders represent a serious hazard for bovine and camelid breeding. the aim of this study was to examine the frequency of detection and molecular characteristics of enteric coronavirus (cov) infections in cattle, alpaca, and llama herds bred in family-based farms in brazil and peru.201831628832
comparing genetic diversity and demographic history in co-distributed wild south american camelids.vicuñas and guanacos are two species of wild south american camelids that are key ruminants in the ecosystems where they occur. although closely related, these species feature differing ecologies and life history characters, which are expected to influence both their genetic diversity and population differentiation at different spatial scales. here, using mitochondrial and microsatellite genetic markers, we show that vicuña display lower genetic diversity within populations than guanaco but exhi ...201830061581
genetic variation in coat colour genes mc1r and asip provides insights into domestication and management of south american camelids.the domestication of wild vicuña and guanaco by early pre-inca cultures is an iconic example of wildlife management and domestication in the americas. although domestic llamas and alpacas were clearly selected for key, yet distinct, phenotypic traits, the relative patterns and direction of selection and domestication have not been confirmed using genetic approaches. however, the detailed archaeological records from the region suggest that domestication was a process carried out under significant ...201830483307
gametogony of eimeria macusaniensis guerrero, hernandez, bazalar and alva, 1971 in llama (lama glama).camelids (llama, alpaca, vicunãs, guanacos) are important for the economy of south america and eimeria infections are an important cause of mortality in camelids. of the six species of eimeria in camelids, eimeria macusaniensis, considered the most pathogenic, is distinctive; its oocysts are the largest among all eimeria species in animals, its prepatent period is more than 1 month, and its oocysts have been found in mummies from prehistoric times. although, e. macusaniensis gametogonic stages a ...201829642969
sarcocystosis in south american camelids: the state of play revisited.members of the genus sarcocystis (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae) are intracellular protozoan parasites that infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, resulting in economic losses in production animals worldwide. sarcocystis spp. have indirect life-cycles where canids and felids serve as main definitive hosts while a range of domestic and wild animals serve as intermediate hosts, including south american camelids (sacs) such as alpacas, llamas and guanacos. these animals primarily occur in s ...201829510746
a review of coccidiosis in south american camelids.camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, guanacos) are important for the economy of south america and eimeria infections are important as cause of mortality in camelids. of the five most prevalent species of eimeria in south american camelids, eimeria macusaniensis, eimeria lamae, eimeria alpacae, eimeria punoensis, and eimeria ivitaensis, e. macusaniensis is considered the most pathogenic. there is considerable confusion concerning the endogenous developmental stages of eimeria spp. in camelids. man ...201829804192
bacterial communities in the alpaca gastrointestinal tract vary with diet and body site.gut -associated microbes ('gut microbiota') impact the nutrition of their hosts, especially in ruminants and pseudoruminants that consume high-cellulose diets. examples include the pseudoruminant alpaca. to better understand how body site and diet influence the alpaca microbiota, we performed three 16s rrna gene surveys. first, we surveyed the compartment 1 (c1), duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and large intestine (li) of alpacas fed a grass hay (gh; tall fescue) or alfalfa hay (ah) diet for 30 ...201830713530
detection of alpaca podoplanin by immunohistochemistry using the antibovine podoplanin monoclonal antibody pmab-44.podoplanin (pdpn) is expressed in type i alveolar cells of the lungs, lymphatic endothelial cells, and podocytes of the kidneys, and induces platelet aggregation through the c-type lectin-like receptor-2. pdpns of various animal species have been characterized using specific anti-pdpn monoclonal antibodies (mabs). however, alpaca pdpn has not previously been characterized because antialpaca pdpn mabs have not yet been developed. in this study, we investigated the potential cross-reaction between ...201830570440
genetic parameters for medullated fiber and its relationship with other productive traits in alpacas.the alpaca fiber diameter (fd) varies from 18 to 36 μm, being the finer fiber categories highly appreciated. however, the alpaca fiber presents some limitations in the textile industry due to the high incidence of fiber medullation and diameter variability, both reduces the comfort feeling of the garments. decreasing or even removing medullation could be a possible selection objective in alpaca breeding programs for increasing economic value of the alpaca fiber. therefore, the present work aimed ...201830567623
first report on nasal myiasis in an alpaca "vicugna pacos" - a case report.an infestation of bot fly larvae causes myiasis which is known to cause respiratory symptoms in ruminants. there are reports of bot fly larvae in llamas, but to our knowledge there are no previous reports of nasal myiasis due to bot flies in alpacas ("vicugna pacos").201830514380
distribution of alpha-neoendorphin, acth (18-39) and beta-endorphin (1-27) in the alpaca brainstem.using an immunocytochemical technique, we have studied in the alpaca brainstem the distribution of immunoreactive structures containing prodynorphin (alpha-neoendorphin)- and pro-opiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotrophin hormone (18-39) (acth), beta-endorphin (1-27))-derived peptides. no peptidergic-immunoreactive cell body was observed. immunoreactive fibres were widely distributed, although in most of the brainstem nuclei the density of the peptidergic fibres was low or very low. in general, the ...201830027642
verification of the heska element point-of-care blood gas instrument for use with venous blood from alpacas and llamas, with determination of reference intervals.the heska element poc ("epoc") is a blood gas instrument intended for use with canine, feline, and equine whole blood; no verification for use with camelid specimens has been reported.201829999542
arterial patterns of the face in camelidamorpha.arteries supplying the intermandibular, mental, masseteric, buccal, labial, and nasal regions of the face in selected species belonging to the suborder tylopoda are described in this study. analyses were conducted on a total of five species representing the family camelidae based on 27 heads of cadaveric specimens, which were prepared by arterial injection with acetone-dissolved stained vinyl super chloride or stained latex lbs3060. vascularization of regions of the face was formed by the facial ...201830299592
evaluation of controlled-release devices for providing chromium sesquioxide and zinc in huacaya alpacas at pasture.to assess the effectiveness of controlled-release devices (crds) for providing zinc and for estimating faecal output in alpacas and sheep at pasture.201830294843
anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas (vicugna pacos) in australia.gastrointestinal nematodes (gins) can cause significant economic losses in alpacas due to lowered production of fibre and meat. although no anthelmintics are registered for use in alpacas, various classes of anthelmintics are frequently used to control parasitic gastroenteritis in alpacas in australia and other countries. very little is known about the current worm control practices as well as the efficacy of anthelmintics used against common gins of alpacas. this study aimed to assess the exist ...201829973276
the effect of combining tenderstretching and electrical stimulation on alpaca (vicugna pacos) meat tenderness and eating quality.the effect of combining tenderstretching (ts; carcase suspension by the pelvic bone) with medium voltage electrical stimulation (es) during processing on the tenderness of alpaca muscles was investigated. thirty-six split alpaca carcases were randomly allocated to treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (achilles hung/ts and es/non-es). samples were collected from the m. longissimus thoracis (lt), m. adductor femoris (af), m. semimembranosus (sm), m. semitendinosus (st) and m. psoas major (t ...201829957529
Refresh
firstprev
...111213
nextlast
Displaying items 1001 - 1100 of 1289