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vaccinia virus and cowpox virus are not susceptible to the interferon-induced antiviral protein mxa.mxa protein is expressed in response to type i and type iii interferon and constitute an important antiviral factor with broad antiviral activity to diverse rna viruses. in addition, some studies expand the range of mxa antiviral activity to include particular dna viruses like monkeypox virus (mpxv) and african swine fever virus (asfv). however, a broad profile of activity of mxa to large dna viruses has not been established to date. here, we investigated if some well characterized dna viruses b ...201728727764
detection of african swine fever virus in the tissues of asymptomatic pigs in smallholder farming systems along the kenya-uganda border: implications for transmission in endemic areas and asf surveillance in east africa.the persistence of african swine fever virus (asfv) in endemic areas, with small-scale but regular outbreaks in domestic pigs, is not well understood. asfv has not been detected using conventional diagnosis in these pigs or adjacent populations of resistant african wild pigs, that could act as potential carriers during the outbreaks. however, such data are crucial for the design of evidence-based control strategies. we conducted cross-sectional (1107 pigs) and longitudinal (100 pigs) monitoring ...201728721858
virulent strain of african swine fever virus eclipses its attenuated derivative after challenge.african swine fever (asf) is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the swine industry worldwide. no effective vaccine is currently available for disease prevention and control. although live attenuated vaccines (lav) have demonstrated great potential for immunizing against homologous strains of african swine fever virus (asfv), adverse reactions from lav remain a concern. here, by using a homologous asfv congo strain system, we show passage-attenuated congo lav to induce an efficient pr ...201728691128
redistribution of endosomal membranes to the african swine fever virus replication site.african swine fever virus (asfv) infection causes endosomal reorganization. here, we show that the virus causes endosomal congregation close to the nucleus as the infection progresses, which is necessary to build a compact viral replication organelle. asfv enters the cell by the endosomal pathway and reaches multivesicular late endosomes. upon uncoating and fusion, the virus should exit to the cytosol to start replication. asfv remodels endosomal traffic and redistributes endosomal membranes to ...201728587154
selection of differently temporally regulated african swine fever virus promoters with variable expression activities and their application for transient and recombinant virus mediated gene expression.african swine fever virus threatens pig production worldwide due to the lack of vaccines, for which generation of both deletion and insertion mutants is considered. for development of the latter, operational asfv promoters of different temporal regulation and strengths are desirable. we therefore compared the capacities of putative promoter sequences from p72, cd2v, p30, viral dna polymerase and u104l genes to mediate expression of luciferase from transfected plasmids after activation in trans, ...201728502836
african swine fever virus: a review.african swine fever (asf) is a highly contagious viral disease of swine which causes high mortality, approaching 100%, in domestic pigs. asf is caused by a large, double stranded dna virus, asf virus (asfv), which replicates predominantly in the cytoplasm of macrophages and is the only member of the asfarviridae family, genus asfivirus. the natural hosts of this virus include wild suids and arthropod vectors of the ornithodoros genus. the infection of asfv in its reservoir hosts is usually asymp ...201728489063
adenovirus-vectored novel african swine fever virus antigens elicit robust immune responses in swine.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a high-consequence transboundary animal pathogen that often causes hemorrhagic disease in swine with a case fatality rate close to 100%. lack of treatment or vaccine for the disease makes it imperative that safe and efficacious vaccines are developed to safeguard the swine industry. in this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of seven adenovirus-vectored novel asfv antigens, namely a151r, b119l, b602l, ep402rδprr, b438l, k205r and a104r. immunization of com ...201728481911
pig traders' networks on the kenya-uganda border highlight potential for mitigation of african swine fever virus transmission and improved asf disease risk management.we applied social network analysis to pig trader networks on the kenya-uganda border. social network analysis is a recently developed tool, which is useful for understanding value chains and improving disease control policies. we interviewed a sample of 33 traders about their experiences with trade and african swine fever (asf), analyzed the networks they generated in purchasing pigs and selling pork and their potential contribution to modulating dissemination of the asf virus (asfv). the majori ...201728460754
development of a fluorescent asfv strain that retains the ability to cause disease in swine.african swine fever is a contagious and often lethal disease for domestic pigs with a significant economic impact for the swine industry. the etiological agent, african swine fever virus (asfv), is a highly structurally complex double stranded dna virus. no effective vaccines or antiviral treatment are currently commercially available. we present here the development of a strain of asfv that has been shown to retain its ability to cause disease in swine, efficiently replicate in swine macrophage ...201728436458
the assessment of african swine fever virus risk to belgium early 2014, using the quick and semiquantitative pandora screening protocol.a risk assessment was organized during the early eu asf outbreaks of early 2014 (february-april) and performed in cooperation with 15 belgian and european experts on asfv and its epidemiology in pigs/wild boar. african swine fever (asf) is considered as one of the most dangerous infectious pig diseases, causing many outbreaks. since the end of 2013 - early 2014, several outbreaks within the european union (lithuania, poland, estonia and latvia) were reported to oie, which prompted several risk a ...201725939453
experimental infection of domestic pigs with african swine fever virus lithuania 2014 genotype ii field isolate.an experimental infection was conducted to evaluate horizontal transmission, clinical, virological and humoral response induced in domestic pigs infected with african swine fever (asf) genotype ii virus circulating in 2014 into the european union (eu). ten naive pigs were placed in contact with eight pigs experimentally inoculated with the lithuanian lt14/1490 asf virus (asfv) responsible for the first asf case detected in wild boar in lithuania in january 2014. clinical examination and rectal t ...201725808027
genetic characterization of african swine fever virus isolates from soft ticks at the wildlife/domestic interface in mozambique and identification of a novel genotype.african swine fever virus (asfv) is one of the most threatening infectious diseases of pigs. there are not sufficient data to indicate the importance of the sylvatic cycle in the spread and maintenance of the disease locally and potentially, globally. to assess the capacity to maintain asf in the environment, we investigated the presence of soft tickreservoirs of asfv in gorongosa national park (gnp) and its surrounding villages. a total of 1,658 soft ticks were recovered from warthog burrows an ...201728921895
epidemiological analyses of african swine fever in the baltic states and poland: (update september 2016-september 2017).efsa assisted four countries in the analysis of epidemiological data on african swine fever (asf), collected until september 2017. the temporal analysis demonstrated that the average proportions of pcr and antibody-elisa positive samples from the hunted wild boar remained below 3.9 and 6.6, respectively. a peak in the asf incidence was observed 6 months after the first observed case, followed by a significant reduction of the number of cases and low levels of african swine fever virus (asfv) cir ...201732625356
epidemiological analyses on african swine fever in the baltic countries and poland.african swine fever virus (asfv) has been notified in the baltic countries and the eastern part of poland from the beginning of 2014 up to now. in collaboration with the asf-affected member states (ms), efsa is updating the epidemiological analysis of asf in the european union which was carried out in 2015. for this purpose, the latest epidemiological and laboratory data were analysed in order to identify the spatial-temporal pattern of the epidemic and a risk factors facilitating its spread. cu ...201732625438
roles of african swine fever virus structural proteins in viral infection.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large, double-stranded dna virus and the sole member of the asfarviridae family. asfv infects domestic pigs, wild boars, warthogs, and bush pigs, as well as soft ticks (ornithodoros erraticus), which likely act as a vector. the major target is swine monocyte-macrophage cells. the virus can cause high fever, haemorrhagic lesions, cyanosis, anorexia, and even fatalities in domestic pigs. currently, there is no vaccine and effective disease control strategies a ...201729978065
active surveillance of african swine fever in domestic swine herds in georgia, 2014.since its introduction to the republic of georgia in 2007, african swine fever virus (asfv) has spread across the caucasus region, the russian federation, and some eastern european countries. it is assumed that large populations of naïve, domestic, free-ranging and wild pigs are vital to the transmission of the disease. since its epidemic emergence in the region in 2007, asfv has continued to circulate, which suggests that an endemic cycle has been established and is maintained by contact betwee ...201730160694
biological characterization of african swine fever virus genotype ii strains from north-eastern estonia in european wild boar.due to its impact on animal health and pig industry, african swine fever (asf) is regarded as one of the most important viral diseases of pigs. following the ongoing epidemic in the transcaucasian countries and the russian federation, african swine fever virus was introduced into the estonian wild boar population in 2014. epidemiological investigations suggested two different introductions into the southern and the north-eastern part of estonia. interestingly, outbreak characteristics varied con ...201728116841
unraveling the armor of a killer: evasion of host defenses by african swine fever virus.african swine fever is an acute hemorrhagic disease of pigs. extensive recent spread in the russian federation and eastern europe has increased the risk to global pig production. the virus is a large dna virus and is the only member of the asfarviridae family. in pigs, the virus replicates predominantly in macrophages. we review how the virus overcomes the barriers to replication in the macrophage and the virus mechanism to inhibit key host defense pathways.201728031363
african swine fever virus gets undressed: new insights on the entry pathway.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large, multienveloped dna virus composed of a genome-containing core successively wrapped by an inner lipid envelope, an icosahedral protein capsid, and an outer lipid envelope. in keeping with this structural complexity, recent studies have revealed an intricate entry program. this gem highlights how asfv uses two alternative pathways, macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis, to enter into the host macrophage and how the endocytosed particles und ...201727974557
african swine fever outbreak on a medium-sized farm in uganda: biosecurity breaches and within-farm virus contamination.in uganda, a low-income country in east africa, african swine fever (asf) is endemic with yearly outbreaks. in the prevailing smallholder subsistence farming systems, farm biosecurity is largely non-existent. outbreaks of asf, particularly in smallholder farms, often go unreported, creating significant epidemiological knowledge gaps. the continuous circulation of asf in smallholder settings also creates biosecurity challenges for larger farms. in this study, an on-going outbreak of asf in an end ...201727966070
genetically edited pigs lacking cd163 show no resistance following infection with the african swine fever virus isolate, georgia 2007/1.african swine fever is a highly contagious, often fatal disease of swine for which there is no vaccine or other curative treatment. the macrophage marker, cd163, is a putative receptor for african swine fever virus (asfv). pigs possessing a complete knockout of cd163 on macrophages were inoculated with georgia 2007/1, a genotype 2 isolate. knockout and wild type pen mates became infected and showed no differences in clinical signs, mortality, pathology or viremia. there was also no difference fo ...201727898335
influence of age and dose of african swine fever virus infections on clinical outcome and blood parameters in pigs.african swine fever (asf) is a fatal disease for domestic pigs, leading to serious economic losses in countries where asf is endemic. despite extensive research, efficient vaccines against asf are lacking. since peripheral blood cells are important mediators for vaccines, we study the impact of asf on blood parameters in pigs with different ages and infected with different doses of asf virus. four different groups were studied: (1) 12 weeks of age/low virus dose; (2) 12 weeks of age/high virus d ...201727875662
variations in clinical presentation and anatomical distribution of gross lesions of african swine fever in domestic pigs in the southern highlands of tanzania: a field experience.african swine fever is a contagious viral disease responsible for up to 100% mortality among domestic pigs. a longitudinal study was carried out to determine the clinical presentation and anatomical distribution of gross lesions in affected pigs in mbeya region, tanzania during the 2010 to 2014 outbreaks. data were collected during clinical and postmortem examination by field veterinarians and using a structured questionnaire. a total of 118 respondents (100%) showed awareness about african swin ...201727915438
different routes and doses influence protection in pigs immunised with the naturally attenuated african swine fever virus isolate ourt88/3.this study compares different combinations of doses and routes of immunisation of pigs with low virulent african swine fever virus (asfv) genotype i isolate ourt88/3, including the intramuscular and intranasal route, the latter not previously tested. intranasal immunisations with low and moderate doses (10(3) and 10(4) tcid50) of ourt88/3 provided complete protection (100%) against challenge with virulent genotype i ourt88/1 isolate. only mild and transient clinical reactions were observed in pr ...201727908827
dna-binding properties of the african swine fever virus pa104r, a histone-like protein involved in viral replication and transcription.african swine fever virus (asfv) codes for a putative histone-like protein (pa104r) with extensive sequence homology to bacterial proteins that are implicated in genome replication and packaging. functional characterization of purified recombinant pa104r revealed that it binds to ssdna and dsdna over a wide range of temperatures, ph values, salt concentrations and in an atp-independent manner, with an estimated binding site size of about 14-16 nucleotides. using site-directed mutagenesis, the ar ...201728381576
structural insight into african swine fever virus a179l-mediated inhibition of apoptosis.programmed cell death is a tightly controlled process critical for the removal of damaged or infected cells. pro- and antiapoptotic proteins of the bcl-2 family are pivotal mediators of this process. african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large dna virus, the only member of the asfarviridae family, and harbors a179l, a putative bcl-2 like protein. a179l has been shown to bind to several proapoptotic bcl-2 proteins; however, the hierarchy of binding and the structural basis for apoptosis inhibitio ...201728053104
characterization of the interaction of african swine fever virus with monocytes and derived macrophage subsets.african swine fever (asf) is a devastating disease for which there is no vaccine available. the asf virus (asfv) primarily infects cells of the myeloid lineage and this tropism is thought to be crucial for disease pathogenesis. a detailed in vitro characterization of the interactions of a virulent sardinian isolate (22653/14) and a tissue culture adapted avirulent strain (ba71v) of asfv with porcine monocytes, un-activated (momφ), classically (mom1) and alternatively (mom2) activated monocyte-de ...201728062012
unique 5'-p recognition and basis for dg:dgtp misincorporation of asfv dna polymerase x.african swine fever virus (asfv) can cause highly lethal disease in pigs and is becoming a global threat. asfv dna polymerase x (asfvpolx) is the most distinctive dna polymerase identified to date; it lacks two dna-binding domains (the thumb domain and 8-kd domain) conserved in the homologous proteins. asfvpolx catalyzes the gap-filling reaction during the dna repair process of the asfv virus genome; it is highly error prone and plays an important role during the strategic mutagenesis of the vir ...201728245220
safety and immunogenicity of mammalian cell derived and modified vaccinia ankara vectored african swine fever subunit antigens in swine.a reverse vaccinology system, vaxign, was used to identify and select a subset of five african swine fever (asf) antigens that were successfully purified from human embryonic kidney 293 (hek) cells and produced in modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) viral vectors. three hek-purified antigens [b646l (p72), e183l (p54), and o61r (p12)], and three mva-vectored antigens [b646l, ep153r, and ep402r (cd2v)] were evaluated using a prime-boost immunization regimen swine safety and immunogenicity study. ...201728241999
genetic assessment of african swine fever isolates involved in outbreaks in the democratic republic of congo between 2005 and 2012 reveals co-circulation of p72 genotypes i, ix and xiv, including 19 variants.african swine fever (asf) is a devastating disease of domestic pigs. it is a socioeconomically important disease, initially described from kenya, but subsequently reported in most sub-saharan countries. asf spread to europe, south america and the caribbean through multiple introductions which were initially eradicated-except for sardinia-followed by re‑introduction into europe in 2007. in this study of asf within the democratic republic of the congo, 62 domestic pig samples, collected between 20 ...201728218698
polymerase cross-linking spiral reaction (pclsr) for detection of african swine fever virus (asfv) in pigs and wild boars.the study reports the development of a polymerase cross-linking spiral reaction (pclsr) for the detection of african swine fever virus (asfv) dna in blood collected from infected pigs and wild boars. the method uses 3 specifically designed primers. two outer-spiral primers comprising of 3' sequences complementary to asfv p72 gene sequence and 5'end sequences complementary to exogenous gene of black widow alpha-latrotoxin as well as additional asfv specific cross-linking primer. the method is spe ...201728198455
identification of residues within the african swine fever virus dp71l protein required for dephosphorylation of translation initiation factor eif2α and inhibiting activation of pro-apoptotic chop.the african swine fever virus dp71l protein recruits protein phosphatase 1 (pp1) to dephosphorylate the translation initiation factor 2α (eif2α) and avoid shut-off of global protein synthesis and downstream activation of the pro-apoptotic factor chop. residues v16 and f18a were critical for binding of dp71l to pp1. mutation of this pp1 binding motif or deletion of residues between 52 and 66 reduced the ability of dp71l to cause dephosphorylation of eif2α and inhibit chop induction. the residues ...201728189088
co-circulation of multiple genotypes of african swine fever viruses among domestic pigs in zambia (2013-2015).during 2013-2015, several and severe outbreaks of african swine fever (asf) affected domestic pigs in six provinces of zambia. genetic characterization of asf viruses (asfvs) using standardized genotyping procedures revealed that genotypes i, ii and xiv were associated with these outbreaks. molecular and epidemiological data suggest that genotype ii asfv (georgia 2007/1-like) detected in northern province of zambia may have been introduced from neighbouring tanzania. also, a genotype ii virus de ...201728299893
african swine fever virus np868r capping enzyme promotes reovirus rescue during reverse genetics by promoting reovirus protein expression, virion assembly, and rna incorporation into infectious virions.reoviruses, like many eukaryotic viruses, contain an inverted 7-methylguanosine (m7g) cap linked to the 5' nucleotide of mrna. traditional functions of capping are to promote mrna stability, protein translation, and concealment from cellular proteins that recognize foreign rna. to address the role of mrna capping during reovirus replication, we assessed the benefits of adding the african swine fever virus np868r capping enzyme. c3p3, a fusion protein containing t7 rna polymerase and np868r, was ...201728298603
understanding african swine fever infection dynamics in sardinia using a spatially explicit transmission model in domestic pig farms.african swine fever virus (asfv) has been endemic in sardinia since 1978, resulting in severe losses for local pig producers and creating important problems for the island's veterinary authorities. this study used a spatially explicit stochastic transmission model followed by two regression models to investigate the dynamics of asfv spread amongst domestic pig farms, to identify geographic areas at highest risk and determine the role of different susceptible pig populations (registered domestic ...201728296281
polyvalent 2d entry inhibitors for pseudorabies and african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) is one of the most dangerous viruses for pigs and is endemic in africa but recently also spread into the russian federation and the eastern border of the eu. so far there is no vaccine or antiviral drug available to curtail the infection. thus, control strategies based on novel inhibitors are urgently needed. another highly relevant virus infection in pigs is aujeszky's disease caused by the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (prv). this article reports the synt ...201728296132
simultaneous deletion of the 9gl and uk genes from the african swine fever virus georgia 2007 isolate offers increased safety and protection against homologous challenge.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the etiological agent of a contagious and often lethal viral disease of domestic pigs that has significant economic consequences for the swine industry. the control of african swine fever (asf) has been hampered by the unavailability of vaccines. successful experimental vaccines have been derived from naturally occurring, cell culture-adapted, or genetically modified live attenuated asfv. recombinant viruses harboring engineered deletions of specific virulence ...201727795430
development of an updated pcr assay for detection of african swine fever virus.due to the current unavailability of vaccines or treatments for african swine fever (asf), which is caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), rapid and reliable detection of the virus is essential for timely implementation of emergency control measures and differentiation of asf from other swine diseases with similar clinical presentations. here, an improved pcr assay was developed and evaluated for sensitive and universal detection of asfv. primers specific for asfv were designed based on the ...201727714502
survival of african swine fever virus in excretions from pigs experimentally infected with the georgia 2007/1 isolate.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a lethal haemorrhagic disease of swine which can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals and their excretions or indirect contact with contaminated fomites. the shedding of asfv by infected pigs and the stability of asfv in the environment will determine the extent of environmental contamination. the recent outbreaks of asf in europe make it essential to develop disease transmission models in order to design effective control strategies ...201726104842
african swine fever: an unprecedented disaster and challenge to china.african swine fever (asf), caused by african swine fever virus, is a hemorrhagic and often fatal disease of domestic pigs and wild boar, which is notifiable to the world organization for animal health. on august 3, 2018, china reported the first outbreak of asf in shenyang, a northeastern city of china. as of october 8, a total of 33 asf outbreaks were reported in eight provinces in china, the biggest pork producer and consumer in the world.201830367672
inhibition of cgas-sting-tbk1 signaling pathway by dp96r of asfv china 2018/1.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a highly pathogenic large dna virus that causes african swine fever (asf) in domestic pigs and european wild boars with mortality rate up to 100%. the dp96r gene of asfv encodes one of the viral virulence factors, yet its action mechanism remains unknown. in this study, we report that dp96r of asfv china 2018/1 strain subverts type i ifn production in cgas sensing pathway. dp96r inhibited the cgas/sting, and tbk1 but not irf3-5d mediated ifn-β and isre promote ...201830348523
the intracellular proteome of african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) is a viral disease that affects members of the suidae family such as african bush pigs, warthogs, but also domestic pigs, and wild boar. it is transmitted by direct contact of naïve with infected animals, by soft ticks of the ornithodoros genus, or indirectly by movement of infected animals, improper disposal of contaminated animal products or other sources related to human activity. the recent spread of asf into eastern and central european countries is currently threa ...201830279544
complete genome sequence of an african swine fever virus (asfv pol/2015/podlaskie) determined directly from pig erythrocyte-associated nucleic acid.african swine fever (asf) is an important disease of domestic pigs and wild boar. the disease is caused by african swine fever virus (asfv). in 2014, asfv was introduced into eastern europe, and it has since then continued to spread within various eastern european countries. investigating differences in sequences between asfv isolates may be a valuable tool to understand differences in virulence among them, however currently, no complete genome sequences of the viruses responsible for the easter ...201830063908
infection of pigs with african swine fever virus via ingestion of stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans).within eastern europe, african swine fever virus (asfv) has unexpectedly spread to farms with high biosecurity. in an attempt to explain this process, pigs were allowed to ingest flies that had fed on asfv-spiked blood, which had a realistic titre for an infected pig. some of the pigs became infected with the virus. thus, ingestion of blood-sucking flies, having fed on asfv-infected wild boar before entering stables, represents a potential route for disease transmission.201829877056
evolution in europe of african swine fever genotype ii viruses from highly to moderately virulent.since its arrival in the caucasus and russia in 2007, african swine fever virus (asfv) has spread widely and has now affected the eu countries of estonia, latvia, lithuania, poland and, more recently, the czech republic and romania. the ever-increasing evidence of seropositive wild boar in certain areas suggests that some animals may be surviving for some time or could even be recovering from the disease. this could be due to acquired immunity after the primary infection and/or the presence of r ...201829778207
a review of african swine fever and the potential for introduction into the united states and the possibility of subsequent establishment in feral swine and native ticks.african swine fever (asf) is caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), which can cause substantial morbidity and mortality events in swine. the virus can be transmittedviadirect and indirect contacts with infected swine, their products, or competent vector species, especiallyornithodorosticks. africa and much of eastern europe are endemic for asf; a viral introduction to countries that are currently asf free could have severe economic consequences due to the loss of production from infected an ...201829468165
short time window for transmissibility of african swine fever virus from a contaminated environment.since the introduction of african swine fever virus (asfv) into the baltic states and poland in 2014, the disease has continued to spread within these regions. in 2017, the virus spread further west and the first cases of disease were reported in the czech republic and romania, in wild boar and domestic pigs, respectively. to control further spread, knowledge of different modes of transmission, including indirect transmission via a contaminated environment, is crucial. up until now, such an indi ...201829457702
ictv virus taxonomy profile: asfarviridae.the family asfarviridae includes the single species african swine fever virus, isolates of which have linear dsdna genomes of 170-194 kbp. virions have an internal core, an internal lipid membrane, an icosahedral capsid and an outer lipid envelope. infection of domestic pigs and wild boar results in an acute haemorrhagic fever with transmission by contact or ingestion, or by ticks of the genus ornithodoros. indigenous pigs act as reservoirs in africa, where infection is endemic, and from where i ...201829565243
african swine fever virus biology and vaccine approaches.african swine fever (asf) is an acute and often fatal disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, with severe economic consequences for affected countries. asf is endemic in sub-saharan africa and the island of sardinia, italy. since 2007, the virus emerged in the republic of georgia, and since then spread throughout the caucasus region and russia. outbreaks have also been reported in belarus, ukraine, lithuania, latvia, estonia, romania, moldova, czech republic, and poland, threatening neigh ...201829551143
modulation of type i interferon signaling by african swine fever virus (asfv) of different virulence l60 and nhv in macrophage host cells.asfv causes an important disease of domestic swine and wild boar. currently no vaccine is available, highlighting the necessity to understand asfv modulation of innate immune responses in natural host cells. with this aim, macrophage cultures enriched in swc9 and cd163 differentiation markers were infected in parallel with high virulent asfv/l60 and low virulent asfv/nhv, the latter lacking mgf 360 and 505/530 genes associated with type i interferon (ifn i) control. ifn i production and signalin ...201829519508
efficient inhibition of african swine fever virus replication by crispr/cas9 targeting of the viral p30 gene (cp204l).african swine fever is a devastating viral disease of domestic and wild pigs against which no vaccine or therapy is available. therefore, we applied the crispr (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) - cas9 nuclease system to target the double-stranded dna genome of african swine fever virus (asfv). to this end, a permissive wild boar lung (wsl) cell line was modified by stable transfection with a plasmid encoding cas9 and a guide rna targeting codons 71 to 78 of the phosphop ...201829362418
research gap analysis on african swine fever.the most significant knowledge gaps in the prevention and control of african swine fever (asf) were identified by the eu veterinary services and other stakeholders involved in pig production and wild boar management through an online survey. the respondents were asked to identify the major research needs in order to improve short-term asf risk management. four major gaps were identified: 'wild boar', 'african swine fever virus (asfv) survival and transmission', 'biosecurity' and 'surveillance'. ...201932626417
the first complete genomic sequences of african swine fever virus isolated in poland.african swine fever (asf) is a contagious, notifiable viral disease, which is considered a significant threat not only for european, but also for worldwide pork production, since recently the virus emerged within numerous chinese pig herds. the disease was introduced in poland in 2014 and up to the end of 2018,  213 outbreaks in pigs and 3347 cases in wild boars have been reported. the presented study describes the whole genome sequencing of seven polish isolates, collected between 2016 and 2017 ...201930872594
risk of african swine fever virus sylvatic establishment and spillover to domestic swine in the united states.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a high-consequence foreign animal disease that has emerged along international trade routes. owing to high lethality and resulting trade sanctions, establishment of this disease in the united states would have devastating economic consequences. asfv can be transmitted by soft ticks in the genus ornithodoros or directly between swine, including domestic, feral, and wild swine. consequently, the spatial risk of asfv establishment depends on where susceptible ...201930714881
attenuated and non-haemadsorbing (non-had) genotype ii african swine fever virus (asfv) isolated in europe, latvia 2017.a non-haemadsorbing (non-had) asf virus (asfv) genotype ii, namely lv17/wb/rie1, was isolated from a hunted wild boar in latvia in 2017. domestic pigs experimentally infected with the non-had asfv developed a nonspecific or subclinical form of the disease. two months later, these animals were fully protected when exposed to other domestic pigs infected with a related virulent had genotype ii asfv.201930667598
reviewing the potential vectors and hosts of african swine fever virus transmission in the united states.african swine fever virus (asfv) continues to threaten global animal health and agricultural biosecurity. mitigating the establishment of asfv in the united states (u.s.) is contingent on (1) the identification of arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts that are capable of viral maintenance and transmission in the u.s. and (2) knowledge of vector-host associations that may permit transmission. we aggregated data on vector competence, host competence and tick-host associations by systematic review ...201930785371
dna-protein vaccination strategy does not protect from challenge with african swine fever virus armenia 2007 strain.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes high morbidity and mortality in swine (sus scrofa), for which there is no commercially available vaccine. recent outbreaks of the virus in trans-caucasus countries, eastern europe, belgium and china highlight the urgent need to develop effective vaccines against asfv. previously, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a vaccination strategy designed to test various combinations of asfv antigens encoded by dna plasmids and recombinant proteins with the aim to a ...201930696015
phylogeographic analysis of african swine fever virus, western europe, 2018.in september 2018, african swine fever in wild boars was detected in belgium. we used african swine fever-infected spleen samples to perform a phylogenetic analysis of the virus. the causative strain belongs to genotype ii, and its closest relatives are viruses previously isolated in ukraine, belarus, estonia, and european russia.201930387416
serum-derived extracellular vesicles from african swine fever virus-infected pigs selectively recruit viral and porcine proteins.: african swine fever is a devastating hemorrhagic infectious disease, which affects domestic and wild swines (susscrofa) of all breeds and ages, with a high lethality of up to 90-100% in naïve animals. the causative agent, african swine fever virus (asfv), is a large and complex double-stranded dna arbovirus which is currently spreading worldwide, with serious socioeconomic consequences. there is no treatment or effective vaccine commercially available, and most of the current research is focus ...201931547130
transmission of african swine fever virus via carrier (survivor) pigs does occur.we investigated whether asf carrier pigs that had completely recovered from an acute infection with asfv netherlands '86, could transmit the disease to naive pigs by direct contact transmission. for this, we used pigs that had survived an asfv infection, had recovered from disease, and had become carriers of asfv. these clinically healthy carriers were put together one-by-one with naive contact pigs. two of the twelve contact pigs developed an acute asfv infection. using the results of the exper ...201931521391
risk analysis of african swine fever in poland based on spatio-temporal pattern and latin hypercube sampling, 2014-2017.african swine fever (asf) is a devastating infectious disease of pigs. asf poses a potential threat to the world pig industry, due to the lack of vaccines and treatments. in this study, the geographic information system (gis) spatial analysis was applied to analyze the distribution, dispersion of the epidemic and clustering of asf in poland.201931118049
summer 2018: african swine fever virus hits north-western europe. 201930383329
free-ranging pig and wild boar interactions in an endemic area of african swine fever.african swine fever virus (asfv) is spreading throughout eurasia and there is no vaccine nor treatment available, so the control is based on the implementation of strict sanitary measures. these measures include depopulation of infected and in-contact animals and export restrictions, which can lead to important economic losses, making currently african swine fever (asf) the greatest threat to the global swine industry. asf has been endemic on the island of sardinia since 1978, the longest persis ...201931737649
crystal structure of african swine fever virus dutpase reveals a potential drug target.e165r, a highly specific dutp nucleotidohydrolase (dutpase) encoded by the african swine fever virus (asfv) genome, is required for productive replication of asfv in swine macrophages. here, we solved the high-resolution crystal structures of e165r in its apo state and in complex with its product dump. structural analysis explicitly defined the architecture of the active site of the enzyme as well as the interaction between the active site and the dump ligand. by comparing the asfv e165r structu ...201931662460
african swine fever virus - persistence in different environmental conditions and the possibility of its indirect transmission.since 2007, african swine fever (asf) has posed a serious threat to the european swine industry. in poland, the numbers of reported outbreaks in pigs and affected areas grow every year. in 2018, the disease was noted in western europe, in belgium specifically, where several hundred infected wild boars have been detected so far. in 2018, the virus unexpectedly emerged in pig holdings in eastern china, northern mongolia, vietnam, and cambodia, causing worldwide concern about its further spread. si ...201931572808
bead-based multiplex assay for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to african swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) and classical swine fever (csf) are both highly contagious diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar. in the last years, several cases of both diseases have been reported in the caucasus, russian federation and eastern europe. thus, the probability of encountering these two viruses in the same area is increasing. since differentiation by clinical or post-mortem examination is not possible, laboratory tools for differential diagnosis are required. in the present work, we h ...201931572739
african swine fever: disease dynamics in wild boar experimentally infected with asfv isolates belonging to genotype i and ii.after the re-introduction of african swine fever virus (asfv) genotype ii isolates into georgia in 2007, the disease spread from eastern to western europe and then jumped first up to mongolian borders and later into china in august 2018, spreading out of control and reaching different countries of southeast asia in 2019. from the initial incursion, along with domestic pigs, wild boar displayed a high susceptibility to asfv and disease development. the disease established self-sustaining cycles w ...201931540341
the genetics of life and death: virus-host interactions underpinning resistance to african swine fever, a viral hemorrhagic disease.pathogen transmission from wildlife hosts to genetically distinct species is a major driver of disease emergence. african swine fever virus (asfv) persists in sub-saharan africa through a sylvatic cycle between warthogs and soft ticks that infest their burrows. the virus does not cause disease in these animals, however transmission of the virus to domestic pigs or wild boar causes a hemorrhagic fever that is invariably fatal. asfv transmits readily between domestic pigs and causes economic hards ...201931130984
identification and characterization of the 285l and k145r proteins of african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) is a lethal disease of domestic pigs and wild boar, against which no vaccines are available to date. the large dsdna genome of african swine fever virus (asfv) contains up to 167 orfs predicted to encode proteins. the functions and antigenic properties of many of these proteins are still unknown, which impedes vaccine development. based on the results of mass spectrometry-based proteome analyses of asfv-infected cells, two highly abundant but previously uncharacterized ...201931361215
the risk of infection by african swine fever virus in european swine through boar movement and legal trade of pigs and pig meat.african swine fever (asf) is currently spreading westwards throughout europe and eastwards into china, with cases occurring in both wild boar and domestic pigs. a generic risk assessment framework is used to determine the probability of first infection with asf virus (asfv) at a fine spatial scale across european union member states. the framework aims to assist risk managers across europe with their asf surveillance and intervention activities. performing the risk assessment at a fine spatial s ...201931998765
first oral vaccination of eurasian wild boar against african swine fever virus genotype ii.african swine fever (asf), the most significant threat to the pig industry worldwide, has spread to more than 55 countries on three continents, and it affects more than 77% of the world swine population. in the european union, wild boar (sus scrofa) is the most severely affected host. the main reasons for the unprecedented and constant spread of asf in europe are the trade activities, the continuous movement of infected-wild boar populations among regions and the lack of vaccine to prevent asf i ...201931106218
newly emerged african swine fever virus strain belgium/etalle/wb/2018: complete genomic sequence and comparative analysis with reference p72 genotype ii strains.in a new example of pathogens hopscotching the globe, african swine fever virus hit north-western europe's wildlife in summer 2018, marking a further spread of a disease that had invaded central and eastern europe recently. the complete genomic sequence of the belgium/etalle/wb/2018 virus is reported, with the hope it will provide a valuable tool for tracing geographical spread and biologic evolution of the virus.201931332955
african swine fever virus evasion of host defences.african swine fever virus causes a haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. the continuing spread in africa, europe and asia threatens the global pig industry. the lack of a vaccine limits disease control. to underpin rational strategies for vaccine development improved knowledge is needed of how the virus interacts with and modulates the host's responses to infection. the virus long double-stranded dna genome codes for more than 160 proteins of which many are non-essential for replica ...201930959069
african swine fever virus armenia/07 virulent strain controls interferon beta production through the cgas-sting pathway.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a complex, cytoplasmic double-stranded dna (dsdna) virus that is currently expanding throughout the world. currently, circulating virulent genotype ii armenia/07-like viruses cause fatal disease in pigs and wild boar, whereas attenuated strains induce infections with various levels of chronic illness. sensing cytosolic dsdna, mainly by the key dna sensor cyclic gmp-amp synthase (cgas), leads to the synthesis of type i interferon and involves signaling through ...201930918080
african swine fever.the continuing spread of african swine fever (asf) outside africa in europe, the russian federation, china and most recently to mongolia and vietnam, has heightened awareness of the threat posed by this devastating disease to the global pig industry and food security. in this review we summarise what we know about the african swine fever virus (asfv), the disease it causes, how it spreads and the current global situation. we discuss current control methods in domestic and wild pigs and prospects ...201930836106
cas12a-based on-site and rapid nucleic acid detection of african swine fever.the mortality rate of hemorrhagic african swine fever (asf), which targets domestic pigs and wild boars is caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), can reach 100%. since the first confirmed asf outbreak in china on 3 august 2018, 156 asf outbreaks were detected in 32 provinces. about 1,170,000 pigs were culled in order to halt further spread. there is no effective treatment or vaccine for it and the present molecular diagnosis technologies have trade-offs in sensitivity, specificity, cost and ...201931921018
african swine fever virus replication events and cell nucleus: new insights and perspectives.african swine fever (asf) is currently matter for major concerns in global swine industry as it is highly contagious and causes acute fatal haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. the absence of effective vaccines and treatments pushes asf control to relay on strict sanitary and stamping out measures with costly socio-economic impacts. the current epidemic scenario of fast spreading throughout asiatic countries impels further studies on prevention and combat strategies against asf. he ...201931319112
genetic characterization of african swine fever virus in cameroon, 2010-2018.african swine fever (asf) is a highly lethal haemorrhagic disease in domestic and wild swine that has acquired great importance in sub-saharan africa since 1997. asf was first reported in cameroon in 1982 and was detected only in southern cameroon (south, west, east, northwest, southwest, littoral, and centre regions) until february 2010 when suspected asf outbreaks were reported in the north and far north regions. we investigated those outbreaks by analysing samples that were collected from sic ...201930929230
development of vaccines against african swine fever virus.an outbreak in the caucasus in 2007 initiated the spread of asfv through russia and eastern europe, subsequently affecting ukraine, belarus, poland, the baltic states, the czech republic, moldova, romania and bulgaria. the declaration of outbreaks in china and central europe in august 2018, definitely confirms the serious threat that the extension of asf represents for the global swine industry and the environment. despite the efforts of several groups to generate a vaccine against asfv, current ...201930922809
the epidemiological status of african swine fever in domestic swine herds in the tavush province region, armenia.keen the factors associated with the spread and persistence of african swine fever (asf) in the caucasus region remain to be fully identified. it is assumed that large naive populations of domestic free-ranging and wild pigs are critical to disease transmission and maintenance. nonetheless, 11 years since its epidemic introduction into the region in 2007, asf virus (asfv) is still circulating, suggesting that an endemic cycle has been established based on contact between free-ranging domestic pi ...201932286569
adenovirus-vectored african swine fever virus antigen cocktails are immunogenic but not protective against intranasal challenge with georgia 2007/1 isolate.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a hemorrhagic disease in swine and wild boars with a fatality rate close to 100%. less virulent strains cause subchronic or chronic forms of the disease. the virus is endemic in sub-saharan africa and an outbreak in georgia in 2007 spread to armenia, russia, ukraine, belarus, poland, lithuania, and latvia. in august 2018, there was an outbreak in china and in april 2019, asfv was reported in vietnam and cambodia. since no vaccine or treatment exists, a vac ...201931282366
comparative vector competence of the afrotropical soft tick ornithodoros moubata and palearctic species, o. erraticus and o. verrucosus, for african swine fever virus strains circulating in eurasia.african swine fever (asf) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild suids caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), which threatens the swine industry globally. in its native african enzootic foci, asfv is naturally circulating between soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros, especially in the o. moubata group, and wild reservoir suids, such as warthogs (phacochoerus spp.) that are bitten by infected soft ticks inhabiting their burrows. while the ability of some afrotropical soft ...201931774871
distinct african swine fever virus shedding in wild boar infected with virulent and attenuated isolates.since the reappearance of african swine fever virus (asfv), the disease has spread in an unprecedented animal pandemic in eurasia. asf currently constitutes the greatest global problem for the swine industry. the wild boar (sus scrofa) in which the pathogen has established wild self-sustaining cycles, is a key reservoir for asfv, signifying that there is an urgent need to develop an effective vaccine against this virus. current scientific debate addresses whether live attenuated vaccines (lavs), ...202033339147
the contribution of insects to african swine fever virus dispersal: data from domestic pig farms in lithuania.outbreaks of african swine fever (asf) in domestic pig farms in lithuania typically begin in june and are detected through october, suggesting that insects might be involved in the transmission of the virus. entomological collecting was performed to obtain two data sets: from farms with asf outbreaks, and from farms without asf outbreaks but in an asf-infected area. target insects from the families muscidae, calliphoridae and tabanidae were analysed for the presence of asf virus (asfv) dna. musc ...202033314280
rapid detection of african swine fever virus using cas12a-based portable paper diagnostics.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a dsdna virus responsible for a severe, highly contagious, and lethal disease affecting both domestic and wild pigs. asfv has brought enormous economic loss to a number of countries, and effective vaccine and therapy are still lacking. therefore, a rapid, sensitive, and field-deployable detection of asfv is important for disease surveillance and control. herein, we developed a cas12a-mediated portable paper assay to rapidly and precisely detect asfv. we identi ...202033824296
african swine fever virus structural protein p17 inhibits cell proliferation through er stress-ros mediated cell cycle arrest.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a highly pathogenic large dna virus that causes african swine fever (asf) in domestic pigs and wild boars. the p17 protein, encoded by the d117l gene, is a major transmembrane protein of the capsid and the inner lipid envelope. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of p17 on cell proliferation and the underlying mechanisms of action. the effects of p17 on cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (er) ...202033374251
detection of african swine fever virus in free-ranging wild boar in southeast asia.african swine fever (asf) is a highly contagious and fatal viral disease affecting both domestic and wild suids. the virus was introduced to southeast asia in early 2019 and has since spread rapidly throughout the region. although significant efforts have been made to track and diagnose the disease in domestic pigs, very little is known about asf in free-ranging wild boar and their potential role in maintaining the disease within southeast asia. through a collaboration between government and non ...202033351995
african swine fever: a permanent threat to indian pigs.india has 9 million pigs, of which 45% are in the north eastern (ne) states of india. viral diseases affecting pigs are a major concern of mortality causing huge loss to the pig farmers. one such disease is african swine fever (asf) that has already knocked the porous borders of ne states of india. asf is a highly contagious devastating disease of pigs and wild boars causing 100% mortality. the causative agent african swine fever virus (asfv) belongs to the genus asfivirus, family asfarviridae. ...202033281367
genetic analysis of african swine fever virus from the 2018 outbreak in south-eastern burundi.african swine fever (asf) is a contagious viral disease that causes high mortality, approaching 100%, in domestic pigs and wild boars. the disease has neither a cure nor a vaccine, and it is caused by an asf virus (asfv), the only member of the family asfarviridae, genus asfivirus, and the only known dna arbovirus. twenty-four genotypes of asfv have been described to date, and all of them have been described in africa. asf is endemic in burundi, and several outbreaks have been reported in the co ...202033251264
stability of african swine fever virus in soil and options to mitigate the potential transmission risk.understanding african swine fever virus (asfv) transmission is essential for strategies to minimize virus spread during an outbreak. asfv can survive for extended time periods in animal products, carcasses, and the environment. while the asfv genome was found in environments around infected farms, data on the virus survival in soil are scarce. we investigated different soil matrices spiked with asfv-positive blood from infected wild boar to see if asfv can remain infectious in the soil beneath i ...202033238521
identification of african swine fever virus-like elements in the soft tick genome provides insights into the virus' evolution.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a most devastating pathogen affecting swine. in 2007, asfv was introduced into eastern europe where it continuously circulates and recently reached western europe and asia, leading to a socio-economic crisis of global proportion. in africa, where asfv was first described in 1921, it is transmitted between warthogs and soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros in a so-called sylvatic cycle. however, analyses into this virus' evolution are aggravated by the absence o ...202033032594
the recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing african swine fever virus cd2v protein is safe and effective in mice.african swine fever (asf) leads to high mortality in domestic pigs and wild boar and is caused by the african swine fever virus (asfv). currently, no vaccine is commercially available for prevention, and the epidemic is still spreading. here, we constructed a recombinant pseudorabies virus (prv) (prv-δge/δgi/δtk-(cd2v)) that expresses the cd2v protein of asfv and evaluated its effectiveness and safety as a vaccine candidate in mice.202033198749
detection of african swine fever virus genotype xv in a sylvatic cycle in saadani national park, tanzania.african swine fever (asf) is a severe hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs caused by asf virus (asfv). asfv is transmitted by soft ticks (ornithodoros moubata complex group) and by direct transmission. in africa, asf is maintained in transmission cycles of asymptomatic infection involving wild suids, mainly warthogs (phacochoerus africanus). asf outbreaks have been reported in many parts of tanzania; however, active surveillance has been limited to pig farms in a few geographical locations. ther ...202032696552
substitution of warthog nf-κb motifs into rela of domestic pigs is not sufficient to confer resilience to african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a lethal, haemorrhagic disease in domestic swine that threatens pig production across the globe. unlike domestic pigs, warthogs, which are wildlife hosts of the virus, do not succumb to the lethal effects of infection. there are three amino acid differences between the sequence of the warthog and domestic pig rela protein; a subunit of the nf-κb transcription factor that plays a key role in regulating the immune response to infections. domestic pigs with a ...202032488046
[characteristics of african swine fever virus and difficulties in vaccine development].african swine fever (asf) is a devastating disease of pigs caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), which is considered to be the no. 1 killer to the global pig industry. highly virulent strains are usually responsible for the peracute and acute forms that provoke high mortality rates that may reach 100%. since asf was first introduced in august 2018 into china, 137 outbreaks in domestic and wild pigs had been reported from 32 provinces by june 06, 2019, causing severe socioeconomic consequen ...202032072777
rapid detection of african swine fever virus using cas12a-based portable paper diagnostics.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a dsdna virus responsible for a severe, highly contagious, and lethal disease affecting both domestic and wild pigs. asfv has brought enormous economic loss to a number of countries, and effective vaccine and therapy are still lacking. therefore, a rapid, sensitive, and field-deployable detection of asfv is important for disease surveillance and control. herein, we developed a cas12a-mediated portable paper assay to rapidly and precisely detect asfv. we identi ...202032284877
assessment of the impact of forestry and leisure activities on wild boar spatial disturbance with a potential application to asf risk of spread.in europe, african swine fever virus (asfv) is one of the most threatening infectious transboundary diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar. in september 2018, asf was detected in wild boar in the south of belgium. france, as a bordering country, is extremely concerned about the asf situation in belgium, and an active preparedness is ongoing in the country. one of the questions raised by this situation relates to disturbing activities that may affect wild boar movements and their possible impact ...202031821736
stability of african swine fever virus on heat-treated field crops.african swine fever (asf) is an infectious disease of pigs and represents a massive threat to animal health and the pig industry worldwide. the asf virus (asfv) is efficiently transmitted via blood and meat from infected animals and can be highly stable in the environment. there is therefore great concern about the potential role of contaminated raw materials used for feed or bedding in the spread of asfv. especially crops and derived products originating from areas with asf in wild boar and thu ...202032460443
a recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick for rapid and specific detection of african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) is an acute, hemorrhagic, highly contagious disease caused by african swine fever virus (asfv) infection of domestic pigs and wild boars, showing mortality rates up to 100 %. there are no effective vaccines or antiviral drugs available for asfv. therefore, disease control is mainly based on animal slaughtering and the enforcement of strict sanitary measures. in order to establish a rapid, sensitive and simple method for on-site detection of asfv, a recombinase polymeras ...202032492462
the african swine fever virus isolate belgium 2018/1 shows high virulence in european wild boar.african swine fever (asf) is one of the most important and complex viral diseases in domestic pigs and wild boar. over the last decade, the disease has spread to several european and asian countries and is now one of the major threats to profitable pig production worldwide. one of the more recently affected western countries is belgium. to date, only wild boar are affected in a rather defined area in the luxembourg region close to france, luxembourg and germany. while detailed sequence analyses ...202032009303
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