Publications

antioxidants as well as oxidants activate c-fos via ras-dependent activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 2 and elk-1.	intracellular reactive oxygen intermediate (roi) levels play an important role in numerous physiological and pathophysiological conditions. apart from causing oxidative stress and damage, roi changes differentially activate gene expression. however the proto-oncogene encoding the ap-1 transcription factor subunit c-fos is induced by both prooxidants and antioxidants. here, the transcription factor elk-1 is identified as being responsible for c-fos serum response element (sre) induction in respon ...	1997	9063444
study of gene regulation by nf-kappa b and ap-1 in response to reactive oxygen intermediates.	reactive oxygen intermediates (rois), such as hydrogen peroxide or superoxide, are an evolutionarily ancient threat to all organisms. exposure of bacteria to rois initiates a genetic program that coordinates the production of novel proteins with protective functions. this genetic response is mediated by regulatory proteins that have the potential to initiate transcription of genes when the levels of the rois increase. in plant cells, a variety of viral pathogens increase hydrogen peroxide produc ...	1997	9073573
expression of neurotrophin-3 in the growing velvet antler of the red deer cervus elaphus.	antlers are organs of bone which regenerate each year from the heads of male deer. in addition to bone, support tissues such as nerves also regenerate. nerves must grow at up to 1 cm/day. the control of this rapid growth of nerves is unknown. we examined the relative expression of neurotrophin-3 (nt-3) mrna in the different tissues of the growing antler tip and along the epidermal/dermal layer of the antler shaft of the red deer cervus elaphus, using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polym ...	1997	9343309
characterization of the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase allozymes in the deer cervus elaphus.	the cdna sequences for cu,zn superoxide dismutase from two cervus elaphus subspecies, north american wapiti and european red deer, were determined. the derived amino acid sequences showed two differences: residue 8 was leu in wapiti and met in red deer and residue 25 was his in wapiti and asn in red deer. the extra positive charge at position 25 in the wapiti isoform accounted for its greater mobility towards the cathode during non-denaturing electrophoresis, a procedure widely used in the genet ...	1997	9345726
effects of season, protein and nutritional state on glucose tolerance during an annual cycle of growth in young red deer stags.	two hypotheses were tested in gonad-intact, young (aged 6-18 months), growing red deer stags during an annual growth cycle. first, that glucose clearance rate is faster during summer than during winter. secondly, that increased dietary protein availability will enhance winter growth. stags were randomly assigned into one of two groups: group 1 (n = 5) had 16% while group 2 (n = 6) had 48% of dietary protein naturally protected against fermentative degradation in the rumen. total crude protein an ...	1997	9291838
characterisation of the human cd30 ligand gene structure.	the gene for the human cd30 ligand was molecularly cloned, sequenced and characterised. the gene structure consisted of four exons and three intervening introns spaced over 17.1 kb of genomic dna. the 5' flanking region of the cd30l gene was sequenced and analysis of the region revealed the presence of several regulatory regions including a poly-dt element directly upstream from the transcription start site and consensus sequences for ap4, ik2, mzf1, e47 and elk/cets1. the absence of a canionica ...	1997	9349718
isolation and characterization of a coronavirus from elk calves with diarrhea.	this is the first report of the isolation of a coronavirus from elk calves. two fecal samples from elk calves with diarrhea were shown to be positive for coronavirus-like particles by electron microscopy, and the particles were propagated in the human rectal tumor-18 cell line. after 24 h, syncytia were observed, and cell culture supernatants from both samples showed hemagglutinating activity with mouse erythrocytes. cells infected with both elk coronavirus (ecv) isolates reacted with z3a5, a mo ...	1997	9350763
cross-cascade activation of erks and ternary complex factors by rho family proteins.	mitogens promote cell growth through integrated signal transduction networks that alter cellular metabolism, gene expression and cytoskeletal organization. many such signals are propagated through activation of map kinase cascades partly regulated by upstream small gtp-binding proteins. interactions among cascades are suspected but not defined. here we show that rho family small g proteins such as rac1 and cdc42hs, which activate the jnk/sapk pathway, cooperate with raf-1 to activate the erk pat ...	1997	9351825
expression and localization of prolactin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in red deer ovary during the estrous cycle and pregnancy.	in this study, expression of the prolactin receptor (prl-r) gene in the ovaries of cycling and pregnant red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds was investigated. a 1.9-kilobase (kb) cdna encoding the cervine long-form prl-r was amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction from corpus luteum (cl) and liver poly(a)+ rna. northern hybridization revealed a major mrna transcript of 3.5 kb in both tissues. prl-r mrna transcripts were localized by in situ hybridization in 15-micron frozen secti ...	1997	9314591
sequencing analysis of prion genes from red deer and camel.	an abnormal isoform of the prion protein (prp) appears to be the agent responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse). the normal isoform of prp is host-encoded and expressed in the central nervous system. the recent bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) epidemic in the uk and the incidence of prion-related diseases in other animals could indicate that ruminants are highly susceptible to infection via ingestion of prion-contaminated food. sequence analysis of prp gene open read ...	1997	9358067
fli1 and ews-fli1 function as ternary complex factors and elk1 and sap1a function as ternary and quaternary complex factors on the egr1 promoter serum response elements.	the ets gene products are a family of transcriptional regulatory proteins that contain a highly conserved and structurally unique dna binding domain, termed the ets domain. several ets proteins bind to dna as monomers, however it has been shown that the dna binding activity is enhanced or modulated in the presence of other factors. by differential display and whole genome pcr techniques, we have recently shown that the erg1 gene is a target for ets proteins. the egr1 promoter contains multiple e ...	1997	9010223
some haematological and immunological parameters of farmed deer in hungary.	a haematological survey of farmed fallow deer (dama dama) and red deer (cervus elaphus) was carried out. in the winter period the red blood cell (rbc) count was 9.0 x 10(12)/l in adult fallow-does, and 6.1 x 10(12)/l in fawns. the haemoglobin (hb) level and mean corpuscular volume (mcv) were also significantly (p < 0.05) lower in fawns than in adult fallow deer. in blood samples taken from red deer in different physiological and nutritional periods, the stags showed the lowest mean rbc count in ...	1997	9270131
formate and ethanol are the major products of glycerol fermentation produced by a klebsiella planticola strain isolated from red deer.	the rumen contents of red deer (cervus elaphus) were used to isolate bacterial capable of fermenting glycerol. the biochemistry, physiology, morphology and phylogeny of one isolate were studied in detail. the isolate (dr3) was tentatively identified as a strain of the species klebsiella planticola as based on phenotypic characterization. the data obtained from 16s rrna sequence analysis showed that the deer rumen isolate dr3 was 99.7% similar to the type strain of kl. planticola (dsm 3069t), thu ...	1997	9281820
hypoxia induces c-fos transcription via a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway.	hypoxia is a pathophysiological condition that occurs during injury, ischemia, and stroke. it is characterized by a decrease of reactive oxygen intermediates and a change of the intracellular redox level. in tumors hypoxia is regarded as a trigger for enhanced growth and metastasis. here we report that in hela cells, hypoxic conditions induce the transcriptional activation of c-fos transcription via the serum response element. mutations in the binding site for the ternary complex factor elk-1 an ...	1997	9287359
activation of the sap-1a transcription factor by the c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk) mitogen-activated protein kinase.	ternary complex factors (tcfs) bind to the serum response element in the c-fos promoter and mediate its activation by many extracellular stimuli. some of these stimuli activate the erk subclass of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) that target the tcf sap-1a. we show that sap-1a is also phosphorylated by the stress-activated jnk subclass of mapks leading to stimulation of both c-fos serum response element and e74-site-dependent transcription in rk13 cells. several jnk-1 phosphorylation si ...	1997	9020136
activation of stress-activated protein kinase-3 (sapk3) by cytokines and cellular stresses is mediated via sapkk3 (mkk6); comparison of the specificities of sapk3 and sapk2 (rk/p38).	stress-activated protein kinase-3 (sapk3), a recently described map kinase family member with a wide-spread tissue distribution, was transfected into several mammalian cell lines and shown to be activated in response to cellular stresses, interleukin-1 (il-1) and tumour necrosis factor (tnf) in a similar manner to sapk1 (also termed jnk) and sapk2 (also termed p38, rk, csbp and mxi2). sapk3 and sapk2 were activated at similar rates in vitro by sapkk3 (also termed mkk6), and sapkk3 was the only a ...	1997	9029150
[the finding of eimeria alces (eucoccidiida) in the elk alces alces of bryansk province].	the microsporidia eimeria alces, arnastauskiene, 1971 has been recorded from fecal probes of elks (alces alces) in bryansk province. the oocyst measure 40.6 + 2.0 x x 28.6 + 1.0 mkm.	1997	9304107
decreased potassium stimulates bone resorption.	metabolic acidosis induces net calcium efflux (jca+) from cultured bone, in part, through an increase in osteoclastic resorption and a decrease in osteoblastic formation. in humans provision of base as potassium (k+) citrate, but not sodium (na+) citrate, reduces urine ca (uca), and oral khco3 decreases bone resorption and uca in postmenopausal women. potassium deprivation alone leads to an increase in uca. to determine whether decreased extracellular k+ concentration ([k+]) at a constant ph, pc ...	1997	9227639
juxtamembrane tyrosine residues couple the eph family receptor ephb2/nuk to specific sh2 domain proteins in neuronal cells.	eph-related receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the control of axonal navigation and fasciculation. to investigate the biochemical mechanisms underlying such functions, we have expressed the ephb2 receptor (formerly nuk/cek5/sek3) in neuronal ng108-15 cells, and have observed the tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple cellular proteins upon activation of ephb2 by its ligand, ephrin-b1 (formerly elk-l/lerk2). the activated ephb2 receptor induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of a 62-64 ...	1997	9233798
calcium controls gene expression via three distinct pathways that can function independently of the ras/mitogen-activated protein kinases (erks) signaling cascade.	calcium ions are the principal second messenger in the control of gene expression by electrical activation of neurons. however, the full complexity of calcium-signaling pathways leading to transcriptional activation and the cellular machinery involved are not known. using the c-fos gene as a model system, we show here that the activity of its complex promoter is controlled by three independently operating signaling mechanisms and that their functional significance is cell type-dependent. the ser ...	1997	9236230
lerk-7: a ligand of the eph-related kinases is developmentally regulated in the brain.	the eph family is the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (rtks). members of this subfamily display specific expression in the developing and adult brain. recently, cdnas encoding membrane bound ligands for these receptors have been identified which we have termed lerks (ligand for eph-related kinases). we report here the isolation of lerk-7 from a human fetal brain cdna library. lerk-7 encodes a protein of 228 amino acids and is anchored to the membrane by glycosyl-phosphatidylinosit ...	1997	9245480
detection of mycobacterium bovis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of cattle and elk by pcr amplification of an is6110 sequence specific for mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms.	a presumptive diagnosis of tuberculosis can be made if a tissue has characteristic histopathologic changes and acid-fast organisms. however, definitive diagnosis requires culture and species identification of the causative mycobacterium, a process that takes several weeks to complete. the purpose of work reported here was to determine if formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues could be tested by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to provide a more rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis. nondecalcified t ...	1997	9249162
radiometric culture of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis from the feces of tule elk.	to determine if mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis has persisted in tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) at point reyes national seashore (california, usa), 100 fresh fecal samples were collected. feces were cultured on a modified bactec 12b radiometric medium for detection of m. avium paratuberculosis. four samples, coming from two separate groups of elk tested positive for m. avium paratuberculosis. thus, a noninvasive technique was used to document the continued presence of m. avium paratuber ...	1997	9249713
abnormal antler growth associated with testicular hypogonadism in red deer.	a wild 5-yr-old red deer (cervus elaphus) was eulled from a privately owned herd because of deformed antlers, retained velvet and bilateral symmetrical testicular hypogonadism. the clinical and pathological changes seen in this deer were most consistent with congenital hypoplasia, but testicular atrophy was an alternative possibility for the etiology of their condition.	1997	9249723
high sequence homology of the prp gene in mule deer and rocky mountain elk.		1997	9250209
the effect of formalin on rumen surface area in red deer.	previously published studies have related the surface area of rumen wall to diet. the validity of studies that utilize preserved material depends upon the predictability of any change in rumen dimension brought about by preservation. changes in the surface are of different sections of the rumen wall of red deer (cervus elaphus) were monitored after immersion in 10% formal saline solution at room temperature for 2, 7 and 14 days. there was a high degree of variability (0-39.5%) in wall-area reduc ...	1997	9210784
the regulation of tcf transcription factors by map kinase cascades.		1997	9191197
the dengue virus nonstructural-1 protein (ns1) generates antibodies to common epitopes on human blood clotting, integrin/adhesin proteins and binds to human endothelial cells: potential implications in haemorrhagic fever pathogenesis.	antibody responses generated by mice to the dengue-2 virus ns1 protein (d-2v ns1) were influenced by mhc class ii (i-a) haplotype but each antiserum cross-reacted with human fibrinogen, thrombocytes and endothelial cells. to investigate these findings, a highly avid subclone (mab 1g5.4-a1-c3) was selected from a parent hybridoma that secreted a monoclonal antibody (mab) specific for the native dimeric form of d-2v ns1. when mab reactions were compared using a panel of overlapping synthetic pepti ...	1997	9191856
survey of free-ranging elk from wyoming and montana for selected pathogens.	from december 1991 through january 1995, a disease survey was conducted on herds of free-ranging, hunter-killed elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) from three areas in proximity to yellowstone national park (ynp), wyoming (usa), after tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis was discovered in a captive herd of elk in the area. complete or partial sets of specimens from 289 elk collected between december 1991 and january 1993 were examined histologically; no mycobacterial lesions were observed. lesion ...	1997	9131561
molecular characterization of the b-box protein-protein interaction motif of the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1.	the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of ets-domain transcription factors form ternary complexes with the serum response factor (srf) and the c-fos sre. extracellular signals are relayed via map kinase signal transduction pathways through the tcf component of the ternary complex. protein-protein interactions between tcfs and srf play an essential role in formation of this ternary complex. a 30 amino acid sequence encompassing the tcf b-box is sufficient to mediate interactions with srf. in ...	1997	9171356
physiological responses of red deer (cervus elaphus) to conditions experienced during road transport.	remote heart rate and blood sampling devices were attached to transported red deer stags to assess the effects of several road transport parameters on physiological responses associated with welfare. stocking density had a significant influence on heart rates and plasma lactate concentrations. heart rates of deer transported at a high density (0.38 m2 per 84 kg animal) were 10-13% higher than those of deer transported at medium (0.62 m2) or low densities (0.85 m2). lactate concentrations of anim ...	1997	9177568
[changes in the placenta of the elk alces alces l. during pregnancy (morphometric research)].	elk placentomes were studied during different stages of pregnancy using morphometry and optico-structural computerised analysis. histological sections and smears from the surface of placentome section were made for that. placentome were obtained from animals subjected to legal shooting in hunting districts of novosibirsk. the attention was focused on the examination of cellular elements that constitute a trophoblastic lining and on distribution of capillaries maximally close to trophoblast in ch ...	1997	9156763
domain exchanges between knat3 and knat1 suggest specificity of the kn1-like homeodomains requires sequences outside of the third helix and n-terminal arm of the homeodomain.	domain exchange constructs that traded regions surrounding the homeodomain were constructed for two kn1-like genes, knat1 and knat3, and introduced into arabidopsis thaliana under the control of the 35s camv promoter. the kn1-like homeodomain proteins all have the homeodomain located near the c-terminus of the protein, and also share a second conserved domain (the elk domain) immediately n-terminal to the homeodomain. progeny were scored for the appearance of the knat1 overexpression phenotype. ...	1997	9161041
melatonin receptors in red deer fetuses (cervus elaphus).	red deer (cervus elaphus) exhibit highly seasonal rhythms in physiology and behaviour. the influence of photoperiod on the timing of these changes begins in utero where the fetus receives photoperiodic information via the diurnal pattern of maternal melatonin secretion. the potential sensitivity of deer fetuses to melatonin was ascertained by mapping specific receptors and characterizing them using 2-[125i]iodomelatonin and quantitative autoradiography in vitro. specific binding occurred from da ...	1997	9227368
[enzootic spinal ataxia in fallow and wild red deer in upper bavaria].	since 1993 several cases of spinal ataxia occurred in adult red and/or fallow deer in four farms in southern bavaria. the disease based on a secondary copper deficiency due to a high level of molybden and a low level of copper content in the feed. some of the animals suffer from a severe disturbance of motion. in most cases the animals are shot at the beginning of illness. histologically the most important lesions are in the spinal cord consisting mainly in a bilateral symmetric degeneration of ...	1997	9451765
insulin-like growth factor-i-mediated neurite outgrowth in vitro requires mitogen-activated protein kinase activation.	insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) induces neuronal differentiation in vitro. in the present study, we examined the signaling pathway underlying igf-i-mediated neurite outgrowth. in sh-sy5y human neuroblastoma cells, treatment with igf-i induced concentration- and time-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of the type i igf receptor (igf-ir) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (erk) 1 and 2. these effects of igf-i were blocked by a neutralizing antibody against igf-ir. whereas igf- ...	1997	9261137
cloning and characterisation of the gene encoding red deer (cervus elaphus) growth hormone: implications for the molecular evolution of growth hormone in artiodactyls.	in mammals the structure of pituitary gh is generally strongly conserved, indicating a slow basal rate of molecular evolution. however, on two occasions, during the evolution of primates and of artiodactyls, the rate of evolution has increased dramatically (25- to 50-fold) so that the sequences of human and ruminant ghs differ markedly from those of other mammalian ghs. in order to define further the burst of gh evolution that occurred in artiodactyls we have cloned and characterised the gh gene ...	1997	9460647
effect of pregnancy and exogenous interferon on synchronous pulsatile release of oxytocin and luteolytic prostaglandin f2 alpha in red deer (cervus elaphus).	three experiments were carried out to investigate the secretion of luteolytic hormones in red deer hinds during the oestrous cycle, early pregnancy and after administration of interferon, the putative pregnancy recognition signal. three groups of hinds (n = 8-9 per group) were treated with progesterone-impregnated intravaginal controlled internal drug releasing (cidr) devices for 13 days (device withdrawal = day 0). group 1 (n = 9) served as controls; group 2 (n = 8) received injections of 4 mg ...	1997	9462299
why do animals repeat displays?	both agonistic and sexual animal displays often involve more than one performance of some specific display action. since repetition is energetically costly there must be good reasons why a signaller should carry out such repetitive actions, rather than simply displaying once. we briefly review three different 'reasons' which arise from three different receiver assessment rules: when assessment is based on the average magnitude of all display actions so far, the reason for the repetition is to im ...	1997	9268441
epizootiology of sarcoptic mange in a population of cantabrian chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica parva) in northwestern spain.	in may of 1993, an epizootic of sarcoptic mange (sarcoptes scabiei) was detected in the chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica parva) population of the cantabrian mountains in northwestern spain. the epizootic initially spread across an area inhabited by some 1600 chamois. mortality was lower than reported for other populations of ungulates. the maximum number of animals were affected from february to may. four red deer (cervus elaphus) and a roe deer (capreolus capreolus), were diagnosed with sarcoptic m ...	1997	9477502
extensive splice variation and localization of the ehk-1 receptor tyrosine kinase in adult human brain and glial tumors.	ehk-1 is a neuronal elk-related receptor tyrosine kinase which interacts with multiple, membrane-anchored ligands. recent experiments have suggested a role for some of these ligands in the formation of neuronal pathways. here, we report the isolation of human ehk-1 cdnas and the localization of the human ehk-1 gene to chromosome 4q12. six ehk-1 mrna splice variants encoding cell-surface receptors with catalytic domains were identified in adult human brain where a 120-kda ehk-1 protein predominat ...	1997	9191074
conditional expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) phosphatase mkp-1 preferentially inhibits p38 mapk and stress-activated protein kinase in u937 cells.	phorbol ester tumor promoters, such as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma), are potent activators of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (erk2), stress-activated protein kinase (sapk), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) in u937 human leukemic cells. these kinases are regulated by the reversible dual phosphorylation of conserved threonine and tyrosine residues. the dual specificity protein phosphatase mapk phosphatase-1 (mkp-1) has been shown to dephosphorylate and inactivate e ...	1997	9202001
the chiropractic outcome study: pain, functional ability and satisfaction with care.	to examine changes in pain experienced, changes in functional ability and degree of patient satisfaction with chiropractic care. patient characteristics influencing these parameters were also explored.	1997	9168407
differential induction of dna-binding activities following cd19 cross-linking in human b lineage cells.	the b cell-specific cell surface molecule cd19 is expressed at all stages of b cell development, including normal plasma cells, and mediates signal transduction via interaction with cytoplasmic effector proteins. cross-linking cd19 on early human b lineage cells induces the formation of a cd19/vav/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase complex, tyrosine phosphorylation of cd19 and vav, and activation of the ras pathway. to further explore the ramifications of cd19 signaling, the current study examined wh ...	1997	9548490
disturbances of the secretory stage of amelogenesis in fluorosed deer teeth: a scanning electron-microscopic study.	structural changes resulting from fluoride-induced disturbances of the secretory stage of amelogenesis were studied in fluorosed dental enamel of ten permanent premolars and molars from roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus). the fluorosed enamel exhibited surface hypoplasias of different depths and extents and an associated loss of its normal prism/interprism structure. the occurrence of such aprismatic enamel either was restricted to grossly accentuated and hypomineralize ...	1997	9182607
yersinia enterocolitica promotes deactivation of macrophage mitogen-activated protein kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2, p38, and c-jun nh2-terminal kinase. correlation with its inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor-alpha production.	the enteropathogenic bacterium yersinia enterocolitica counteracts host defense mechanisms by interfering with eukaryotic signal transduction pathways. in this study, we investigated the mechanism by which y. enterocolitica prevents macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnfalpha) production. murine j774a.1 macrophages responded to y. enterocolitica infection by rapid activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk), p38, and c-jun nh2-terminal ...	1997	9188492
gastrin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate regulate the human histidine decarboxylase promoter through raf-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-related signaling pathways in gastric cancer cells.	gastrin stimulates transcription of the human histidine decarboxylase (hdc) gene through binding to the g-protein-coupled cholecystokinin-b/gastrin receptor. we have explored the possibility that mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades play a role in mediating the effects of gastrin on transcription in a gastric cancer (ags-b) cell line. gastrin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) treatment of ags-b cells was found to increase the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of extracellular sig ...	1997	9341140
nuclear signalling by rac gtpase: essential role of phospholipase a2.	rac, one member of rho family gtpases, stimulates c-fos serum response element (sre)-luciferase reporter gene in rat-2 fibroblast cells. by transient transfection analysis, we demonstrated that the activation of phospholipase a2 (pla2) and the subsequent production of arachidonic acid (aa) are essential for rac-induced c-fos sre activation, implying a critical role for pla2 in the rac-signalling pathway to the nucleus. either pretreatment with mepacrine, a specific inhibitor of pla2, or co-trans ...	1997	9291101
ets oncogene family.	first member of ets gene family was discovered a decade ago by studying avian erythroblastosis virus, e26. this virus encodes a tripartite protein gag-myb-ets with a molecular weight of 135 kda. subsequently, a series of cellular ets genes were isolated (ets-1, ets-2, erg, elk-1, sap-1, pea-3, pu.1, fli-1, pok/yan, etv-1 etc.). these genes share sequence homology to e26 ets gene (v-ets or viral ets). ets genes are highly conserved in phylogenetically divergent species from drosophila to man. mam ...	1997	9315229
molecular mechanisms for somatostatin inhibition of c-fos gene expression.	we reported previously that somatostatin inhibits the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos. accordingly, we characterized the molecular mechanisms by which somatostatin inhibits c-fos gene expression. because growth factors activate c-fos through a region of its promoter known as the serum response element [sre; base pairs (bp) -357 to -276] we transfected rat pituitary adenoma cells (gh3) with plasmids containing the sre or the sre core fragment (bp -320 to -298) upstream of the lucifer ...	1997	9142901
growth factor-induced transcription via the serum response element is inhibited by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in mcf-7 breast cancer cells.	the effect of increased intracellular camp on mcf-7 breast cancer cell growth was examined by treating cells with either forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, or 8-[4-chlorophenylthio]-camp (8-cpt-camp), a camp analog. compared to cells maintained in control medium, treatment with either 1 or 10 microm forskolin decreased cell growth by 17% and 68%, respectively, whereas treatment with 250 microm 8-cpt-camp decreased cell growth by 29%. to determine whether this effect of camp on cell gr ...	1997	9165004
density-related changes in sexual selection in red deer.	in sexually dimorphic mammals, high population density is commonly associated with increased mortality of males relative to females and with female-biased adult sex ratios. this paper investigates the consequences of these changes on the distribution of male breeding success, the intensity of competition for females and the opportunity for sexual selection. after the red deer (cervus elaphus l.) population of the north block of rum (inner hebrides) was released from culling, female numbers rose ...	1997	9364790
ultrasonographic monitoring of antral follicle development in red deer (cervus elaphus).	ovarian follicular dynamics were monitored in 12 surgically modified red deer hinds (ovaries adhered to vaginal wall) by transvaginal real-time ultrasonography during the luteal cycle, anoestrus and induction of superovulation. all 12 hinds showed evidence of regular luteal (plasma progesterone) cyclicity during the breeding season, although luteal tissue was not observed on the ultrasonograms. during the normal luteal cycle (14-22 days) total numbers of follicles > 3 mm did not vary significant ...	1997	9370972
inhibition of map kinase blocks insulin-mediated dna synthesis and transcriptional activation of c-fos by elk-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells.	insulin-stimulated dna synthesis, map kinase (mapk) activity and c-fos expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs) was blocked by the mapk inhibitor pd 98059. regulation of c-fos expression by the transcription factor elk-1 at the serum response element (sre) is dependent on its phosphorylation by mapk. pd 98059 also suppressed insulin-induced elk-1 transcriptional activity through the sre. these data show that mapk plays a critical role in both insulin-mediated growth and elk-1-dependent ...	1997	9409734
physiological effects of hunting red deer (cervus elaphus).	when red deer (cervus elaphus) were hunted by humans with hounds the average distance travelled was at least 19 km. this study of 64 hunted red deer provides the first empirical evidence on their state at the time of death. blood and muscle samples obtained from hunted deer after death were compared with samples from 50 non-hunted red deer that had been cleanly shot with rifles. the effects on deer of long hunts were (i) depletion of carbohydrate resources for powering muscles, (ii) disruption o ...	1997	9447728
deer and their parasites: disease or coexistence?	the occurrence of different parasites in roe (capreolus capreolus), and red deer (cervus elaphus) were examined during the period 1972-1995. deer shot at random or found dead were examined and parasitological status of a farmed red deer herd has been observed regularly. age, carcass weight, physical condition and pathological features were checked or measured. of the parasites, 38 species in roe and 18 in red deer were identified and at least 11 of them were shared by both hosts. none of them se ...	1997	9802083
seasonal patterns of luteal cyclicity in young red deer (cervus elaphus) and sambar deer (cervus unicolor).	seasonal onset of pubertal ovulation and incidence of luteal cyclicity was assessed from plasma progesterone profiles over 15 months for tame red deer (n = 7) and sambar deer (n = 7) hinds. seasonal responses to photoperiod were determined from plasma prolactin profiles. all red deer attained puberty at 17-18 months of age in may-june and expressed 3-6 luteal cycles of length 20.0+/-10.4 days (mean+/-s.e.m.) over 52-102 days. six sambar deer attained puberty at 7-19 months of age, between august ...	1997	9551662
functional inactivation of signalling molecules via transdominant negative mutants.		1997	9386981
nuclear hormone receptor antagonism with ap-1 by inhibition of the jnk pathway.	the activity of c-jun, the major component of the transcription factor ap-1, is potentiated by amino-terminal phosphorylation on serines 63 and 73 (ser-63/73). this phosphorylation is mediated by the jun amino-terminal kinase (jnk) and required to recruit the transcriptional coactivator creb-binding protein (cbp). ap-1 function is antagonized by activated members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. recently, a competition for cbp has been proposed as a mechanism for this antagon ...	1997	9407028
two naturally occurring insulin receptor tyrosine kinase domain mutants provide evidence that phosphoinositide 3-kinase activation alone is not sufficient for the mediation of insulin's metabolic and mitogenic effects.	we have recently reported (1) that two naturally occurring mutants of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase domain, arg-1174 --> gln and pro-1178 --> leu (gln-1174 and leu1178, respectively), both found in patients with inherited severe insulin resistance, markedly impaired receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation, with both mutant receptors being unable to mediate the stimulation of glycogen synthesis or mitogenesis by insulin when expressed in chinese hamster ovary cells. however, these mutations ...	1997	9374504
embryo development and placentome formation during early pregnancy in red deer.	early embryo development and placentome formation were assessed in red deer between days 27 and 55 of gestation. uteri were collected from 12 pregnant hinds in which mating was observed following a synchronized oestrus, and the tissues retained for measurements and histological processing for light microscopy. twelve embryos were recovered with mean embryo weights increasing from 0.02+/-0.01 g at day 27 to 7.56+/-1.39 g at day 55 of gestation. similarly, crown-rump lengths increased from 5.7+/-0 ...	1997	9623493
[studies on cell signaling immunomodulated murine peritoneal suppressor macrophages: lps and pma mediate the activation of raf-1, mapk p44 and mapk p42 and p38 mapk].	monocytes-macrophages which serve as host immune cells to kill pathogens can often be "activated" after exposing to viruses, bacteria, cytokines as well as chemical substances, however, it is paradoxical that highly activated macrophages can be induced to become the suppressor ones by live microbes, microbial products, tumor, and autoimmune disease, although the mechanism remains unknown. our previous experimental studies have shown that immuno-suppressor activities of suppressor macrophages on ...	1997	10684111
the fossil monocot limnobiophyllum scutatum: resolving the phylogeny of lemnaceae.	more than 200 specimens of limnobiophyllum scutatum (dawson) krassilov have been recovered from lacustrine claystones in the paleocene paskapoo formation near red deer, alberta. the plant was a floating, aquatic angiosperm with helically arranged, ovate leaves attached in small rosettes. rosettes are interconnected by stolons and bear simple adventitious roots as well as larger branching roots that appear to have vascular tissue. leaves are pubescent, aerenchymatous, with 12-14 campylodromous pr ...	1997	21708589
[character and uv spectral identification of deer's heart].	in this paper, the fresh and dried hearts of cervus nippon and c. elaphus are identified on character, fluorescence and uv spectra. the alcohol extract of the blood of the deer's hearts has mininum absorption at uv 310 nm.	1997	12572451
eph family receptors and ligands in vascular cell targeting and assembly.	members of the eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases determine neural cell aggregation and targeting behavior, functions that are also critical in vascular assembly and remodeling. among this class of diverse receptors, epha2 (eck) and ephb1 (elk) represent prototypes for two receptor subfamilies distinguished by high-affinity interaction with either glycerophosphatidylinositol (gpi)-linked or transmembrane ligands, respectively. epha2 participates in angiogenic responses to tumor necrosis fac ...	1997	21235905
cohort variation in male survival and lifetime breeding success in red deer.	we investigated cohort differences in the lifetime breeding success and survival of male red deer cervus elaphus l. in an increasing population on the isle of rum, scotland. there were significant differences in survival through different stages of the life span between 15 cohorts of males, ranging between: 0.26-1.00, calf survival through first winter; 0.56-1.00, yearling survival; 0.44-0.94, adult survival. this variation in survival was related to environmental conditions in the cohorts' year ...	1998	26412376
short- and long-term effects of winter and spring weather on growth and survival of red deer in norway.	populations of red deer (cervus elaphus) in norway have increased continuously over the last decades. we tested the possible effects of climate and increase in population size on the survival rates and body condition of individuals in one of the northernmost populations of red deer in europe. based on 678 individuals of known age marked between 1977 and 1995, we estimated annual survival rates, the probabilities of being harvested and the recapture probability according to sex, age, year, winter ...	1998	28307518
determination of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence for red deer (cervus elaphus) and the differentiation of closely related deer meats.	the cytochrome b gene sequence for red deer was determined using the dye terminator cycle sequencing method and used for identification of deer meat in meat and meat products. red deer showed a similarity of 94.1, 84.0, 81.1, 85.5 and 85.6% to sika deer (cervus nippon), bovine, pigs, sheep and goats, respectively. to differentiate the deer meat, oligonucleotide primers rd-1(5'-tcatcgcagcactcgctatagtacact-3'), rd-2(5'-atctccaagtaggtctggtgcgaataa-3') were designed for the region of the cytochrome ...	1998	22060620
studies on the parietal region of the cervid skull. iii. on the occurrence of an interparietal in cervus.	the occurrence of an os interparietal was studied in two transparent preparations of fetal red deer (cervus elaphus) heads and in 14 dried skulls of fetal to early postnatal individuals from four cervus species (c. elaphus, c. nippon, c. duvauceli and c. eldi). in 14 of the 16 specimens, an interparietal was present as either a paired or single bone. in only a neonate red deer and a 5-week-old sika deer this skull element was missing. we therefore conclude that an os interparietal, developing fr ...	1998	9652148
expression of a tyrosine phosphorylated, dna binding stat3beta dimer in bacteria.	the signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) proteins deliver signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. an n-terminally truncated fragment of murine stat3beta, stat3betatc (127-722), was produced in bacteria. stat proteins must be specifically phosphorylated at a single tyrosine residue for dimerization and dna binding. therefore, stat3betatc was coexpressed with the catalytic domain of the elk receptor tyrosine kinase. stat3betatc was quantitatively phosphorylated by this ki ...	1998	9877182
suppression of c-fos gene transcription with malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells.	the activator protein-1 (ap-1) complex is a dimeric transcription factor composed of fos and jun proteins that regulates cellular growth and differentiation. we previously demonstrated a reduction in basal ap-1 transcriptional activity associated with the malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial (hbe) cells that was, in part, a consequence of decreased c-fos expression. in this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the reduction in c-fos expression associated with the ma ...	1998	9662337
phylogeny of wapiti, red deer, sika deer, and other north american cervids as determined from mitochondrial dna.	red deer (cervus elaphus) are divided into three subspecific groups; the first group includes seven subspecies from europe and northern africa, the second group includes seven subspecies from central asia, and the third group includes nine subspecies from eastern asia, siberia, and north america. recognition of the north american wapiti as a species has been denied on the basis of morphological similarity with red deer and the circumpolar distribution of c. elaphus. sika deer (c. nippon), which ...	1998	9878235
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates the transcriptional induction of the atrial natriuretic factor gene through a serum response element. a potential role for the transcription factor atf6.	in various cell types certain stresses can stimulate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 mapk), leading to the transcriptional activation of genes that contribute to appropriate compensatory responses. in this report the mechanism of p38-activated transcription was studied in cardiac myocytes where this mapk is a key regulator of the cell growth and the cardiac-specific gene induction that occurs in response to potentially stressful stimuli. in the cardiac atrial natriuretic factor (anf) g ...	1998	9685422
induction of apoptosis by elk-1 and deltaelk-1 proteins.	elk-1, an ets related gene codes for at least two splice variants elk-1, which regulates c-fos transcription and deltaelk-1, both of which function as transcriptional activators. to investigate the role of elk-1 and deltaelk-1 proteins in apoptosis; we have developed rat fibroblast cell lines and human breast cancer cell lines expressing elk-1 and deltaelk-1. the expression of elk-1 and deltaelk-1 proteins in the elk-1/deltaelk-1 transfectants were analysed by immunofluorescence, immunohistochem ...	1998	9696047
cloning of a mammalian elk potassium channel gene and eag mrna distribution in rat sympathetic ganglia.	1. three new members of the eag potassium channel gene family were identified in rat and the complete coding sequence of one of these genes (elk1) was determined by cdna cloning. 2. the elk1 gene, when expressed in xenopus oocytes, encodes a slowly activating and slowly deactivating potassium channel. 3. the elk1 gene is expressed in sympathetic ganglia and is also expressed in sciatic nerve. 4. six of the seven known eag genes were found to be expressed in rat sympathetic ganglia, suggesting an ...	1998	9714851
alternative splicing of the prolactin receptor gene generates a 1.7 kb rna transcript that is linked to prolactin function in the red deer testis.	a cdna encoding a putative non-membrane bound prolactin receptor was amplified by rt-pcr from red deer (cervus elaphus) testis. sequence analysis suggests that the testicular cdna is generated by alternative splicing resulting in the deletion of exons 7 and 8, which code for: (a) the final 53 aa of the extracellular domain of the receptor including the fifth conserved cysteine residue and the ws x ws motif, (b) the entire transmembrane domain, (c) the first three cytoplasmic amino acid residues, ...	1998	9723863
bradykinin stimulates the erk-->elk-1-->fos/ap-1 pathway in mesangial cells.	among its diverse biological actions, the vasoactive peptide bradykinin (bk) induces the transcription factor ap-1 and proliferation of mesangial cells (s. s. el-dahr, s. dipp, i. v. yosipiv, and w. h. baricos. kidney int. 50: 1850-1855, 1996). in the present study, we examined the role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and the mitogen-activated protein kinases, erk1/2,in mediating bk-induced ap-1 and dna replication in cultured rat mesangial cells. bk (10(-9) to 10(-7) m) stimulated a rapid i ...	1998	9729506
alpha2-heremans schmid glycoprotein inhibits insulin-stimulated elk-1 phosphorylation, but not glucose transport, in rat adipose cells.	alpha2-heremans schmid glycoprotein (alpha2-hsg) is a member of the fetuin family of serum proteins whose biological functions are not completely understood. there is a consensus that alpha2-hsg plays a role in the regulation of tissue mineralization. however, one aspect of alpha2-hsg function that remains controversial is its ability to inhibit the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and the biological actions of insulin. interestingly, some studies suggest that alpha2-hsg differentially inhibits ...	1998	9751494
hypotonicity activates transcription through erk-dependent and -independent pathways in renal cells.	acute hypotonic shock (50% dilution of medium with sterile water, but not with isotonic nacl) activated the extracellular signal response kinase (erk) mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases in renal medullary cells, as measured by western analysis with a phospho-erk-specific antibody and by in vitro kinase assay of epitope-tagged erks immunoprecipitated from stable ha-erk transfectants. hypotonicity also activated the transcription factor and erk substrate elk-1 in a partially pd-98059-sensitiv ...	1998	9755064
oxidant stress incites spreading of macrophages via extracellular signal-regulated kinases and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.	cultured macrophages exhibit spreading in response to external stimuli. it is relevant to in vivo morphologic changes of macrophages during extravasation, migration, and differentiation. the present study was performed to elucidate molecular mechanisms that regulate spreading of macrophages. redox is a crucial factor that modulates a wide range of cell function. we found that macrophages undergo spreading in response to oxidant stress caused by hydrogen peroxide or an oxidant generating agent me ...	1998	9759878
rsk-2 activity is necessary for epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation of creb protein and transcription of c-fos gene.	activation by growth factors of the ras-dependent signaling cascade results in the induction of p90 ribosomal s6 kinases (p90(rsk)). these are translocated into the nucleus upon phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinases, with which p90(rsk) are physically associated in the cytoplasm. in humans there are three isoforms of the p90(rsk) family, rsk-1, rsk-2, and rsk-3, which are products of distinct genes. although these isoforms are structurally very similar, little is known about their ...	1998	9770464
the traf family of signal transducers mediates nf-kappab activation by the trance receptor.	tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-related activation-induced cytokine (trance), a member of the tnf family expressed on activated t-cells, bone marrow stromal cells, and osteoblasts, regulates the function of dendritic cells (dc) and osteoclasts. the trance receptor (trance-r), recently identified as receptor activator of nf-kappabeta (rank), activates nf-kappab, a transcription factor critical in the differentiation and activation of those cells. in this report we identify the tnf receptor-associated ...	1998	9774460
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in alzheimer brains bearing the app670/671 mutation.	alzheimer's disease (ad) is associated with a striking reduction in the activity of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (kgdhc). the deficiency occurs in brains from ad patients of undefined etiology, and in fibroblasts from both sporadic and familial ad cases. to further assess the nature of the abnormality of kgdhc in ad, kgdhc activities and immunoreactivities were analyzed in brains from ad patients bearing the swedish app670/671 mutation. this gene defect causes overproduction of ...	1998	9778267
isolation, characterization and localization of glycosaminoglycans in growing antlers of wapiti (cervus elaphus).	glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the four sections (tip, upper, middle and base) of the main beam of growing antlers of wapiti (cervus elaphus) by papain digestion and deae-sephacel chromatography. chondroitin sulfate was the major glycosaminoglycan in each section of antler accounting for, on average, 88% of the total uronic acid. the yield of chondroitin sulfate liberated from the tissue was approximately 6-fold greater in the cartilaginous (tip and upper) sections than in the bony (middl ...	1998	9787796
caveolin-mediated regulation of signaling along the p42/44 map kinase cascade in vivo. a role for the caveolin-scaffolding domain.	the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein (map)-kinase cascade is a well-established signal transduction pathway that is initiated at the cell surface and terminates within the nucleus. more specifically, receptor tyrosine kinases can indirectly activate raf, which in turn leads to activation of mek and erk and ultimately phosphorylation of elk, a nuclear transcription factor. recent reports have suggested that some members of p42/44 map kinase cascade can be sequestered within plasmalemmal caveolae ...	1998	9654135
serotonergic repression of mitogen-activated protein kinase control of the calcitonin gene-related peptide enhancer.	we have investigated the mechanisms underlying regulation of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) cell-specific enhancer. recently, we reported that this enhancer is inhibited by serotonin type-1 (5-ht1) agonists, similar to currently used antimigraine drugs. we have now tested whether this repression involves a mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase pathway. we first demonstrate that the cgrp enhancer is strongly (10-fold) activated by a constitutively active map kinase kinase (mek1), yie ...	1998	9658404
sex identification of elk (cervus elaphus canadensis), moose (alces alces), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) using the polymerase chain reaction.	we have developed a pcr-based protocol to determine the gender of tissue samples originating from elk (cervus elaphus canadensis), moose (alces alces) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). the technique simultaneously amplifies a conserved region of the sex-determining gene on the y-chromosome (sry) and a region of the fragile x mental retardation gene (fmr-1). the multiplex nature of this protocol allows the determination of gender using the sry marker with the fmr-1 marker providing ...	1998	9608686
microsatellite variation in scandinavian cervidae using primers derived from bovidae.	the possibility of using microsatellite primers developed in bovidae to amplify microsatellite markers in cervidae was surveyed by using 75 microsatellite primer sets of bovine, ovine or caprine origin to analyse dna from moose, red deer, reindeer and roe deer from scandinavia. on average for the four cervids, approximately 50% of the ovine/caprine primer pairs amplified a specific pcr product, compared to only 16% of the bovine primers. approximately 50% of both ovine/caprine and bovine primers ...	1998	9868926
evaluation of genetic variability in introduced populations of red deer (cervus elaphus) using dna fingerprinting.		1998	9868929
stress-induced immediate-early gene, egr-1, involves activation of p38/jnk1.	the ras/raf/map kinase (erk) pathway is a major signaling pathway induced by growth factors in mammalian cells. two other types of mammalian map kinases, jnk (sapk) and p38 (rk, csbp), are induced by environmental stress. although the immediate-early gene, egr-1, is induced by growth factors, cytokines, differentiation signals and dna damaging agents, less is known about its induction by environmental stress and the mechanism involved. here we report that in nih3t3 cells, egr-1 is induced by var ...	1998	9671412
cdc42 and fgd1 cause distinct signaling and transforming activities.	activated forms of different rho family members (cdc42, rac1, rhoa, rhob, and rhog) have been shown to transform nih 3t3 cells as well as contribute to ras transformation. rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) (also known as dbl family proteins) that activate cdc42, rac1, and rhoa also demonstrate oncogenic potential. the faciogenital dysplasia gene product, fgd1, is a dbl family member that has recently been shown to function as a cdc42-specific gef. mutations within the fgd1 lo ...	1998	9671479
the src homology 2 and phosphotyrosine binding domains of the shcc adaptor protein function as inhibitors of mitogenic signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor.	upon ligand activation, the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated, thereby recruiting intracellular signaling proteins such as shc. egfr binding of shc proteins results in their tyrosine phosphorylation and subsequent activation of the ras and erk pathways. shc interaction with activated receptor tyrosine kinases is mediated by two distinct phosphotyrosine interaction domains, an nh2-terminal phosphotyrosine binding (ptb) domain and a cooh-terminal src homology ...	1998	9685397
interaction of transcription factors with serum response factor. identification of the elk-1 binding surface.	serum response elements (sres) play important roles in transforming extracellular signals into specific nuclear responses. the sre-binding protein, serum response factor (srf), plays a pivotal role in this process. several transcription factors have been shown to interact with srf and thereby create distinct complexes with different regulatory potentials. the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 is one such protein and serves to integrate distinct mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades at sr ...	1998	9553110
epizootic of paratuberculosis in farmed elk.	after multiple cases of chronic diarrhea and weight loss in a farmed elk herd, 3 yearlings and 1 adult elk with similar clinical signs were euthanatized and necropsied. gross and histologic evidence of paratuberculosis were found in the yearlings. evidence of serum antibody to mycobacterium paratuberculosis was detected in the 2 elk with the most disseminated infection. acid-fast organisms were isolated from multiple organs in all 4 elk and identified as m paratuberculosis by dna probe. thirty-f ...	1998	9810391
[malignant catarrhal fever in zoo ruminants].	an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in indian gauer (bos gaurus gaurus) and javan banteng (bos javanicus javanicus) occurred in the year 1964 and killed almost all animals of the groups of these species kept at the munich zoo at that time. in the consecutive years at highly irregular intervals cases of the head-and-eye-form of mcf occurred sporadically at the zoo in european and american bison (bison bonasus, b. bison' bison, b. bison athabascae), elk (alces alces), red deer (cervus e ...	1998	9810608
growth hormone stimulates phosphorylation and activation of elk-1 and expression of c-fos, egr-1, and junb through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2.	growth hormone (gh), a major regulator of normal body growth and metabolism, regulates cellular gene expression. the transcription factors elk-1 and serum response factor are necessary for gh-stimulated transcription of c-fos through the serum response element (sre). gh stimulates the serine phosphorylation of elk-1, thereby enabling elk-1 to mediate transcriptional activation. the contribution of the ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (mek)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) p ...	1998	9813041
ehrlichia spp. in cervids from california.	blood samples from six mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), 15 black-tailed deer (o. hemionus columbianus), and 29 elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) were assayed for human monocytic and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), dna sequencing, and serology to determine whether or not cervids are involved in the maintenance of these potential human pathogens in california (usa). the deer were sampled in august to october 1992-95. the 29 tule elk from point reyes n ...	1998	9813842
serosurvey for antibodies to malignant catarrhal fever-associated viruses in free-living and captive cervids in germany.	a total of 486 serum samples collected from several species of both free-living and captive cervids in germany was examined for antibodies against malignant catarrhal fever (mcf)-associated viruses (mcfv) by a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ci-elisa). eleven (2%) of these samples were positive for antibodies against mcfv. among 157 serum samples collected from 16 different species of captive deer including four (7%) of 54 fallow deer and one (7%) of 14 sika deer (cervu ...	1998	9813848
oestrosis in red deer from spain.	a survey of naso-pharyngeal myiasis affecting red deer (cervus elaphus) in southern spain was conducted. the parasites involved were the larvae of pharyngomyia picta and cephenemyia auribarbis (diptera:oestridae), which coexist sympatrically within this host. males and older animals had higher prevalences and intensities of fly larvae. differences in behaviour and habitat use by male and female deer, and the increase of head size in older males are possibly responsible for this. there were low d ...	1998	9813856
pre-transport loading of farmed red deer: effects of previous overnight housing environment, vehicle illumination and shape of loading race.	the behaviour of farmed red deer was studied while they were being loaded on to a transporter. in experiment 1, the effects of previous overnight housing conditions (indoors, at a space allowance of either 4 or 8 m2 per deer, or in an outdoor raceway) on the ease of loading were investigated. the number of attempts required to load the deer was not significantly affected by their housing conditions or their sex, but there was a significant increase in the number of attempts required after the fi ...	1998	9569479