Publications

citrulline-argininosuccinate-arginine cycle coupled to ca2+-signaling in rat pancreatic beta-cells.	pancreatic beta-cells possess nitric oxide (no) synthases (noss) which synthesize no and l-citrulline from l-arginine. the present study was designed to explore the mechanism of citrulline and arginine metabolism in beta-cells and its possible coupling to beta-cell functions. the enzymes involved in citrulline-arginine metabolism, argininosuccinate synthetase (ass), argininosuccinate lyase (asl), and nos were expressed in rat islets and insulinoma hit t15 cells. in the presence of stimulatory gl ...	1997	9207208
the additional value of free prostate specific antigen to the battery of age-dependent prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific antigen density and velocity.	this study describes the value of using the fraction of free prostate-specific antigen as a further marker in the early detection of prostate cancer. this newly introduced marker is compared to the usual battery of age-dependent total prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific antigen density (microg/l x g tissue) and prostate-specific antigen velocity (microg/l x year). determination of total prostate-specific antigen and free prostate-specific antigen was performed on fresh serum samples obt ...	1997	9228332
topographical and functional investigation of escherichia coli penicillin-binding protein 1b by alanine stretch scanning mutagenesis.	penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) are the targets of beta-lactam antibiotics. we have used a systematic five-alanine substitution method (called ass [alanine stretch scanning] mutagenesis) to investigate the functional or structural role of various stretches of amino acids in the pbp1b of escherichia coli. to probe the specific activity of each variant, the antibiotic discs assay was used with strain qcb1 (delta ponb) in the presence of cefaloridine, which totally inhibits the complementing act ...	1997	9244263
fish mapping of the igf2 gene in horse and donkey-detection of homoeology with hsa11.	three genomic subclones derived from a phage clone containing the equine igf2 gene were used to fish map the gene on horse (eca) and donkey (eas) metaphase chromosomes. the gene mapped on eca 12q13 band and is the first locus mapped to this horse chromosome. in donkey the gene mapped very terminal on the long arm of one small submetacentric chromosome that shows almost identical dapi-banding pattern with eca12. this is the first locus mapped in donkey genome. cross species chromosome painting of ...	1997	9250862
[length of gestation of freiberger mares with mule and horse foals].	in a retrospective study the gestation lengths of two groups, each consisting of 193 "freiberger" mares, were compared. the mares of the first group were bred by a donkey, those of the second group by a stallion of the "freiberger" breed. on average, the gestation length of mares with "freiberger" foals lasted 336.5 days, and that of mares with mule foals 343.1 days. the difference between both groups was significant (p < 0.001). the shortest and longest observed gestation length of mares with " ...	1997	9281060
morphologic evidence for l-citrulline conversion to l-arginine via the argininosuccinate pathway in porcine cerebral perivascular nerves.	results from biochemical and pharmacologic studies suggest that lcitrulline is taken up by cerebral perivascular nerves and is converted to larginine for synthesizing nitric oxide (no). the current study was designed using morphologic techniques to determine whether lcitrulline is taken up into axoplasm of perivascular nerves and to explore the possibility that conversion of lcitrulline to larginine in these nerves is through the argininosuccinate pathway in porcine cerebral arteries. results fr ...	1997	9290586
plasma glucose and cortisol responses to exogenous insulin in fasted donkeys.	susceptibility to equine hyperlipaemia is increased by poor food intake. to assess the contribution of changes in insulin sensitivity, plasma glucose and cortisol responses to an intravenous insulin challenge (0.4 iu kg-1 bodyweight) were compared with those observed after saline administration in six donkeys fasted either overnight or for three days. three days of fasting decreased both the rate of insulin-induced hypoglycemia and the maximal hypoglycemic response. a transitory increase in plas ...	1997	9300546
nadph-diaphorase and cytosolic urea cycle enzymes in the rat spinal cord.	nitric oxide synthase (nos), argininosuccinate synthetase (ass), and argininosuccinate lyase (asl) compose a cyclic pathway to form nitric oxide (no). these enzymes, however, are localized differentially in most regions of the brain. to find out whether nos, ass, and asl are colocalized in neurons of the spinal cord, we examined the distribution of these enzymes by using a double-labeling procedure combining fluorescent immunohistochemistry with an assay for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleo ...	1997	9302108
characterization and phylogenetic significance of rhinoceros luteinizing hormone beta (lhbeta) subunit messenger rna structure, complementary dna sequence and gene copy number.	the luteinizing hormone (lh) beta subunit gene is expressed in the pituitary glands of all mammals, whereas the closely related chorionic gonadotropin (cg) beta subunit genes have been identified only in primates and equids, and are expressed in placenta. in the case of horses, there is a single-copy equine (e) luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin hormone beta subunit gene (elh/cgbeta) that (1) is expressed in both pituitary gland and placenta, (2) encodes a characteristic carboxyl termina ...	1997	9305757
reference ranges and the influence of age and sex on haematological values of the endangered catalonian donkey.		1997	9308403
central overexpression of the trh precursor gene induces hypertension in rats: antisense reversal.	extrahypothalamic trh participates in cardiovascular regulation and spontaneous hypertension of the rat. to investigate whether an increase in central trh activity produces hypertension we studied the effect of the pretrh overproduction induced by i.c.v. transfection with a naked eukaryotic expression plasmid vector which encodes pretrh (pcmv-trh). northern blot analysis and rt-pcr showed that pcmv-trh was transcribed in vitro and in vivo. at 24, 48, and 72 hours, pcmv-trh (100 microg) in a sign ...	1997	9323019
cosegregation of open-angle glaucoma and the nail-patella syndrome.	to evaluate two families ascertained only for the presence of glaucoma in which both nail-patella syndrome and glaucoma occur in several generations and to determine whether the two diseases are genetically related.	1997	9323941
clinical features of blister beetle poisoning in equids: 70 cases (1983-1996).	to document clinical signs and gross pathologic changes associated with naturally acquired cantharidiasis (blister beetle poisoning) in equids.	1997	9343547
the recognition of methylated dna by the gtp-dependent restriction endonuclease mcrbc resides in the n-terminal domain of mcrb.	mcrbc is a gtp-dependent restriction endonuclease of e. coli k12, selectively directed against dna containing modified cytosine residues. mcrb, one of its components, is responsible for the binding and, together with mcrc, for the cleavage of dnas containing two 5'-pu(m)c sites separated by 40-80 base pairs. gel retardation assays with wild-type and mutant mcrb reveal that (i) single 5'-pu(m)c sites in dna can be sufficient to elicite binding by mcrb. binding to such substrates is, however, weak ...	1997	9348106
effect of the south african asinine-94 strain of equine arteritis virus (eav) in pregnant donkey mares and duration of maternal immunity in foals.	clinical, virological and serological responses were investigated in five pregnant donkey mares after experimental exposure to the south african asinine-94 strain of equine arteritis virus (eav), and the duration of maternal immunity to eav was studied in their foals. in four intranasally inoculated mares, fever with maximum rectal temperatures of 39.1-40.7 degrees c was recorded 2-11 d after challenge. all the inoculated mares developed mild depression, and a serous ocular and nasal discharge; ...	1997	9352564
orthotopic liver transplantation for adult-onset type ii citrullinaemia.	citrullinaemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder due to a deficiency of argininosuccinate synthetase (ass). while the clinical course of the adult onset form (type ii) is unpredictable, many patients undergo sudden deterioration with progressive cerebral oedema. two patients with type ii citrullinaemia were referred for liver transplantation. one patient was successfully transplanted, and his plasma citrulline level decreased from 300 to 69 mumol/l (normal range 20-60 mumol/l); fisher's rat ...	1997	9361940
alteration of anionic sites in renal glomerular basement membrane of pigs.	ultrastructural alteration of anionic sites (ass) in the glomerular basement membrane (gbm) was studied in 10 cases of swine mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis using a cationic ultrastructural tracer, 0.5% polyethyleneimine (m.w. = 1,800). glomerular ass were seen as discrete electron-dense particles in the gbm, mesangial matrix and epithelial cell surfaces by electron microscopy. in the lamina rara externa (lre) of the normal gbm, ass were distributed regularly in a single layer. in tho ...	1997	9362031
l-citrulline conversion to l-arginine in sphenopalatine ganglia and cerebral perivascular nerves in the pig.	the presence of nitric oxide synthase (nos), argininosuccinate synthetase (ass), and argininosuccinate lyase (asl) and their coexistence with nadph-diaphorase (nadphd), a marker for nos, in the porcine sphenopalatine ganglia (spg), pial veins, and the anterior cerebral arteries was examined using immunohistochemical and histochemical staining techniques. nos-immunoreactive (i), ass-i, and asl-i fibers were found in pial veins and the anterior cerebral arteries. nos, ass, and asl immunoreactiviti ...	1997	9374753
interspecific and extraspecific pregnancies in equids: anything goes.	equids possess the unusual ability to interbreed freely among the phenotypically and karyotypically diverse member species of the genus to produce viable, but usually infertile, offspring. the mule (female horse x male donkey) was humanity's first successful attempt at genetic engineering and its clear expression of both parental phenotypes has contributed much to our understanding of genetic inheritance over the centuries. even more surprising, mares and donkeys have been shown to be capable of ...	1997	9378914
"the law is a ass--a idiot".		1997	9385815
a survey for antibodies to equine arteritis virus in donkeys, mules and zebra using virus neutralisation (vn) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa).	a seroepidemiological survey of donkeys in south africa (n = 4300) indicated a wide distribution and increasing prevalence of antibodies to equine arteritis virus (eav). donkey sera inhibited equine arteritis virus infection in virus neutralisation (vn) tests and in elisa specifically bound to a recombinant antigen derived from the bucyrus isolate of eav. these results suggest that donkeys have been exposed to the same serotype of this virus as circulates among horses. a good correlation existed ...	1997	9031862
suppressed expression of the urea cycle enzyme genes in the liver of carnitine-deficient juvenile visceral steatosis (jvs) mice in infancy and during starvation in adulthood.	systemic carnitine-deficient juvenile visceral steatosis (jvs) mice exhibit decreased expression of some liver-selective genes including those for the urea cycle enzymes during the infantile period. at 25 days, carbamoylphosphate synthetase (cps) mrna level was remarkably low in the liver of jvs mice, and the hnf-4 and c/ebp-alpha mrna contents were also reduced. hnf-3 alpha and c/ebp-beta mrnas were slightly higher in the liver of jvs mice, and hnf-1 mrna remained normal. these results, togethe ...	1997	9058209
expression of horse and donkey lh in cos-7 cells: evidence for low fsh activity in donkey lh compared with horse lh.	horse (equus caballus) luteinizing hormone (elh) and chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg), which have the same amino acid sequence, are unusual in that, although they express only lh activity in equids, they express dual lh and fsh activities in all other species tested. donkey (equus asinus) lh (dklh) and cg (dkcg), which also share an identical peptide backbone, have been less well characterized and conflicting results concerning their fsh activity in heterologous species have appeared in the literat ...	1997	9071957
placental localization of relaxin in the pregnant mare.	in situ hybridization employing a crna probe derived from a 428-bp fragment of equine relaxin was used to localize relaxin mrna, and immunocytochemistry was used to localize relaxin itself, in tissues of the placenta-endometrium interface recovered between 33 and 153 days of gestation from mares carrying intraspecific horse, interspecific mule and extraspecific donkey conceptuses. immunocytochemical staining was also used to localize trophoblast-specific and class i major histocompatibility comp ...	1997	9089772
role and management of donkeys in samburu and turkana pastoralist societies in northern kenya.	a survey was carried out in northern kenya to obtain data on the role and management of donkeys in samburu and turkana pastoralist societies and to identify potential areas, if any, for interventions. sixty-seven women owning or closely associated with 583 donkeys were surveyed during july/august 1994. the median donkey herd sizes in samburu and turkana societies were 4 and 10 respectively. pack transport of water and domestic materials were the major reasons for keeping donkeys. donkey milk, me ...	1997	9090018
mutations and dna diagnoses of classical citrullinemia.	classical citrullinemia is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a genetic deficiency of argininosuccinate synthetase (ass). we have previously identified 20 mutations in ass mrna of human classical citrullinemia and already established the dna diagnosis of seven mutations as follows. by southern blot analysis, each of the alleles with exon 5 or 6 deletion in mrna appears to involve deletion of genomic dna from this region. five mutations involving r304w, g324s, ivs-6(-2) (delta ex7), ivs-13( ...	1997	9090528
evidence for embryonic prostaglandin h synthase-catalyzed bioactivation and reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidation of cellular macromolecules in phenytoin and benzo[a]pyrene teratogenesis.	a mouse embryo culture model was used to determine whether embryonic prostaglandin h synthase (phs)-catalyzed bioactivation and resultant oxidative damage to embryonic protein and dna may constitute a molecular mechanism mediating phenytoin and benzo[a]pyrene teratogenesis. embryos were explanted from cd-1 mouse dams on gestational day 9.5 (vaginal plug = day 1) and incubated for either 4 h (biochemistry) or 24 h (embryotoxicity) at 37 degrees c in medium containing either phenytoin (20 microgra ...	1997	9013124
a fragment of the major histocompatibility complex class ii-associated p41 invariant chain inhibits cruzipain, the major cysteine proteinase from trypanosoma cruzi.	a peptide fragment derived from the p41 form of the invariant chain (ii) associated with the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii molecule has been shown to inhibit the mammalian lysosomal cysteine proteinase, cathepsin l, and to be a novel cysteine proteinase inhibitor, distinct from cystatins. here we report that this same fragment also binds to and inhibits cruzipain, the cathepsin l-like enzyme from the protozoan parasite trypanosoma cruzi. the binding of the ii fragment to cruzip ...	1997	9013899
clostridium pascui sp. nov., a new glutamate-fermenting sporeformer from a pasture in pakistan.	four strains of an obligately anaerobic spore-forming bacterium were isolated from soil samples from a donkey pasture in pakistan. comparative 16s rrna sequence analysis demonstrated that the strains are members of phylogenetic cluster i of the genus clostridium (collins et al. 1994). the strains are mesophilic, nonsaccharolytic, and nonproteolytic, utilize glutamate and histidine, and produce indole. acetate, butyrate, ethanol, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide are the products of fermentation. alth ...	1997	8995820
comparative pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone and its metabolite oxyphenbutazone in clinically normal horses and donkeys.	to compare plasma disposition of phenylbutazone and its metabolite oxyphenbutazone after i.v. administration of phenylbutazone in horses and donkeys.	1997	8989496
effect of ejaculation frequency and season on donkey jack semen.	semen characteristics of first and second successive ejaculates from 6 jacks were evaluated weekly for 12 mo. the semen was collected at 4-h intervals, using an artificial vagina with a female in either natural or induced estrus. the statistical analysis was done by factorial delineation 2 x 2 in randomized blocks. due to some ejaculation failures, the data had to be divided into 2 groups (a and b) for statistical analysis: group a - ejaculates preceded by 2 ejaculates in the previous week and g ...	1997	16728015
epidemiologic aspects of taylorella equigenitalis.	contagious equine metritis (cem) is a sexually transmissible disease in mares. although the disease is commonly diagnosed by culturing the causative bacterium taylorella equigenitalis (t. equigenitalis) . false negative results do occur. a recently developed polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay, however, appeared to be much more sensitive, with initial results indicating an unexpected high incidence of the agent in selected horses. in this study, samples from 107 randomly selected mares with no ...	1997	16728066
equine arteritis virus.	equine arteritis virus (eav) is a small, enveloped, positive-stranded rna virus, in the family arteriviridae , w.h.ich can infect both horses and donkeys. while the majority of eav infections are asymptomatic, acutely infected animals may develop a wide range of clinical signs, including pyrexia, limb and ventral edema, depression, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. the virus may cause abortion and has caused mortality in neonates. after natural eav infection, most horses develop a solid, long-term i ...	1997	16728076
contribution to the nasolacrimal duct of donkeys in egypt.		1997	146447
electrochemical and thermodynamic studies of the ion-pair formation of chloropentamminecobalt(iii) ion in ethyl alcohol-water media containing different dicarboxylate ligands.	the ion-pair dissociation constants, k(d), of the ion-pair formed between chloropentamminecobalt(iii) ion (cpx(2+)) and a variety of dicarboxylate ligands, have been determined from emf measurements of a cell composed of glass and calomel electrodes. measurements were made in water and in aqueous binary mixtures of ethyl alcohol, over a wide range of solvent composition (0-60 wt% ethyl alcohol), at six different temperatures (ranging from 30 to 55 degrees c at intervals of 5 degrees c). the ther ...	1998	18967072
immunologic, microscopic, and molecular evidence of encephalitozoon intestinalis (septata intestinalis) infection in mammals other than humans.	encephalitozoon intestinalis (septata intestinalis) is the second most prevalent microsporidian species infecting humans, but it has not been described in other animal species. this investigation examined 10 domestic animal stool samples (8 mammalian, 2 avian) containing spores detected by anti-encephalitozoon monoclonal antibody immunofluorescence (fa). the presence of e. intestinalis but not encephalitozoon hellem or encephalitozoon cuniculi was confirmed in 6 of 8 mammalian stool samples by s ...	1998	9728552
enterococcus asini sp. nov. isolated from the caecum of donkeys (equus asinus).	several gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacteria consisting of pairs or chains of cocci were isolated during an investigation of the bacterial flora of the caecum of donkeys. physiological and metabolic data indicated that the strains belong to the genus enterococcus; phenotypic traits of these organisms were not consistent with any of the currently known enterococcus species. 16s rrna gene sequence analysis placed these strains in the genus enterococcus. their closest relatives ...	1998	9731276
compartmentation and kinetics of urea cycle enzymes in porcine enterocytes.	we have recently reported the synthesis of urea from ammonia, glutamine and arginine in enterocytes of postweaning pigs. the present study was conducted to determine the compartmentation and kinetics of urea cycle enzymes in these cells. carbamoyl phosphate synthase i (cps i) and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (oct) were located exclusively in mitochondria, whereas argininosuccinate synthase (ass) and argininosuccinate lyase (asl) were found in the cytosol. arginase isozymes were present in both ...	1998	9734336
the icd in france: money problem or donkey syndrome?		1998	9744428
helminth levels of working donkeys kept under different management systems in the moretele 1 district of the north-west province, south africa.	in southern africa, where 150,000 working donkeys provide an important alternative to mechanisation in resource-poor communities, very little is known about their helminth status, or about the impact of helminths on their work output. the aim of this study was to investigate the helminth status of working donkeys under different management systems. donkey owners in three different areas (one rural and two semi-rural) of the moretele 1 district of north-west province, south africa, were visited a ...	1998	9746286
[effects of high sodium intake on ventricular remodeling in mice].	despite extensive research, controversy still exists regarding the role of dietary sodium intake on hypertension and left ventricular (lv) hypertrophy. echocardiography is a powerful tool to assess lv hypertrophy and recent technical developments allow now its use in small animals.	1998	9749140
comparative neurovirulence and tissue tropism of wild-type and attenuated strains of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus administered by aerosol in c3h/hen and balb/c mice.	to assess the potential for aerosol administration of vaccines for venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (vee), we compared the neurovirulence and tissue tropism of the wild-type trinidad donkey (trd) strain to those of the attenuated tc83 and v3526 strains of vee in mice. six to 8-week-old female c3h/hen and balb/c mice were aerosol exposed to one of the three vee strains. three mice of each strain were euthanatized at different times and their tissues were processed and stained using hematoxyli ...	1998	9754544
pedal osteosarcoma in a donkey.	an 18 1/2-year-old castrated male donkey with progressively worsening right forelimb lameness presented with a mass on the distal dorsal aspect of its p3 bone. grossly, the firm, gritty mass was infiltrative, disrupted the contours of the overlying hoof wall, and had mottled and cavitated areas on cut surface. histologically, the growth was composed of densely cellular sheets of mildly pleomorphic mesenchymal cells forming irregularly shaped islands of poorly mineralized osteoid. the neoplastic ...	1998	9754546
beta-amyloid precursor protein and ss-amyloid peptide immunoreactivity in the rat brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion: effect of age.	background and	1998	9756603
pig, donkey and buffalo meat as a source of some coccidian parasites infecting dogs.	experimental infection of dogs with meat samples (oesophagus, heart and diaphragm) from each of 105 pigs, 11 donkeys and 17 egyptian water buffaloes indicated that they contained the infective stages of some coccidian parasites of dogs. the dogs which were fed pig meat shed in their faeces isospora ohioensis, i. canis oocysts and sarcocystis miescheriana sporocysts after prepatent periods of 3-5, 4-7 and 9-10 days, respectively. the dogs which were fed donkey meat excreted only i. ohioensis oocy ...	1998	9760058
codistribution of procathepsin b and mature cathepsin b forms in human prostate tumors detected by confocal and immunofluorescence microscopy.	cathepsin b (cb) is involved in invasion and metastasis of a variety of solid organ tumors, including human prostate cancer. the tertiary structures of the proenzyme and mature forms of cb are related closely, as revealed by crystallographic studies. however, the cellular distributions of the cb forms have not been defined in human prostate and its tumors. our objective was to investigate the distribution and codistribution of cb and procathepsin b (procb) in human prostate tumors. human prostat ...	1998	9776083
the matrix effects on kinetic rate constants of antibody-antigen interactions reflect solvent viscosity.	this study describes the influence of different matrices on two model antibody-antigen interactions; that between beta2microglobulin and anti beta2microglobulin, and that of rabbit anti mouse fc fragment (ramfc) with mouse igg. the matrices investigated were; phosphate-buffered saline ph 7.4 containing 0.05% tween 20 detergent, horse serum, a 50:50 mixture of phosphate-buffered saline/tween 20 and horse serum, and four glycerol solutions of differing concentrations. a recently developed optical ...	1998	9776574
an annotated checklist by genus and species of 93 species level names for 51 recognized species of small strongyles (nematoda: strongyloidea: cyathostominea) of horses, asses and zebras of the world.	the results of an international collaborative effort to prepare a recommended list of scientific names for the small strongyles (nematoda: strongyloidea: cyathostominea) of horses, donkeys and zebras are reported. fifty-one valid species are recognized in 13 genera, including cyathostomum, coronocyclus, cylicodontophorus, cylicocyclus, cylicostephanus, skrjabinodentus, tridentoinfundibulum, petrovinema, poteriostomum, parapoteriostomum, hsiungia, cylindropharynx and caballonema. in addition, 42 ...	1998	9777726
epidemiology of african horse sickness and the role of the zebra in south africa.	zebra are the only equine species native to south africa. these animals roamed over much of the country in the 17th century when horses and donkeys were first imported. the first cases of african horse sickness (ahs) then occurred in the horses of hunters who entered zebra territory. ahs continued to occur on a country-wide basis until the beginning of the 20th century, though the number of outbreaks decreased as the populations of zebra collapsed through overhunting. for most of the 20th centur ...	1998	9785491
serological and virological responses in mules and donkeys following inoculation with african horse sickness virus serotype 4.	two groups, comprising 4 donkeys and 4 mules (group 1) and 4 donkeys and 3 mules (group 2), were used to determine the duration of viraemia and to monitor the development of antibodies following inoculation with african horse sickness virus (ahsv). one group of animals was given a single dose of attenuated ahsv serotype 4 (ahsv 4) vaccine. the second group was inoculated with a virulent field strain of ahsv 4. both groups were subsequently challenged with the virulent field strain of ahsv 4, 51 ...	1998	9785493
donkeys as reservoirs of african horse sickness virus.	investigations have been carried out to elucidate the possible role of the donkey in the epidemiology of african horse sickness (ahs). these studies have shown that despite the absence of pyrexia or other observable clinical signs, donkeys become infected with virulent ahs virus serotype 4 (ahsv 4) and that they develop a viraemia which can persist for at least 12 days, albeit at a comparatively lower titre than that recorded for similarly infected ponies. ahsv 4 showed a similar tissue tropism ...	1998	9785494
clinical, virological and immune responses of normal and immunosuppressed donkeys (equus asinus africanus) after inoculation with african horse sickness virus.	to elucidate the role that donkeys may play in african horse sickness virus (ahsv) persistence during inter-epizootic periods we looked for clinical signs of infection and studied the viraemia and neutralising antibody kinetics in 3 immunocompetent and 3 immunosuppressed donkeys inoculated with ahsv-4. none of the donkeys developed signs of ahs. however infectious ahsv was isolated from the blood of the immunocompetent donkeys for up to 17 days post infection (dpi) and viral antigens were detect ...	1998	9785495
simulation studies of african horse sickness in spain.	factors affecting epidemics of african horse sickness in spain were studied using a mathematical model. the model examined the likelihood of an epidemic after the introduction of the virus, and the effectiveness of vaccination strategies. two host species (horses and donkeys) and one vector species (the biting midge culicoides imicola) were included. a stratified random sampling method (latin hypercube sampling) was used for sensitivity analysis of the likelihood of an epidemic. systematic varia ...	1998	9785500
application of an indirect fluorescent antibody assay for the detection of african horse sickness virus antibodies.	an indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) technique was used to screen and quantify antibodies against african horse sickness virus (ahsv) in equine sera. results obtained with the ifa assay were compared directly with those obtained with standard complement fixation (cf) and virus neutralisation (vn) tests using horse sera from experimental studies and samples from the field. positive fluorescent antibody titres were detected from as early as 7 days after primary vaccination and persisted for at l ...	1998	9785515
use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and dot-blot hybridisation for the detection and identification of african horse sickness virus nucleic acids.	a coupled reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay (rt-pcr) for the detection of african horse sickness virus (ahsv) dsrna, has been developed using genome segment 7 as the target template for primers. rna from isolates of all nine ahsv serotypes were readily detected. the potential inhibitory effects of either ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (edta) or heparin on the rt-pcr were eliminated by washing blood samples before lysis of the red blood cells and storage. there was a close ...	1998	9785517
the evolution of aging: a new approach to an old problem of biology.	most gerontologists believe aging did not evolve, is accidental, and is unrelated to development. the opposite viewpoint is most likely correct. genetic drift occurs in finite populations and leads to homozygosity in multiple-alleled traits. episodic selection events will alter random drift towards homozygosity in alleles that increase fitness with respect to the selection event. aging increases population turnover, which accelerates the benefit of genetic drift. this advantage of aging led to t ...	1998	9792199
immunolocalization of regulatory peptides and 5-ht in bovine male urogenital apparatus.	specimens of testis, excurrent duct including the accessory genital glands and urethra throughout its extension were investigated in adult bovines, in order to immunohistochemically localize both the peptidergic innervation and the epithelial cell types belonging to the diffuse endocrine system (des). immunoreactivities to grp, met- and leu-enkephalins, cgrp, npy, substance p, vip, somatostatin, beta-endorphin and 5-ht antisera were tested by means of a labelled streptavidin-biotin (lsab) method ...	1998	9810501
resistance to alpha/beta interferons correlates with the epizootic and virulence potential of venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and is determined by the 5' noncoding region and glycoproteins.	we compared the alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) sensitivities of the tc-83 vaccine strain and 24 enzootic and epizootic venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) isolates. the ifn-resistant or -sensitive phenotype correlated well with epizootic or enzootic potential. ifn-alpha/beta resistance of trinidad donkey (trd) virus correlated with virulence determinants in the 5' noncoding region and glycoproteins. infection of mice lacking a functional ifn system with the ifn-sensitive tc-83 virus res ...	1998	9811777
argininosuccinate synthetase: localization in astrocytes and role in the production of glial nitric oxide.	an antiserum raised against the peptide representing the partial sequence 196-222 of mouse liver argininosuccinate synthetase (ass) was used to detect and localize the enzyme in cells of neural primary cultures. no ass immunoreactivity was detected by western blotting in homogenates of mouse pure astroglial cultures and rat astroglia-rich cultures. however, when the cultures had been treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, interferon-gamma, or a combination of both, ass immunoreactivity was d ...	1998	9814823
the guttural pouch is not present in the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum); morphology of the eustachian tube and nasopharynx.	the nasopharynx and eustachian tube (auditory tube) were morphologically examined in the white rhinoceros. the narrow nasopharynx cavity was enlarged dorsoventrally. the most lateral part of both sides sharply rises in a dorsal direction and the volume is estimated at 173 cc. the eustachian tube is 145 mm in length from the auditory bulla to the nasopharynx. the hyaline cartilage is well-developed in the middle region of the eustachian tube wall. the results demonstrated that the white rhinocero ...	1998	9818452
phylogenetic relationships within the genus equus and the evolution of alpha and theta globin genes.	sequences of the alpha1, alpha2 and theta globin genes from six equid species have been determined to investigate relationships within the genus equus. analyses using standard phylogenetic methods, or an approach designed to account for the effects of gene conversion between the alpha genes, gave broadly similar results and show that the horses diverged from the zebra/ass ancestor approximately 2.4 million years ago and that the zebra and ass species arose in a rapid radiation approximately 0.9 ...	1998	9847419
necrosis of the femoral head after kidney transplantation.	we reviewed the medical records of 750 patients (445 men, 305 women), who had received a kidney transplant during the period 1968-1995, for any sign of necrosis of the femoral head. for post-operative immunosuppression, 374 patients had received high-dose corticosteroids (average 12.5 g during the first year post-operatively), while 376 patients had received low-dose corticosteroids (average 6.5 g during the first year post-operatively) and cyclosporin a. survival curves according to kaplan and ...	1998	9850453
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in egyptian donkeys using elisa.	a serological survey of toxoplasma gondii was conducted using elisa on 121 sera from adult donkeys from monofia province, egypt. antibodies to t. gondii were found in 65.6% of 121 donkeys.	1998	9877073
performance and management of draught animals in agriculture in sub-saharan africa: a review.	use of animal power generally enables farmers in sub-saharan africa to increase agricultural production and improve the quality of life. effective use of working animals depends on an understanding of the capabilities of the animals for work, their husbandry requirements and the factors which can influence their performance. these issues are reviewed in this paper in the context of the use of animal power in agriculture in sub-saharan africa. the type of animal used for work determines power ava ...	1998	9881437
novel peptides binding to the fc-portion of immunoglobulins obtained from a combinatorial phage display peptide library.	peptides interacting with the fc portion of human igg (igg fc) were selected from a phage display decapeptide library. the library was selected five times and interacting phage peptides were eluted either with staphylococcal protein a or at low ph. individual peptide phage clones were found to interact more strongly with igg fc than did either the original library or the wild-type phage. increasing concentrations of protein a could competitively reduce the interaction of a peptide phage clone (f ...	1998	9894906
improved protection against venezuelan equine encephalitis by genetic engineering of a recombinant vaccinia virus.	an improved vaccine is needed against venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) virus because the existing live attenuated vaccine, tc-83, causes a high incidence of adverse effects, and the formalin-inactivated vaccine, c-84, does not protect against airborne infection. a recombinant vaccine had previously been constructed in which the vee structural proteins were expressed by vaccinia virus. although protection against subcutaneous challenge with vee was achieved, the vaccine had limited efficacy a ...	1998	9918402
serpin-like properties of alpha1-antitrypsin portland towards furin convertase.	recent studies have demonstrated that a serpin variant, alpha1-antitrypsin portland (at-pdx), can inhibit the mammalian convertase furin. here, we examine the mechanism by which this inhibition takes place. we find that furin, which does not belong to the trypsin-like serine protease family, the usual targets of serpins, forms an sds-heat denaturation-resistant complex with at-pdx both in vitro and in vivo. at-pdx inhibited furin with an association rate constant (k(ass)) of 1.5 x 10(6) m(-1) s( ...	1998	9598975
culicoides in relation to transmission of african horse sickness virus in the gambia.	twelve light trap collections made near overnight shelters of horses and donkeys in four villages in the central river division of the gambia captured fourteen species of biting midge of the genus culicoides. five species new to the gambia were identified. this brought the number of recognized species of culicoides (after a revision of c. schultzei) to twenty-nine in the gambia. species known or suspected as vectors of african horse sickness virus (ahsv) and bluetongue virus (btv) comprised 83% ...	1998	9622369
homologous plasma-stored tendon grafting in equids--gross and histomorphological observations.	the efficacy of homologous plasma-stored tendon grafting in the superficial digital flexor tendon severed in the mid-metacarpal region was evaluated in 10 donkeys. experimental tenectomies were performed, followed by grafting using plasma-stored tendon and human amniotic membrane encasement in group i (n=8) but no grafting or encasement in group ii (control) (n=2). gross observations in group i showed no peritendinous adhesions, except in one animal, while control animals showed thick fibrous ad ...	1998	9625461
[the action of the proton pump inhibitor pantoprazol against acetylsalicylic acid-induced gastroduodenopathy in comparison to ranitidine. an endoscopic controlled, double blind comparison].	in a randomised double-blind parallel study the gastroduodenal tolerability of 300 mg acetylsalicilic acid daily (asa, cas 50-78-2) has been evaluated in the presence of placebo (n = 8), 40 mg pantoprazole (cas 102625-70-7) daily (8 a.m.) (n = 16) and 300 mg ranitidine (cas 66357-35-5) daily (8 a.m.) (n = 16) in healthy volunteers using upper gi-endoscopy. the treatment period lasted 14 days, endoscopic controls were performed at entry and repeated at day 14. at entry, the mean endoscopic score ...	1998	9638315
induction of micronuclei in the domestic cat (felis domesticus) peripheral blood by colchicine and cytosine-arabinoside.	one advantage of bioassays over other kinds of tests is the processing or metabolism of the compound by the organism. in a previous work, in which we reported the number of micronucleated erythrocytes (mne) in the peripheral blood of 35 species, the cat was one of the species with the highest number of micronuclei (mn). cats have a low level of circulating polychromatic erythrocytes (pce), i.e. 0.05%, which is much lower than in the laboratory mouse, but higher than in species such as cows, donk ...	1998	9639702
increased excretion of aromatic amino acid catabolites in animals infected with trypanosoma brucei evansi.	aromatic amino acid catabolism by trypanosoma brucei evansi was investigated in vivo using c3heb/fej mice. the major catabolites detected by gas chromatography in the urines of infected animals were phenylpyruvic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, and indole-3-pyruvic acid. identity of each compound was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. concentrations of catabolites in urine of infected mice were correlated with parasitemia and returned to normal following suramin treatment. oth ...	1998	9645841
chromosomal rearrangements in a somali wild ass pedigree, equus africanus somaliensis (perissodactyla, equidae).	chromosome analyses were conducted on 15 animals in a pedigree of somali wild ass, equus africanus somaliensis. g- and c-banded karyotypes are presented for the first time on this endangered species. the diploid number ranged from 62 to 64. numerical chromosomal variation was the result of a centric fission which was accompanied by a heterochromatic deletion. the fission polymorphism involved acrocentric elements 19 and 21 as determined by g-banding. these autosomes are homologous to those invol ...	1998	9678344
pharmacokinetics of sulfonamides and trimethoprim in the donkey (equus asinus).	the body disposition of sulfadimidine (sdm), sulfadiazine (sdz), sulfamethoxypyridazine (smpz) and a trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine combination (tmp-sdmx) was investigated in the donkey. the four sulfonamides and tmp were injected intravenously at doses of 20 mg/kg (sdm, sdz, smpz), 12.5 mg/kg (sdmx) and 2.5 mg/kg (tmp). the body clearance (clb) of sdz (1.70 +/- 0.14 ml/min/kg) was significantly higher than those of sdm (1.13 +/- 0.18 ml/min/kg), smpz (1.10 +/- 0.09 ml/min/kg) and sdmx (0.75 +/- ...	1998	9697419
a comparative study of mast cells and eosinophil leukocytes in the mammalian testis.	the existence of a physiological integration between the immune and endocrine systems has long been recognized. in spite of the abundant literature data on the presence of cells of the immune system in the testis, mast cells and eosinophil leukocytes have received little attention. we have studied the presence, distribution and numbers of mast cells and eosinophils in the testes of 12 mammalian species. mast cells were frequently found in equine (stallion, ass and mule) and human testis, whereas ...	1998	9697421
hyperlipaemia in a donkey.		1998	9700398
a case of open multiple fractures of both forearms caused by a donkey bite.		1998	9707818
an outbreak of equine leukoencephalomalacia at oaxaca, mexico, associated with fumonisin b1.	equine leukoencephalomalacia (elem), swine pulmonary oedema and human oesophageal cancer have been associated with fumonisine b1 (fb1) ingestion. for the first time in this study it is reported that fb1 was identified as being associated with an outbreak of elem at oaxaca, mexico. symptoms of elem and equine venezuelan encephalitis (eve) are similar and a different diagnosis is obligatory. in the geographical area (oaxaca, mexico) where donkeys died showing a neurological syndrome, 14 corn sampl ...	1998	9719762
[prospective randomized pilot study of ambulatory prevention of thromboembolism. 2 times 500 mg aspirin (ass) vs. clivarin 1750 (nmh)].	from march 1994 to march 1996, 287 patients, presenting with lower extremity injuries, who required immobilizing bandages or casts, where included in a prospective, randomized study. these patients received either low-molecular heparin or acetylsalicylic acid for thrombosis prophylaxis. in all patients a clinical examination and a colour-coded duplex sonography were performed after removal of the cast for detection of lower extremity venous thrombosis. a plebography was performed when thrombosis ...	1998	9522671
expression of epidermal growth factor and its receptor in equine placental tissues.	northern blot and in situ hybridization techniques have demonstrated a marked increase in mrna encoding epidermal growth factor (egf) in the endometrium of mares, coincident with the start of interdigitation between the allantochorion and endometrium during placentation. in the present study, the unusually high egf expression in the epithelium of the endometrial glands was shown to be maintained until at least day 250 of gestation (term = 320-340 days) in mares carrying normal horse conceptuses. ...	1998	9538329
clinical biochemical parameters of the endangered catalonian donkey breed: normal values and the influence of sex, age, and management practices effect.	twelve clinical biochemical parameters were determined in 97 animals of all age groups and both sexes of the endangered catalonian donkey breed. significant sex differences were observed for phospholipid concentration (p<0.01). evaluating the effect of management practices on the various parameters showed significant differences for total bilirubin (p<0.001) and creatinine (p<0.05) concentrations and gamma-glutamyltransferase (p<0.05) activity. moreover, it was observed that inorganic phosphorus ...	1998	9557798
[the analysis of donkey-hide glue, antler glue and tortoise shell glue by means of circular dichroism].	donkey-hide glue, antler glue, tortoise shell glue and their forgeries were identified by the analysis method of circular dichroism(cd) in this paper. the standard spectra and data were set up. the method is simple, fast and accurate.	1998	12567974
finite element analysis of static loading in donkey hoof wall.	a finite element model of donkey hoof wall was constructed from measurements taken directly from the hoof capsule of the left forefoot. the model was created with a 2 mm mesh and consisted of 11,608 nodes. a linear elastic analysis was conducted assuming isotropic material properties in response to a 375 newton (n) load, to simulate static loading. the load was applied to the wall via 400 laminae in order to simulate the way in which the pedal bone is suspended within the donkey hoof capsule. di ...	1998	9932100
effect of density and weight of load on the energy cost of carrying loads by donkeys and ponies.	two experiments were designed to compare the energy used in carrying loads by donkeys and ponies. in the first experiment 3 donkeys and 3 ponies were compared on treadmills in the uk. density of load (lead shot or straw) had no significant effect on the energy cost of carrying loads; however, the energy cost of carrying a load decreased significantly (p < 0.001) as the weight of the load increased (in donkeys 6.44, 4.35 and 3.03 j/kg load/m, in ponies 5.82, 3.75 and 3.68 j/kg load/m, for loads o ...	1998	9719832
conformation defects in draught donkeys.		1998	9634713
a procedure for poitou jackass sperm cryopreservation.	we have tried to establish sperm banking for the endangered poitou donkeys. no successful cryopreservation technique had been described for spermatozoa of this species; our preliminary work indicated that a particular medium and procedure may be effective for cryopreservation of poitou jackass spermatozoa as evaluated by sperm motility, membrane integrity and pregnancy rate after ai with frozen-thawed semen. we found that glutamine at 80 mm and 10% (v/v) quail egg yolk in a basal medium containi ...	1998	10734453
mutational status of the tumour suppressor gene (p53) in donkey sarcoid tumours.		1999	10030136
isolation and characterization of the mouse aire gene.	autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (apeced) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by addison's disease and/or hypoparathyroidism and/or chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. patients may also have other clinical symptoms both within and outside the endocrine system, mainly as a result of autoimmunity against organ-specific autoantigens. the gene for apeced has recently been identified and termed aire (for autoimmune regulator). apeced is a model of organ-s ...	1999	10049735
comparison of horse chromosome 3 with donkey and human chromosomes by cross-species painting and heterologous fish mapping.	the melanocortin 1 receptor (mc1r), mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (kit), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (pdgfra) are loci that all belong to equine linkage group 2 (lg2). of these, kit was fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) mapped to eca3q21 with equine cdna and heterologous porcine bac probes, while mc1r was localized to eca3p12 and pdgfra to eca3q21 with heterologous porcine bac probes. a three-step comparison between eca3 and donkey chromosomes was carried out ...	1999	10051324
kinetic selection of hpv 16 e6/e7-directed antisense nucleic acids: anti-proliferative effects on hpv 16-transformed cells.	the e6/e7-coding sequences of the human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv 16) were probed for kinetic accessibility in vitro by pools of catalytic antisense rna. only long-chain complementary rna and very few antisense sequences with a 3' portion complementary to a 10 nt window within unspliced and spliced e6-coding target sequences showed fast annealing with k(ass) values of up to 10(4) m-1s-1 indicating that the majority of e6/e7 rna sequences are unfavourable targets for antisense inhibitors and ri ...	1999	10075988
covalent structures of bmk as and bmk as-1, two novel bioactive polypeptides purified from chinese scorpion buthus martensi karsch.	complete amino acid sequences of two novel bioactive polypeptides, each containing 66 amino acid residues, bmk as and bmk as-1 purified from the venom of chinese scorpion buthus martensi karsch, have been determined by edman sequencing and mass spectrometry on native proteins, reduced and s-carboxymethylated proteins and their peptides obtained after cleavage with proteolytic enzymes. sequence analysis showed 86.4% structural identity between bmk as and bmk as-1 and also a high sequence similari ...	1999	10080355
prevalence of surra among camels and horses in jordan.	the prevalence of trypanosoma evansi infection among camels and horses in jordan was studied using thick blood smears and inoculation techniques with mice and rats. a total of 437 camels and 83 horses from four climatic zones were surveyed. in addition, 40 donkeys, 32 cattle and 35 goats in contact with infected camels and horses were also tested in the same way. clinical disease was evident in 8.2% of the camels (36 out of 437) and in 9.6% of the horses (8 out of 83). infection was limited only ...	1999	10081806
donkey work.		1999	10085965
modulation of allospecific ctl responses during pregnancy in equids: an immunological barrier to interspecies matings?	maternal immune recognition of the developing conceptus in equine pregnancy is characterized by the strongest and most consistent alloantibody response described in any species, a response directed almost exclusively against paternal mhc class i ags. this work investigated the cellular immune response to paternal mhc ags in pregnant and nonpregnant horses and donkeys, and in horses carrying interspecies hybrid mule conceptuses. we observed profound decreases in classical, mhc-restricted, ctl act ...	1999	10201987
glucocorticoids mediate the enhanced expression of intestinal type ii arginase and argininosuccinate lyase in postweaning pigs.	arginine metabolism is enhanced in the small intestine of weanling pigs, but the molecular mechanism(s) involved is not known. the objectives of this study were to determine the following: 1) whether glucocorticoids play a role in induction of intestinal arginine metabolic enzymes during weaning; 2) whether the induction of enzyme activities was due to increases in corresponding mrna levels; and 3) the identity of the arginase isoform(s) expressed in the small intestine. jejunum was obtained fro ...	1999	10203553
construction of chromosome-specific paints for meta- and submetacentric autosomes and the sex chromosomes in the horse and their use to detect homologous chromosomal segments in the donkey.	a pilot study comparing horse and donkey karyotypes on a molecular basis was initiated using the chromosomal microdissection approach. all equine meta- and submetacentric chromosomes, viz. eca1 to eca13 and the x and y chromosomes, were microdissected. the dna was pcr amplified, non-radioactively labelled and used as probes on equine metaphase chromosomes to confirm their origin. once tested, the paints were used as probes on donkey metaphase chromosomes to detect homologous chromosomal segments ...	1999	10328622
equine nasal and paranasal sinus tumours: part 2: a contribution of 28 case reports.	the clinical and pathological findings of 28 cases (27 horses, 1 donkey) of equid sinonasal tumours examined at the edinburgh veterinary school are presented and include: seven cases of squamous cell carcinoma (scc); five adenocarcinomas; three undifferentiated carcinomas; two adenomas; five fibro-osseous and bone tumours; and single cases of ameloblastoma, fibroma, fibrosarcoma, undifferentiated sarcoma, melanoma and lymphosarcoma. the median ages of animals affected with epithelial, and fibro- ...	1999	10328839
cloning, sequencing and functional expression of zebra (equus burchelli) lh.	although donkey luteinizing hormone exhibits a very high degree of amino acid sequence identity with horse lh, its fsh activity in non-equine species is tenfold lower. the coding regions of the common zebra (equus burchelli) glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit and lh beta-subunit transcripts were cloned by reverse transcription-pcr from pituitary gland rna to investigate more precisely the structure-function relationships of this gonadotrophin family. zebra lh was then expressed in cos-7 cells an ...	1999	10341734
steroidogenic factor 1-dna binding: a kinetic analysis using surface plasmon resonance.	basal expression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene in pituitary gonadotrophs is partially dependent on a gonadotroph specific element (gse) which binds the nuclear receptor, steroidogenic factor-1 (sf-1). we have used surface plasmon resonance (spr) to determine the association (kappa ass), dissociation (kappa diss) and affinity (ka) constants of sf-1 binding to immobilized oligonucleotides containing either the gse consensus motif or a gse mutant with a 2 bp substitution in the gse ...	1999	10343283
asthma symptoms: influence of personality versus clinical status.	the hypothesis that symptom-reporting in asthmatics does not necessarily correspond with clinical status, but is related to negative affectivity was investigated. one hundred and sixteen asthmatic patients filled out the asthma symptom checklist (asc), the negative emotionality scale (nem), and the mcmaster-asthma quality-of-life questionnaire (aqlq). the patients were grouped as either hospitalized, outpatient previously hospitalized or outpatient not previously hospitalized for asthma. lung fu ...	1999	10362035