Publications

hepatitis b e antigen and infectivity of hepatitis b virus.	for confirmation of the difference in the infectivity of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbs ag)-positive serum according to differences in the e antigen system, four chimpanzees were inoculated with serum positive for hepatitis b e antigen (hbe ag), and three chimpanzees were inoculated with serum positive for antibody to hbe ag (anti-hbe). since the infectivity titrations are not yet completed, the end infectivity titer of each serum is not known. all four chimpanzees given injections of 10(-1), ...	1977	908854
competition for meat between chimpanzees and baboons of the gombe national park.	both chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and baboons (papio anubis) at the gombe national park in western tanzania are know to catch and eat meat. there are five occasions recorded when chimpanzees were seen to seize prey from baboons and five other occasions when there was evidence strongly suggesting that an appropriation had taken place. this paper describes these observations.	1977	914124
the chromosomal radiosensitivity of lymphocytes from the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes).	the yield of chromosomal aberrations induced by exposure to x-irradiation in vitro was studied in the lymphocytes of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), a hominoid ape phylogenically and chromosomally closely related to man. in agreement with the similarity of the chromosome characteristics, no significant difference was observed between man and chimpanzee with respect to the incidence of dicentrics and fragments. it is obvious that the nuclear area, which apparently constitutes the most evident d ...	1977	917036
evolution of primate chromosomes.	human and higher primate chromosomes have been compared by general and regional banding methods, including hybridization in situ. the general banding patterns of the chromosomes of gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan, but not gibbon, are similar to those of the human. preliminary results show that chromosomes with similar banding patterns in different species often carry the same genes. repetitious dna's have undergone changes in structure and distribution which are reflected in changes in the re ...	1977	929190
chimpanzee predation as a possible factor in the evolution of red colobus monkey social organization.		1977	28563715
development of hemagglutination assays ii. enhancement in the sensitivity of an rpha test for hbsag.	studies were undertaken to enhance the sensitivity of a previously developed rpha test for hbsag. a net increase in sensitivity of approximately 3-fold was achieved by modifying the elution procedure used to purify chimpanzee anti-hbs by affinity chromatography. a further 3- or 4-fold sensitivity increase was achieved by increasing the volume of specimen tested. a concomitant increase in nonspecific agglutination usually observed with increased specimen size was avoided by incubating the reactio ...	1977	930047
capillary telangiectasis of the brain in chimpanzee.	the occurrence of capillary telangiectasis of the brain in a chimpanzee is reported. the telangiectases were multiple and diffusely scattered throughout the brain although the cerebral and cerebellar cortex were particulary affected. hemorrhage into surrounding gliotic parenchyma was present. the were associated neuroligic sings, most significantly paralysis and convulsions, and the outcome was fatal. a case of this nature has not previously been reported.	1977	592017
histopathological studies on suramin toxicity in a chimpanzee.		1977	910288
lh-rh-induced gonadotropin release in chimpanzees.		1977	329904
ovarian tumors and related lesions in aged chimpanzees.	the ovaries of a 48-year-old chimpanzee each contained a large bilateral fibrothecoma. a 39-year-old chimpanzee had two small fibrothecomas in one ovary and a well-differentiated sertoli-leydig cell tumor in the other; there also was adenomatous hyperplasia of the endometrium. both animals had extensive thecal hypertrophy in the ovaries. thecal hypertrophy might have been a source of excessive estrogen and could have been a partial cause of the ovarian tumors.	1977	196384
transmission of hepatitis b to chimpanzees by hepatitis b surface antigen-positive saliva and semen.	to assess the infectivity of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag)-containing body fluids other than blood, chimpanzees were inoculated intravenously with saliva and semen obtained from hbsag-positive individuals implicated in non-percutaneous transmission of hepatitis b. saliva and semen samples were negative for occult blood. the titer of hbsag in saliva was on the average only 1/3,000 that of the corresponding serum. one chimpanzee, inoculated sequentially with saliva from three individuals, de ...	1977	892901
the association between basal body temperature, sexual swelling and urinary gonadal hormone levels in the menstrual cycle of the chimpanzee.	basal body temperature (bbt) was measured continuously by radiotelemetry throughout 14 chimpanzee menstrual cycles and correlated with daily observations of the sexual skin swelling. a biphasic bbt shift from a pre-nadir mean of 36-12 degrees c to a post-nadir mean of 36-67 degrees c was observed in 12 cycles. the temperature nadir showed a close temporal relationship with detumescence of the sexual skin swelling (an early luteal event), but the rate of temperature rise after the nadir was varia ...	1977	864649
[significance of hbe antigen in the experimental infection using chimpanzees].		1977	560543
heterogeneity of hepatitis b surface antigen-associated particles isolated from chimpanzee plasma.	hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) was purified from approximately 8 liters of pooled plasma from a carrier chimpanzee. precipitation of hbsag with polyethylene glycol resulted in more than 20-fold purification, with about 80% recovery of antigenic activity. the sample was separated by further purification and fractionation into three populations of hbsag-associated particles by column chromatography on hydroxylapatite: the first contained short filaments and 22- to 28-nm spheres, the second wa ...	1977	873613
second order auditory pathways in the chimpanzee.	substantial portions of the dorsal, and almost the entire posteroventral and anteroventral (av) cochlear nuclei were aspirated unilaterally in a chimpanzee. axonal degeneration was studied by the fink-heimer method. the greatest amount of degeneration was followed medially from the region of av into the lateral part of the trapezoid body. degeneration also coursed around the superior surface of the restiform body and was traced into the dorsal and intermediate acoustic striae. within the superio ...	1977	838885
an autoradiographic investigation of the subcortical visual system in chimpanzee.	based on one adult chimpanzee monocularly injected with radioactive proline, retinofugal fibers were found to terminate bilaterally in the suprachiasmatic, pregeniculate, lateral geniculate, olivary, pretectal and lateral terminal nuclei, and the superior colliculi; the existence of a dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system is in doubt. in the ipsilateral geniculate nucleus, the fibers terminate in layers 2, 3 and 5; in the contralateral nucleus, they end in layers 1, 4 and 6. midw ...	1977	65368
renal excretion of a slauretic-uricosuric agent (mk-196) and interaction with a urate-retaining drug, pyrazinoate, in the chimpanzee.	the excretory pattern for mk-196 is ocmpatible with that of other weak organic acids such as salicylate and probenecid. tubular secretion of mk-196 is strongly inhibitied by probenecid and high loads of p-aminohippurate. urinary excretion of mk-196 is increased 10-fold when the urine is alkaline. clearances of mk-196 were not corrected for plasma protein binding of the drug which is very high (greater than 99%). bidirectional transport processes are operative in that mk-196 is secreted by the re ...	1977	14251
chimpanzee simian-type blood groups: reproducibility of formerly described antisera and demonstration of new blood groups oc and pc1.	a chimpanzee of simian-type blood groups v.a, cef, g, h, l was isoimmunized with the red cells of another chimpanzee of simian-type v.b, cef, g, h, 1 in order to obtain antibodies of specificity anti-bc, originally produced in another chimpanzee in 1964. in addition to the desired anti-bc, the immunized chimpanzee produced also three other antibodies; anti-yc cross-reactive with chimpanzee red cells of the simian-type bc and/or dc, a potent cold autoantibody reactive for red cells of all chimpan ...	1977	914130
[ethiopathogenesis of hepatitis b viral infection in chimpanzees].		1977	882683
shoulder replacement in the chimpanzee: surgical and post-operative management.	a modified "floating-socket" total shoulder replacement was implanted in an adult male chimpanzee using an anterior surgical approach. the surgical technique and the post-operative course are described. clinical and x-ray follow-up for 17 months reveals satisfactory function of the implant with no apparent loosening of either glenoid or humeral components.	1977	609087
fifty-day observation of a free-ranging adult male chimpanzee.	an adult male chimpanzee living in gombe national park, tanzania, was observed for 50 consecutive days during the 1974 dry season, for a total of 563 h. this individual, figan, was the alpha male of a community of 42 chimpanzees. the composition and size of temporary associations within the community was influenced largely by the presence of one estrus female and by characteristics of the food resources. figan's daily time budget varied little for travel and grooming, but there were major change ...	1977	604223
infant killing and cannibalism in free-living chimpanzees.	male chimpanzees at the gombe national park were twice seen to attack 'stranger' females and seize their infants. one infant was then killed and partially eaten: the other was 'rescued' and carried by three different males. once several males were found eating a freshly killed 'stranger' infant. a similar event was observed in uganda by dr. suzuki and dr. nishida reports an incident from the mahali mountains, tanzania. a different kind of killing occurred at gombe when a female and her daughter ...	1977	564321
the proteins of hepatitis b dane particle cores.	although several studies have been done to analyze the peptides of purified 22-nm hbsag particles, no information has been published about the peptides of the core of the dane particle which bears the other hepatitis b viral antigen. hbcag. dane particles and dane particle cores (produced by np-40 treatment of dane particles) were purified by equilibrium centrifugation in cscl density gradients. two populations of dane particles were observed at densities 1.27 and 1.24 g/ml, respectively. the hi ...	1977	305949
carbohydrate composition of serum low and high density lipoproteins of nonhuman primate species.	1. carbohydrate composition of serum low and high density lipoproteins obtained from 5 nonhuman primate species (chimpanzee, patas, baboon, rhesus, and spider) and humans was studied. 2. individual lipoproteins were isolated from pooled sera of each species by ultracentrifugal flotation between the densities 1.019-1.063 for ldl-2; 1.063-1.12 for hdl-2; and 1.12-1.21 for hdl-3. after delipidation, sialic acid, fucose, glucosamine, mannose, galactose, and glucose were determined on apo ldl-2, apo ...	1977	233783
influence of polypeptide molecular and side chain lengths and of side chain steric location on the kinetics of basic polypeptide-induced sensitization of primate cells to transfection.	kinetics of sensitization of chimpanzee cell sheets to transfection by poliovirus rna was determined for 5 basic polypeptides. with basic olypeptide hydrobromide at 100 microng/ml, initial sensitization rate was faster for poly-l-ornithine of average molecular weight (amw) 15500 than of amw 105000, and much faster for poly-l-lysine of amw 1700 than of amw 140000. desensitization phases were observed with the 2 shorter polypeptides. sensitization was much faster and sensitivity maxima were consid ...	1977	15433
[angles of the base of the skull in chimpanzees].	ten angular measurements have been retained for a study of the basis of the skull for two species of chimpanzees : pan troglodytes (83 skulls) and pan paniscus (179 skulls). were especially studied : growth and sexual or specific differences. classical parameters or angles measured in reference to the horizontal vestibular axis were used. the statistical study clearly shows the phenomenom of negative rotation with an ontogenic accentuation of quadrupedia.	1977	614060
q-band polymorphism in a family of pygmy chimpanzees (pan paniscus).	a polymorphic condition for the q-band intense region of chromosome number 22 is identified in the pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus). this polymorphism allows us to trace the pattern of inheritance of a number 22 chromosome in a family of pygmy chimpanzees. previous q-band findings are verified.	1977	915933
pygmy chimpanzee as a possible prototype for the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees and gorillas.		1978	703839
skeletal differences between pygmy (pan paniscus) and common chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).	skeletal dimensions of pygmy (pan paniscus) and common (pan troglodytes) chimpanzees were compared. significant differences were found in the clavicles, scapulae, pelvises, and in the humerus/femur and femur head/length ratios. no significant differences were observed in long bone lengths or talar breadths. there is extensive overlap in body weights, so that the observed differences cannot be accounted for by body size alone. we conclude that pygmy and common chimpanzees are morphologically dist ...	1978	658843
influence of oral polyunsaturated and saturated phospholipid treatment on the lipid composition and fatty acid profile of chimpanzee lipoproteins.	the influence of treatment with polyunsaturated lecithin (epl) and with saturated lecithin on the lipoprotein composition and fatty acid profile was investigated in 4 male chimpanzees. the animals were successively given 3 isocaloric diets containing the same amount of fat with a degree of saturation varying from 1 in the control diet to 0.2 in the diet enriched with polyunsaturated lecithin, to 4 in the diet enrich with saturated lecithin. the vldl, ldl and hdl3 fractions were isolated by ultra ...	1978	222303
sex differences, dominance, and personality in the chimpanzee.	this study demonstrates a useful methodology for judging the personality of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthi). observers rated the chimpanzees on a forced-choice rating scale which yielded measures on eight emotion dimensions. the rating scale, emotions profile index, is derived from a theory of personality which stresses the adaptive significance of emotions at all evolutionary levels. this method has theoretical generality, having been successfully applied previously to humans, baboo ...	1978	565175
immunofluorescence microscopy in experimentally induced, type b hepatitis in the chimpanzee.		1978	340320
conjugate lateral eye movements in pan troglodytes.		1978	748815
the relevance of object categorization to cross-modal performance by chimpanzees.		1978	732987
the establishment of a chimpanzee breeding colony for hepatitis research.	the chimpanzee is the most appropriate animal model for hepatitis b research. because these primates are scarce and expensive it is important that optimum use be made of available animals and facilities. the establishment of a chimpanzee breeding colony is described and a model for providing primates for research is outlined.	1978	712811
the resocialization of single-caged chimpanzees and the establishment of an island colony.	single-caged chimpanzees used in medical experimentation were resocialized in the laboratory setting and subsequently established as a socially integrated island colony. the dynamics of their behavioral pathology are described.	1978	712810
continual sexual receptivity in the female chimpanzee (pan troglodytes).	daily observations during a 5-year period showed that the mean frequencies of copulation per day during various sexual states of the female chimpanzee were almost identical, except for during maximum tumescence and lactation. the mean frequency of observed copulation peaked during maximum tumescence and was lowest during lactation.	1978	711050
map reading by chimpanzees.	infant chimpanzees, after watching a small black-and-white closed-circuit television picture of a familiar caretaker walking out into an outdoor field and disappearing from sight, were more successful in finding the person than if they had been given no such cue; and their performance approximated that which obtained after they had seen the same scene normally, via direct perception.	1978	669493
membranous dysmenorrhea in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). a report of four cases.	a macroscopic and histologic description of membranous dysmenorrhea in chimpanzees is given. the similarity of these cases to those in women make the chimpanzee an interesting model for studies on the presently unknown etiology of membranous dysmenorrhea.	1978	660641
"floating-socket" total shoulder replacement: anatomical, biomechanical, and surgical rationale.	a prosthesis based on a new concept of gleno-humeral motion has been developed and clinically tested for the past 2 years. the "floating-socket" total shoulder replacement contains a nondislocatable, dual spherical bearing system consisting of a small sphere within a larger sphere with their centers offset to provide the physiologic "floating fulcrum" for mechanically advantageous motion. this geometric configuration allows a prosthetic range of motion in excess of anatomical limits to allow sof ...	1978	632319
association of normal serum protein antigens with chimpanzee hepatitis b surface antigen particles.	hbsag/adw was purified from 2.6 liters of pooled plasma from a single chimpanzee carrier by polyethylene glycol (peg) precipitation followed by isopycnic and rate zonal centrifugation. the different morphological populatilons of hbsag separated in the final rate zonal centrifugation step were combined into seven pools: two fractions rich in filaments and dane particles, two pools composed of filaments and 20--28-nm spheres, and three fractions containing mostly 20--28-nm spheres. the purified pr ...	1978	569685
experimental basis for qrs and t wave potentials in the wpw syndrome. the relation of epicardial to body surface potential distributions in the intact chimpanzee.		1978	412608
conservation of liquid and solid quantity by the chimpanzee.	sarah, an adult "language"-trained chimpanzee, made accurate same-different judgments on quantities of liquid and solid matter and conserved both types of quantity despite a transformation in an irrelevant property (shape). control tests showed that she judged on the basis of inference rather than perceptual evaluation of the quantities. she failed to make accurate same-different judgments on the basis of number, and she was not tested for conservation of this type of quantity.	1978	17798798
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in the chimpanzee.		1978	752345
the labelling of galactose residues in hepatitis b surface antigen glycoprotein.	the 20 to 25 nm particles of hepatitis b surface antigen were purified from the serum of a carrier chimpanzee. five major polypeptide species were revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. treatment of the particles with neuraminidase (ec 3.2.1.18) and galactose oxidase (ec 1.1.3.9) followed by reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride labelled galactose residues in a single glycoprotein with an apparent mol. wt. of 28 000. the glycoprotein was not labelled when n ...	1978	745007
paper-marking test for chimpanzee: simple control for social cues.	a series of paper-marking tests, modeled after tests widely applied to humans, was administered to sarah, a "language"-trained chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). the test format was simple, economical, and controlled for social cues. the ape successfully made same-similar-different judgments on pictures of familiar objects when up to four questions were presented at the same time. performance remained satisfactory on same-different judgments of novel pictures of alphabetic characters. throughout the ...	1978	17752464
symbolization, language, and chimpanzees: a theoretical reevaluation based on initial language acquisition processes in four young pan troglodytes.		1978	737530
abnormal behaviour patterns developing in chimpanzee infants during nursery care. a note.		1978	568631
radioimmunoassay for the detection of hepatitis e antigen (hbeag) and antibody (anti-hbe).	a solid phase micro-immunoradiometric assay (micro-spira) for the detection of hepatitis e antigen (hbeag) and antibody has been developed. chimpanzee anti-hbe/2 was developed by repeated immunizations with purified antigen containing hbeag/1 and hbeag/2. an anti-hbe/2 titer of 1:4 was determined by immunodiffusion (id) analysis. anti-hbe/1 was not detected. the anti-hbe igg used in the assay was purified from plasma by a combination of deae-cellulose and affinity chromatography. the sensitivity ...	1978	80434
symbolic communication between two chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).	through use of learned symbols, two chimpanzees accurately specified 11 foods by name to one another when the food item's identity was known by only one. they could not do this when denied use of the symbols. the chimpanzees then spontaneously requested specific foods of one another by name. requests resulted in cooperative and reciprocal symbolically mediated food exchange.	1978	675251
chimpanzees: preserving the species.		1978	17777732
blood grouping of chimpanzees by isoantibody.		1978	671931
frog perspective on the morphological difference between humans and chimpanzees.	the body shapes of humans and chimpanzees were compared quantitatively by criteria chosen for their capacity to discriminate well among the body shapes of frogs. by these criteria, the difference in body shape between humans and chimpanzees was found to be greater than that between the most dissimilar pairs of frogs examined--that is, frogs classified in separate taxonomic suborders. even though the morphological diffference between the two primates is large by frog standards, the biochemical di ...	1978	635583
depression of t lymphocyte function in chimpanzees receiving thymectomy and irradiation.		1978	148128
effects of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement therapy upon the sexual and aggressive behavior of the greater galago (galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus).	the effects of ovariectomy and estradiol treatment upon sexual and aggressive behavior were studied in a prosimian primate, the greater galago. ovariectomized galagos were sexually unreceptive and frequently aggressive, but retained their sexual attractiveness to males. when females were treated with estradiol monobenzoate, however, their aggression and refusals of males' mounting attempts decreased markedly. although males mounted these females, they usually failed to copulate, possibly because ...	1978	566251
urethral infection of chimpanzees by ureaplasma urealyticum.	two strains of ureaplasma urealyticum serotype v that had produced urethritis in human volunteers were, after a number of subcultures in artificial media, introduced intra-urethrally into three chimpanzees. one strain given to two chimpanzees rapidly multiplied 1000-fold whereas there was less evidence that organisms of another strain multiplied in a third animal. over a 14-day period the ureaplasmas persisted in all animals, did not spread to the throat and did not produce an inflammatory respo ...	1978	566328
[study of the sugar composition of conidiobolus strains saprophytic or pathogenic to man and animal].	the composition in the cell wall sugars of 13 strains of conidiobolus coronatus and 1 strain of conidiobolus incongruus has been determined. glucose and mannose were found to be the main sugars. the study of the ratio mannose/glucose has shown that there are 3 groups of strains. the first group which contains the strain of c. coronatus isolated from man or chimpanzee is characterized by a ratio lying between 0.92 and 1.3. the second group containing the strains of c. coronatus isolated from hors ...	1978	567744
ability of chimpanzees to respond to symbols of quantity in comparison with that of children and of monkeys.	four chimpanzees, 4 rhesus monkeys, and 11 children aged 4-9 yr were assessed under comparable conditions for their ability to make use of colors as symbols of quantity. one particular color represented the quantifier "all"; another represented "some"; another represented "one"; a fourth represented "none." these arbitrarily chosen colors retained their individual meanings when the test conditions were varied on three occasions. the ability of the subjects to continue responding appropriately to ...	1978	569665
strategies of emigration and transfer by primates, with particular reference to gorillas.	in many primate species, more males than females leave their natal group and transfer to another. in man, chimpanzee and the gorilla, however, the reverse is the case. this paper presents detailed data for the gorilla on individuals' movements into and out of breeding units. comparisons are made with other primates, and with data on two non-primate species in which females rather than males move between breeding units. proximate causes and functions of emigration and transfer are considered, and ...	1978	570781
transmission of hepatitis v virus infection by transfusion of frozen-deglycerolized red blood cells.	chimpanzees were used to determine the ability of prior freezing of red blood cells to prevent the transmission of type b post-transfusion hepatitis. four units of human whole blood were each inoculated with 10(6) infectious doses of hepatitis b virus. although all units became hbsag negative after freezing and deglycerolization, hepatitis b virus infection developed in all four chimpanzees when these units were transfused. two of these chimpanzees had only serologic evidence of infection, inclu ...	1978	628386
non-a, non-b hepatitis transmission in chimpanzees: a project of the transfusion-transmitted viruses study group.	experimental transmission of non-a, non-b hepatitis was apparently accomplished in 5 chimpanzees following inoculation with presumably infectious human sera. administration of sera from implicated donors with normal alanine aminotransferase (alt) values, as well as from those with abnormal alt levels, resulted in the development of alt abnormalities in the inoculated chimpanzees. transmission from donors with normal alt values implies that healthy carriers of non-a, non-b virus exist. evidence i ...	1978	632054
patterns of food sharing among mother and infant chimpanzees at gombe national park, tanzania.	the patterns of food sharing among mother and infant chimpanzees at the gombe national park, tanzania, are primarily influenced by the infants' ability to procure and process foods independently. foods infants could find and process on their own were not shared by mothers as frequently as foods infants could not obtain independently. temporal changes were observed in the patterns of interactions as infants matured. it is suggested that food sharing may be considered a behavioral strategy which f ...	1978	658842
studies on the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test for schistosoma mansoni infections.	extensive studies of the use of the elisa test for the detection of antibodies in schistosoma mansoni infections are described. a method has been evolved for the determination of the optimum value for the reference serum endpoint. in chimpanzees infected with s. mansoni a crude egg antigen detected antibodies earlier in the infection than did a worm antigen and was generally more reactive. the elisa test, using the egg antigen, has been applied to sera from populations infected with s. mansoni, ...	1978	666395
electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles iii. quadrupedal positional behavior.	electromyographic (emg) recordings were taken from 14 shoulder muscles (or major parts of them) in a gorilla, a chimpanzee and an orangutan as they stood quadrupedally and tripedally, descended from elevated substrates, crutch-walked, and progressed quadrupedally on inclined and level substrates. in the african apes, low potentials commonly (but not always) occurred in the sternocostal pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles during quadrupedal stance. the quad ...	1978	677298
experimental infection of chimpanzees with dengue viruses.		1978	677372
experimental infection with schistosoma intercalatum (fisher, 1934) in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) and the gibbon (hylobates lar).	two young chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and two adult gibbons (hylobates lar), each exposed to 1,000 cercariae of schistosoma intercalatum (cameroon), were examined at 79 and 82 wk and 61 and 69 wk, respectively, post-infection. based upon worn returns and tissue egg deposits, these primates can be employed as hosts for experimental schistosomiasis intercalata. however, no histopathology was detected in the urogenital system.	1978	677377
hepatitis b vaccine: efficacy in high-risk settings, a two-year study.	a formalin-treated hepatitis b vaccine in the form of purified hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) was prepared from asymptomatic human hbsag carriers. its safety and potency were tested in 5 chimpanzees. the vaccine was administered to 264-individuals. the results of the first 173 immunizations--46 hemodialysis patients and 127 staff members--are presented. potency was ascertained and efficacy assessed by the development of humoral immune responses to hbsag (anti-hbs antibody) and seroepidemiol ...	1978	681144
hepatitis b core particles with endogenous dna polymerase activity from chimpanzee liver.	hepatitis b core antigen (hbcag) particles, approximately 27-28 nm in diameter and rho = 1.30-1.35 g/cm3, were purified from the liver of a chimpanzee experimentally infected with hepatitis b virus (hbv) while under cyclophosphamide treatment. the purified hbcag particles incorporated radioactive deoxythymidine triphosphate. the product was precipitable by trichloroacetic acid and sensitive to dnase, but resistant to digestion by rnase. the reaction required four deoxyribonucleosise triphosphate ...	1978	681146
incomplete inactivation of hepatitis b virus after heat treatment at 60 c for 10 hours.	a 10(-3) dilution of pooled serum (positive for hepatitis b e antigen and dna polymerase activity) containing hepatitis b virus (hbv) in a titer 10(5) times the chimpanzee-infectious dose, was heated under water maintained at 60 c for 10 hr. there was a twofold decrease in the titer of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) as measured by reverse passive hemagglutination after the heat treatment. the heated, diluted serum was still infectious and caused hbv infections in both seronegative chimpanze ...	1978	681799
the major histocompatibility complex of chimpanzees: identification of several new antigens controlled by the a and b loci of chla.	the serology and genetics of 17 serologically defined tissue antigens of chimpanzees is described. analysis of their distribution in 200 unrelated chimpanzees and their segregation in a large number of chimp families suggests that 14 of the antigens are controlled by two closely linked loci: seven by the a and seven by the b locus of chla. typing of chimpanzees with human alloantisera revealed that several of those a and b locus antigens of chla are the chimp's serological counterparts of a and ...	1978	694913
correlations between tooth dimensions of man and apes.	computation of simple, multiple and canonical correlation coefficents between the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters showed a high degree of association between the overall crown dimensions of man and chimpanzee. information regarding the partitioning of genetic and environmental influences on crown form must therefore await further data regarding the degree of correlation between detailed intra-crown dimensions. nevertheless, the data from this study suggested that dentitions should b ...	1978	696222
chimpanzee problem-solving: a test for comprehension.	an adult chimpanzee was shown videotaped scenes of a human actor struggling with one of eight problems and was then shown two photographs, one of which depicted an action or an object (or both) that could constitute a solution to the problem. on seven of the eight problems, the animal consistently chose the correct photograph. this test problem-solving comprehension permits the animal's knowledge about problem-solving--its ability to infer the nature of problems and to recognize potential soluti ...	1978	705342
some aspects of the proposed captive breeding of dwarf chimpanzees (pan paniscus)		1978	712809
[ontogenic development of the surface of craniofacial sagittal angular sectors in man and chimpanzee].	by means of a technique for measuring surfaces by direct reading, six angular sectors have been studied (3 for the face and 3 for the skull) at various ontogenic periods of man, common chimpanzee and dwarf chimpanzee. the growth curves have been drawn for absolute values and for relative values. they show a certain evolutive parallelism between the frontal bone and the parietal bone, and between the face and the mandible, with a special fate for the occipital bone.	1978	728633
effect of ethanol during hepatitis b virus infection in chimpanzees.	to determine whether the use of ethyl alcohol (ethanol, c2h5oh) may increase the liver damage caused by hepatitis b virus infection, ethanol was infused into four chimpanzees on one or two occasions during the course of natural or experimentally induced hepatitis b virus infections. a fifth chimpanzee, without active hepatitis b virus infection, served as a control. moderate elevations of serum aspartate or alanine aminotransferases occurred in four of the five chimpanzees, including the control ...	1978	731211
balantidiosis in a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes).	a young adult chimpanzee died after a brief gastrointestinal illness characterized by profuse soft stool, vomiting and dyspnoea. necropsy examination revealed a severe typhlitis and colitis with pseudomembrane formation, and acute aspiration pneumonia. balantidium coli, a common intestinal parasite, was found in large numbers in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon and caecum. the inflammation and degree of invasion associated with balantidium coli indicates that it was a primary patho ...	1978	732267
activities of pongid thigh muscles during bipedal behavior.	electromyographic recordings were taken from 12 thigh muscles (or major parts of them) in a gorilla, from 6 thigh muscles in a chimpanzee, and from 2 thigh muscles in an orangutan as they engaged in bipedal positional behavior, including stance, reaching overhead, lunging, leaping and walking. in the african apes, symmetric bipedal stances with hindlimb flexure were accompanied by notable emg potentials generally increased to or remained at moderate and high levels. our studies on the gluteal (t ...	1978	736109
experimental infection of the chimpanzee urethra and pharynx with chlamydia trachomatis.	an isolate of chlamydia trachomatis obtained from a man with nongonococcal urethritis was used to produce experimental urethral and pharyngeal infections in chimpanzees. after urethral inoculation of 8 x 10(1) inclusion-forming units (ifu), infections were established in three of three animals; urethral discharges developed in two. the infections persisted for five to nine weeks. larger inocular (7 x 10(2) and 1 x 10(5) ifu) produced pharyngeal infections in two animals. the third animal's phary ...	1978	741332
chimpanzee chromosome 12 is homologous to human chromosome arm 2q.		1978	752547
chimpanzee chromosome 13 is homologous to human chromosome arm 2p.		1978	752548
the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), a new host for nymphal armillifer armillatus (pentastomida: porocephalida) in west africa.		1978	757709
analysis of the hominoid os coxae by cartesian coordinates.	this study is based upon 48 3-dimensional coordinates taken on 4 fossil hominid and 127 extant hominoid coxal bones. the follis include sts 14, sk 3155, mld 7, and mld 25. the comparative sample consists of 42 homo sapiens, 27 pan troglodytes, 29 gorilla gorilla and 29 pongo pygmaeus. the coordinates improve the metrical representation of the bone beyond what can be done with linear measurements because the shape complexity of the os coxae is so great. the coordinates are rotated and translated ...	1978	416722
[about the comparison of closely related species chimpanzee-man and fox-dog in respect of the possibility of xenotransplantation (author's transl)].	although the transplant combinations chimpanzee-man on one hand and fox-dog on the other hand have nearly the same phylogenetic development within their zoological family, it is not quite correct to compare the immunological reactions and patterns of rejection of xenogeneic transplants within these systems. the differences in immunochemistry of serum proteins between these two systems confirm that chimpanzee and man are more closely related than fox and dog concerning their genetic disparity. th ...	1978	417391
the chemical restraint of apes and monkeys by means of phencyclidine or ketamine.	the anesthetic effects of two drugs, namely, phencyclidine and ketamine, used alone or in combination with atropine, were compared during clinical and experimental procedures on different primate species ranging from gorillas, orangutans, white-faced and dwarf chimpanzees, baboons, cercopithecus monkeys to new--world monkeys. it is concluded that both these anesthetics are very good and safe drugs for restraint and anesthesia. ketamine appeared to be superior to phencyclidine for use among apes ...	1978	418634
immunological relationships of human and subhuman primate pregnancy-associated plasma proteins.	(1) four pregnancy-associated plasma proteins cross-reactive with antibodies to the human pregnancy proteins were detected in several species of pregnant subhuman primates. in the case of the two apes studied (chimpanzee and orangutan), these appeared to be immunologically identical to the human papps (papp-a, -b, -c, and hcs). in the old world monkeys analyzed, equivalent partially cross-reactive papps were found; while in the new world squirrel monkey, only faint traces of cross-reactive papp- ...	1978	413796
rat lung hyper-reactivity to stress.	rats have been used frequently as a model for determining the pulmonary response to various stressful situations. it has been shown in the literature that rat lungs are remarkably sensitive to factors which result in the development of gross pulmonary injury, such as stress from exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. similarly, a high degree of pulmonary reactivity was found in rats after administration of various cns, convulsants and also exposure to mechanical vibration. the present study was confined ...	1978	414726
connective tissue composition of aortas from non-human primates. a comparative study.	connective tissue composition of aortas from several non-human primate species has been studied in an effort to relate collagen, elastin, ang glycosaminoglycan (gag) content to species susceptibility to atherosclerosis. among the species studied the baboon contained the highest content of gag in the aorta. while the distribution of individual gag varied from species to species, heparan sulfate (hs) was the highest gag in aortas from most of the species. the ratio of hs to chondroitin sulfates (c ...	1978	415748
leprosy in a chimpanzee. morphology of the skin lesions and characterization of the organism.	microscopic features of lepromatoid lesions in a chimpanzee inoculated with bovine leukemia virus consisted of diffuse dermal infiltrations of foamy histiocytes, except for a subepidermal "clear zone" devoid of infiltrating cells. acid-fast organisms were in histiocytes, dermal nerves and a branch of the left radial nerve. the organisms were more intensely acid-fast with the fite-faraco than with the ziehl-neelsen stain. the organisms did not oxidize 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) to indole b ...	1978	356407
rh antibodies produced by an isoimmunized chimpanzee; reciprocal relationship between chimpanzee simian-type isoimmune sera and human anti-rho reagents.	an isoimmune chimpanzee serum was found to contain, in addition to expected antibodies of the simian-type specificity anti-lc, a fraction of anti-rho specificity, as proved by parallel tests with standard human anti-rho sera as well as by absorption experiments using human and chimpanzee red cells. on the other hand, the two human anti-rho sera tested in parallel were found to contain not only antibodies of specificity anti-rho but also antibodies capable of detecting lc specificity on the chimp ...	1978	412797
experimental infection of chimpanzees with the norwalk agent of epidemic viral gastroenteritis.	a fecal filtrate of human origin containing the norwalk agent of epidemic viral gastroenteritis was administered by stomach tube to chimpanzees in an attempt to induce diarrheal disease. significant postchallenge serum antibody rises against norwalk viral antigens were demonstrated in all animals using the techniques of immune electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay. in addition, viral antigens were detected in feces from five of nine animals using radioimmunoassay. clinical illness characteriz ...	1978	97364
natural distribution of squirrel monkey retrovirus proviral sequences in primate dnas.	3h-labelled 70s rna of squirrel monkey retrovirus (smrv) hybridized to a high degree (greater than 52%) to the dna of various tissues of two squirrel monkeys. hybridization of the same probe to dnas of other primates including new world monkeys (woolly monkey, capuchin, owl monkey), old world monkeys (rhesus, african green), apes (gibbon, chimpanzee), and human (a204 cells infected with mpmv) revealed no significant hybridization. analysis of the kinetics of hybridization indicated that smrv pro ...	1978	99487
[assignment of alpha-fuc to1p in man and the chimpanzee and to chromosome 4 in the african green monkey].	analysis of cellular hybrids confirms the assignment of alpha-l-fucosidase (alpha-fuc) to 1p in man. discordant results are in favour of the following gene order: 1pter (eno-1, alpha-fuc,ak2) pgm1 centromere pep-c but give no information on the relative positions of eno-1,alpha-fuc, and ak2. the assignments of alpha-fuc to chromosome 1 in the chimpanzee and to chromosome 4 in the african green monkey are demonstrated (chromosome nomenclature by finaz et al, 1976). these results confirm the homol ...	1978	308341
evaluation of a finger prick blood collection method for the seroepidemiology of hepatitis b.	a finger prick-swab method of blood specimen collection was qualitatively and quantitatively compared with the conventional venipuncture method for hbsag and anti-hbs determinations by radioimmunoassay (ria). the new method consisted of pricking the finger, collecting 0.1-0.2 ml of blood with a cotton-wool swab, and eluting the swab in 1 ml of 1% bovine albumin in saline containing 0.1% sodium azide. using chimpanzees seropositive for hbsag or anti-hbs, comparisons were made of ria results of: ( ...	1978	310721
adrenarche: a survey of rodents, domestic animals, and primates.	the concentrations of the adrenal steroids dehydroepiandrosterone (dha), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (dhas), and delta 4-androstenedione (delta 4-a) have been measured by ria before and after sexual maturation in plasma of rodents, domestic animals, and primates to determine whether these species exhibit and adrenarchal process comparable to man. the average concentrations of dha and dhas were less than 60 ng/dl and 5 microgram/dl, respectively, in plasma of sexually mature rodents and domest ...	1978	155005
experimental infection of marmosets with hepatitis a virus.	saguinus mystax marmosets were experimentally infected with two strains of human hepatitis a virus. one of these strains of hav was successfully subpassaged in this species of marmosets. in another experiment, the 1.32 and 1.41 g/cm3 buoyant density species of hav derived from an infected chimpanzee stool were shown to be infectious in three species of marmosets. the value of the marmoset as an experimental model for hepatitis a infection was demonstrated by these studies.	1978	205859
human foamy virus: further characterization, seroepidemiology, and relationship to chimpanzee foamy viruses.	a foamy virus present in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissue was studied for a number of biological properties, including range of cellular susceptibility, growth curve, evolution of cytopathic effect in relation to cellular fusion and intracellular viral distribution, reverse transcriptase activity, and buoyant density. the virus was also studied immunologically and found to be closely related to the chimpanzee foamy viruses, particularly simian foamy virus type 6, with which it shares common ...	1978	206631
characterization and classification of virus particles associated with hepatitis a. i. size, density, and sedimentation.	virus-like particles were purified from stools of patients in an epidemic of hepatitis a in germany. when reference ms-1 chimpanzee pre-inoculation and convalescent sera were used, the close serological relationship of the purified particles to well-known isolates of hepatitis a could be established. on the other hand, the physicochemical characteristics of the particles were determined in parallel to the characteristics of a marker parvovirus (luiii) and a marker picornavirus (poliovirus type 2 ...	1978	206730
antibodies in urine of chimpanzees with chronic adenoviral viruria.	many chimpanzees have naturally occurring chronic intermittent viruria with an adenovirus of a new type called pan 11. small amounts of neutralizing antibodies to pan 11 adenovirus were found in the urine of chimpanzees. urinary antibodies to adenovirus were mainly of the immunoglobulin g (igg) class with some iga antibodies also present. there was no neutralizing activity in urine against another adenovirus, pan 9, which has been isolated from lymph nodes, but not from urine, of chimpanzees; ho ...	1978	211084
immunofluorescence of hepatitis a virus antigen in chimpanzees.	chimpanzee liver biopsies and necropsy tissues were examined by immunofluorescence for hepatitis a virus antigen. results further indicate that the liver may be the sole site of replication for the virus.	1978	211088
persistent shedding of adenovirus in urine of chimpanzees.	a new adenovirus, designated pan 11, was isolated repeatedly from the urine of several chimpanzees for more than 1 year. one chimpanzee had chronic interstitial nephritis; the others were healthy. most chimpanzees tested had neutralizing antibodies to pan 11 virus in the serum; three people who worked with chimpanzees also acquired antibodies. transplantable rhabdomyosarcomas developed in hamsters inoculated as newborns with pan 11 virus.	1978	213382