Publications

trichinella spiralis in the black bear (ursus americanus) of pennsylvania: distribution, prevalence and intensity of infection.	samples of tongue or diaphragm from 2,056 black bears harvested in pennsylvania during the 1981-1983 hunting seasons were examined for larvae of trichinella spiralis by peptic digestion. sixteen males and 21 females were infected. the overall prevalence of infection was 1.8%. infected animals were distributed widely throughout the range of the bear in pennsylvania. in samples from infected bears, the geometric mean density of muscle larvae was 7.8 per g of tissue (lpg). there were neither sex- n ...	1986	3951059
inhibition of passive systemic anaphylaxis in guinea pigs by trichinella spiralis infection.	thirty of 33 guinea pigs experimentally infected with trichinella spiralis survived passive systemic anaphylactic reactions which were fatal for 32 of 33 uninfected controls. guinea pigs were infected with viable excysted trichinella larvae 20 to 32 days before they and uninfected controls were sensitized by intracardiac injection of rabbit anti-bovine serum albumin. animals were challenged 24 hours later by intracardiac injection of bovine serum albumin. respiratory anaphylaxis was observed in ...	1986	3952981
a tongue biopsy technique for the detection of trichinosis in swine.	a tongue biopsy technique developed for the detection of trichinella spiralis infection in swine involves taking a deep core biopsy of the tongue musculature, and examination of the sample by digestion. using this procedure, 31 of 52 (60%) swine from an indiana herd were found to be infected with t. spiralis. the average biopsy weighed 0.42 g, and the intensity of infection averaged 180 larvae per gram (range 2-1157). the biopsy was quick and easy to perform and the tongues healed well following ...	1986	3962157
[microcirculation systems forming in skeletal muscles around the larva of trichina (trichinella spiralis garcavi, 1972, trichinella spiralis owen, 1835)].		1986	3698811
[veterinary chief inspection of public health. the prevalence of trichinella spiralis in horses].		1986	3705044
a freeze-fracture study of the body wall of adult, in utero larvae and infective-stage larvae of trichinella (nematoda).	the surface layers of the cuticle, the hypodermal membranes and the muscle membranes of the adult, the in utero larvae and the infective-stage larvae of the nematode trichinella spiralis have been studied by means of the freeze-fracturing technique. the surface of the cuticle of both adults and larvae fractures in ways different from membranes of internal cells. the surface coat on top of the epicuticle is probably the layer that changes antigenically. reticulate ridges, with associated particle ...	1986	3705055
lectin binding by eosinophils.	lectins which identify carbohydrates and glycoproteins have been used to characterize specific components of the surface of guinea pig peritoneal exudate eosinophils. agglutination of eosinophils purified by discontinuous metrizamide gradients was scored microscopically. wheat germ agglutinin (wga) was most effective (0.05 micrograms/ml). however, higher concentrations of soybean lectin and concanavalin a (con a) were also effective. no differences in lectin binding were noted between eosinophil ...	1986	3714716
field evaluation of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for swine trichinosis: efficacy of the excretory-secretory antigen.	a field evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for swine trichinosis was done with sera obtained from 5 herds experiencing ongoing transmission of trichinella spiralis. epizootiologic studies conducted on these herds offered an opportunity to evaluate the accuracy of an elisa, using larval t spiralis excretory-secretory antigens. sera from 162 infected pigs and 143 serum samples from noninfected pigs originating from the same farms were tested. the infection status of the pig ...	1986	3717724
trichinosis in a herd of swine: cannibalism as a major mode of transmission.	in a herd of approximately 1,000 hogs, evaluation of muscle specimens collected at various intervals during a 12-year period (1973 to 1985) indicated continuous transmission of trichinella spiralis. the farm's rat population and the incidence of trichinosis in the rats was high during 1974, but diminished markedly by 1978. in january 1984, a longitudinal investigation, using tracer pigs, was performed to determine whether rodents and/or other wild animals were involved in transmission of t spira ...	1986	3721964
infectivity in rodents and cold resistance of trichinella spiralis isolated from pig and polar bear, and t. pseudospiralis.		1986	3723918
the role of muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis in the behavioral alterations of the mouse host.	the effects of early and encysted muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis on the open-field behavior of cd-1 mice were studied. chemotherapy with fenbendazole prior to encystment of larvae prevented the development of behavioral changes in mice. the chemotherapeutic destruction of encysted muscle larvae restored the ambulatory activity of mice to normal levels. the study suggests that muscle larvae are the etiological agents of behavioral alterations in the mouse host.	1986	3746566
[changes in the newborn larvae of trichinella spiralis during maturation].		1986	3752793
[trichinella spiralis: evidence of pulmonary retention of the newborn larvae].		1986	3752815
[possibility of antigenic variation in newborn larvae of trichinella spiralis].		1986	3752816
limit dilution analysis of mast cell precursor frequency in the gut epithelium of normal and trichinella spiralis infected mice.	previous studies have established that the gut nematode trichinella spiralis induces a dramatic thymus dependent intestinal mastocytosis which peaks within 6 to 12 days after primary oral infection. it is not known, however, if the increase in gut mast cells results from the influx of mast cells or their precursors, or from the expansion and differentiation of mast cell precursors (mcp) that are normally present in the small intestinal epithelium. in the present study, the number of mucosal mcp ...	1986	3774378
evaluation of different antigens in a seroepizootiological survey of trichinellosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	antigen isolated from the large-particle fraction of the muscle trichinella spiralis larvae (paw), excretory/secretory (e/s) and crude worm extract (cwe) antigens were evaluated in a seroepizootiological survey of trichinellosis by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the elisa using paw antigen yielded 16 positive animals (1.6%), e/s antigen revealed 21 (2.1%) positive, and the highest number of positive (23 or 2.3%) were obtained using cwe antigen. parasitological post-mortem examina ...	1986	3776080
trichinella spiralis: antifecundity and antinewborn larvae immunity in swine.	the development of antifecundity and antinewborn larvae immunity in swine infected with trichinella spiralis was investigated. in primary infections, adult female worm fecundity dropped sharply after 3 weeks, although adults could be recovered from the small intestine for at least 7 weeks after infection. in challenge infections of pigs infected previously, adult female worm fecundity was depressed up to 51% and the adults were expelled within 3 weeks. since immune pigs are almost completely res ...	1986	3780929
trichinella spiralis: vascular recirculation and organ retention of newborn larvae in rats.	the recirculation of trichinella spiralis newborn larvae was studied in inbred ao rats. newborn larvae collected after in vitro incubation of adult t. spiralis worms for 2 or 24 hr were injected into rats through the tail vein or hepatic portal vein. blood samples from the femoral vein, hepatic portal vein, and abdominal aorta were collected at intervals from 1 min to 24 hr after larval injection. newborn larvae of both ages (24 hr or 2 hr old) persisted in femoral vein blood for less than or eq ...	1986	3780936
the role of malic enzyme in the carbohydrate metabolism of trichinella spiralis spiralis and trichinella spiralis pseudospiralis.		1986	3781727
eosinophils and mononuclear cells as effector cells in a trichinella spiralis infection; cell biological and biochemical aspects and the use of biological response modifiers.		1986	3788168
circulating immune complexes in mice infected with trichinella spiralis.		1986	3788170
the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for determination of specific antibodies in mice infected with trichinella spiralis or trichinella pseudospiralis.		1986	3788171
influence of vitamin c on the resistance of rats to trichinella spiralis infection.		1986	3788172
inoculation of pigs against trichinella spiralis, using larval excretory-secretory antigens.	pigs were inoculated with trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory products derived from short-term in vitro maintenance of infective muscle larvae. intraperitoneal administration of excretory-secretory products in freund's complete adjuvant or aluminum hydroxide induced moderate, but variable, degrees of immunity to challenge exposure in a nondose-dependent manner; im administration of products in freund's incomplete adjuvant was less successful. inoculated pigs harbored fewer adult worms, and ...	1986	3789502
blast cell activity in mice infected with hymenolepis nana, h. diminuta and trichinella spiralis: in vivo uptake of 125iudr in lymphoid tissues and gut.	the kinetics of the lymphoblast response in mice during the course of a primary infection with hymenolepis nana was measured by the in vivo uptake of 125iudr. the response was most marked in tissues local to the site of infection, involving the nodes draining the small intestine but not other areas, e.g., inguinal lymph nodes. a close correlation between these responses and the course of infection was observed. uptake of 125iudr was greatest in the mesenteric lymph node (mln) but the peak reache ...	1986	3794296
glucose absorption in vitro by the enteric stages of trichinella spiralis.	absorption of glucose in vitro by enteric stages of trichinella spiralis was examined in worms isolated at different times following infection. glucose absorption by 6-h-old worms was similar to that seen during moulting (24 h post-infection (p.i.]. as embryogenesis began (48 h p.i.) glucose absorption in vitro by the parasite rose dramatically to a peak in 72-h-old worms. absorption of glucose in vitro remained high in 96-h-old worms but as larviposition began (120 h p.i.) glucose uptake by t. ...	1986	3797065
effects of iron deficiency on viability of trichinella spiralis larvae in vitro.	the importance of iron for survival of trichinella spiralis larvae in vitro was examined. it was found that iron-deficient media drastically reduce the survival of this larva. also, molting of the larvae was observed in the control media but not in the iron-deficient media.	1986	3083574
genetic control of immunity to trichinella spiralis in mice. response of rapid- and slow-responder strains to immunization with parasite antigens.	slow-responder c57bl/10 (b10) mice responded poorly to immunization with muscle larval antigen of trichinella spiralis showing no accelerated loss of worms from a subsequent challenge infection. in contrast, rapid-responder nih mice and (b10 x nih) f1 mice developed high levels of immunity after immunization. lymphocyte proliferation studies showed that immunized b10 mice did respond to in vitro restimulation with antigen, though less well than nih mice. failure of b10 mice to respond to immuniz ...	1986	3085052
immunoglobulin class specific responses to biochemically defined antigens of trichinella spiralis.	a comparison of the humoral response to resistant (nih) and susceptible (c3h) strains of mice, which reject adult worms at different rates during a primary infection, was made following infection with trichinella spiralis. the serum concentration of immunoglobulins of the heavy chain classes igm, igg1, igg2, igg3 and iga were determined by single radial immunodiffusion. antibodies of the same immunoglobulin isotypes to biochemically defined, stage specific surface and secreted components of thre ...	1986	3092169
monoclonal igm/a hybrid antibodies: artifacts due to anti-idiotype (t15) antibodies in commercial anti-alpha sera.	a mouse hybridoma antibody, with specificity for trichinella spiralis, was found to react against both anti-mu and anti-alpha sera obtained from two to three commercial sources. it also had a unique electrophoretic mobility, bound to staphylococcal protein a, and was comprised of a single type of heavy chain (mu-like) and light chain (kappa). however, northern blot analysis of rna extracted from the corresponding hybridoma cells revealed only mu but no alpha message. subsequent studies on the pr ...	1986	3099181
antigens of gastrointestinal nematodes.	nematodes occupying the gastrointestinal (gi) tract of man shed an as yet undefined array of chemicals into their environment. to combat effectively the potentially debilitating disease caused by infection with these organisms we must (a) define the parasite products chemically, (b) determine their ability to induce protective immunity (or to counter a protective immune response), and (c) establish their potential for the diagnosis of infection. whilst it has become clear that "antigens" can be ...	1986	3299889
lymphokine production by mitogen and antigen activated mouse intraepithelial lymphocytes.	although most intraepithelial lymphocytes (iel) in mouse small intestine bear surface markers classically associated with t lymphocytes, the t-cell nature of these cells remains controversial. in the present study iel from normal mice, or from mice infected with the gut nematode trichinella spiralis, were therefore tested for their ability to produce t-cell-derived lymphokines in response to in vitro stimulation with concanavalin a (con a) or with specific worm antigens. the data show that con a ...	1986	3492290
enhancement of lysophospholipase activity with trichinella spiralis antigen: evidence for cell cooperation.	murine lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and eosinophils were assayed for lysophospholipase in order to determine the cellular source of the enzyme. the eosinophil was the only cell that demonstrated a positive reaction for the enzyme. the role of other cells and/or antigen in production of the enzyme by the eosinophil was also investigated. results demonstrated that eosinophils cultured with both trichinella spiralis antigen and other leukocytes (lymphocytes and/or macrophages) yielded enzy ...	1986	3492600
survey of selected diseases in wild swine in texas.	tissue, fecal, and serum specimens and swabs of nasal turbinates and tracheas were collected from 100 wild swine (sus scrofa) from 10 populations in texas and, along with 24 additional serum specimens, were evaluated for selected swine diseases. swine positive for pseudorabies were detected in 7 populations. brucella suis biovar 1 was isolated from 4 swine from 2 populations, but positive serologic results may indicate a more widespread distribution of the organism. all populations contained swi ...	1986	3505919
survival of sylvatic trichinella spiralis isolates in frozen tissue and processed meat products.	the ability of trichinella spiralis larvae to survive at subfreezing temperatures encysted in the musculature of wild carnivorous mammals was assessed by evaluating motility and infectivity (to rodents) of trichinae at various intervals after storage in frozen skeletal muscle. fifty to 60% of the larvae in grizzly bear meat were alive after storage for 27 months at -6.5 to -20 c, and 30% to 50% were still alive at 34 months. however, none survived for 38 months, on the basis of infectivity in mi ...	1986	3505925
[trichinella spiralis as a teacher or the parasite-host relationship between a threadworm and an institute].	the present paper provides a review of activities of the national institute of public health in the field of studies on trichinella spiralis in man and animals. the development of a system of (immune) surveillance of infections due to trichinella in pigs has been central since the early sixties. both the fluorescent antibody technique introduced in 1967 and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) published in 1974 are examples of these efforts. the method was standardised and, specifically ...	1986	3518143
cells containing ige in the intestinal mucosa of mice infected with the nematode parasite trichinella spiralis are predominantly of a mast cell lineage.	to determine whether ige+ cells in the intestinal mucosa of nematode-infected mice were of a mast cell or a lymphocyte lineage, the intestinal mucosae of mast cell-deficient w/wv mice were examined for ige+ cells after inoculation with trichinella spiralis muscle-stage larvae. immunofluorescence staining techniques were used to detect ige associated with cells in the intestinal mucosa. comparisons were made among four strains of mice, w/wv (mast cell-deficient), +/+ (normal congenic littermates ...	1986	3531336
regional specialization of the surface of a parasitic nematode.	a monoclonal antibody (nim-m7) has been prepared which reacts with a major surface antigen of adult males and females of trichinella spiralis. this specificity is only demonstrable when the antigen is liberated by detergent solubilization of surface-labelled worms. when reacted with living adults, on the other hand, nim-m7 reacts well with only the eversible cloaca, or copulatory bell, of the male, binding weakly, if at all, to other surface areas of male or female worms. a similar staining patt ...	1986	3543810
immunocytolocalization of two protection-inducing antigens of trichinella spiralis during its enteral phase in immune and non-immune mice.	monoclonal antibodies (mab) recognizing epitopes on the 48k (beta stichocyte specific) and the 50/55k antigen (alpha stichocyte specific) were used as first ligands for immunocytolocalization on de-paraffinized sections of infected gut tissue of non-immune and immune cfw strain mice. the enteral phase was studied at 6, 14, 23, 30 hr and 7 days after initiation of infection via the oral route, times corresponding in worm development to the first (l1), second (l2), and third (l3) stage larva and a ...	1986	3546657
the response of humans to surface and secreted antigens of trichinella spiralis.	biochemically characterised surface and secreted stage specific antigens were used to analyse the response of humans to infection with trichinella spiralis. immuno-coprecipitation and sds-page of labelled proteins were used to dissect the humoral response of mexican and european infected sera to each component antigen. the results demonstrate that in man, like laboratory rodents, the response to each protein varies independently. in addition, they permit a more rational approach to the developme ...	1986	3563318
[the role of inflammation in the spontaneous elimination of strongyloides ratti infestation].	in order to assess the role of inflammation and its components in spontaneous cure of strongyloides ratti infestation, rats were treated with non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents (indometacin; sodium salicylate) or with antagonists of certain mediators (dexchlorpheniramin; cyproheptadin, promethazin). results were compared with those obtained in similar treatments of rats infested by other nematoda which also give rise to spontaneous cure: especially trichinella spiralis, and nippostrongylus bra ...	1986	3566084
experimental eosinophilia and inflammation--the effect of various inflammatory mediators and chemoattractants.	an experimental subcutaneous inflammation was produced in guinea pigs with peripheral blood eosinophilia. the eosinophilia resulted from two subsequent infections with trichinella spiralis larvae. one group of guinea pigs served as non-infected control. inflammation was induced by carrageenan, bradykinin, histamine, platelet activating factor and eosinophilotactic factors of lymphocytic or neutrophilic origin. whereas in the control group no eosinophil granulocytic response was observed, this re ...	1986	3013671
strain-specific 1.7 kilobase repetitive deoxyribonucleic acid sequence family in trichinella spiralis.	eco ri digestion of bulk dna from trichinella spiralis p1, an isolate from domestic pig, reveals the presence of families of repetitive sequences. one of the most prominent of these has a monomer size of 1.7 kb, which exists in minimally dispersed direct tandem arrays, with a copy number of about 2800, and represents 2% of the genome. although there is evidence that the eco ri site is missing in some of the family members and that a 1.9 kb variant of the sequence also occurs, the family is highl ...	1986	3027555
anamnestic stimulus-specific myoelectric responses associated with intestinal immunity in the rat.	changes in small intestinal motility reflective of local anaphylaxis are hypothesized to be associated with the rapid, immune-mediated rejection of infective larvae of the nematode trichinella spiralis. this hypothesis was tested by comparing intestinal myoelectric activity in primarily and secondarily infected rats; the latter group represented immunized hosts, i.e., immunized by initial contact with the parasite. patterns of slow waves, action potentials, interdigestive migrating myoelectric c ...	1986	2420191
molecular identity of a major antigen of schistosoma mansoni which cross-reacts with trichinella spiralis and fasciola hepatica.	a glycoprotein cross-reactive among schistosoma mansoni, trichinella spiralis and fasciola hepatica was identified and characterized by use of monoclonal antibodies prepared against s. mansoni glycoproteins. four monoclonal antibodies recognized the same antigen which was one of the major s. mansoni glycoproteins precipitated by sera of hosts infected with either s. mansoni or t. spiralis. this antigen was expressed in s. mansoni cercariae, adult male and female worms, and eggs, and in s. haemat ...	1986	2421229
antigen-specific t-cell lines transfer protective immunity against trichinella spiralis in vivo.	t-cell lines specific for infective muscle larvae antigens of the intestinal nematode trichinella spiralis have been generated in vitro. these antigen-specific t-cell lines express the l3t4+ ly2- phenotype and secrete the lymphokines il-2, il-3 and gamma-ifn. they are stable in culture for up to 15 weeks and are protective when adoptively transferred into naive recipients. as few as 2 x 10(5) t. spiralis-specific tract. in addition, intestinal mastocytosis and peripheral blood eosinophilia were ...	1986	2423438
muscle fiber selectivity of trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis (1983).	the biceps, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, and soleus muscles of female rockland wistar mice infected with either 1,000 trichinella spiralis or 1,000 trichinella pseudospiralis larvae were removed on days 12, 14, 16, and 18 post-infection (pi), sectioned and stained histochemically for their myosin atpase activity. light microscopic examination of the sections revealed that larvae of t. spiralis invade only the slow twitch muscle fibers, and those of t. pseudospiralis invade both the fast twit ...	1986	2426435
mast cells in the regulation of intestinal electrolyte transport.	experiments were performed to determine the ionic basis and physiological messengers of transepithelial ion transport alterations (short-circuit current, isc) measured during the induction of intestinal anaphylaxis in an ussing chamber. antigens derived from trichinella spiralis, an intestinal parasite, were used to challenge jejunal tissue from guinea pigs immunized by infection with the parasite. histamine (10(-4) m) caused an increased in isc that was similar to that induced by antigen. diphe ...	1986	2426973
chemical composition of newborn larvae, muscle larvae and adult trichinella spiralis.		1986	2430908
immunization of mice with surface antigens from the muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis.	surface antigens of muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis were stripped from the cuticle of live worms by the cationic detergent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (ctab). such antigen preparations were shown to contain surface antigens of approximate molecular weights 100,000, 90,000, 69,000, 55,000, 46,000 and 35,000. immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that the surface of muscle larvae share antigenic epitopes with antigens contained within and secreted by the stichosome. ctab antigen prepa ...	1986	2433672
conservation of diagnostic antigen epitopes among biologically diverse isolates of trichinella spiralis.	crude and immunoaffinity-purified excretory-secretory antigens derived from a domestic pig isolate of trichinella spiralis were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to test serum from mice infected with 25 different pig and wild animal isolates of t. spiralis sspp. all of the sera were found positive by elisa using either of the antigen preparations, indicating all isolates shared certain antigen epitopes. excretory-secretory antigens were prepared from 3 distinct isolates of t. spiralis ...	1986	2434638
comparative efficacy of ketoconazole and mebendazole in experimental trichinosis.	the therapeutic efficacy of ketoconazole and mebendazole was studied in icr/cd-1 mice infected with trichinella spiralis for 17 to 20 weeks. efficacy of both drugs was over 70% when compared with results in control mice. this study indicates that both ketoconazole and mebendazole should be considered in the treatment of trichinosis in humans.	1986	3813518
the ig class distribution of anti-phosphoryl choline responses in mice infected with parasitic nematodes.	the anti-phosphoryl choline antibody responses of resistant and susceptible strains of mice infected with microfilariae of dipetalonema viteae or the gastrointestinal nematode parasite trichinella spiralis were determined. the responses were characterized both in terms of their kinetics and the constituent role played by each immunoglobulin heavy-chain class. infection with either parasite elicited detectable responses in all strains investigated. however, the kinetics of the response of each he ...	1986	3804381
anaphylaxis-mediated epithelial cl- secretion and parasite rejection in rat intestine.	immunologically mediated expulsion of trichinella spiralis infective larvae in the rat was used as a model to test the hypothesis that intestinal anaphylaxis induced by parasite antigen causes ion transport alterations in small intestinal epithelium, and that the small intestinal epithelium, by altering its physiologic state in response to mast cell-derived mediators, functions as an effector tissue in the expulsion process. experimental results demonstrated that the rapid rejection response and ...	1987	3805721
trichinella spiralis: immunochemical characterization of antigens in experimental infections.		1987	2436937
lymphokine production by t cells generated during infection with trichinella spiralis.	lymphokine production by mesenteric lymph node cells (mlnc) taken from mice during infection with the intestinal nematode parasite trichinella spiralis was investigated. upon stimulation in vitro with a protective crude antigen preparation of the infective l1 larvae, mlnc proliferated in a specific manner, and were observed to release the t-cell lymphokines il-2, il-3 and interferon. il-2 and il-3 release by mlnc was greatest when taken during the early intestinal phases of infection. interferon ...	1987	2437059
simultaneous isolation of preparative amounts of rna and dna from trichinella spiralis by cesium trifluoroacetate isopycnic centrifugation.	a rapid method for simultaneously banding preparative amounts of rna and dna from trichinella spiralis muscle larvae by isopycnic centrifugation in cesium trifluoroacetate (cstfa) is described. larvae were homogenized in guanidinium isothiocyanate and the dna, rna, glycogen, and denatured protein components were isopycnically separated without prior purification. this procedure resulted in the isolation of nucleic acids suitable for molecular biological application. agarose gel electrophoresis o ...	1987	2440349
immune response to trichinella epitopes: the antiphosphorylcholine plaque-forming cell response during the biological cycle.	phosphorylcholine (pc), an immunodominant component of the cell wall of certain bacteria, fungi and nematodes, is known to induce low anti-pc antibody levels during natural infection by trichinella spiralis. this article reports a study in which spleen cells from bcf1 mice infected with trichinella sp. larvae were found to produce large numbers of direct haemolytic plaques in response to pc conjugated to sheep red blood cells (srbc) after muscle-encysted larvae had been killed by treatment with ...	1987	2441342
the distribution of cells killed by trichinella spiralis in the mucosal epithelium of two strains of mice.	dead and dying cells were localized by light microscopy in the mucosal epithelium of the intestine of an outbred strain (cd1) and an inbred strain (b10a) of mice by vital staining with the dye, trypan blue. in whole mounts of the intestinal wall, trails, or variable-sized clusters of blue-stained cells were seen throughout the course of infection and in mice given a range of inoculum levels. in cd1 mice, irregular trails of dead cells were seen in the intestine floor and clusters of them along t ...	1987	2443632
mediators of anaphylaxis-induced ion transport changes in small intestine.	net ion transport by jejunum of rats immunized against trichinella spiralis on challenge with parasite-derived antigen was measured in ussing chambers as a rapidly expressed, biphasic rise and fall (phase i and ii) in short-circuit current (delta isc). this delta isc is triggered by mucosal anaphylaxis. our objective is to identify mast cell-derived substances that mediate the epithelial response. antigenic challenge of sensitized jejunum caused the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht), histami ...	1987	2444113
modulation of the anti-phosphorylcholine immune response during trichinella spiralis infections in mice.	the nematode trichinella spiralis is able to modulate the antibody response, as measured by the plaque-forming cell (pfc) technique, to three thymus-dependent (td) antigens: (1) a heterologous antigen unrelated to the parasite (sheep red blood cells (srbc]; (2) an antigenic fraction, rich in phosphorylcholine (pc), obtained from t. spiralis (fcp1) and (3) a heterologous antigen unrelated to the parasite, but sharing the pc epitope with the fcp1 fraction (pc-klh). during the life-cycle of the par ...	1987	2447553
release of leukotrienes during rapid expulsion of trichinella spiralis from immune rats.	rapid expulsion of the nematode trichinella spiralis from immune rats is associated with an increase in volume of intestinal exudate and the presence of large numbers of tissue mucosal mast cells (mmc) and eosinophils. we have measured the concentrations of leukotrienes (lt) c4 (ltc4) and b4 (ltb4) in gut perfusates and mucosal homogenates at 30 min, 1, 3, 6 and 20 hr after challenge with larvae. leukotrienes were identified by radioimmunoassay (ria) combined with reverse-phase high-pressure liq ...	1987	3032780
characterization of a cell population in thoracic duct lymph that adoptively transfers rejection of adult trichinella spiralis to normal rats.	in trichinella spiralis-infected rats, a population of cells in thoracic duct lymph (tdl) that can adoptively transfer protection to naive rats was identified and characterized. during the course of t. spiralis infection, blast cells appeared in lymph from day 3-4, and only day 3-4 tdl cells had protective properties after transfer. protection was evident in a 1-2-day increase in the slow rejection of adult worms beginning 8-9 days after the challenge infection. the minimum number of tdl cells c ...	1987	2954900
cryopreservation of dictyocaulus viviparus third-stage larvae and trichinella spiralis muscle larvae.	in cryopreservation studies with third-stage larvae of dictyocaulus viviparus, best results were achieved by incubating larvae in 0.05% naocl at 37 degrees c to remove the sheath, followed by cooling at a rate of 1 degree c min per min down to about 0 degree c. after an equilibration time of 10 min at +4 degrees c with or without 4% polyethylene glycol-400 as cryoprotectant, samples were frozen at the same cooling rate to an intermediate temperature of -20 degrees c, maintained at this temperatu ...	1987	2956605
trichinella spiralis: genetic evidence for synanthropic subspecies in sylvatic hosts.	isolates of the nematode genus trichinella from sylvatic hosts differ in their potential to reproduce in domestic swine. the structure of the genomic dna from 13 sylvatic isolates from north america and 5 pig isolates, 4 from north america and 1 from asia, was examined and correlated with the infectivity of the isolate for domestic pigs. dna restriction fragment length differences, identified by ethidium bromide staining and by hybridization with 32p-labeled ribosomal rna, served as molecular ma ...	1987	2888683
involvement of serotonin in intestinal mastocytopoiesis and inflammation during a trichinella spiralis infection in mice.	the involvement of serotonin in the regulation of intestinal mastocytopoiesis and inflammation has been investigated in mice infected with trichinella spiralis. two serotonin antagonists, methysergide and ketanserin, were examined for their ability to interfere with jejunal pathology comprising the influx of mucosal mast cells and other inflammatory cells during an infection with t. spiralis and with worm expulsion. in vitro analysis of the frequency of mast cell precursors in bone marrow, blood ...	1987	3570525
translation products of mrna from infective larvae of trichinella spiralis include an antigenic polypeptide.	total rna was extracted from packed infective larvae of trichinella spiralis by centrifugation through a 5.7 m caesium chloride cushion. polyadenylated messenger rna was separated from total rna in an oligothymidylic acid-cellulose gel column. the in vitro translation of the mrna, isolated from infective larvae of t. spiralis, was carried out using the rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translation system. incorporation of 35s-methionine into the trichloroacetic acid precipitates in the lysate contai ...	1987	3571916
effect of albendazole on enteral and parenteral phases of trichinella spiralis.		1987	3572071
trichinella spiralis in an agricultural ecosystem. ii. evidence for natural transmission of trichinella spiralis spiralis from domestic swine to wildlife.	epidemiological investigations of an outbreak of trichinellosis were carried out in a domestic swine herd and it was established that the parasite also occurred in rats, and in skunks, opossums, and raccoons. because considerable uncertainty exists regarding the role of sylvatic trichinellosis as a reservoir for the synanthropic cycle, studies were conducted to determine the genetic nature of the various isolates from this ecosystem. pig infectivity trials, isoenzyme analyses, and repetitive dna ...	1987	3572642
a comparison of three geographical isolates of trichinella spiralis from the mid-atlantic united states.	three isolates of trichinella spiralis (black bear: 41o50'n, 79o00'w, 1982; grey fox: 41o00'n, 76o00'w, 1982; domestic pig: 39o80'n, 75o30'w, 1983) from the mid-atlantic united states were characterized in crl: cobs cfw (sw) mice during 10 successive 40-day generations. over 10 generations, the isolates differed as follows: worm position of the ursine isolate was significantly more posteriad compared to the porcine isolate; sex ratio of the vulpine isolate was significantly lower compared to the ...	1987	3572653
trichinella spiralis in an agricultural ecosystem: transmission under natural and experimentally modified on-farm conditions.	a hog found infected with trichinella spiralis at slaughter was traced to its farm of origin, where an epidemiological investigation found the infection prevalent in swine and rats. garbage-feeding was not responsible for maintaining the high prevalence of infection on this farm, although it may have been responsible historically for the introduction of the infection. poor husbandry, malnutrition, and intercurrent disease resulted in frequent death and the availability of porcine carcasses for c ...	1987	3572672
immunochemical characterization and biosynthesis of major antigens of iodo-bead surface-labeled brugia malayi microfilariae.	the objectives of the present study were to identify and characterize biochemically the major antigens of brugia malayi microfilariae, a filarial parasite that infects humans. igg antibodies in sera of mice which had cleared parasites from the bloodstream reacted with 30, 55, 94 and 150 kda molecules of living microfilariae radioiodinated by the iodo-bead method. sera of humans infected with the related filariae wuchereria bancrofti, loa loa or onchocerca volvulus immunoprecipitated molecules of ...	1987	3574345
suppression of mucosal mastocytosis by infection with the intestinal nematode nematospiroides dubius.	mice exposed to primary infections with the parasite intestinal nematode nematospiroides dubius failed to show the mucosal mast cell (mmc) response which is characteristic of infections with other species of intestinal nematode and which was readily induced in these mice by infections with nippostrongylus brasiliensis or trichinella spiralis. the failure to generate a mucosal mastocytosis was independent of host strain or sex. when infections with n. dubius were established before, or concurrent ...	1987	3574974
effect of a trichinella spiralis infection on the distribution of mast cell precursors in tissues of thymus-bearing and non-thymus-bearing (nude) mice determined by an in vitro assay.	the frequency of precursor cells capable of giving rise to cells with characteristics of mucosal mast cells in tissues from thymus-bearing and non-thymus-bearing (nude) mice orally infected with trichinella spiralis was determined with an in vitro assay. analysis of the frequency of mast cell precursors in bone marrow, blood, spleen and small intestinal tissue revealed similar frequencies of mast cell precursors in bone marrow from both thymus-bearing and athymic mice. these frequencies in bone ...	1987	3583312
helminth parasites of the coyote (canis latrans) in tennessee.	from 1980 to 1984, 267 coyotes (canis latrans) from tennessee were examined for helminth parasites. hearts were examined for the presence of dirofilaria immitis, diaphragms for trichinella spiralis, and digestive tracts for other helminths. six species were found including 5 nematodes (d. immitis, physaloptera rara, trichuris vulpis, ancylostoma caninum, and toxascaris leonina) and 1 cestode (taenia pisiformis). univariate and multivariate statistical techniques were used to assess parasite prev ...	1987	3585628
enhanced lysophospholipase activity in sensitized mice challenged with trichinella spiralis: a role for cell-cooperation.	the relation between lysophospholipase activity and eosinophils was studied using in vivo and in vitro systems. the results support a role for cell cooperation in the eosinophils production of lysophospholipase during a parasitic infection. in vivo experiments demonstrated that the enzyme activity and numbers of tissue eosinophils in immune mice challenged with 200 trichinella spiralis larvae were not temporally related as previously hypothesized. the data showed that the peak tissue enzyme resp ...	1987	3595942
comparative toxicity of purified human eosinophil granule proteins for newborn larvae of trichinella spiralis.	eosinophils have been implicated in both in vivo and in vitro destruction of helminths. one approach toward elucidating the role of the eosinophil in parasite killing has been to test the toxicity of purified eosinophil granule proteins for parasites in vitro. previously, major basic protein (mbp) and eosinophil cationic protein (ecp) were shown to be toxic for schistosomules of schistosoma mansoni, while eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (edn) was only marginally so. we tested the toxicity of mbp, ...	1987	3598802
antibody-dependent in-vitro cytotoxicity of newborn trichinella spiralis larvae: nature of the cells involved.	the cytotoxic reaction of normal peritoneal mouse cells, containing less than 3% eosinophils, against newborn trichinella spiralis larvae, in the presence of antibody, was studied using newborn worms less than 2 h of age, or newborn worms that had been maintained in culture at 37 degrees c for 20 h. newborn worms 2 h old were killed, whereas 20 h newborn worms were not. the cells that initially adhered to the larvae were examined by electron microscopy. only eosinophils adhered to 2 h newborn wo ...	1987	3601445
factors affecting preconditioning of trichinella spiralis nativa larvae in musculature to low temperatures.	the influence of preconditioning temperature, length of the preconditioning period, host and age of the infection on the survival of trichinella spiralis nativa larvae in musculature to low temperature refrigeration was investigated. dogs, foxes, ferrets, mink and guinea pigs were infected with a t. spiralis nativa isolate, killed at various times postinfection, preconditioned at temperature of -10 degrees c, -15 degrees c or -20 degrees c for varying periods of time prior to low temperature ref ...	1987	3607648
evaluation of the elisa for the serological diagnosis of trichinosis in canadian swine.	an elisa using a trichinella spiralis spiralis excretory-secretory antigen was evaluated as a procedure for the diagnosis of trichinosis in swine in canada. field and experimental trials were carried out using both indirect serological (elisa) and direct parasitological (pepsin-digestion) methods concurrently on serum and musculature, respectively, from each animal. the elisa is a sensitive and specific test for the detection of trichinella antibodies in porcine sera when present. the developmen ...	1987	3607651
experimental chemotherapy and toxicity in mice of three mebendazole polymorphic forms.	in an attempt to test the biological activity of three polymorphic forms of mebendazole (mbz), called a, b and c, both the ld50 in mice after oral (p.o.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration and the anthelmintic effect of these forms on the enteral and parenteral phases of the nematode trichinella spiralis were studied. we observed that the polymorphic form a was the least toxic and effective against t. spiralis. the use of the polymorph c is advisable for oral treatment with mbz in mice, h ...	1987	3608627
[the occurrence of trichinella spiralis in domestic and wild pigs and in prepared pork products in turkey].		1987	3619876
intrinsic jejunal propulsion in the guinea pig during parasitism with trichinella spiralis.	the onset and duration of alterations in intrinsic fluid propelling behavior of guinea pig jejunum caused by infection with trichinella spiralis was determined using an in vitro monitoring system. isolated intestinal segments from uninfected hosts produced propulsive complexes of approximately 30-s duration at 125-s intervals. the maximum intraluminal pressure produced at the oral and aboral ends of the segments was approximately 25 cmh2o and the maximum rate of fluid ejection in both the oral a ...	1987	3623022
the response of the intestinal epithelium in b10.a mice to infection with trichinella spiralis.	previous studies on intestinal trichinosis have dealt mainly with areas other than the intestinal epithelium. since the epithelium is now known to be the parasite's habitat, its response to infection is important. infection with trichinella spiralis in immunologically slow-responding b10.a mice was associated with crypt hyperplasia and villus atrophy. with similar infection levels in both primary and challenge infections, there was no difference in the maximal degree of atrophy or hyperplasia be ...	1987	3625425
helminths of the raccoon (procyon lotor) in western kentucky.	seventy raccoons (procyon lotor) from western kentucky were examined for helminths from december 1985 through may 1986. twenty-three species of helminths were collected including 10 species of trematoda (brachylaima virginiana, euryhelmis squamula, eurytrema procyonis, fibricola cratera, gyrosoma singulare, maritreminoides nettae, mesostephanus appendiculatoides, metagonimoides oregonensis, paragonimus kellicotti, pharyngostomoides procyonis), 2 species of cestoda (atriotaenia procyonis, mesoces ...	1987	3625429
prevalence and intensity of trichinella spiralis infection in illinois wildlife.		1987	3625444
cross resistance against challenge infection in mice infected with trichinella spiralis or t. pseudospiralis.		1987	3626238
trichinella spiralis: intestinal expression of systemic stage-specific immunity to newborn larvae.	rats immunized with newborn trichinella spiralis larvae i.v. were found to confer a specific anti-newborn larvae immunity in the small intestine. in rats immunized with newborn larvae i.v. and then challenged with adult worms intraintestinally, total newborn larvae recovery was reduced by 75-90% in thoracic duct lymph and in hepatic portal vein blood. no newborn larvae were found in the peritoneal fluid of immunized rats. in addition to an absolute reduction in number, larval migration from the ...	1987	3627826
vaccination of rats and pigs against trichinella spiralis spiralis using the subspecies, t. spiralis nativa.	rats and pigs were vaccinated against trichinella spiralis spiralis either by feeding infective larvae of the subspecies, trichinella spiralis nativa in musculature or by gavage. the number of larvae established in the musculature of vaccinated nonchallenged and vaccinated challenged rats and pigs were negligible and statistically comparable, while highly significant infections were established in the nonvaccinated challenged rats and pigs. high vaccination doses of t. spiralis nativa gave virtu ...	1987	3651892
detection of trichinella spiralis nativa antibodies in porcine sera by elisa using t. spiralis spiralis excretory-secretory antigen.	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay examination of sera from pigs vaccinated with t. spiralis nativa infective larvae and/or challenged with t. spiralis spiralis larvae using a t. spiralis spiralis excretory-secretory antigen showed a significant cross-reaction between the two species of trichinella. eight of 12 pigs vaccinated with a high dose of t. spiralis nativa reacted positively 28 days postvaccination while the remaining four pigs had high but negative elisa optical density readings. five o ...	1987	3651901
[a survey on trichinella spiralis infection of hogs and rats, with special reference to their relationship].		1987	3652861
trichinella spiralis: host immunity against newborn larvae during a primary infection in rats.		1987	3656007
the mode of action of some benzimidazole drugs on trichinella spiralis.	in an attempt to find possible targets for benzimidazole action in muscle-stage larvae of trichinella spiralis, the effects of mebendazole and thiabendazole were tested in vivo by oral treatment of infested mice and in vitro by including these anthelmintics in an adequate maintenance medium containing decapsulated larvae. the effects of the anthelmintics on succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase activities, measured in the mitochondrial fraction obtained from the in vivo- or in vitro-tre ...	1987	3670899
trichinella spiralis: differences between "early" and "late" rapid expulsion evident from inhibition studies using cortisone and irradiation.	cortisone administered once at 100 mg/kg during the first 3 weeks of infection inhibited rapid expulsion. in rats immunized with an abbreviated infection (t/m regime) inhibition averaged approximately 50%, whereas in rats given a complete infection (c.i.) 14% inhibition occurred. sensitivity to 400 rad whole-body irradiation was greatest 7 days before a challenge infection in all immune rats. three days after beginning the t/m infection rats were highly susceptible to cortisone but only weakly s ...	1987	3678444
trichinella spiralis: immunocytochemical localization of surface and intracellular antigens using monoclonal antibody probes.	a panel of immunologically and biochemically defined monoclonal antibody probes has been used in conjunction with immunocytochemical techniques to localize target antigens in sections of different life-cycle stages of trichinella spiralis. monoclonals that immunoprecipitate surface components from adult worms, show reactivity with the surface but not with internal tissues of sectioned parasites. reagents that immunoprecipitate radio-isotope labelled stage-specific surface components of muscle-st ...	1987	3547257
biophysical properties of the surface lipid of parasitic nematodes.	the biophysical properties of the surface lipid layer (the epicuticle) of living parasitic nematodes (trichinella spiralis and toxocara canis) were examined using fluorescent lipid analogues. a variety of such probes were screened, and only 5-n-(octadecanoyl)-aminofluorescein was found to insert into the outer lipid layer. fluorescence quenching experiments showed that this probe was confined to the surface, and the rate of its lateral diffusion was then measured by fluorescence recovery after p ...	1987	3553935
effect of anti-thymocyte serum on the eosinophil and lysophospholipase responses in mice infected with trichinella spiralis.	anti-thymocyte serum (ats) was administered to cd-1 mice infected with 100 trichinella spiralis larvae and its effects on intestinal lysophospholipase (ec 3.1.1.5) activity, peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow, peripheral blood and intestinal eosinophilia were assayed in the same experimental animal. the ats caused a significant suppression of both the tissue lysophospholipase response and eosinophilia, in all three compartments, when compared to the values found in infected mice that w ...	1987	3493467
characterization of the immune mediator of rapid expulsion of trichinella spiralis in suckling rats.	in order to identify and characterize the mediator(s) of rapid expulsion, infant rats were passively immunized against oral challenge with 200 infectious trichinella spiralis muscle larvae by oral or intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of secretions or sera from infected rats. milk whey from infected dams provided a modest level of protection when fed to pups. immunoglobulins from t. spiralis-infected rat serum protected suckling pups when injected intravenously (i.v.) into lactating dams 2 da ...	1987	3499383
the trichinella spiralis newborn larvae: production, migration and immunity in vivo.		1987	3502578
a freeze-fracture study of muscle fibres infected with trichinella spiralis.	the muscle fibres of mice containing the infective-stage larvae of the nematode trichinella spiralis have been studied by means of the freeze-fracturing technique. the larva lies in what appears to be a fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of an altered muscle fibre. there is no membrane separating the cytoplasm of the nurse cell from the cavity surrounding the larva which is therefore truly intracellular, unlike many parasites that reside within a membrane-lined parasitophorous vacuole with ...	1987	3424337