Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in diarrhoeic stools of hospitalized patients. toxigenic potential of the isolates. | cytotoxin assay and culture for clostridium difficile were performed on 303 diarrhoeic stools from 261 hospitalized patients. specimens from 42 patients were positive by at least one of the methods, and 40 of them had an antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. the cytotoxin assay was positive in 5 of 7 patients with pseudomembranous colitis. thirteen had an appropriate response to specific therapy and the remainder have resolved of diarrhoea without c. difficile directed chemotherapy. these findings sh ... | 1989 | 2660635 |
| [diarrhea induced by antibiotics]. | the most frequent cause of antibiotic-associated colitis is clostridium difficile. this gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacillus releases toxins, which produce diarrhea and damage the colonic mucosa. endoscopy shows a wide range of alterations, "unspecific colitis" with reddening or edema, ulcerations or at the worst pseudomembranous colitis. nearly all antibiotics are able to trigger clostridium difficile colitis. an enhanced risk is exerted by broad spectrum substances, which act also o ... | 1989 | 2662616 |
| third generation cephalosporins as a risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated disease: a four-year survey in a general hospital. | the main clinical features of patients who developed pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) or clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) during their stay at the s. anna general hospital, como, over the period february 1984 to may 1988, are reported. forty patients developed either cdad (ten cases) or pmc (30 cases). twenty-seven (65.7%) had undergone surgery and 32 (80.0%) had received prolonged antibiotic treatment. three patients (7.5%) were given three doses only of ceftriaxone. five patient ... | 1989 | 2663814 |
| rapid method to detect shiga toxin and shiga-like toxin i based on binding to globotriosyl ceramide (gb3), their natural receptor. | shiga toxin and the closely related shiga-like toxins produced by escherichia coli represent a group of very similar cytotoxins that may play an important role in diarrheal disease and hemolytic uremic syndrome. these toxins have the same biologic activities and according to recent studies also share the same binding receptor, globotriosyl ceramide (gb3). they are currently detected, on the basis of their ability to damage several cell lines, by using expensive and tedious assays that require fa ... | 1989 | 2666433 |
| etiology of childhood diarrhea in korea. | to assess the role of recently recognized enteropathogens in childhood diarrhea in korea, 231 children with diarrhea admitted to and 104 children without diarrhea seen at the well-baby clinic or the outpatient department of hanyang university hospital in seoul, korea, were evaluated during a 14-month period. stools were cultured for bacterial pathogens, including enterotoxigenic (heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxin-producing) and enteroadherent organisms. only those stools obtained from pati ... | 1989 | 2666437 |
| intestinal infections: current aspects and new possibilities of prophylaxis and treatment. | intestinal infections of still high importance from the hygienic-epidemiological aspects and the recent results obtained in this field have been surveyed. recently recognized enteric pathogens (campylobacter, yersinia, rotavirus, clostridium difficile, etc.) as well as the newest data on the pathomechanism of intestinal infections have been discussed. these data not only have increased our knowledge of the pathology but also resulted in basic, favourable changes in therapy. detailed information ... | 1989 | 2667192 |
| [diseases caused by clostridium difficile]. | 1989 | 2672583 | |
| [epidemiology of colitis caused by clostridium difficile]. | 1989 | 2675504 | |
| treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile colitis with vancomycin and saccharomyces boulardii. | recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis occurs in up to 20% of patients after standard therapy. in these patients, subsequent recurrences are even more frequent. saccharomyces boulardii, a nonpathogenic yeast, was found to be effective in preventing clindamycin cecitis recurrence in an animal model. we performed an open trial of s. boulardii to evaluate its efficacy in treating recurrences of c. difficile-associated colitis in humans. thirteen patient ... | 1989 | 2679049 |
| the ecology of the human intestine and its consequences for overgrowth by pathogens such as clostridium difficile. | 1989 | 2679366 | |
| interrelationships between digestive proteolytic activities and production and quantitation of toxins in pseudomembranous colitis induced by clostridium difficile in gnotobiotic mice. | clostridium difficile pathogenicity is related to in vivo production of toxins, and it is of great interest to detect toxins produced in biological samples. several reports have shown that proteases in stools interfere with immunological methods for quantitation of toxin a. the purpose of this work was to estimate the relationship between the proteases and the c. difficile toxins produced in a gnotobiotic mouse model of pseudomembranous cecitis. cecal proteolytic activities hydrolyzed toxin a, a ... | 1989 | 2680988 |
| portal venous gas after hepatic transplantation: sonographic detection and clinical significance. | in seven (18%) of 39 liver transplantation patients, serial doppler sonographic examinations performed in the first 2 weeks after the transplantation showed transient, highly echogenic nonshadowing particles moving within the portal vein, believed to be portal venous air. this finding was associated with sepsis in one patient, a positive stool culture for clostridium difficile in another, and postoperative ileus in a third patient. a fourth patient had primary graft failure and required a second ... | 1989 | 2683676 |
| identification of clostridium difficile in stool specimens by culture-enhanced gas-liquid chromatography. | we have developed a sensitive and specific method for the identification of clostridium difficile in stool specimens based on the detection of metabolic breakdown products of the organism by gas-liquid chromatography after incubation of stool samples in a selective broth medium containing cefoxitin. use of this approach to test samples from two different populations of patients at separate medical centers showed this method to be superior to plate cultures or cytotoxin testing alone for both pop ... | 1989 | 2685021 |
| detection of asymptomatic clostridium difficile carriage by an alcohol shock procedure. | direct inoculation to cefoxitin-cycloserine-fructose agar and broth was compared with alcohol shock-chopped meat broth inoculation for optimal detection of clostridium difficile in fecal samples. alcohol shock is significantly more sensitive than cefoxitin-cycloserine-fructose agar or broth and may be the method of choice to detect c. difficile in asymptomatic carriers. | 1989 | 2685035 |
| prospective, randomized comparison of sequential intravenous followed by oral ciprofloxacin with intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of serious infections. | in a prospective, comparative trial, 47 hospitalized patients with serious infections that required parenteral antibiotic therapy were randomly assigned to receive either ciprofloxacin (200 mg every 12 hours intravenously followed by 500 mg every 12 hours orally at a time dependent on the patients' clinical and bacteriologic responses) or ceftazidime (2 g every eight to 12 hours intravenously). all evaluable subjects (39 patients) had documented infections, 23 percent of which were associated wi ... | 1989 | 2686421 |
| in vitro antimicrobial activity and susceptibility testing of ofloxacin. current status. | the fluoroquinolone, ofloxacin, exhibits a broad antibacterial spectrum. based on our data and a review of the literature, ofloxacin inhibited essentially 100 percent of staphylococci, including oxacillin-resistant strains, haemophilus influenzae, neisseria spp. and branhamella catarrhalis. ninety-five percent of enterobacteriaceae were susceptible to ofloxacin. pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterococci were less susceptible: 79 and 63 percent, respectively, were susceptible (minimal inhibitory con ... | 1989 | 2690614 |
| a randomized trial to compare amoxycillin/clavulanate with metronidazole plus gentamicin in prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery. | a randomized controlled trial was designed to compare antibiotic prophylaxis with a standard combination of agents, metronidazole and gentamicin, with a single preparation, amoxycillin/clavulanate in 400 patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. there were 41 patients who were excluded or withdrawn (wrong dose, inappropriate operation, established sepsis or concurrent disease). abdominal wound sepsis occurred in 14% of the assessable patients in the amoxycillin/clavulanate group and in 15 ... | 1989 | 2691480 |
| severe pseudomembranous enterocolitis in a child: case report and literature review. | antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous enterocolitis (pmc), an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease mediated by toxins produced by clostridium difficile, is increasingly recognized in the pediatric population. we report a case of fulminant pmc in an otherwise normal 2 1/2-year-old child after antibiotic therapy given for a routine childhood illness. the patient had debilitating colitis marked by severe diarrhea, a generalized electrolyte derangement, an extreme protein-losing enteropathy state, ... | 1989 | 2696928 |
| demonstration of capsules in clostridium difficile. | in four strains of clostridium difficile the formation of capsules was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. | 1989 | 2711788 |
| diagnostic studies of nosocomial diarrhea in children: assessing their use and value. | during a 17-month period (01/11/85-05/31/86) 225 cases of nosocomial diarrhea were identified in a children's hospital. diarrhea was considered to be nosocomial if it began at least 72 hours after the patient's hospital admission or within 3 days after discharge. one or more routine diagnostic studies for identification of a pathogen were performed in 195 (87%) cases. the most commonly performed test was the bacterial stool culture. none of these samples yielded a bacterial pathogen. the only pa ... | 1989 | 2729660 |
| antibacterial activity of the new glycopeptide antibiotic skf104662. | the inhibitory activity of the new glycopeptide antibiotic skf104662 was generally equivalent (+/- 1 concentration increment) to the activities of vancomycin, teicoplanin, and daptomycin against selected gram-positive bacteria. however, skf104662 demonstrated greater activity against staphylococcus epidermidis and s. haemolyticus than did teicoplanin and was more active than the other drugs against clostridium difficile isolates. skf104662 possessed bactericidal activity quite similar to that of ... | 1989 | 2729947 |
| typing of clostridium difficile causing diarrhoea in an orthopaedic ward. | in an outbreak of diarrhoeal disease in an orthopaedic ward clostridium difficile was isolated from all six patients with diarrhoea. attempts were made to type these isolates by means of antibiogram, detection of pre-formed enzymes, analysis of surface proteins by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and immunoblotting, and plasmid profile analysis. this showed that a single strain (type e) indistinguishable by the four distinct methods of typing, was isolated fr ... | 1989 | 2732346 |
| [preparation of diagnostic antitoxic serum to clostridium difficile]. | the results of the studies on the preparation of diagnostic antitoxic sera to c. difficile, intended for use in biological assays with the aim of the laboratory diagnosis of clostridial enteric infections, are presented. the conditions for the detoxification of c. difficile native toxin have been established, the optimum schedules for the immunization of rabbits have been selected and specific antitoxic sera to c. difficile have been obtained. the neutralizing activity of these sera has been eva ... | 1989 | 2735166 |
| comparison of two oral formulations of vancomycin for treatment of diarrhoea associated with clostridium difficile. | 1989 | 2745253 | |
| evaluation of a latex agglutination test for clostridium difficile in two nursing home outbreaks. | the culturette brand clostridium difficile test (cdt; marion laboratories, inc., kansas city, mo.) is a latex agglutination test for c. difficile. the recent controversy involving the identity of antigens detected by cdt has made decisions on its use difficult. we compared the test results with those of selective culture and stool cytotoxin assays in investigations of two nursing home outbreaks of c. difficile-associated disease in order to formulate usage recommendations. selective culture for ... | 1989 | 2745696 |
| nosocomial clostridium difficile infections. | 1989 | 2747751 | |
| nucleotide sequence of a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene from clostridium difficile. | 1989 | 2748343 | |
| clostridium difficile in the intensive care unit: management problems and prevention issues. | several patients hospitalized in our 12-bed medical icu were found to have clostridium difficile associated colitis. stool cultures of all patients identified eight cases (three culture positive, and five culture and cytotoxin positive), seven of which were geographically and temporarily clustered within a 2-wk period. at least one patient appeared to contract the disease after hospitalization and in the absence of antibiotic therapy or other known major risk factors. the outbreak highlights the ... | 1989 | 2752778 |
| extended spectrum cephalosporins and clostridium difficile. | there is little information about how commonly the newer cephalosporins cause diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile. in this study of 111 patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhoea, 106 had received antimicrobial agents in the four weeks before detection of c. difficile. the relative risk for each antimicrobial agent was greatest with clindamycin, followed by cefotaxime, cephamandole and ceftriaxone. there was no statistically significant difference in risk between the cephalosporins evalu ... | 1989 | 2759933 |
| relapsing clostridium difficile toxin-associated colitis in ovarian cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. | symptomatic relapse of clostridium difficile toxin-associated colitis occurred in three patients with ovarian cancer. in two patients, c difficile toxin-positive diarrhea initially appeared in association with antibiotic therapy. the third patient developed diarrhea after chemotherapy, without recent antecedent antibiotic administration. patients were initially treated with oral metronidazole and became asymptomatic and toxin-negative. a symptomatic toxin-positive recurrence then developed after ... | 1989 | 2761938 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of bmy 40062, a new fluoronaphthyridone. | the in vitro and in vivo activities of a new naphthyridone, bmy 40062, were compared with those of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. bmy 40062 showed about threefold more activity than ciprofloxacin showed and four- to eightfold more activity than ofloxacin showed against staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci. bmy 40062 showed generally twofold less activity than ciprofloxacin showed against most species of the family enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and acinetobacter spp. but twofo ... | 1989 | 2764541 |
| characterization and reassembly of a regular array in the cell wall of clostridium difficile gai 4131. | the cell wall of clostridium difficile gai 4131 was revealed by electron microscopy to have an outer layer composed of a nearly square array and contained the two major proteins with molecular weights of 38 kda and 42 kda. the properties and reassembly of the two major proteins into the regular array were investigated. when the isolated cell walls were treated with hydrophobic bond-disrupting agents or a chelating agent specific for ca2+, the two major proteins were effectively removed and the r ... | 1989 | 2770560 |
| fulminant idiopathic pseudomembranous colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis is characterized by inflammatory plaques and pseudomembranes on the colonic mucosa. the disorder most commonly occurs after the use of antibiotics, which allow overgrowth of clostridium difficile, a spore-forming, gram-positive rod that produces a toxin. overgrowth of staphylococcus aureus can also produce pseudomembranous colitis. in rare cases, pseudomembranous colitis is not associated with antibiotic use. when c. difficile is present, vancomycin or metronidazole usua ... | 1989 | 2773757 |
| comparison of media for screening of diarrheic stools for the recovery of clostridium difficile. | recoveries of clostridium difficile from stool specimens by using three media, cycloserine-mannitol agar (m-cma), cycloserine-mannitol-blood agar (m-cmba), and cycloserine-cefoxitin agar (m-cca), were compared. of 321 clinical specimens, 37 yielded c. difficile. thirty-four were positive on m-cca, 21 were positive on m-cma, and 20 were positive on m-cmba. m-cca recovered significantly more c. difficile than did m-cmba or m-cma. | 1989 | 2778074 |
| purification and characterisation of clostridium difficile toxin a by bovine thyroglobulin affinity chromatography and dissociation in denaturing conditions with or without reduction. | highly purified toxin a of clostridium difficile was obtained by bovine thyroglobulin affinity chromatography followed by two sequential anion-exchange chromatography steps on q sepharose ff and mono q. after q sepharose ff chromatography of a thyroglobulin affinity-purified toxin a preparation, two major peaks of cytotoxicity representing toxins a and b were detected. the homogeneity of the final toxin a preparation obtained from mono q anion-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography was asce ... | 1989 | 2778794 |
| reactive oligoarthritis associated with clostridium difficile colitis. | 1989 | 2784867 | |
| fixation of clostridium difficile toxin a and cholera toxin to intestinal brush border membranes from axenic and conventional mice. | we have tested the in vitro binding of clostridium difficile toxin a (enterotoxin) and cholera toxin to intestinal brush border membranes prepared from either conventional or axenic mice. membranes from axenic mice were shown to be saturated at a lower toxin a concentration (at least 2.5 times lower). because there were no significant differences between membranes from axenic and conventional mice in binding at low toxin a concentrations, the presence of the normal microflora seems to increase t ... | 1989 | 2785961 |
| origin and fate of ige-bearing lymphocytes. ii. modulation of ige isotype expression on peyer's patch cells by feeding with certain bacteria and bacterial cell wall components or by thymectomy. | mechanisms regulating the appearance of sige+ b lymphocytes appear to be lacking in adult germfree (gf) rats in that their peyer's patches (pp) contain high numbers of cells with sige (approximately 15% of total cells), one-half of which simultaneously express siga, whereas sige+ cells are absent from pp of conventional rats (less than 1%). gf rat pp also contain elevated numbers of siga+ cells and decreased numbers of sigm+ cells, with elevated numbers of sthy-1+ rt 7.1+ ig- t cells, and reduce ... | 1989 | 2789249 |
| comparative in vitro activity of lomefloxacin, a difluoro-quinolone. | lomefloxacin is a new difluoro-quinolone. in this study, we have determined the in vitro activity of lomefloxacin against a wide range of clinical bacterial isolates and compared it with that of other fluoro-quinolones and some unrelated antimicrobials. lomefloxacin was very active against enterobacteriaceae (mic90, 0.5 micrograms/ml) with activity comparable to that of ofloxacin (mic90, 0.25 micrograms/ml). lomefloxacin was moderately active against isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa (mic90, 4 ... | 1989 | 2791500 |
| feacal carriage of cytotoxigenic strains of clostridium difficile by adult nigerians. | the isolation rate of clostridium difficile and the presence of its cytotoxin in stool were studied in adults with diarrhoea and healthy normal individuals over a period of one year. c. difficile was isolated from 23(56%) out of 41 patients with diarrhoea who gave history of antibiotic exposure prior to the development of the disease from 12(31.6%) of the 38 healthy controls with no history of antibiotic exposure. of the 23(31.6%) c. difficile isolated from the patients, 16(69.6%), and only 8(66 ... | 1989 | 2791928 |
| diarrhoea associated with ceftriaxone and its implications in paediatric patients. | we prospectively studied 50 paediatric patients (3 months-12 years) who received 50 mg/kg ceftriaxone, i.v. over 20 min every 12 h for 3-14 days. diarrhoea, as defined by four bowel movements/day for two consecutive days, occurred in 34% (17) of 50 patients. an additional two patients with diarrhoea were excluded due to the presence of enteroviruses. diarrhoea occurred after 2-14 (8.7 +/- 3.2) doses and persisted for 2-8 (3.1 +/- 1.7) days. the mean number of bowel movements was 1.2/days before ... | 1989 | 2793955 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile diarrhea. | 1989 | 2796843 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with ofloxacin therapy. | 1989 | 2801739 | |
| effect of clostridium difficile enterotoxin a on ultrastructure of chinese hamster ovary cells. | electron microscopical immunocytochemistry and light microscopy were used to study the effect of clostridium difficile enterotoxin a (ea) on cultured chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells. at 4 degrees c, immunocytochemically detected ea was randomly distributed along the plasma membrane; when cells were subsequently transferred to 37 degrees c, the ea moved into coated pits and coated vesicles within 2 min. within 2 h of incubation at 37 degrees c with ea, the perinuclear cytoplasm of the cho cells ... | 1989 | 2807554 |
| comparative in-vitro activity of meropenem on clinical isolates from the united kingdom. | mics of meropenem were determined for a wide range of common bacteria of clinical importance. for enterobacteriaceae, aeromonas spp., haemophilus influenzae, branhamella catarrhalis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, gardnerella vaginalis, campylobacter coli/jejuni, beta-haemolytic streptococci and anaerobes other than clostridium difficile, mics were almost always within the range 0.002-0.5 mg/l. the activity of meropenem for these organisms was always greater than that of imipenem and piperacillin, and w ... | 1989 | 2808214 |
| immunoblot analysis of serum immunoglobulin g response to surface proteins of clostridium difficile in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | we examined by immunoblot analysis the serum immunoglobulin g antibody response to edta-extracted surface proteins of clostridium difficile in 16 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. for each patient, paired serum samples were tested against proteins of the infecting strain and of a collection strain (c253) known to belong to the electrophoretic group 2 pattern. eight patients, all harboring group 2 c. difficile strains, exhibited responses to the proteins of the infecting strain; six p ... | 1989 | 2808681 |
| an outbreak of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in urological practice: a potential consequence of excessive antibiotic prophylaxis? | during an outbreak of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea, 17 patients on a urological ward developed symptoms in a 17-day period. of these patients, 15 had received antibiotics during their admission. in order to eradicate the infection, it was necessary to close the unit for 1 month. antibiotic associated diarrhoea is a serious complication of the prophylactic and therapeutic use of such agents and, because of the common use of antimicrobials on urological units, there is potential for ... | 1989 | 2810164 |
| treatment of antibiotic-associated clostridium difficile colitis with oral vancomycin: comparison of two dosage regimens. | high-dose (500 mg orally four times daily) vancomycin is considered by many investigators to be the most effective treatment for antibiotic-associated clostridium difficile colitis. however, a lower dosage of 125 or 150 mg given three or four times a day has become popular, has been shown to be effective, and is less expensive than the high-dose regimen. we therefore decided to compare two vancomycin dosage regimens in a randomized trial. | 1989 | 2910090 |
| clostridium difficile colitis secondary to intravenous vancomycin. | nearly every known antibiotic has been implicated as a cause of clostridium difficile colitis. we report the first case resulting from monotherapy with intravenous vancomycin. the patient was on chronic hemodialysis and was treated with intravenous vancomycin for presumed cervical osteomyelitis. after 29 days of therapy he developed abdominal pain and diarrhea and his stool was found to contain both c. difficile and cytotoxin. the patient responded with symptomatic and microbiological recovery t ... | 1989 | 2910675 |
| nosocomial acquisition of clostridium difficile infection. | we studied the acquisition and transmission of clostridium difficile infection prospectively on a general medical ward by serially culturing rectal-swab specimens from 428 patients admitted over an 11-month period. immunoblot typing was used to differentiate individual strains of c. difficile. seven percent of the patients (29) had positive cultures at admission. eighty-three (21 percent) of the 399 patients with negative cultures acquired c. difficile during their hospitalizations. of these pat ... | 1989 | 2911306 |
| recurrences of clostridium difficile diarrhea not caused by the original infecting organism. | 1989 | 2915158 | |
| phenelfamycins, a novel complex of elfamycin-type antibiotics. iii. activity in vitro and in a hamster colitis model. | phenelfamycins a, b, c, e, f and unphenelfamycin make up a recently isolated group of elfamycin-type antibiotics. all of the phenelfamycins were active against gram-positive anaerobes, including clostridium difficile. phenelfamycin a was also active in vitro against neisseria gonorrhoeae and streptococci. phenelfamycin a was found to be effective in prolonging the survival of hamsters in an animal model of c. difficile enterocolitis. after oral administration of phenelfamycin a to hamsters, anti ... | 1989 | 2921230 |
| recovery of spores of clostridium difficile altered by heat or alkali. | the effect of heating or alkali-treatment on spore recovery in ordinary growth medium was examined for four strains of clostridium difficile. heating spores at 80 degrees c for 10 min produced 95.50-99.95% decreases in the recovery rates. treatment with 0.1 n naoh for 15 min produced 99.47 and 99.83% decreases in spore recovery rates for two of the four strains. the influence of either addition of lysozyme after treatment with sodium thioglycollate (thioglycollate-lysozyme method) or addition of ... | 1989 | 2926793 |
| oral fluoroquinolone therapy for clostridium difficile enterocolitis. | 1989 | 2926941 | |
| evaluation of antibiotic-associated diarrhea with a latex agglutination test and cell culture cytotoxicity assay for clostridium difficile. | diagnosis of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) by its antigen or toxin has improved treatment for patients who have antibiotic-associated diarrhea and opportunistic colonization of the colon with c. difficile. unfortunately, results from the tissue culture cytotoxicity assay are not available for 48 h. we prospectively compared a latex agglutination test with the tissue culture cytotoxicity assay in 83 patients (15 with antibiotic-associated diarrhea, 23 with non-antibiotic-associated diarrhe ... | 1989 | 2929558 |
| effect of clindamycin on factor-vii activity in healthy cats. | four healthy cats were given clindamycin orally in daily doses of 25 or 50 mg/kg of body weight for 6 weeks. significant change in factor-vii activity was not found, compared with pretreatment values. in 2 cats tested, toxin produced by clostridium difficile was not detected in fecal samples obtained before treatment and at 6 weeks after treatment, suggesting that intestinal overgrowth by c difficile did not develop. results of the study seemed to indicate that orally administered clindamycin do ... | 1989 | 2930027 |
| efficacy of daptomycin compared to teicoplanin in the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis in hamsters. | 1989 | 16312372 | |
| antibacterial activity of rifaximin against clostridium difficile, campylobacter jejunii and yersinia spp. | 1989 | 16312377 | |
| in-vitro activity of vancomycin, teicoplanin, daptomycin, ramoplanin, mdl 62873 and other agents against staphylococci, enterococci and clostridium difficile. | the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of different antibiotics were determined by a broth microdilution method for staphylococci, enterococci and clostridium difficile. the antimicrobial agents tested were vancomycin, teicoplanin, daptomycin, ramoplanin, mdl 62873, rifampicin and piperacillin, the latter limited to enterococci. in terms of mic90s, daptomycin (0.89 mg/l). mdl 62873 (0.99 mg/l), and teicoplanin (1.50 mg/l) were found to be highly active against methicillin-resistant staphyl ... | 1990 | 1688341 |
| epidemiologic markers of clostridium difficile. | a wide range of epidemiologic markers have been identified for clostridium difficile. these markers are based on phenotypic characteristics of the organism, such as antibiotic resistance, bacteriocin or bacteriophage susceptibility, electrophoretic protein patterns, and immunologic markers. methods for determining genetic markers include plasmid and dna restriction endonuclease analysis and ribosomal rna restriction patterns. these methods have been applied to various degrees in epidemiologic st ... | 1990 | 1689505 |
| clostridium difficile invasion and toxin circulation in fatal pediatric pseudomembranous colitis. | the direct involvement of clostridium difficile in the lesional tissue of pseudomembranous colitis has not been demonstrated; the organism's effects have been assumed to be strictly toxin mediated. because c. difficile cytotoxin may be found incidentally in the intestinal lumina of asymptomatic infants, the role of the organism in a variety of pediatric intestinal diseases is uncertain. the authors studied seven cases of fatal pediatric pseudomembranous colitis in which the presence of c. diffic ... | 1990 | 1699407 |
| an extracellular material observed in clostridium difficile strains. | some extracellular material-- "capsule" has been observed among clostridium difficile strains. c. difficile strains (44 examined) contain different proportions of cells with "capsule" and without "capsules". toxigenic strains contained fewer capsulated cells than non-toxigenic strains. | 1990 | 1715642 |
| bacteriotherapy for clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | 1990 | 1967389 | |
| rapid identification of toxigenic clostridium difficile by polymerase chain reaction. | 1990 | 1968161 | |
| clostridium difficile carriage after infection. | 1990 | 1968608 | |
| false-positive clostridium difficile latex agglutination tests. | 1990 | 1972242 | |
| nosocomial clostridium difficile colonisation and disease. | to assess the risk of acquiring clostridium difficile diarrhoea or colitis in patients colonised with c difficile, rectal swabs taken weekly for 9 weeks from patients with long-term (at least 7 days) hospital stays on three wards were cultured for c difficile. 60 (21%) of 282 patients were culture-positive for c difficile during their hospital stay, of whom 51 were symptom-free faecal excretors. c difficile diarrhoea developed in the other 9 patients; 2 were culture-positive for c difficile and ... | 1990 | 1975332 |
| pseudomembranous colitis associated with ciprofloxacin. | 1990 | 1976960 | |
| ciprofloxacin and clostridium difficile infection. | 1990 | 1978050 | |
| ciprofloxacin and pseudomembranous colitis. | 1990 | 1979116 | |
| clostridium difficile associated disease in thailand. | over a twenty-six month period 383 fecal specimens from 269 diarrheal patients and 114 control patients were examined for clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin. c. difficile was isolated from 13 (4.8%) of overall age group of diarrheal patients and from 3 (2.6%) of controls. fecal cytotoxin was detected in 106 (52.5%) of 203 diarrheal patients and in 17 (22.4%) of 76 controls. sixty-one percent of antibiotic-associated diarrheal patients (less than 3 years) and 51% of non-antibiotic associated ... | 1990 | 2075479 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1990 | 2076119 | |
| microfilament-disrupting clostridium difficile toxin b causes multinucleation of transformed cells but does not block capping of membrane ig. | the effects of clostridium difficile toxin b on some actin-dependent cellular functions were studied. a three-day incubation of intoxicated b-lymphocytes and transformed 3t3 fibroblasts resulted in dose-dependent multinucleation. using vimentin-negative daudi cells we showed that this effect of toxin b does not involve vimentin. as dna and protein syntheses are not impaired in the cells used, the results suggest that toxin b has an effect on the actin-containing contractile ring during mitosis, ... | 1990 | 2081549 |
| cloning of clostridium difficile toxin b gene and demonstration of high n-terminal homology between toxin a and b. | high titered clostridium sordellii lethal toxin antiserum, cross-reactive with c. difficile cytotoxin b (toxb), was used to isolate toxb fragments from a c. difficile expression library. recombinant clones containing toxb fragments of the 5' and 3' end were isolate. a 2.5-kb hincii fragment of chromosomal dna overlaps both groups of clones. a partial restriction map of the total toxb gene is presented. the gene is positioned upstream of utxa and toxa, toxb has a size of 6.9 kb, corresponding to ... | 1990 | 2082160 |
| [value of microbiologic studies for diagnosis of post-enteritis reactive arthritis]. | reactive arthritis may develop within a period of some days until upto 3 weeks after infections with yersinia enterocolitica, yersinia pseudotuberculosis, campylobacter jejuni/coli, shigella and salmonella. intestinal infections with klebsiella pneumoniae, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, cryptosporidium, strongyloides stercoralis, taenia saginata and schistosoma mansoni are, in some cases, considered to be responsible for reactive arthritis. detection of pathogenic bacteria in fe ... | 1990 | 2085058 |
| [occurrence of clostridium difficile in feces of children with dysfunction of the digestive tract and other disorders]. | thousand and six hundred ninety two fecal samples from children of few weeks old up to over ten years were tested for the presence of clostridium difficile. most of them were treated with antibiotics and showed diarrhea symptoms. hundred and twenty three strains of c-difficile were submitted to serological typing and their sensitivity to 10 selected antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents was determined. among 109 strains of c. difficile tested for enterotoxin production by latex test 82 strains ... | 1990 | 2087130 |
| incidence of cytotoxin producing isolates of clostridium difficile in faeces of neonates and children in nigeria. | one hundred and fifty six (156) confirmed isolates of clostridium difficile from faeces of neonates and children in parts of anambra state, nigeria were screened and assayed for cytotoxin production by the tissue culture technique and the frequency of occurrence estimated. twenty three out of 156 isolates were found to be cytotoxin positive isolates representing a frequency of 14.8%. there was no difference between the frequency of occurrence of cytotoxin positive isolates in neonates and childr ... | 1990 | 2087200 |
| [reactive arthritis]. | the term reactive arthritis was introduced to describe an acute non-purulent arthritis complicating an infection elsewhere in the body. reactive arthritis can also be classified into hla-b27 associated and non-associated forms. rheumatic fever is an example of the hla-b27 non-associated forms with genetic factors other than hla-b27 involved. hla-b27 associated reactive arthritis includes enteric, urogenic and idiopathic arthritides. the bacteria known to trigger post-enteritic reactive arthritis ... | 1990 | 2087418 |
| actin and lamin comprised filaments in the nuclei of chinese hamster ovary cells affected with clostridium difficile enterotoxin a. | the major change in the ultrastructure of chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells treated with clostridium difficile enterotoxin a was the formation of bundles of filaments in the nucleoplasm. the filaments appeared after 2.5 h and disappeared by the fourth hour of incubation with the toxin. to partially characterize these filaments, laser diffractometry and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry were employed. the bundles consist of coiled filaments of about 11 nm and 16 nm diameter and a main long axia ... | 1990 | 2090392 |
| detection of variant toxin a without hemagglutination activity of clostridium difficile and analysis of its biochemical and biological characteristics. | 1990 | 2101141 | |
| molecular characterization of the clostridium difficile toxin a gene. | the gene encoding the toxin a protein of clostridium difficile (strain vpi 10463) was cloned and sequenced. the coding region of 8,133 base pairs had a mol% g + c of 26.9 and encodes 2,710 amino acids. the deduced polypeptide has a molecular mass of ca. 308 kilodaltons. nearly a third of the gene, at the 3' end, consists of 38 repeating sequences. the repeating units were grouped into two classes, i and ii, on the basis of length and the low levels of dna sequence similarities between them. ther ... | 1990 | 2105276 |
| diarrhea in tube-fed patients: feeding formula not necessarily the cause. | this study of diarrhea in tube-fed patients was undertaken to determine the proportion of cases in which feeding formula is not responsible for the diarrhea, the causes other than the feeding formula, and the diagnostic approach to diarrhea in tube-fed patients. | 1990 | 2105646 |
| macrophage-dependent stimulation of t cell-depleted spleen cells by clostridium difficile toxin a and calcium ionophore. | clostridium difficile toxin a causes severe intestinal inflammation and fluid secretion in rabbit ileum and is chemotactic for neutrophils in vitro. the mechanism of intestinal injury produced by toxin a appears to involve direct epithelial cell damage as well as recruitment of an inflammatory cell response. the current study was undertaken to determine if toxin a can directly stimulate a proliferative response in lymphocytes. highly purified toxin a, in the presence of the calcium ionophore, io ... | 1990 | 2105851 |
| nucleotide sequence of clostridium difficile toxin a. | 1990 | 2109310 | |
| lactic acid bacteria and human health. | although claims for health and nutritional benefits have been made for lactic acid bacteria in fermented dairy products for nearly a century, the nutritional and therapeutic value of these organisms is still controversial. this article will review the scientific basis of these claims. there are numerous studies showing fermentation of food with lactobacilli increase the quantity, availability, digestibility, and assimilability of nutrients. the basis for this conclusion comes from direct measure ... | 1990 | 2109988 |
| comparison of a dot immunobinding assay, latex agglutination, and cytotoxin assay for laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | c. diff-cube, a dot immunobinding assay (dia) (difco laboratories, ann arbor, mich.) for detection of clostridium difficile toxin a in stool specimens, was compared with latex agglutination (la) (marion laboratories, kansas city, mo.) and cytotoxin assay (cta) for the laboratory diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea. a total of 200 stool specimens collected from 169 patients with suspected c. difficile diarrhea were tested. of the 198 specimens evaluated by all three methods, 36 (18%) fr ... | 1990 | 2112561 |
| toxin a of clostridium difficile is a potent cytotoxin. | clostridium difficile is the cause of antibiotic-associated colitis in humans. the organism produces toxin a, which is generally known as the enterotoxin, and toxin b, which is known as the cytotoxin. toxin a has been reported to have slight cytotoxic activity; in this study we show that cell lines (f9, otf9-63, and p19) which express a carbohydrate to which toxin a binds are more sensitive to the toxin. these cell lines can be used as research tools for determining concentrations of biologicall ... | 1990 | 2112562 |
| interaction of clostridium difficile toxin a with cultured cells: cytoskeletal changes and nuclear polarization. | experiments done on in vitro-cultured cells exposed to toxin a from c. difficile showed a series of cytopathologic changes leading to cell retraction and rounding accompanied by the marginalization of the nucleus, which localized at one pole of the cell. cytoskeleton appeared to be strongly involved in such modifications. in particular, the microfilament system seemed to be involved in cell retraction, while microtubule network integrity and function seemed to be necessary for the nuclear displa ... | 1990 | 2114363 |
| enterotoxins from clostridium difficile; diarrhoeogenic potency and morphological effects in the rat intestine. | the action of toxins a, b, and c from clostridium difficile was studied in the small intestine and colon of rats. all three caused fluid accumulation in the small intestine, maximal secretion being induced by 1 micrograms of toxin a, 20 micrograms of b, and 15 micrograms of c. both toxins a and c caused shedding of epithelial cells from the villi without visible damage to crypt cells; toxin a caused further extensive necrosis and bleeding. toxin b caused secretion without visible damage to the e ... | 1990 | 2115017 |
| c. difficile toxin a increases intestinal permeability and induces cl- secretion. | mucosal sheets of guinea pig ileum mounted in ussing chambers were used to determine effects of highly purified clostridium difficile toxin a on intestinal structure and barrier function in the absence of recruited neutrophils and blood flow. with the use of standard electrophysiological and morphological techniques, our results indicate that 5 micrograms/ml mucosal toxin a induces substantial alteration in epithelial permeability and in structure of absorptive cells. transepithelial fluxes of m ... | 1990 | 2116728 |
| identification of toxigenic clostridium difficile strains by using a toxin a gene-specific probe. | a 4.5-kilobase psti fragment encoding part of the toxin a gene was isolated and used as a dna probe in colony hybridization studies with 58 toxigenic and 17 nontoxigenic clostridium difficile strains. all 58 toxigenic strains showed positive hybridization, in contrast to the 17 nontoxigenic strains. southern blot analysis with the toxin a gene probe showed hybridization to a single fragment of equal intensities for hindiii-digested genomic dnas isolated from c. difficile strains of wide-ranging ... | 1990 | 2118549 |
| nucleotide sequence of clostridium difficile toxin a gene fragment and detection of toxigenic strains by polymerase chain reaction. | a 1947 base pair (bp) fragment of the toxin a gene of clostridium difficile was sequenced. a continuous open reading frame was found, which contained 4 distinct groups of repeat nucleotide sequence with 88 to 100% identity within each group. the arrangement of the groups (a, 81 bp, b, c and d, 63 bp) was abcccdabcddabcccdabccdabcdabc. based on nucleotide sequence data from the c repeat group, a pair of oligonucleotide primers were synthesised and used in the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to am ... | 1990 | 2118866 |
| studies of the subgingival microflora in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | two unique forms of periodontal disease, hiv-gingivitis and hiv-periodontitis, have been described in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). in order to determine the bacterial species associated with periodontitis in aids patients, the predominant cultivable microflora was examined in 21 subgingival plaque samples from 11 aids patients with periodontitis. the presence of putative periodontal pathogens including actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, bacteroides intermedius, por ... | 1990 | 2123926 |
| in vitro activity of teicoplanin, vancomycin, a16686, clindamycin, erythromycin and fusidic acid against anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activity of teicoplanin and a16686, two new glycopeptide antibiotics was determined against 196 isolates of anaerobic bacteria. the activity of teicoplanin and a16686, in comparison with that of vancomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin and fusidic acid was 2 to 16 times higher against the gram positive anaerobes, namely, propionibacterium acnes, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, clostridium species, peptococcus species and peptostreptococcus species. however, bacteroides ... | 1990 | 2139737 |
| [in vitro activity of imipenem against hospital bacteria]. | imipenem proved highly active against enterobacteriaceae: the different bacterial groups exhibited similar mode mics (0.12 to 0.25 micrograms/ml), except for serratia (0.25-0.5 micrograms/ml), proteus mirabilis (0.5 micrograms/ml), indole-positive proteus (2 micrograms/ml) and providencia (1 mu/ml). the mics of cefotaxime-resistant strains (cephalosporinase hyperproducing or very broad spectrum betalactamase producing) were within the susceptibility range. imipenem also exhibited satisfactory ac ... | 1990 | 2139936 |
| fructose 1-phosphate and the regulation of glucokinase activity in isolated hepatocytes. | fructose 1-phosphate kinase was partially purified from clostridium difficile and used to develop specific assays of fructose 1-phosphate and fructose. the concentration of fructose 1-phosphate was below the detection limit of the assay (25 pmol/mg protein) in hepatocytes incubated in the presence of glucose as sole carbohydrate. addition of fructose (0.05-1 mm) caused a concentration-dependent and transient increase in the fructose 1-phosphate content. glucagon (1 microm) and ethanol (10 mm) ca ... | 1990 | 2145154 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a carries a c-terminal repetitive structure homologous to the carbohydrate binding region of streptococcal glycosyltransferases. | a detailed analysis of the 8130-bp open reading frame (orf) of gene toxa and of an upstream orf designated utxa, indicates the presence of a transcription terminator stem-loop for toxa, promoter sequences, and shine-dalgarno boxes for toxa and utxa. no transcription terminator between toxa and utxa is suggested by the sequence. toxa contains two domains, one-third (c-terminal) with a repetitive structure and the residual two-thirds with no repetitions. the 2499-bp sequence encoding the repetitiv ... | 1990 | 2148295 |
| human safety and pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular dose of a novel spectinomycin analog, trospectomycin (u-63,366f). | in this study, local and systemic tolerance and pharmacokinetics of trospectomycin sulfate in human beings were evaluated for the first time. trospectomycin sulfate (u-63,366f; trospectomycin) or sterile saline was administered to 96 healthy male volunteers in doses ranging from 0.25 ml (75 mg) to 3.3 ml (1,000 mg) in a single intramuscular injection in a double-blind, randomized design. volunteers were screened to establish baseline vital signs and laboratory test values. pain and tenderness at ... | 1990 | 2150907 |
| hydrolytic enzyme production by clostridium difficile and its relationship to toxin production and virulence in the hamster model. | thirty isolates of clostridium difficile expressing different degrees of toxigenicity and virulence in an animal model were assayed for the production of chondroitin-4-sulphatase, hyaluronidase, heparinase, collagenase and protease. all strains demonstrated some hydrolytic enzyme activity. there was no direct correlation between toxigenic status, or virulence, and hydrolytic enzyme production. however, all five strains known to be highly virulent in the hamster model had hyaluronidase, chondroit ... | 1990 | 2156075 |
| persistent excretion of rotavirus by pregnant cows. | in a study of the epizootiology and prevalence of enteropathogens which may be involved in neonatal calf diarrhoea, 10 in-calf cows from a herd with a history of rotavirus-induced calf diarrhoea were monitored over a period of six to seven months. all the cows excreted rotavirus intermittently without showing any clinical signs, and 21.8 per cent of faecal samples contained rotavirus. reoviruses were isolated from 87 per cent of the samples from the cows, and from all the 10 calves born to them. ... | 1990 | 2164274 |