Publications

identification of viridans streptococci by pyrolysis-gas chromatography.	an isothermal method of pyrolysis-gas chromatography (py-gc) was used for the identification of viridans streptococci. pyrograms from 104 reference strains were subjected to a discriminant analysis to produce classification coefficients for the identification of 74 test organisms. five groups representing recognised species were discriminated but streptococcus milleri strains could not be distinguished from s. sanguis. if s. milleri and s. sanguis are regarded as a single pyrogroup, only three s ...	1989	2724324
molecular surface characterization of oral streptococci by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.	in order to characterize the molecular composition of oral streptococci, infrared transmission spectroscopy on freeze-dried cells dissolved in kbr was used. all infrared spectra show similar absorption bands for the strains studied with the most important absorption bands located at 2930 cm-1 (ch), 1653 cm-1 (ami), 1541 cm-1 (amii) and two bands at 1236 cm-1 and 1082 cm-1, which were assigned to phosphate and sugar groups. however, calculation of absorption band ratios normalized with respect to ...	1989	2730916
production of mutacin-like substances by streptococcus mutans.	production of inhibitory substances by strains of the streptococcus mutans group is well documented, but the nature of the substances implied is often unknown. of nine laboratory strains known to produce inhibitory substances, the optimal conditions for producing inhibition zones on solid media were found to vary between strains but good production was generally obtained on all-purpose media with tween 80 at 37 degrees c after 2-4 days of aerobic incubation. streptococcus sanguis ny101 was found ...	1989	2731078
roxithromycin as a possible agent for prophylaxis of endocarditis: a study in normal volunteers.	a single dose of roxithromycin, 300 mg, was taken by six healthy male volunteers on three occasions at consecutive weekly intervals. it was well tolerated. on the first two occasions, roxithromycin was assayed in serum samples taken at intervals up to 8 h after the administration. the mean peak concentration at 1 h was 3.0 mg/l (range 0.3-7.3). the serum samples from the volunteers showed variable bactericidal activity against a strain of streptococcus sanguis isolated from a case of bacterial e ...	1989	2732123
root canal microflora: qualitative changes after endodontic instrumentation.	the changes in the pattern of bacteria in root canal after repeated washing with naocl and endodontic instrumentation were evaluated. samples were obtained from the root canals of patients before and after endodontic instrumentation, and analyzed according to the usual microbiological techniques. washing with naocl and endodontic instrumentation act against bacteria such as peptostreptococci, streptococcus sanguis, actinomyces israelii, proteus mirabilis, bacteroides, whereas streptococcus lacti ...	1989	2732777
aerococcus-like organism--an unnoticed urinary tract pathogen.	aerococci are only occasionally isolated from urinary tract specimens. a 4-month' survey revealed 29 patients suspected of urinary tract infection (uti), from whom an aerococcus-like organism (alo) was isolated in significant numbers from urinary tract specimens and singly in 11 cases. approximately 0.8% of all urinary tract specimens examined during the period yielded growth of alo. the median age of patients was 75 years. half of the patients were found to have conditions predisposing to uti. ...	1989	2736106
effect of neuraminidase on the adherence to salivary pellicle of streptococcus sanguis and streptococcus mitis.	neuraminidase-sensitive adherence to experimental salivary pellicles was studied using eight strains of streptococcus sanguis and five strains of streptococcus mitis. approximately 60% of the strains of each species showed significantly lower adherence to neuraminidase-treated versus untreated saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. in addition, the adherence of several of these streptococcal strains to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite and neuraminidase-treated saliva-coated hydroxyapatite was inhibited using ...	1989	2736574
antimicrobial and antiplaque effects of a chlorhexidine and triton x-100 combination.	this study aimed to assess the in vitro antimicrobial effect and in vivo plaque-inhibiting capacity of chlorhexidine (ch) combined with the nonionic detergent triton x-100. synergistic inhibition was observed by the combination of triton x-100 and ch on in vitro growth of s. sobrinus omz 176 and of s. sanguis 10556. in the clinical experiments, 10 subjects rinsed twice daily with 10 ml aqueous solutions of 11.6 mm triton x-100, and 0.55 mm ch, and with a combination of the two agents. all mechan ...	1989	2740834
determination of viridans streptococci surface lipoteichoic acid by enzyme linked immune sorbent assay.	an enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (elisa) was developed to measure bacterial surface lipoteichoic acid (lta). numerous strains of oral streptococci belonging to the 'viridans' group were examined on three separate occasions. the results show that, under these cultural conditions, oral streptococci do not normally express lta on the cell surface. occasionally strains produced amounts of lta detectable using the elisa but this was not a reproducible phenomenon.	1989	2744420
microflora in plaque from approximal posterior composite resin restorations.		1989	2756097
determination of the absolute configuration of the sugar residues of complex polysaccharides by circular dichroism spectroscopy.	circular dichroism spectroscopy is used to determine the absolute configuration of the constituent sugar residues of bacterial polysaccharides from two strains of streptococcus sanguis which are important receptors in bacterial coaggregation in the formation of dental plaque. a high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for carbohydrate analysis of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and polysaccharides has been extended to sugar chirality determination by collection of the eluted hplc fractions and su ...	1989	2757197
bacterial meningitis following epidural anesthesia for vaginal delivery: a case report.	acute bacterial meningitis following epidural anesthesia is a rare event. we describe a case in which a young woman received epidural anesthesia for vaginal delivery. the initial attempt at placement of the epidural resulted in entry into the subarachnoid space. the patient's postpartum course was complicated by persistent headache. she received epidural blood patch on two occasions, but her headache continued and she developed persistent fever. the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis was ma ...	1989	2761926
the microbiota of early periodontitis lesions in adults.	the predominant cultivable microbiota of shallow progressive (active) periodontal lesions in 4 adults (29-40 years) was compared to that of shallow inactive sites. periodontal attachment levels were monitored longitudinally, and sites showing 2-3 mm attachment loss in the previous 1-2 months were considered disease active. inactive sites showed no change in attachment level. the microbiota of shallow sites was dominated by gram negative rod species including wolinella recta, bacteroides forsythu ...	1989	2768541
the effect of chlorhexidine on streptococcus sanguis biofilms.	the bactericidal effect of chlorhexidine on streptococcus sanguis biofilms was investigated and compared with its effect on suspensions of the organism. the biofilms were found to be more resistant to the bactericidal effects of chlorhexidine than the bacterial suspensions in terms of the number of surviving organisms. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) being 25 and 50 micrograms/ml, respectively, for the suspension and the 24 h biofilm. the age of the biofilm had a marked effect on the ...	1989	2770556
[frequency and severity of systemic infections caused by streptococcus mitis and sanguis ii in neutropenic children].	we have retrospectively evaluated 24 sepsis episodes caused by viridans streptococci in 23 neutropenic children during a 21 months period at the pediatric hematology unit of st. louis hospital. the underlying malignancies included acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute non lymphoblastic leukemia, aplastic anemia and solid tumor. in 17 children neutropenia, defined as a neutrophil count of less than 500 per cubic millimeter, was caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy. for 6 other children neutropenia was ...	1989	2780102
characterization of salivary alpha-amylase binding to streptococcus sanguis.	the purpose of this study was to identify the major salivary components which interact with oral bacteria and to determine the mechanism(s) responsible for their binding to the bacterial surface. strains of streptococcus sanguis, streptococcus mitis, streptococcus mutans, and actinomyces viscosus were incubated for 2 h in freshly collected human submandibular-sublingual saliva (hsmsl) or parotid saliva (hps), and bound salivary components were eluted with 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate. by sodium dod ...	1989	2788139
lactate influx and efflux in the 'streptococcus mutants group' and streptococcus sanguis.	lactate influx was measured in streptococcus sanguis and in several strains of streptococcus mutans by comparing the intra- and extracellular distribution of (14c)-lactate. lactate efflux was followed enzymatically against rising external lactate concentration. the glucose concentration was monitored in the same way. with s. sanguis omz 9, lactate was transported into the cells when a high external lactate concentration and a ph gradient were established. the transport rate was approximately 1,0 ...	1989	2790859
water-soluble glucans from streptococcus mutans strain ing-britt as an energy source for bacterial growth.	two fractions of water-soluble glucans with different molecular weight were produced by streptococcus mutans ib. the larger glucan had a molecular weight of about 40,000. the molecular weight of the small glucan was estimated to be 4,100 by gel filtration chromatography and by biochemical methods. these glucans were tested for their ability to initiate and support growth of s. mutans ib and streptococcus sanguis 903. s. sanguis 903 could grow with the low molecular weight glucan at a reduced rat ...	1989	2790860
plaque inhibition by a combination of zinc citrate and sodium lauryl sulfate.	bacteriological tests demonstrated an additive inhibitory effect of zncl2 and sodium lauryl sulfate (sls) on in vitro growth of streptococcus sobrinus omz 176 and of streptococcus sanguis atcc 10556. as measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the solubility of zinc citrate increased in the presence of sls. after 48 h, the concentration of solubilized zinc from aqueous solutions of 5.0 mm zinc citrate was 12.0 mm versus 14.4 mm in the presence of 34.7 mm sls. the plaque-inhibiting proper ...	1989	2790864
prognosis of ruptured intracranial mycotic aneurysms: a review of 12 cases.	intracranial mycotic aneurysms (ima) occur in 1-3% of all infective endocarditis. although spontaneous resolution was evidenced on serial angiograms in many asymptomatic cases, the prognosis, if they rupture, is reported to be worse and partly contingent on the therapeutic approach. among 12 patients (six acute and six subacute endocarditis) with ruptured ima, six were treated surgically and four were treated medically. two patients died during rupture before any treatment could be started. six ...	1989	2806280
difference in amounts between titratable acid and total carboxylic acids produced by oral streptococci during sugar metabolism.	the acid produced by the resting cells of streptococcus mutants nctc 10449 and hs 6 and s. sanguis atcc 10556 during sugar metabolism was estimated with a ph-stat and a carboxylic acid analyzer. lactic, formic, acetic, pyruvic, and carbonic acids were detected in the reaction mixtures, but propionic, citric, succinic, iso-butyric, butyric, iso-valeric, and valeric acids were not detected. the amount of titratable acid estimated by alkaline titration with the ph-stat was larger than the amount of ...	1989	2910954
isolation of a corncob (coaggregation) receptor polypeptide from fusobacterium nucleatum.	corncobs, which are distinct morphological units formed by the ordered coaggregation of a filamentous microorganism and streptococci, can be made in vitro by using oral strains of fusobacterium nucleatum and streptococcus sanguis. previous studies have shown that strains of f. nucleatum contain one of at least two different types of corncob receptor. the objective of this study was to isolate the receptor from f. nucleatum atcc 10953 as the first step in the elucidation of the molecular basis of ...	1989	2912893
effects of sustained-release chlorhexidine acetate on the human dental plaque flora.	the aim of this study was to determine the effect on the human dental plaque flora of a varnish containing chlorhexidine diacetate. the in vitro release of chlorhexidine acetate from the varnish preparation was relatively fast on the first day, followed by a substantial decline in the subsequent three days. in a clinical experiment, 26 volunteers were randomly distributed over four experimental groups. after a dental prophylaxis, the subjects were treated with a single application of a placebo v ...	1989	2918132
acidogenesis by oral streptococci at different ph values.	streptococcus mutans is known to be one of the most cariogenic oral microorganisms. recently, organisms classified as s. mutans have been shown to be genotypically heterogeneous and to form at least six separate species. in this study, differences in acid production between the mutans streptococci and streptococcus sanguis were investigated at ph values from 5.0 to 7.0. while all of the species investigated were able to produce acids, streptococcus sobrinus was found to be significantly more aci ...	1989	2920379
tolerance to penicillin in streptococci of viridans group.	tolerance to penicillin was investigated in 40 isolates of optochin-resistant, alpha-haemolytic streptococci. thirteen strains exhibited tolerance to penicillin (mbc:mic ratio greater than or equal to 32) when stationary phase inocula were used, but only seven strains retained the tolerance phenotype in experiments with logarithmic phase inocula. there was a striking association between tolerance and eagle's optimum dosage effect, particularly among strains that displayed tolerance in both the s ...	1989	2921347
the effects of pellicle formation on streptococcal adhesion to human enamel and artificial substrata with various surface free-energies.	the influence of a pellicle on streptococcal adhesion was studied. a "ripened" two-hour salivary pellicle and an "early" five-minute salivary pellicle were formed on human enamel and artificial solid substrata with varying surface free-energies. three strains of oral streptococci, also with widely different surface free-energies, were used for adhesion studies. pellicle formation and streptococcal adhesion took place at a constant shear rate of 21 s-1. adhesion of s. mitis bms to bare and pellic ...	1989	2921388
antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide liners on streptococcus sanguis and s. mutans.	the antimicrobial activity of 10 calcium hydroxide liners on streptococcus sanguis and s. mutans was studied. one hundred plates of tryticose soy agar-sheep red blood cells (10%), each with four distinct 3 mm diameter wells, were divided into two groups of 50. one group was inoculated with s. sanguis and the second group with s. mutans. a 4 mg liner was placed in each of three wells; the fourth well was left empty as a control. plates were incubated at 37 degrees c and observed at 24 hours, 48 h ...	1989	2921748
aspects of dental plaque formation with special reference to colloid-chemical phenomena.	in order to investigate factors of importance for plaque formation and the rate of plaque formation 133 randomly selected individuals went through a 3-day period of plaque accumulation. from these individuals one group of "heavy" and one group of "light" plaque formers were selected for further studies. these subjects were investigated with reference to clinical, biochemical, biophysical and microbiological variables, that in the literature have been suggested to influence plaque formation. the ...	1989	2922685
anterior mitral valve aneurysm perforation secondary to aortic valve endocarditis detected by doppler colour flow mapping.	we report a case of mitral valve aneurysm formation and perforation, secondary to streptococcus sanguis endocarditis of the aortic valve. aneurysm formation was documented by cross-sectional echocardiography and its perforation was established by doppler colour flow mapping, and subsequently confirmed at surgery.	1989	2924788
a comparison of the adhesive properties and surface ultrastructure of the fibrillar streptococcus sanguis 12 and an adhesion deficient non-fibrillar mutant 12 na.	streptococcus sanguis 12 and a naturally occurring mutant, 12 na, were screened for their ultrastructure and adhesive properties in vitro. negative staining showed that strep. sanguis 12 carried three types of surface structure. the majority of cells carried long fibrils that in different batches ranged in length from 80 to 207 nm, and shorter fibrils which were 51.0 +/- 15.7 nm long. both types of fibrils were primarily located at the poles of the cells. occasionally cells were seen that carrie ...	1989	2473974
surface structures, co-aggregation and adherence phenomena of streptococcus oralis and related species.	seven strains of streptococcus oralis were found to possess surface structures. four strains possessed long fimbriae which ranged in length from 266-366 nm, while the remaining three strains possessed shorter peritrichously distributed fibrils which ranged in length from 80-197 nm. the fibrillar strains were morphologically similar to strains of streptococcus sanguis i and ii and streptococcus mitis. no strain of s. oralis produced tufts of fibrils like certain strains of s. sanguis i. strains o ...	1989	2475745
growth inhibition of streptococcus sanguis with alginate.	the experiments of the growth of stre. sanguis were carried out. from the results it was found that the medium including alginate inhibits the growth of stre. sanguis in spite of the fact that the medium does not inhibit the growth of other oral streptococci.	1989	2488883
[lysis of oral streptococci by an extracellular enzyme from the bacterium streptococcus mutans].	the ability of crude extracellular enzyme produced by the bacterium streptococcus mutans al-7 to lysis the cells of five species, sixteen strains, of oral streptococci was examined. this enzyme showed lytic activity of living cells of only streptococcus sanguis atcc 10558 strain, and of heated cells of streptococcus sanguis atcc 10558 and st-7 strains. the long chains of streptococcus sanguis atcc 10558 was severed at random by this enzyme. early log phase cells of this strain were more sensitiv ...	1989	2489656
[study on air-powder abrasive system for prosthetic clinical application. 3. bacterial adherence to the air-powder abraded metal surface].	the purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between the metal surface texture and bacterial adherence. the surface of au-ag-pd alloy was treated with or without air-powder abrasion. seven standard strains and two clinical isolates were used. the alloys were mixed with [6-3h]-thimidine labelled bacteria. the radioactivity was measured with a scintilation counter. streptococcus sanguis and clinical isolated bacteroides gingivalis were adhered in a larger amount to the air-powder abrad ...	1989	2489760
effect of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-pa) on the treatment with benzylpenicillin of rabbits with experimental streptococcus sanguis endocarditis.		1989	2494270
secretory expression in escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis of human interferon alpha genes directed by staphylokinase signals.	a dna segment covering the signal sequence coding region, the ribosome binding site, and the promoter of the staphylokinase (sak) 42d gene (behnke and gerlach 1987) was cloned into puc19 to form a portable expression-secretion unit (esu). fusion of human interferon alpha 1 (hifn alpha 1) and hybrid hifn alpha 1/2 genes to this sak esu resulted in secretory expression of the two gene products in both escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis. while most of the ifn alpha was exported to the periplasm ...	1989	2505056
[selection of constitutive mutants of gram-positive cocci inducible resistant to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (mls): comparison of the selective effects of the mls].	mutation frequencies to constitutive resistance were determined for 7 strains inducible resistant to the mls antibiotics (5 staphylococcus aureus, 1 group g streptococcus and 1 streptococcus sanguis). in the 5 staphylococcal strains, mutants were generally selected at a frequency of 10(-9) to 10(-10) (ranging from 4.10(-8) to 9.10(-11) on plates containing 50 mg/l of the following non-inducer mls: spiramycin, josamycin, midecamycin, miocamycin, lincomycin, clindamycin, and pristinamycin factor i ...	1989	2508040
an in vitro study of the antibacterial and antifungal properties of an irreversible hydrocolloid impression material impregnated with disinfectant.	the difficulties associated with the disinfection of alginate (irreversible hydrocolloid) materials have resulted in the development of an irreversible hydrocolloid impression material impregnated with an antimicrobial compound, didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride. this investigation assessed the antibacterial and antifungal properties in vitro of this innovative irreversible hydrocolloid material by using the agar well technique. the microorganisms used were pseudomonas aeruginosa, streptococcus ...	1989	2514263
transferable vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance in enterococcus faecium.	enterococcus faecium bm4165 and bm4178, isolated from immunocompromised patients, one treated with vancomycin, were inducibly resistant to high levels of the glycopeptide antibiotics vancomycin and teicoplanin but susceptible to the new lipopeptide daptomycin (ly146032). strain bm4165 was also resistant to macrolidelincosamide-streptogramin b-type (mls) antibiotics. the genes conferring resistance to glycopeptides and to mls antibiotics in strain bm4165 were carried on plasmids pip819 and pip821 ...	1989	2523687
cloning and expression in escherichia coli of the genes of the arginine deiminase system of streptococcus sanguis nctc 10904.	the common oral bacterium streptococcus sanguis can degrade arginine via the arginine deiminase (ad) system. the three enzymes of this system, ad, ornithine carbamyltransferase (otc), and carbamate kinase (ck), catalyze the breakdown of arginine to ornithine, co2, and two molecules of ammonia, with the production of atp from adp. the genes of the ad system, which are subject to complex regulation in the oral streptococci, have been isolated in bacteriophage lambda by screening for ad activity. t ...	1989	2530176
spontaneous switching of the sucrose-promoted colony phenotype in streptococcus sanguis.	streptococcus sanguis on media containing 3% sucrose gives rise to characteristic hard cohesive colonies (designated spp+). populations of spp+ bacteria (strain challis) on sucrose media switch to a soft noncohesive phenotype (designated spp-) at a frequency of 10(-4) to 10(-3). spp- bacteria switch back to spp+ bacteria at a similar frequency. successive rounds of spp variation were observed. the spp phenotypic switch was associated with changes in extracellular glucosyltransferase activity.	1989	2530177
in vitro adherence of bacteria to sutures in cardiac surgery.	the adherence of bacteria to sutures used in cardiac surgery was studied by in vitro quantitative determination with [3h]-leucine-labeled staphylococcus epidermidis, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus sanguis. the adherence per unit area for staphylococci was least for monofilament polypropylene (prolene), 3 times higher (p less than 0.05) for braided polyester (mersiline) and greatest (10 times, p less than 0.005) for braided polyester sutures coated with polybutylate (ethibond). mean valu ...	1989	2530235
low back pain as the only presenting symptom in streptococcus sanguis endocarditis.		1989	2530612
[glucosyltransferase (gtf) and immunization against dental caries in humans].	glucosyltransferase (gtf) is an extracellular or cell-associated enzyme synthesized by the "mutans" group of streptococci as well as the s. sanguis and is responsible for the biosynthesis of extracellular polysaccharides. glucan formation in dental plaque mediates binding of s. mutans and s. sanguis to one another as well as to other bacteria. although the production of organic acids is an indispensable property of the cariogenic strains of bacteria, their ability to stick and accumulate on toot ...	1989	2534848
isolation and characterization of the streptococcus mutans gtfd gene, coding for primer-dependent soluble glucan synthesis.	two glucosyltransferase genes from streptococcus mutans gs-5, gtfb and gtfc, have been previously isolated and sequenced in this laboratory. in the present communication a third gtf gene, gtfd, was isolated and characterized. isolation of the gene involved a novel procedure utilizing the integration plasmid pva891. a peptide expressed by the 1.7-kilobase dna fragment from strain nhs1 (containing deletions in both the gtfb and gtfc genes) was initially identified in a puc18 clone bank with antigl ...	1989	2543630
daptomycin (ly146032) for prevention and treatment of experimental aortic valve endocarditis in rabbits.	the efficacy of daptomycin (ly146032), a vancomycinlike lipopeptide antibiotic, was compared with that of antibiotics commonly in use for prevention and treatment of experimental aortic valve endocarditis in rabbits. strains of staphylococcus aureus. s. epidermidis, streptococcus sanguis, and enterococcus faecalis were used to establish endocarditis. a single 10-mg/kg dose of daptomycin and a single 25-mg/kg dose of vancomycin were both effective in prevention of endocarditis produced by strains ...	1989	2554799
interaction of streptococcal lipoteichoic acid with artificial tooth pellicle.	artificial pellicles were prepared by coating hydroxyapatite beads with whole saliva. radiolabelled lipoteichoic acid was isolated from streptococcus sanguis nctc 7863 by phenol extraction. various concentrations of radiolabelled lipoteichoic acid were mixed with saliva-coated hydroxyapatite in the presence and absence of high ionic strength phosphate buffer, bovine serum albumin, gelatin, unlabelled lipoteichoic acid, tween 20 and triton x-100. the amount of lipoteichoic acid binding was measur ...	1989	2556987
bacteroides gingivalis vesicles mediate attachment of streptococci to serum-coated hydroxyapatite.	outer membrane vesicles purified from bacteroides gingivalis culture supernatant bound to serum coated hydroxyapatite (seha). the immobilized vesicles served as receptors for a number of species of oral streptococci. the binding of streptococcus sanguis 12 to seha was increased 10 times by the vesicles. vesicle-associated binding increased proportionally with an increase in the number of bound vesicles. arginine and lactose both partially reduced binding of s. sanguis. heating the vesicles destr ...	1989	2561775
dna probe for identification of streptococcus pneumoniae.	a total of 287 clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) were tested for their ability to undergo autolysis when treated with sodium deoxycholate. the test was positive for all but one isolate, strain doc-1. this autolysis required the activity of an enzyme which is unique and characteristic of s. pneumoniae: a choline-dependent n-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase, the gene product of the lyta gene. we used lyta as a dna probe to test the distribution of the autolysin gene amon ...	1989	2563386
fimbria-associated adhesin of bacteroides loeschei that recognizes receptors on procaryotic and eucaryotic cells.	inhibition studies with a set of adhesin-specific monoclonal antibodies and various sugars revealed that a fimbria-associated adhesin of bacteroides loeschei recognizes receptors on both procaryotic and eucaryotic cells. these interactions permit this bacterium to attach to both types of cells, producing coaggregates in the presence of strains of streptococcus sanguis and hemagglutination in the presence of neuraminidase-treated human erythrocytes.	1989	2569449
nucleotide sequence analysis of a type 1 fimbrial gene of streptococcus sanguis fw213.	a structural gene for type 1 fimbriae of streptococcus sanguis fw213 was located within a 6-kilobase fragment cloned in escherichia coli. a 1.6-kilobase internal fragment contains an open reading frame of 927 bases coding for an immunoreactive peptide of 34,349 daltons, which corresponds in size with an observed cytoplasmic form of fimbrial peptide (p. m. fives-taylor, f. l. macrina, t. j. pritchard, and s. j. peene, infect. immun. 55:123-128, 1987). disruption of the reading frame by insertiona ...	1989	2572555
bacteroides loeschei pk1295 cells express two distinct adhesins simultaneously.	bacteroides loeschei synthesizes two distinct adhesins that mediate its coaggregation with streptococcus sanguis 34 and actinomyces israeli pk14. streptococcal adhesin-specific and actinomyces adhesin-specific monoclonal antibodies were used to prepare antibody-coated 5- or 10-nm gold particles. these were used in immunoelectron microscopic studies to establish that essentially all bacteroides cells in a population express both adhesins. in general, the two sizes of gold particles representing e ...	1989	2572563
the potential hazard of using multiple-dose heparin and insulin vials in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.		1989	2572637
[the immunological basis of vaccination against carious disease. microorganism interactions. specific host defense system. immunological protection of the oral cavity].	the authors describe the very complex interactions of the microorganisms of the oral cavity and among these latter and the guest organism. there are described the mechanisms of aspecific defense of the oral cavity and give some outlines of the anatomy and of the physiology of the organs and of the glandular structures of the specific immune defence of the oral cavity through blood and saliva.	1989	2577119
effect of antimicrobial agents on the oral bacteria coaggregation.		1989	16312282
formation of trimethylamine from dietary choline by streptococcus sanguis i, which colonizes the mouth.	choline is a component of the normal diet, and when humans ingest large amounts they excrete trimethylamine (which can impart a fishy body odor). in the presence of nitrite, trimethylamine can be converted to dimethylnitrosamine, a potent carcinogen. bacteria in the large intestine metabolize choline to form trimethylamine. we determined that a bacterium normally present in the oral cavity also has this capacity. mixed bacterial flora cultured from dental plaque and saliva converted choline to t ...	1990	15539190
utilization of nitrogenous compounds by oral bacteria.	in terms of the crucial acid-base balance in dental plaque, the bacterial catabolism of nitrogenous compounds, such as peptides and amino acids, is of importance because the end-products can raise plaque ph. of particular significance is the fermentation of arginine by bacteria such as streptococcus sanguis, a numerically important plaque organism. aspects of the uptake of this amino acid were studied and it was also shown the organism can obtain arginine from small peptides, since it possesses ...	1990	2073196
infective endocarditis due to streptococcus sanguis i occurring on a normal mitral valve.	we report a 64 year old lady in whom infective endocarditis of the mitral valve occurred with no previous underlying heart disease. streptococcus sanguis i was isolated on blood culture and 2-d echo cardiography showed a vegetation on the anterior mitral leaflet. the viridans group of streptococci are classically associated with subacute endocarditis occurring on structurally abnormal valves, but involvement of a normal valve by these organisms is rare.	1990	2079476
the utilization of casein and amino acids by streptococcus sanguis p4a7 in continuous culture.	streptococcus sanguis p4a7 was grown in glucose limited conditions in continuous culture at ph 7.0 in a chemically defined medium containing either free amino acids or casein as the organic nitrogen source. apart from aspartate and threonine, which were poorly utilized at the higher dilution rates, all amino acids in the free-amino-acid medium were utilized to various extents. at the higher dilution rates, aspartate actually increased in concentration, probably due to deamidation of asparagine. ...	1990	2079632
effect of a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice on the oral microflora.	eighty-one human subjects completed a double-blind study which examined the effects of a 0.3% triclosan/2% gantrez copolymer/0.243% sodium fluoride dentifrice on the microflora of supragingival dental plaque. subjects were divided into an experimental group which performed normal oral hygiene with the triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice and a control group which also performed normal oral hygiene with the same dentifrice minus the triclosan/copolymer. at baseline, 10 weeks, and 28 weeks, sup ...	1990	2083042
an in vitro method to study the adherence of bacteria to saliva-treated tooth enamel sections.	an in vitro bacterial adherence assay which employed human tooth enamel sections precoated with saliva and an epifluorescent staining technique with acridine orange was developed. the assay was used to study the adherence properties of fresh and type strains of the following oral bacterial species: bacteroides gingivalis, bacteroides intermedius, capnocytophaga species, haemophilus aphrophilus, actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, peptostreptococcus species, veillonella species, actinomyces isr ...	1990	2087341
sorbitol-fermenting predominant cultivable flora of human dental plaque in relation to sorbitol adaptation and salivary secretion rate.	the sorbitol-fermenting predominant flora of human dental plaque was studied in 12 people with low and 11 with normal salivary secretion rates before and after a period of frequent mouth rinses with sorbitol solution. a total of 277 sorbitol-fermenting isolates are described by their morphological and physiological characteristics. the flora was almost exclusively composed of gram-positive bacteria belonging to the genera streptococcus, lactobacillus and actinomyces in people with low secretion ...	1990	2087343
some aspects of protease production by a strain of streptococcus sanguis.	our previous studies indicated that arginine (arg) plays a key nutritional role in streptococcus sanguis p4a7 and that this organism can grow on whole casein as the sole nitrogen source. its protease activities were therefore studied after glucose-limited continuous culture in a chemically-defined medium with either free amino acids or casein as the nitrogen source. both culture supernatant and cell-associated endopeptidase (ep) and exopeptidase (amino-ap and carboxy-cp) activities were determin ...	1990	2087351
isolation and characterization of coaggregation-defective mutants of veillonella atypica.	spontaneously occurring coaggregation-defective mutants of veillonella atypica pk1910 were isolated and used to study the interactions of veillonella with streptococcus sanguis, strep. gordonii and strep. sm. three classes of mutants were isolated. the first class failed to participate in lactose-inhibitable coaggregations with streptococcal cells. the second class of mutants failed to coaggregate by the lactose-non-inhibitable interactions. the third group, isolated from the first group, failed ...	1990	2088215
identification of the rhamnose-sensitive adhesin of capnocytophaga ochracea atcc 33596.	the coaggregation of the gram-negative microorganism capnocytophaga ochracea atcc 33596 with several gram-positive bacteria, including streptococci, actinomyces and rothia, is mediated by rhamnose-sensitive adhesin(s). in the present study, mabs against the c. ochracea adhesin(s) were prepared. these antibodies inhibited all the rhamnose-sensitive interactions, indicating that they recognize epitopes at or near the rhamnose binding site of the adhesin. the monoclonals served as probes in immunob ...	1990	2088216
penetration of dentine by three oral bacteria in vitro and their associated cytotoxicity.	three common oral bacteria, namely streptococcus sanguis, actinomyces viscosus and corynebacterium spp. were studied with regard to their ability to penetrate etched and unetched dentine and for their effect on underlying cell cultures. the test organisms were grown in cylinders above dentine slices 100 and 500 microns thick for 72 hours. the slices were in contact with tissue culture medium covering a layer of fibroblasts. penetration of 100 microns slices was most rapid with s. sanguis, follow ...	1990	2098336
association of selected bacteria with the lesions of root surface caries.	plaque from the root surfaces of 165 subjects (mean age 65.5 years, 22-26 teeth/subject) was analysed for specific bacteria. five subject groups were defined: a (dmfs 16.4), b (dmfs 55.9), c1 (dmfs 55.6), c2 (dmfs 57.0) and c3 (dmfs 48.1). groups c1 and c2 had unrestored root surface lesions; group a, b and c3 were free of unrestored root caries and differed in their coronal caries experience. streptococcus mutans was isolated more frequently from the root lesions in groups c1 and c2 than from i ...	1990	2098715
successful prophylaxis of experimental streptococcal endocarditis with single-dose amoxicillin administered after bacterial challenge.	rats with catheter-induced aortic vegetations were challenged intravenously with various inoculum sizes of tolerant streptococcus sanguis or streptococcus faecalis. single-dose amoxicillin (40 mg/kg) was given intravenously either 30 min before or 30-240 min after bacterial challenge. prophylaxis of endocarditis against both strains was successful when the inocula used for challenge were in the range of the minimum inoculum producing bacterial endocarditis in 90% of control animals (id90) but wa ...	1990	2105361
inhibition of iga1 proteinases from neisseria gonorrhoeae and hemophilus influenzae by peptide prolyl boronic acids.	the alpha-aminoboronic acid analog of proline has been synthesized and incorporated into a number of peptides as the cooh-terminal residue. these peptide prolyl boronic acids are potent inhibitors of both the type 1 and type 2 iga proteinases from neisseria gonorrhoeae and hemophilus influenzae, but not of the functionally similar iga proteinase from streptococcus sanguis. the best inhibitors synthesized thus far have ki values in the nanomolar range (4.0 to 60 nm). these results indicate that t ...	1990	2105953
tolerance and efficacy of parenterally administered penicillin-streptomycin and orally administered amoxicillin or penicillin v for prophylaxis of experimentally induced streptococcal endocarditis.	a regimen of a single intramuscular dose of penicillin g-streptomycin was compared with regimens of three oral doses of amoxicillin and two oral doses of penicillin v to prevent streptococcus sanguis endocarditis in rabbits with experimentally induced valvular heart lesions. challenge doses of 10(4), 10(6), and 10(8) cfu of a strain of s. sanguis highly tolerant to penicillin and amoxicillin were used. the combination of penicillin and streptomycin was the only regimen tested that provided full ...	1990	2109579
molecular characterization of promoters of the lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris temperate bacteriophage bk5-t and identification of a phage gene implicated in the regulation of promoter activity.	dna fragments from the temperate lactococcal bacteriophage bk5-t were cloned into the promoter-detecting plasmid pmu1328. five dna fragments conferring promoter activity were selected by transformation of streptococcus sanguis and were functional in escherichia coli, s. sanguis, and lactococcus lactis subspp. lactis and cremoris. the nucleotide sequences of these fragments were determined, and primer extension analysis was used to locate the site of initiation of transcription from each promoter ...	1990	2111118
effect of ph on acid production from sorbitol in washed cell suspensions of oral bacteria.	the acid production from sorbitol and glucose was studied under anaerobic conditions in resting cell suspensions of bacteria from the predominant sorbitol-fermenting human dental plaque flora, belonging to the genera streptococcus, lactobacillus and actinomyces. the acid production activity of the bacterial cells was followed by titration with alkali, at environmental ph 7.0, 6.0 and 5.0 after addition of carbohydrate solution. the metabolic end products formed in the suspensions were analyzed t ...	1990	2111221
[studies on delayed skin reactivity to streptococci in behçet's disease].	delayed type hypersensitivity of patients with behçet's disease was investigated by intradermal skin test and prick test, using various inactivated microorganisms as antigens. in the intradermal skin test, 13 patients showed significantly increased skin reactivity to e. faecalis, compared with 5 normal controls. no significant differences were observed between these two groups in terms of reaction to s. pyogenes. prick test was performed in 11 patients and 6 controls, using s. pyogenes, s. sangu ...	1990	2114734
chemiluminescence of neutrophils from patients with behçet's disease and its correlation with an increased proportion of uncommon serotypes of streptococcus sanguis in the oral flora.	zymosan-induced chemiluminescence was investigated in whole blood and in neutrophils: in both, the peak count was frequently elevated in behçet's disease, and was significantly higher than in healthy controls; similarly the peak time was shorter. there were more uncommon serotypes of streptococcus sanguis in the oral flora of patients with behçet's disease. common serotypes were present in the flora of healthy controls, but not in patients with the disease. the percentage of strep. sanguis in th ...	1990	2117912
[fever during labor. a prospective study of 6,305 deliveries].		1990	2120318
studies of the subgingival microflora in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	two unique forms of periodontal disease, hiv-gingivitis and hiv-periodontitis, have been described in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). in order to determine the bacterial species associated with periodontitis in aids patients, the predominant cultivable microflora was examined in 21 subgingival plaque samples from 11 aids patients with periodontitis. the presence of putative periodontal pathogens including actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, bacteroides intermedius, por ...	1990	2123926
further in vivo studies on the plaque-inhibiting effect of chlorhexidine and its binding mechanisms.	the aim of the present study was to investigate the relative importance of chemical groups in the oral cavity which bind chlorhexidine of clinical significance. this was performed by clinical experiments where a test panel of 11 individuals rinsed with chlorhexidine at ph 7, ph 5.5, and ph 3. rinsing with 0.02 m edta was performed prior to the chlorhexidine rinse, because this procedure has been shown to enhance the antibacterial effect of chlorhexidine in vitro. however, pre-rinses with edta di ...	1990	2127318
the effects of dyadic combinations of endodontic medicaments on microbial growth inhibition.	in recent years dyadic combinations of endodontic medicaments have been used increasingly in clinical pediatric dentistry with little regard to the possibility of pharmacological antagonism of the components. in this investigation, a microbial growth inhibition assay was used to determine changes in antimicrobial activity in dyadic mixtures of endodontic medicaments. the combinations assayed were ledermix (corticosteroid-antibiotic) and calyxl (calcium hydroxide), ledermix and kri (iodoform), kr ...	1990	2128893
in vitro survival of bacteroides intermedius in five transport media, alone or in the presence of streptococcus sanguis.	the survival rate of bacteroides intermedius was first tested in monoculture, and streptococcus sanguis was then added in 5 different transport media; 2 nonnutritious media, the viability-preserving medium of the university of göteborg no. iv (vmg iv), reduced transport fluid (rtf), and 3 nutritious media, thioglycolate medium (tg), peptone yeast extract medium (py) and py medium with 1% glucose (pyg). all manipulations were carried out in an anaerobic chamber. after a given transport time (6 or ...	1990	2129136
disinfection by endodontic irrigants and dressings of experimentally infected dentinal tubules.	the effect of endodontic irrigants and dressings was tested on bacteria in bovine dentin specimens experimentally infected with enterococcus faecalis, streptococcus sanguis, escherichia coli, or pseudomonas aeruginosa. standardized, cylindrical dentin test pieces were prepared and cleaned by ultrasonic treatment with edta and sodium hypochlorite. the specimens were infected with the test organism for periods up to 14 days, and the degree of infection into the tubules was monitored using brown & ...	1990	2133305
[molecular cloning and expression of a dextranase gene from arthrobacter in streptococcus sanguis].	the gene coding for a dextranase activity of arthrobacter cb-8, named dex gene, was isolated and cloned into escherichia coli and into streptococcus sanguis. the gene library was screened by transparent halo formation around the colonies grown on agar medium containing blue dextran. dna fragment consisting of about 3,200 base pairs was prepared for further cloning procedures. dextranase activity was detected in the periplasmic space of e. coli clones, using puc19, pva 838 and their derivatives. ...	1990	2135413
[initial-plaque forming ability of glucosyltransferases from streptococcus mutans serotype c strain].	in order to clarify functional roles of extracellular glucosyltransferases (gtases) from s. mutans serotype c in initial stage of plaque formation, gtase-i and gtase-s were purified from culture fluids of strain ps 14. and an ability of these gtases to enhance cellular attachment of oral streptococci was investigated using 3h labeled resting cells of s. sanguis challis and s. milleri is 57. the results were as follows: 1) from culture fluids of strain ps 14 grown in a m 4 medium supplemented wit ...	1990	2135610
phenotypic characterization of streptococcus sanguis virulence factors associated with bacterial endocarditis.	certain strains of streptococcus sanguis adhere (adh+) selectively to human platelets and, in plasma, induce them to aggregate (agg+) into in vitro thrombi. in this study, we examined 18 recent endocarditis and dental plaque isolates of microorganisms that were biotyped as s. sanguis for coexpression of platelet interactivity phenotypes with another possible virulence factor in bacterial endocarditis, dextran synthesis. detectable production of extracellular glucosyltransferase ranged from 0.2 t ...	1990	2137112
effects of dosage, peak and trough concentrations in serum, protein binding, and bactericidal rate on efficacy of teicoplanin in a rabbit model of endocarditis.	the effect of dosage and the relative importance of peak and trough concentrations in serum for efficacy of teicoplanin were examined in a rabbit model of aortic valve endocarditis. concentrations of teicoplanin in serum exceeded the mic by several hundredfold, yet teicoplanin was less rapidly bactericidal than penicillin both in vitro and for endocarditis caused by a strain of streptococcus sanguis. because teicoplanin was 90% protein bound in rabbit serum, low free-drug concentrations probably ...	1990	2140496
selective modulation of bacterial attachment to oral epithelial cells by enzyme activities associated with poor oral hygiene.	the present investigation explored the hypothesis that elevated levels of certain enzymes in the gingival crevicular environment of individuals with poor oral hygiene and/or gingival inflammation may modify the surfaces of epithelial cells and thereby modulate the types of bacteria which attach and colonize. buccal epithelial cells treated with neuraminidase and certain proteases were used as a model for study. bacteria studied included streptococcus sanguis and streptococcus mitis which have be ...	1990	2141877
the influence of sucralose on bacterial metabolism.	sucralose (1',4',6' trideoxy-trichloro-galactosucrose) is a nontoxic, intensely sweet sucrose derivative that has been shown to be non-cariogenic in experimental animals. the purpose of this study was to determine whether certain oral bacteria could utilize sucralose. sucralose, as a sole carbon source, was unable to support growth of ten strains of oral bacteria and dental plaque. when sucrolose was incorporated into a liquid medium containing glucose or sucrose, all organisms tested displayed ...	1990	2143512
affinity purification of dextransucrase from streptococcus sanguis atcc 10558.		1990	2146014
[the effect of zinc chloride mouthwashes on caries-inducing plaque streptococci. 1. in vitro research on the antimicrobial efficacy of zinc chloride on reference strains of streptococcus mutans (bht), streptococcus sanguis (hkop) and streptococcus salivarius (nctn 8618)].	the antimicrobial efficiency of zinc chloride solution in concentration from 0.1% to 2.0% and 0.2% chlorhexidine solution has been examined on the strains of reference in a comparative study. three test methods were applied: the agar diffusion test, the dilution test and the suspension test. as was to be expected the antibacterial effect of the zinc chloride solution was dependent on concentration. between 0.1% and 2.0% the zinc chloride solution showed a bacteriostatic effect on the strains of ...	1990	2146832
influence of hydrophobicity on oligopeptide utilization by oral streptococci.	the growth responses of streptococcus mutans va-29r, streptococcus sanguis atcc 10556, and streptococcus mitior nih to hydrophilic and hydrophobic peptides obtained following isopropanol fractionation of trypticase were compared. although the two fractions contained peptides of similar molecular size, differences were observed with respect to amino acid compositions. s. mutans va-29r showed a pronounced difference in growth response to hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic peptides. while growth of this m ...	1990	2147441
[the effect of zinc chloride mouthwashes on caries-inducing plaque streptococci. 3. the antibacterial effect of zinc chloride on the species str. mutans, str. sanguis and str. salivarius in dental plaque].	the quantitative behaviour of streptococcus mutans, streptococcus sanguis and streptococcus salivarius has been examined in initial findings and after application of 0.4% zinc chloride solution. after a 7 day rinsing the number of colony developing units of the species streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sanguis in the plaque decreased to about 30% of the determined initial values. the proportions of the species streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sanguis in the total streptococcus flora o ...	1990	2149904
glucosyltransferase production by streptococcus sanguis challis and comparison with other oral streptococci.	glucosyltransferase (gtf) activity in batch cultures of streptococcus sanguis strain challis in defined medium was maximum at peak growth and declined rapidly on further incubation into stationary phase. activity was present in spent culture medium and was associated with 2 polypeptides of approximate mrs 170 kda (90% of activity) and 155 kda (about 10% of activity). other s. sanguis strains produced similar antigenically-related polypeptides but with varying activities, and antibodies to the s. ...	1990	2150879
complete structure of the polysaccharide from streptococcus sanguis j22.	the cell wall polysaccharides of certain oral streptococci such as streptococcus sanguis strains 34 and j22, although immunologically distinct, act as receptors for the fimbrial lectins of actinomyces viscosus t14v. we report the complete covalent structure of the polysaccharide from s. sanguis j22 which is composed of a heptasaccharide subunit linked by phosphodiester bonds. the repeating subunit, which contains alpha-galnac, alpha-rhamnose, beta-rhamnose, beta-glucose, and beta-galactose all i ...	1990	2157479
the role of fibronectin binding in the rat model of experimental endocarditis caused by streptococcus sanguis.	inactivation of fibronectin (fn) binding by insertional mutagenesis of streptococcus sanguis with tn916 reduces virulence of this bacterium in the rat model of infective endocarditis (ie). transconjugants were screened for fn adherence using an elisa adherence test. one transconjugant had a decreased adherence to immobilized fn. southern hybridization demonstrated that the insertion occurred only once in this mutant. the parent strain and mutant strain jl113 were used as challenge strains in a r ...	1990	2164050
inhibition of the cooperative adhesion of streptococcus sanguis to hydroxylapatite.	the adhesion of streptococcus sanguis to hydroxylapatite is a process involving several adhesins and receptors. binding isotherms and scatchard plots of the adhesion suggest that cooperative interactions occur at low cell densities. it was found that sulfolane, a hydrophobic-bond diluent, was capable of inhibiting the cooperative adhesion of s. sanguis to saliva-coated hydroxylapatite beads. sodium thiocyanate, a chaotropic agent, inhibited not only cooperative adhesion, but also the adhesion th ...	1990	2177022
proteolytic activity of oral streptococci.	streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sobrinus were the least proteolytic of 8 species of oral streptococci while streptococcus oralis and streptococcus sanguis were the most proteolytic. degradation of fitc-bsa was significantly correlated with the hydrolysis of synthetic endopeptidase substrates. as s. oralis strains proliferate in dental plaque in the absence of dietary food their success, in vivo, might be due partially to their greater proteolytic activity compared to other oral streptococ ...	1990	2182385
molecular aspects of immunoglobulin a1 degradation by oral streptococci.	using a panel of 143 strains classified according to a novel taxonomic system for oral viridans-type streptococci, we reexamined the ability of oral streptococci to attack human immunoglobulin a1 (iga1) molecules with iga1 protease or glycosidases. iga1 protease production was an exclusive property of all strains belonging to streptococcus sanguis and streptococcus oralis (previously s. mitior) and of some strains of streptococcus mitis biovar 1. these are all dominant initiators of dental plaqu ...	1990	2182537
coaggregation of streptococcus sanguis and other streptococci with candida albicans.	thirteen strains of viridans group streptococci and two strains of other streptococci were tested for coaggregation with candida albicans. streptococcus sanguis strains generally exhibited low levels of adherence to 28 degrees c-grown exponential-phase yeast cells, but starvation of yeast cells for glucose at 37 degrees c (or at 28 degrees c) increased their coaggregating activity with these streptococci by at least tenfold. this was a property common to four c. albicans strains tested, two of w ...	1990	2182544
the microbiology of periapical granulomas.	of the 16 periapical granulomas studied, 14 (88%) yielded a positive growth when homogenized and cultured. the concentration of colony-forming units per milliliter of the suspension ranged from 10(1.3) to 10(4.0) (mean 10(2.2)). a total of 47 isolates comprising 26 (55%) facultative anaerobes and 21 (45%) strict anaerobes were obtained. the organisms most commonly cultured were veillonella species (15%), streptococcus milleri (11%), streptococcus sanguis (11%), actinomyces naeslundii (11%), prop ...	1990	2183126
streptococcal-host interactions. structural and functional analysis of a streptococcus sanguis receptor for a human salivary glycoprotein.	colonization of oral tissues by streptococcus sanguis may be influenced by a mucin-like salivary glycoprotein (sag) through a calcium-dependent interaction with a specific bacterial receptor. we report the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the s. sanguis receptor (ssp-5) and show that this protein may bind sialic acid residues of sag. the ssp-5 protein contains three unique structural domains, two of which consist of repetitive amino acid sequences. the n-terminal domain is comprised ...	1990	2185241
susceptibility of oral bacteria to phenoxyethanol and phenoxyethanol/chlorhexidine combinations.	a total of 57 bacterial strains (26 different species) which may be isolated from subgingival plaque were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to phenoxycthanol, a commonly-used antiseptic and preservative. ninety-five percent of the strains, including those associated with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease, were susceptible to concentrations of phenoxyethanol used topically (2% w/v). phenoxyethanol at a concentration of 1% (w/v) was also found that to have a rapid bactericidal effect ...	1990	2202809