Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| a prospective study of canine infective endocarditis in northern california (1999-2001): emergence of bartonella as a prevalent etiologic agent. | a prospective study was performed (june 1999 to may 2001) to determine the incidence of infective endocarditis (ie) due to bartonella in dogs in northern california and to compare these patients with other dogs with ie. ie was diagnosed antemortem based on clinical signs and echocardiography in 18 dogs. the etiologic agent was bartonella sp. in 5 dogs (28%) and was diagnosed by high seroreactivity to bartonella (titer > 1:512; range, 1:1,024-1:4,096); and confirmed postmortem by positive polymer ... | 2004 | 14765733 |
| molecular and serologic evidence of tick-borne ehrlichiae in three species of lemurs from st. catherines island, georgia, usa. | in recent years, several species of ehrlichiae have been recognized as tick-borne disease agents of veterinary and medical importance. clinically normal free-ranging or previously free-ranging lemurs, including 46 ring-tailed lemurs (lemur catta), six blue-eyed black lemurs (eulemur macaco flavifrons), and four black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) from st. catherines island, georgia, were tested for evidence of exposure to tick-borne ehrlichiae. all 52 adult lemurs were se ... | 2004 | 15732591 |
| lack of infectivity of a brazilian anaplasma marginale isolate for boophilus microplus ticks. | previous studies have shown that one brazilian anaplasma marginale isolate presents an inclusion appendage (tail), while other isolates do not present such inclusion. studies on tick transmission have been carried out with tailless isolates but little is known about transmission of tailed isolates by boophilus microplus. two splenectomized calves were experimentally inoculated with the tailed a. marginale isolate. during ascending rickettsemia, b. microplus larvae, free from hemoparasites, were ... | 2004 | 15740870 |
| comparison of patients fulfilling criteria for confirmed and probable human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. | in order to assess the validity of definitions for human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge), epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings for 13 patients with confirmed hge and 21 patients fulfilling criteria for probable hge were compared. the patients were identified during a prospective study on the aetiology of febrile illness occurring after a tick bite, performed in slovenia from 1995 to 2002. significant differences between the 2 groups were found for age of patients, duration of fever ... | 2004 | 15764167 |
| [ehrlichiosis--a disease rarely recognized in poland]. | ehrlichioses constitute a group of acute zoonoses caused by the infection with the microorganisms belonging to the genera ehrlichia, anaplasma and neorickettsia (rickettsiaceae). presence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) caused by infection with anaplasma phagocytophila (a. phagocytophila) and transmitted by ixodes ricinus tick has been confirmed in poland. all the cases described so far were noted in the area of endemic prevalence of lyme borreliosis (north-east of poland). lack of char ... | 2004 | 15765762 |
| groupings of highly similar major surface protein (p44)-encoding paralogues: a potential index of genetic diversity amongst isolates of anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-borne bacterium that is zoonotic in the usa and southern europe, but although the bacterium is endemic in the uk, no cases of clinical human disease have yet been detected in that country. potential genomic differences amongst uk and usa isolates were investigated by comparing partial 16s rrna gene and p44 paralogue sequences amplified by pcr from 10 uk ruminant or tick isolates, with published sequences from usa isolates. no significant clustering among the i ... | 2004 | 14993322 |
| the effect of management factors on the seroprevalence of anaplasma marginale in bos indicus cattle in the mexican tropics. | a cross-sectional study with a two-stage design and proportional distribution was carried out to determine the effect of management factors on the seroprevalence of anaplasma marginale in bos indicus cattle in the mexican tropics. serum was obtained from 384 cattle aged 1-2 years on 92 farms. the number of samples was proportionally distributed according to the number of farms in eastern yucatan. antibody activity against a. marginale was assessed using the card agglutination test. a primary scr ... | 2004 | 14998312 |
| mapping of b-cell epitopes in the n-terminal repeated peptides of anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a and characterization of the humoral immune response of cattle immunized with recombinant and whole organism antigens. | major surface protein (msp) 1a of the genus type species anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) together with msp1b forms the msp1 complex. msp1a has been shown to be involved in adhesion, infection and tick transmission of a. marginale, as well as to contribute to protective immunity in cattle. a differential antibody response to msp1a and msp1b was observed in cattle immunized with a. marginale derived from bovine erythrocytes (anti-msp1a response) or cultured tick cells (anti-ms ... | 2004 | 15010223 |
| acquisition of different isolates of anaplasma phagocytophilum by ixodes scapularis from a model animal. | the prevalence of etiologic agents in ticks reflects the intensity of their transmission in natural cycles and is an important measure of their potential to cause human disease. the distribution of anaplasma phagocytophilum within the range of its primary vectors is patchy. even nearby sites differ dramatically in the prevalence of anaplasma in questing ticks. we hypothesized that this irregular distribution may be due in part to variations in acquisition rates of different isolates of a. phagoc ... | 2004 | 15018773 |
| how do neutrophils and pathogens interact? | many pathogens can manipulate macrophages after phagocytosis yet are efficiently killed by neutrophils. this poses the question of whether neutrophils have mechanisms that enable them to specifically recognise pathogens and have pathogens evolved mechanisms to modulate neutrophil function? here, we review recent work on neutrophils and their interaction with four different bacteria: staphylococcus aureus, helicobacter pylori, anaplasma phagocytophilum and members of the enterobacteriae family. | 2004 | 15036142 |
| differential expression of the msp1alpha gene of anaplasma marginale occurs in bovine erythrocytes and tick cells. | major surface proteins (msp) 1a and 1b of the tick-borne pathogen anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) are conserved on a. marginale derived from bovine erythrocytes and tick cells. msp1a and msp1b form the msp1 complex and are adhesins involved in infection of host cells. while both msp1a and msp1b are adhesins for bovine erythrocytes, only msp1a is an adhesin for cultured and native tick cells. these studies were initiated because antibody responses to msp1a and msp1b differed ... | 2004 | 15036535 |
| adhesion of outer membrane proteins containing tandem repeats of anaplasma and ehrlichia species (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) to tick cells. | infection of cells by tick-borne rickettsiae appears to be mediated by outer membrane proteins that allow pathogens to adhere to host cells. major surface protein (msp) 1a of anaplasma marginale, the type species for the genus anaplasma, was shown previously to be an adhesin for tick cells. the a. marginale msp1a has a variable number of tandem 28 or 29 amino acid repeats located in the amino terminal region of the protein that contains an adhesion domain that is necessary and sufficient for inf ... | 2004 | 15036540 |
| human behaviors elevating exposure to ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) nymphs and their associated bacterial zoonotic agents in a hardwood forest. | epidemiological evidence suggests that the nymph of the western black-legged tick, ixodes pacificus cooley and kohls, is the primary vector of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt, and brenner, to humans in northwestern california. in spring 2002, six different human behaviors were evaluated as potential risk factors for acquiring i. pacificus nymphs in a deciduous woodland in mendocino county, california. also, the prevalence of b. burgdorferi sen ... | 2004 | 15061284 |
| application of a reverse line blot assay to the study of haemoparasites in cattle in uganda. | recent advances in genomic technology have focused many veterinary researchers on the possibility of producing one multivalent recombinant vaccine against all the haemoparasites that infect cattle in the tropics. before such a vaccine is developed it is essential to define target cattle populations as well as the range of anti-pathogen vaccines required in order to control disease. to further this objective, we have evaluated a reverse line blot (rlb) assay, which simultaneously detects the prin ... | 2004 | 15064125 |
| complete genome sequencing of anaplasma marginale reveals that the surface is skewed to two superfamilies of outer membrane proteins. | the rickettsia anaplasma marginale is the most prevalent tick-borne livestock pathogen worldwide and is a severe constraint to animal health. a. marginale establishes lifelong persistence in infected ruminants and these animals serve as a reservoir for ticks to acquire and transmit the pathogen. within the mammalian host, a. marginale generates antigenic variants by changing a surface coat composed of numerous proteins. by sequencing and annotating the complete 1,197,687-bp genome of the st. mar ... | 2004 | 15618402 |
| the risk of exposure to anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in mid-eastern poland. | both the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks and the seroprevalence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis have been reported in different parts of europe. there are few reports concerning this problem in poland. the aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks, and to detect antibodies against the hge agent in serum of forest workers in the region of mid-eastern poland. in our opinion, this should reflect the real probability of infection of people ... | 2004 | 15627334 |
| detecting dnas of anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia in the blood of patients suspected of lyme disease. | co-occurrence of granulocytic anaplasmosis, borreliosis and babesiosis in humans is a result of common vectors for the respective pathogens of these diseases, most commonly ticks from the genus ixodes. studies on ticks in europe and also in poland have shown that several pathogens may co-occur in individuals of i. ricnus. a total of 96 hospitalised patients infected or suspected of being infected with borreliosis were screened for a. phagocytophilum and babesia sp. dna. positive results of pcrs ... | 2004 | 15627349 |
| an annotated checklist of pathogenic microorganisms associated with migratory birds. | the potential for transport and dissemination of certain pathogenic microorganisms by migratory birds is of concern. migratory birds might be involved in dispersal of microorganisms as their biological carriers, mechanical carriers, or as carriers of infected hematophagous ecto-parasites (e.g., ixodid ticks). many species of microorganisms pathogenic to homeothermic vertebrates including humans have been associated with free-living migratory birds. migratory birds of diverse species can play sig ... | 2004 | 15650082 |
| neuropathological changes in ovine fetuse caused by tickborne fever. | 2004 | 15651549 | |
| stochastic transmission of multiple genotypically distinct anaplasma marginale strains in a herd with high prevalence of anaplasma infection. | multiple genotypically unique strains of the tick-borne pathogen anaplasma marginale occur and are transmitted within regions where the organism is endemic. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that specific a. marginale strains are preferentially transmitted. the study herd of cattle (n = 261) had an infection prevalence of 29% as determined by competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and pcr, with complete concordance between results of the two assays. genotyping revealed th ... | 2004 | 15528749 |
| rapid sequential changeover of expressed p44 genes during the acute phase of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in horses. | anaplasma phagocytophilum immunodominant polymorphic major surface protein p44s have been hypothesized to go through antigenic variation, but the within-host dynamics of p44 expression has not been demonstrated. in the present study we investigated the composition and changes of p44 transcripts in the blood during the acute phase of well-defined laboratory a. phagocytophilum infections in naive equine hosts. three traveling waves of sequential population changeovers of the p44 transcript species ... | 2004 | 15557606 |
| identification of a novel anaplasma marginale appendage-associated protein that localizes with actin filaments during intraerythrocytic infection. | the rickettsial pathogen anaplasma marginale assembles an actin filament bundle during intracellular infection. unlike other bacterial pathogens that generate actin filament tails, a. marginale infects mature erythrocytes, and the f-actin appendages are assembled on the cytoplasmic surface of a vacuole containing several organisms. to identify a. marginale molecules associated with these filaments, two complementary approaches were used: matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight ... | 2004 | 15557651 |
| anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 cd4+-t-cell epitopes are evenly distributed in conserved and hypervariable regions (hvr), whereas linear b-cell epitopes are predominantly located in the hvr. | organisms in the genus anaplasma express an immunodominant major surface protein 2 (msp2), composed of a central hypervariable region (hvr) flanked by highly conserved regions. throughout anaplasma marginale infection, recombination results in the sequential appearance of novel msp2 variants and subsequent control of rickettsemia by the immune response, leading to persistent infection. to determine whether immune evasion and selection for variant organisms is associated with a predominant respon ... | 2004 | 15557669 |
| evaluation of antibiotic susceptibilities of ehrlichia canis, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and anaplasma phagocytophilum by real-time pcr. | we determined mics of antibiotics against anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia canis by real-time quantitative pcr. the doubling times of the organisms were established: 19 h for e. chaffeensis, 26 h for a. phagocytophilum, and 28 h for e. canis. in comparison to the reference method for determining sensitivities, which uses diff-quick staining, our pcr assay was very sensitive and specific. we confirmed that doxycycline and rifampin are highly active against these bac ... | 2004 | 15561862 |
| mixed ehrlichia canis, hepatozoon canis, and presumptive anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a dog. | a 5-month-old, female, mongrel dog was admitted to the clinic of companion animal medicine, aristotle university of thessaloniki, greece, with depression, anorexia, fever, peripheral lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, oculonasal discharge, nonregenerative anemia, and mild thrombocytopenia. cytology of giemsa-stained buffy coat, bone marrow, and lymph node aspiration smears revealed numerous morulae in mononuclear leukocytes and in neutrophils, and hepatozoon canis gamonts in neutrophils. the dog was ... | 2004 | 15570564 |
| use of imidacloprid-permethrin to prevent transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum from naturally infected ixodes scapularis ticks to dogs. | one group of eight beagles was treated with a combination of imidacloprid and permethrin 7 days before exposure to ixodes scapularis ticks that were naturally infected with anaplasma phagocytophilum. a second group of eight beagles was not treated and was also exposed to infected ticks. seven of eight non-treated dogs--but none of the treated dogs--developed specific antibodies to a. phagocytophilum. results of this study indicate that a combination of imidacloprid and permethrin can prevent tra ... | 2004 | 15578453 |
| identification of igg2-specific antigens in mexican anaplasma marginale strains. | to identify novel antigens with immunoglobulin g2 (igg2) specificity and immunostimulant properties for bovine th1 cells, humoral and cellular responses were studied in cattle inoculated with initial bodies from a mexican isolate of anaplasma marginale and challenged with a heterologous strain. analysis of post-immunization sera by elisa and assaying of in vitro cellular responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) cultured in the presence of protein extracts from three anaplasma marg ... | 2004 | 15604474 |
| detection of anaplasma marginale dna in larvae of boophilus microplus ticks by polymerase chain reaction. | boophilus microplus larvae from two different sources were used for the detection of anaplasma marginale dna: larvae a, which were collected from a pasture of an endemic farm, and larvae b, which originated from engorged female ticks fed on calves with no clinical signs of disease and with low rickettsemia (approximately 0.01 to 1.0%). larvae a were collected monthly, from january to may in 2001. two hundred engorged female ticks fed on calves that provided larvae b were divided into groups of 1 ... | 2004 | 15604475 |
| assessment of feline ehrlichiosis in central spain using serology and a polymerase chain reaction technique. | antibodies to ehrlichia spp. and inclusion bodies compatible with ehrlichia spp. in feline blood cells have been previously detected in spain. the aim of this study was to assess the presence of antibodies to e. canis, n. risticii, and a. phagocytophilum in 122 feline serum samples from madrid (central spain). in addition, ehrlichia genus-specific, one-tube, nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was performed from blood samples from these cats. of the cats, 10.6% were seropositive for e. canis, ... | 2004 | 15604476 |
| recent studies on the characterization of anaplasma marginale isolated from north american bison. | anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), a tick-borne pathogen of cattle, is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. many geographic isolates of a. marginale occur worldwide that have been identified by major surface protein (msp) 1a, which varies in sequence and molecular weight owing to different numbers of tandem 28-29 amino acid repeats. although serologic tests have identified american bison, bison bison, as being infected with a. marginale, the present studie ... | 2004 | 15604478 |
| immunization of bovines using a dna vaccine (pcdna3.1/msp1b) prepared from the jaboticabal strain of anaplasma marginale. | anaplasma is a tick-borne ehrlichial pathogen of cattle that causes the disease, anaplasmosis. in the present study, a total of 11 anaplasma marginale seronegative calves were assigned into two groups: one immunized (g1, n = 6) and one nonimmunized-control (g2, n = 5). six calves were immunized by using a dna vaccine containing the gene of a major surface protein, msp1b, encoded by the plasmid identified as pcdna3.1/msp1b. calves received three intramuscular inoculations of 100 microg of pcdna3. ... | 2004 | 15604503 |
| control of immature ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) on rodent reservoirs of borrelia burgdorferi in a residential community of southeastern connecticut. | a 3-yr community-based study was conducted on residential properties on mason's island, mystic, ct, to determine the efficacy of a rodent-targeted acaricide (fipronil) to control immature ixodes scapularis (say) on peromyscus leucopus. results indicated that modified commercial bait boxes were effective as an acaricide delivery method for reducing nymphal and larval tick infestations on white-footed mice by 68 and 84%, respectively. passive application of fipronil significantly reduced the infec ... | 2004 | 15605643 |
| seroprevalence of tick-borne infections in forestry rangers from northeastern italy. | the aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocitophilum and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus, and risk factors, in forestry rangers from the friuli-venezia-giulia region in northeastern italy. sera from 181 forestry rangers were examined with two-tiered serological tests for tbe, lyme borreliosis and ehrlichiosis. information about risk factors such as job location, residence, number of tick bites and outdoor leisure activities ... | 2004 | 15606631 |
| guidelines for the diagnosis of tick-borne bacterial diseases in europe. | ticks are obligate haematophagous acarines that parasitise every class of vertebrate (including man) and have a worldwide distribution. an increasing awareness of tick-borne diseases among clinicians and scientific researchers has led to the recent description of a number of emerging tick-borne bacterial diseases. since the identification of borrelia burgdorferi as the agent of lyme disease in 1982, 11 tick-borne human bacterial pathogens have been described in europe. aetiological diagnosis of ... | 2004 | 15606643 |
| the prevalence of serum antibodies to tick-borne infections in mbale district, uganda: the effect of agro-ecological zone, grazing management and age of cattle. | between august and october 2000, a cross-sectional study was conducted in smallholder dairy farms in mbale district, uganda to assess the prevalence of ticks and tick-borne diseases under different grazing systems and agro-ecological zones and understand the circumstances under which farmers operated. a questionnaire was administered to obtain information on dairy farm circumstances and practices. a total of 102 farms were visited and sera and ticks were collected from 478 animals. sero-prevalen ... | 2004 | 15861224 |
| comparing the sensitivity of anaplasma phagocytophilum dna detection in ixodes ricinus ticks by amplifying a fragment of the epank-1 and the 16s rdna genes. | the study compared the sensitivity of two genetic markers (epank1, 16s rdna) in identifying anaplasma dna by using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique. material for anaplasma dna studies was isolated from i. ricinus. amplification of the 16s rdna gene resulted in 5.77% positive samples, the value for the epank-1 gene equaled 11.54%. the results suggest that the sensitivity of the reaction for the epank-1 gene is greater than that of 16s rdna for the identification of anaplasma dna from ... | 2004 | 16261882 |
| anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae): recent advances in defining host-pathogen adaptations of a tick-borne rickettsia. | the tick-borne intracellular pathogen anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) develops persistent infections in cattle and tick hosts. while erythrocytes appear to be the only site of infection in cattle, a. marginale undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks and transmission occurs via salivary glands during feeding. many geographic isolates occur that vary in genotype, antigenic composition, morphology and infectivity for ticks. in this chapter we review recent research on ... | 2004 | 15938516 |
| [prevalence of antibodies to anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi in forestry workers from the lublin region]. | ticks are recently regarded as ones of the most important vectors of emerging diseases. one of these diseases is human granulocytic ehrlichiosis caused by obligatory intracellular microorganism recently named as anaplasma phagocytophilum. 334 sera from forestry workers and 56 sera from blood donors (as a control group) were collected and examined for antibodies to a. phagocytophilum and b. burgdorferi. the antibodies were found statistically more frequently in sera from foresters compared to ser ... | 2004 | 16859027 |
| [anaplasma phagocytophila and protozoans of babesia genus in dogs from endemic areas of lyme disease in north-western poland]. | infections caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato may be accompanied by other microorganisms, such as anaplasma, ehrlichia and babesia. these pathogens are transmitted by the ticks and are a risk to humans and animals. ixodes ricinus ticks collected from recreational areas of szczecin and northwestern poland contained dna of the pathogens mentioned above and cases of double and triple coinfection have been documented. the aim of this paper was to determine if dogs suspect to ti ... | 2004 | 16865968 |
| [participation of ixodes ricinus developmental stages in transmission of anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophila]. | the present study constitutes a survey on the prevalence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent, anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophila, infecting ticks, ixodes ricinus. i. ricinus were collected in the spring and autumn of the years 2000-2002 in western pomerania (poland), on vegetation using cloth drags. in all, 3340 individuals of i. ricinus were collected from the sampling sites. this total comprised of 511 females, 525 males, and 1998 nymphs. the prevalence of this pathogen in ticks was ass ... | 2004 | 16865969 |
| serological diagnosis of human babesiosis by igg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of igg antibodies to babesia microti antigen was developed. b. microti antigens were harvested from experimentally infected hamster blood and used as a coating antigen. the sensitivity and specificity of the igg elisa relative to immunofluorescent antibody assay (ifa) testing was 95.5% and 94.1%, respectively. according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve was 0.987. no cross-reactivity of ... | 2004 | 15696612 |
| prevalence of blood parasites in cattle from wilayates of annaba and el tarf east algeria. | between june and september 2002, a preliminary study was conducted to assess the prevalence of blood parasites of cattle in eastern algeria. fifty-four bovines of different genotypes were submitted to clinical examination. from each animal, blood smears were made and stained by giemsa. four species of parasites, namely theileria annulata, t. orientalis, babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale were encountered. fifty animals carried single or multiple infections with blood parasites and four were f ... | 2004 | 16929762 |
| [detection of anti-ehrlichia antibodies and direct demonstration of ehrlichia nucleic acid using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in patients in the czech republic]. | in patients presenting symptoms with a suspicion of ehrlichiosis we determined antiehrlichia antibodies and investigated the presence of ehrlichia nucleic acid in the plasma. | 2004 | 15100980 |
| glycosylation of anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a and its putative role in adhesion to tick cells. | anaplasma marginale, the causative agent of bovine anaplasmosis, is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of cattle that multiplies in erythrocytes and tick cells. major surface protein 1a (msp1a) and msp1b form the msp1 complex of a. marginale, which is involved in adhesion of the pathogen to host cells. in this study we tested the hypothesis that msp1a and msp1b were glycosylated, because the observed molecular weights of both proteins were greater than the deduced molecular masses. we further hyp ... | 2004 | 15102815 |
| in vivo and in vitro studies on anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of the myeloid cells of a patient with chronic myelogenous leukaemia and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. | the occurrence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (cml) provided an opportunity to study whether anaplasma phagocytophilum, the aetiological agent of hge, infects mature or immature cells, both in vivo and in vitro. | 2004 | 15113857 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum ligation to toll-like receptor (tlr) 2, but not to tlr4, activates macrophages for nuclear factor-kappa b nuclear translocation. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects neutrophils and causes human anaplasmosis (formerly human granulocytic ehrlichiosis). interferon (ifn)- gamma causes immunopathology in a. phagocytophilum infection models. plasma ifn- gamma levels are elevated 4 h after infection in experimentally infected mice, which indicates innate immunity and possible toll-like receptors (tlrs). the ability of a. phagocytophilum to trigger proinflammatory responses via nuclear fa ... | 2004 | 15122530 |
| chronic canine ehrlichiosis (ehrlichia canis): a retrospective study of 19 natural cases. | nineteen dogs from greece with chronic ehrlichiosis were studied. the dogs exhibited bicytopenia or pancytopenia, bone marrow hypoplasia, seroreactivity to ehrlichia canis (e. canis) antigens, and had no history of drug or radiation exposure. anorexia, depression, severe bleeding tendencies, hypoalbuminemia, and increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity were also hallmarks of the disease. all these animals eventually died, irrespective of the treatment applied. some dogs were also serolo ... | 2004 | 15131097 |
| molecular evidence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus ticks and wild animals in austria. | real-time pcr analysis of a groesl heat shock operon segment showed the presence of two genetic lineages of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus ticks as well as one variant in wild red and roe deer, the latter supposedly representing the natural reservoir of one variant of a. phagocytophilum. | 2004 | 15131214 |
| molecular conservation of msp4 and msp5 in anaplasma marginale and a. centrale vaccine strain. | anaplasma centrale msp4 and msp5 genes were cloned and sequenced, and the recombinant proteins were expressed. the identity between anaplasma marginale and a. centrale msp4 was 83% in the nucleotide sequences and 91.7% in the encoded protein sequences. a. centrale msp5 nucleotide sequences shared 86.8% identity with a. marginale msp5, and there was 92.9% homology between a. centrale and a. marginale encoded amino acids of the msp5 protein. southern blots hybridized with probes derived from the m ... | 2004 | 15135513 |
| genetic diversity and molecular phylogeny of anaplasma marginale isolates from minas gerais, brazil. | anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), a tick-borne pathogen of cattle, is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and many isolates of a. marginale may occur in a given geographic area. phylogenetic relationships have been reported for a. marginale isolates from the us using gene and protein sequences of msp1a and msp4. these studies demonstrated that msp4 sequences, but not msp1a dna or protein sequences, provide phylogeographic information and also that msp1a ... | 2004 | 15135871 |
| disease survey of free-ranging grey brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) in the gran chaco, bolivia. | samples from 17 free-ranging hunter-killed grey brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) in the gran chaco, bolivia, were collected during june-august 1999. all 17 deer appeared to be in good condition at the time of death. gross necropsies were performed, serum was collected for serologic evaluation of selected infectious disease agents, and feces and ectoparasites were collected for evaluation of internal and external parasites. serologic tests were positive for antibodies against bovine respiratory ... | 2004 | 15137493 |
| anaplasma infection in free-ranging iberian red deer in the region of castilla-la mancha, spain. | organisms in the genus anaplasma are obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. the type species, anaplasma marginale, causes bovine anaplasmosis and infects erythrocytes of the vertebrate host and undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks which serve as biological vectors. infected cattle, wild ruminants and ticks can all serve as reservoirs of a. marginale. in this study, hunter killed iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) from the r ... | 2004 | 15145495 |
| human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in europe. | human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) is a tick-borne zoonosis caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. a medline literature search revealed that the european story of hge began in 1995 with an article on the presence of serum antibodies to a. phagocytophilum. at present, there is seroepidemiological information indicating the presence of infection with hge agent(s) for several european countries; seroprevalence rates range from zero or very low to up to 28%. the proportion of seropositive persons i ... | 2004 | 15146982 |
| pathogens and symbionts in ticks: prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum (ehrlichia sp.), wolbachia sp., rickettsia sp., and babesia sp. in southern germany. | tick-transmitted diseases like tick-borne encephalitis and lyme borreliosis have been well known in germany for decades. ongoing research now gives an additional focus to a broad range of other bacteria and parasites in ticks like anaplasma phagocytophilum, former ehrlichia sp., rickettsia sp. and babesia sp. knowledge about the prevalence of these infectious agents in ticks is an important prerequisite for risk assessment of human diseases. therefore nymphs and adult ixodes ricinus ticks were c ... | 2004 | 15146989 |
| first report on the coexistence and compatibility of seven tick-borne pathogens in unfed adult ixodes persulcatus schulze (acarina: ixodidae). | 2004 | 15146991 | |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection induces protracted neutrophil degranulation. | anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected neutrophil degranulation could exacerbate inflammation. thus, the degranulation of infected neutrophils was assayed. infected neutrophils expressed cd11b and cd66b, and supernatants of infected neutrophils showed more prommp-9 and mmp-9 activity than controls and continued to do so for > or =18 h. degranulation-related inflammatory tissue injury may account for some clinical manifestations in human granulocytic anaplasmosis. | 2004 | 15155684 |
| cd4+ t lymphocytes from anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 (msp2) vaccinees recognize naturally processed epitopes conserved in msp3. | major surface protein 2 (msp2) and msp3 of the persistent bovine ehrlichial pathogen anaplasma marginale are immunodominant proteins that undergo antigenic variation. the recently completed sequence of msp3 revealed blocks of amino acids in the n and c termini that are conserved with msp2. this study tested the hypothesis that cd4+ t cells specific for msp2 recognize naturally processed epitopes conserved in msp3. at least one epitope in the n terminus and two in the c terminus of msp2 were also ... | 2004 | 15155686 |
| multicentric study of seroprevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophila in high-risk groups in regions of central and southern italy. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of b. burgdorferi and a. phagocytophila in populations of workers from 4 italian regions, known to be exposed to tick bites. a total of 712 serum samples collected were divided as follows: 387 samples were obtained from workers at risk for tick bites and 325 from individuals that were not considered to be at risk of ticks bites and served as the control group. antibodies against b. burgdorferi were found in 29 (7.5%) of the 387 risk worker ... | 2004 | 15171823 |
| on molecular taxonomy: what is in a name? | gene sequences of small portions of the genome are often used for premature detailed taxonomic changes, neglecting polyphasic taxonomy, which should also consider phenotypical characteristics. three examples are given: (i) recently, members of the genera eperythrozoon and haemobartonella have been moved, correctly so, from the rickettsiales to the mycoplasmatales, but were assigned to the genus mycoplasma, mostly on the basis of 16s rrna sequence analysis. not only is the 16s rrna sequence simil ... | 2004 | 15176735 |
| infection and blood transfusion: a guide to donor screening. | in recent years, blood-component therapy has become more accessible in veterinary practice. as with human medicine, care must be taken to minimize the risk of disease transmission from donor to recipient. determining the appropriate diseases to screen for is complicated by regional variations in disease incidence, the existence of chronic carrier states for some diseases, the difficulty in screening-test selection, and testing cost. the feline diseases considered include retroviral infections, f ... | 2004 | 15179926 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi, bartonella spp., babesia microti, and anaplasma phagocytophila in ixodes scapularis ticks collected in northern new jersey. | pcr analysis of ixodes scapularis ticks collected in new jersey identified infections with borrelia burgdorferi (33.6%), babesia microti (8.4%), anaplasma phagocytophila (1.9%), and bartonella spp. (34.5%). the i. scapularis tick is a potential pathogen vector that can cause coinfection and contribute to the variety of clinical responses noted in some tick-borne disease patients. | 2004 | 15184475 |
| a sero-epidemiological survey of blood parasites in cattle in the north-eastern free state, south africa. | a survey to determine the incidence of parasites in cattle (n = 386) was conducted in the north eastern free state between august 1999 and july 2000. giemsa-stained blood smears were negative for blood parasites. a total of 94% of the cattle were sero-positive for babesia bigemina by indirect fluorescent antibody test while 87% were sero-positive for anaplasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. the observation of negative blood smears but high incidence of positive serological results for ana ... | 2004 | 15185577 |
| effects of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection on the molting success of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) larvae. | we assessed the effects of sympatric (occupying the same or overlapping geographic areas) and allopatric (occurring in separate geographic areas) isolates of anaplasma phagocytophilum on the survival of ixodes scapularis say larvae that were derived from ticks collected in bridgeport, ct. seven isolates of a. phagocytophilum, originating from different geographic regions of the united states, were tested: four isolates from the northeast (bridgeport, dawson, gaillard, and ny-8), two from the mid ... | 2004 | 15185953 |
| [new evidence for the detection of ehrlichia and anaplasma in ixodes ticks in russia and kazakhstan]. | polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis were used to screen ehrlichia and anaplasma dna in 900 specimens of ixodes ticks of four genera (dermacetor, haemaphysalis, ixodes, and hyalomma) collected on 14 administrative territories of russia and kazakhstan. anaplasma phagocytophilia dna was detected and identified in ixodes persulcatus ticks gathered in the altai and primorye territories. ehrlichia muris dna was genotyped in the i. persulcatus ticks collected in the tyumen, omsk, and novosi ... | 2004 | 15193042 |
| new real-time pcr-based method for in vitro susceptibility testing of anaplasma phagocytophilum against antimicrobial agents. | up to now, only a few isolates of anaplasma phagocytophilum have been tested for their susceptibility against a small number of antimicrobial agents. in addition, as with other fastidious or intracellular bacteria, the test methods are laborious and neither minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) definitions, nor the test conditions and the inocula are standardised to date. a new 16s-rdna-based real-time pcr assay has been developed and used under standardised conditions to analyse the activity o ... | 2004 | 15194126 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus as a possible cause of optic neuritis in a dog. | a 3-year-old spayed female siberian husky was presented due to acute vision loss. examination revealed bilateral optic neuritis and lymphocytic meningoencephalitis. the serum (1:800) and cerebrospinal fluid (csf; 1:200) immunoglobulin (ig)g titers for tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) were elevated as were the serum igg titer for anaplasma phagocytophilum (1:640) and serum igm titer for toxoplasma gondii (1:20). intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies such as ehrlichial or anaplasmal morulae were n ... | 2004 | 15200624 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia microti, and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes scapularis, southern coastal maine. | ixodes scapularis (deer ticks) from maine were tested for multiple infections by polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. in 1995, 29.5%, 9.5%, and 1.9% of deer ticks were infected with borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and babesia microti, respectively. in 1996 and 1997, the number of a. phagocytophilum-infected ticks markedly declined. in 1995 through 1996, 4 (1.3%) of 301 were co-infected. | 2004 | 15200875 |
| infection of endothelial cells with anaplasma marginale and a. phagocytophilum. | anaplasma marginale and a. phagocytophilum are obligate intracellular, tick-borne pathogens that target erythrocytes and neutrophil granulocytes, respectively. because ticks do not directly tap blood vessels, an intermediate tissue may mediate infection of blood cells. we considered that vascular endothelium interacts with circulating blood cells in vivo, and could be involved in pathogenesis and dissemination of the organisms. we used light and electron microscopy and immune labeling to show th ... | 2004 | 15201033 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum has a functional msp2 gene that is distinct from p44. | the msp2 and p44 genes encode polymorphic major outer membrane proteins that are considered unique to the intraerythrocytic agent of anaplasma marginale and the intragranulocytic agent of anaplasma phagocytophilum, respectively. in the present study, however, we found an msp2 gene in a. phagocytophilum that was remarkably conserved among a. phagocytophilum strains from human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) patients, ticks, and a horse from various regions in the united states, but the gene was d ... | 2004 | 15213131 |
| commentary: adaptive immunity in the absence of innate immune responses? the un-tolled truth of the silent invaders. | the development and expression of effective adaptive immunity is currently thought to hinge entirely upon inductor and effector mechanisms furnished by cells of the innate immune system. an obligate intracellular bacterium, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, apparently defies this dogma: in a mouse model of infection, anaplasma phagocytophilum is controlled by specific lymphocyte immunity even in the absence of toll-like receptor (tlr)2, tlr4, the tlr-adaptor protein myd88, ... | 2004 | 15214026 |
| frontline: control of anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular pathogen, in the absence of inducible nitric oxide synthase, phagocyte nadph oxidase, tumor necrosis factor, toll-like receptor (tlr)2 and tlr4, or the tlr adaptor molecule myd88. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that is related to rickettsial organisms and replicates in the hostile environment of neutrophils. previous studies with scid mice suggested that t and/or b cells are required for its control in vivo. here, we used mice deficient for toll-like receptor (tlr)2 and tlr4, myd88, tumor necrosis factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, or phagocyte nadph oxidase (gp91(phox-/-)) to define the pathways that are critical for the recognitio ... | 2004 | 15214027 |
| molecular diagnosis of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. | human granulocytic anaplasmosis, formerly known as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, is caused by the microorganism anaplasma phagocytophilum that is transmitted by ixodes tick bites. the disease state ranges from subclinical to fatal but may be difficult to differentiate from other febrile conditions without specific tests. rapid and early diagnosis is important since the infection may be fatal and specific antibiotic therapy is required. the bacterium is an obligate intracellular pathogen of ne ... | 2004 | 15225103 |
| tick-borne rickettsial diseases: emerging risks in europe. | ticks are currently considered the main vectors of human infectious diseases in europe, particularly since their role in the transmission of the agent of lyme borreliosis was demonstrated in the 1980s. in the recent years, ticks have also been shown to be the vectors of numerous emerging rickettsial diseases. although mediterranean spotted fever (msf) due to rickettsia conorii was thought for a long time to be the only tick-borne rickettsial disease prevalent in europe, five more spotted fever r ... | 2004 | 15225980 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum: an emerging tick-borne pathogen in hungary and central eastern europe. | anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly ehrlichia phagocytophila, ehrlichia equi and anaplasma phagocytophila) is the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis (anaplasmosis) in humans, horses, sheep, cattle, dogs and cats. in the present study, 452 european sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus) collected from 100 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in hungary were tested for the pathogen, as 112 pools each containing five or fewer ticks from one fox. six of the pools, representing ticks from six different foxes, w ... | 2004 | 15228721 |
| acute recumbency associated with anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a horse. | an 11-year-old hanoverian-cross gelding was evaluated because of acute onset of ataxia, recumbency, and fever. at the stable, this and other horses had recently been infested with ticks. results of analysis of a sample of csf were within reference limits, but hematologic abnormalities included lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, mild anemia, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neutrophils that were consistent with anaplasma phagocytophilum (previously ehrlichia equi). results of serum biochemica ... | 2004 | 15230452 |
| detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in animals by real-time polymerase chain reaction. | the aim of this study was to detect anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild and domesticated animals and to identify the phylogenetic relationships of different strains of this bacterium. we adapted six published conventional methods targeting 16s fragments for real-time polymerase chain reaction. initial screening of samples from 419 animals found 37 anaplasma positives, later confirmed with several different primers and a taqman probe. we also performed dna quantification and melting curve analysis. ... | 2004 | 15233638 |
| human anaplasmosis in north-eastern poland: seroprevalence in humans and prevalence in ixodes ricinus ticks. | sera of 500 inhabitants of north-eastern poland, 450 suspected for lyme borreliosis and 50 blood donors (control group), were analysed for the presence of igg antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human anaplasmosis (ha), known so far as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge). forty one (9.1 %) sera of the study group and one serum (2 %) of the control group were positive using indirect fluorescence assay (ifa). the seropositivity tended to be more frequent among ma ... | 2004 | 15236505 |
| ixodes ricinus as a vector of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti in urban and suburban forests. | in the suburban and urban forests in the cities of gdansk, sopot and gdynia (northern poland), ixodes ricinus ticks should be considered as the vector of pathogenic microorganisms that may cause significant diseases in wild and domestic animals and humans. these microorganisms include etiologic agents of lyme disease, human anaplasmosis (ha) and babesiosis: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti, respectively. dna extracts from 701 ticks collected in 15 lo ... | 2004 | 15236507 |
| incidence and prevalence of infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum. prospective study in healthy individuals exposed to ticks. | the seroprevalence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (former human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, hge) has been documented in several studies, but little data exists on incidence rates in healthy individuals. in a prospective study, we tested 125 healthy adults (mean age 43 years)--workers of the bialowieza primeval forest national park, north-eastern poland--for anaplasma phagocytophilum igg antibodies using an indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay, and for borrelia burgdorferi igg with elisa ... | 2004 | 15236514 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum anka binds to granulocyte dna and nuclear proteins. | human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum. the bacterium infects, survives, propagates in, and alters neutrophil phenotype, indicating unique survival mechanisms. anka is the only known a. phagocytophilum component that gains access beyond neutrophil vacuoles and is transported to the infected host cell nucleus. the ability of native and recombinant anka to bind dna and nuclear proteins from host hl-60 cells was assessed by ... | 2004 | 15236641 |
| multiplex real-time pcr for detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi. | a multiplex real-time pcr assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi. the assay was tested on various anaplasma, borrelia, erhlichia, and rickettsia species, as well as on bartonella henselae and escherichia coli, and the assay was found to be highly specific for a. phagocytophilum and the borrelia species tested (b. burgdorferi, b. parkeri, b. andersonii, and b. bissettii). the analytical sensitivity of the assay is comparable to tha ... | 2004 | 15243077 |
| ecology of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi in the western united states. | we discuss the ecology of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi in the western u.s. these agents, while emerging in the eastern u.s., remain stable or rare in the west. in the western u.s., tick vectors and mammalian hosts for b. burgdorferi and a. phagocytophilum are distinct from those in the eastern u.s. and considerably more variable. spatial complexity, local extinctions, and low levels of movement among foci may determine the distribution and prevalence of these agents. high-p ... | 2004 | 15266739 |
| reinfection with anaplasma phagocytophilum in balb/c mice and cross-protection between two sympatric isolates. | infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum in white-footed mice results in partial protection against reinfection with the same agent. however, humans and domestic animals may be sequentially exposed to different isolates of the agent circulating in the same or adjacent foci. we investigated whether immune response to a tick-borne infection with a. phagocytophilum provides protection against homologous and heterologous challenges. balb/c mice were infected with one of the two sympatric isolates of ... | 2004 | 15271934 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum utilizes multiple host evasion mechanisms to thwart nadph oxidase-mediated killing during neutrophil infection. | anaplasma phagocytophilum, the etiologic agent of human anaplasmosis, is a bacterial pathogen that specifically colonizes neutrophils. neutrophils utilize the nadph oxidase complex to generate superoxide (o(2)(-)) and initiate oxidative killing of microorganisms. a. phagocytophilum's unique tropism for neutrophils, however, indicates that it subverts and/or avoids oxidative killing. we therefore examined the effects of a. phagocytophilum infection on neutrophil nadph oxidase assembly and reactiv ... | 2004 | 15271939 |
| characterization of the anaplasma marginale msp2 locus and its synteny with the omp1/p30 loci of ehrlichia chaffeensis and e. canis. | major surface protein 2 (msp2) is an immunodominant and antigenically variant protein in the outer membrane of the rickettsia anaplasma marginale. msp2 variation is generated by recombination into a single operon-linked genomic expression site. the complete 5.6-kb msp2 locus was identified by sequencing a 90-kb region of the st. maries strain of a. marginale. the locus encoded, in a 5' to 3' direction, a transcriptional regulator followed by five outer membrane proteins, omp1, opag3, opag2, opag ... | 2004 | 14697516 |
| restricted changes in major surface protein-2 (msp2) transcription after prolonged in vitro passage of anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum strains often vary in msp2 expression, a situation assumed to be related to immune evasion. however, msp2 is also an adhesin, and little is known about the role of endogenous msp2 transcriptional changes in the absence of immune selection. thus, msp2 profiles and msp2 transcripts of low passage a. phagocytophilum webster strain, initially comprised of a single abundant msp2 transcript, were re-examined after > or = 20 in vitro passages without immune selection. | 2004 | 14713314 |
| prevalence of antibodies to bluetongue virus and anaplasma marginale in montana yearling cattle entering alberta feedlots: fall 2001. | a serologic survey was conducted in yearling cattle imported into alberta feedlots from montana during october 2001 to estimate the prevalence of antibodies to bluetongue virus (btv) and anaplasma marginale in montana yearling cattle. the apparent prevalence of antibodies to btv when the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) was used was 0.37% (21/5608). test positive celisa samples were also all positive when tested by virus neutralization (vn) and they reacted to 1 or more btv ... | 2004 | 15283518 |
| concurrent infections with vector-borne pathogens associated with fatal hemolytic anemia in a cattle herd in switzerland. | bovine anaplasmosis is a vector-borne disease that results in substantial economic losses in other parts of the world but so far not in northern europe. in august 2002, a fatal disease outbreak was reported in a large dairy herd in the swiss canton of grisons. diseased animals experienced fever, anorexia, agalactia, and depression. anemia, ectoparasite infestation, and, occasionally, hemoglobinuria were observed. to determine the roles of vector-borne pathogens and to characterize the disease, b ... | 2004 | 15297529 |
| [ixodes ricinus, transmitted diseases and reservoirs]. | the tick ixodes ricinus has been recorded in most italian regions especially in thermo-mesophilous woods and shrubby habitats where the relative humidity allow the tick to complete its 3 year developmental cycle, as predicted for the european climatic ranges. this tick acts both as vector and reservoir for a series of wildlife zoonotic pathogens, especially the agents of lyme diseases, tick borne encephalitis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, which are emerging in most of europe. to assess th ... | 2004 | 15305699 |
| neutrophil nadph oxidase is reduced at the anaplasma phagocytophilum phagosome. | the intracellular organism anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and specifically infects and multiplies in neutrophilic granulocytes. previous reports have suggested that, for its survival, this bacterium suppresses the neutrophil respiratory burst. to investigate the mechanism of survival, we first assessed the kinetics of a. phagocytophilum entry into neutrophils by using double-labeling confocal microscopy. at 30, 60, 120, and 240 min of incubation, 25, 50, 55, and ... | 2004 | 15322037 |
| emerging intracellular bacterial infections. | human infections by intracellular bacteria have been recognized for many years, but much of what we know about the pathogenesis of these diseases and their etiologic organisms has emerged within the past few years as a result of improved molecular-based means for their detection and classification. new insights concerning the epidemiology and pathogenesis of intracellular bacterial infections and methods for the detection of chlamydophila pneumoniae, ehrlichia chaffeensis, anaplasma phagocytophi ... | 2004 | 15325059 |
| incidence and prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in domestic ruminants in ghana. | giemsa-stained thin blood smears prepared monthly from cattle, sheep and goats in the greater accra region of ghana between may 1994 and december 1996 were examined for presence of tick-borne haemoparasites. the majority of animals were less than 2 months old at the start of the survey. monthly and cumulative incidences are presented of anaplasma sp., babesia bigemina, borrelia sp., eperythrozoon sp., theileria mutans and theileria velifera in cattle, anaplasma sp., borrelia sp., and theileria s ... | 2004 | 15350659 |
| cxcr2 blockade influences anaplasma phagocytophilum propagation but not histopathology in the mouse model of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects neutrophils and causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. infection induces neutrophil secretion of interleukin-8 or murine homologs and perpetuates infection by recruiting susceptible neutrophils. we hypothesized that antibody blockade of cxcr2 would decrease a. phagocytophilum tissue load by interrupting neutrophil recruitment but would not influence murine hepatic pathology. c3h-scid mice were treated with cxcr2 antis ... | 2004 | 15358660 |
| use of recombinant antigens of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect antibodies in white-tailed deer. | serum samples obtained from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in connecticut (n=218) and south carolina (n=20) (usa) during the period 1992-2002 were analyzed for antibodies to whole-cell or recombinant antigens (i.e., fusion proteins) of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and anaplasma phagocytophilum, etiologic agents of lyme borreliosis and granulocytic ehrlichiosis, respectively. in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) with whole-cell b. burgdorferi, the overall seropositivit ... | 2004 | 15362824 |
| a comparison of serologic tests for the detection of serum antibodies to whole-cell and recombinant borrelia burgdorferi antigens in cattle. | serum samples from healthy dairy and beef cattle, living in tick-infested areas of connecticut, usa, were analyzed by polyvalent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) staining methods, or western blot procedures to detect antibodies to tick-borne agents. of the 80 sera tested by elisa with whole-cell or 10 separate recombinant antigens (fusion proteins) of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, 57 (71%) were positive to 1 or more antigens, while 36 (45%) re ... | 2004 | 15368740 |
| the pcs20 pcr assay for ehrlichia ruminantium does not cross-react with the novel deer ehrlichial agent found in white-tailed deer in the united states of america. | white-tailed deer are susceptible to heartwater (ehrlichia [cowdria] ruminantium infection) and are likely to suffer high mortality if the disease spreads to the united states. it is vital, therefore, to validate a highly specific and sensitive detection method for e. ruminantium infection that can be reliably used in testing white-tailed deer, which are reservoirs of antigenically or genetically related agents such as ehrlichia chaffeensis, anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophilum (hge agent) and ... | 2004 | 15373331 |
| short report: duration of tick attachment required for transmission of powassan virus by deer ticks. | infected deer ticks (ixodes scapularis) were allowed to attach to naive mice for variable lengths of time to determine the duration of tick attachment required for powassan (pow) virus transmission to occur. viral load in engorged larvae detaching from viremic mice and in resulting nymphs was also monitored. ninety percent of larval ticks acquired pow virus from mice that had been intraperitoneally inoculated with 10(5) plaque-forming units (pfu). engorged larvae contained approximately 10 pfu. ... | 2004 | 15381804 |
| polymorphism and transcription at the p44-1/p44-18 genomic locus in anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from diverse geographic regions. | a polymorphic multigene family (p44) of anaplasma phagocytophilum encodes the immunodominant 44-kda major outer membrane proteins. with p44-specific pcr and gene-specific probes, p44-1 was found in all human isolates from new york state but not in isolates from minnesota, whereas p44-18 and two other p44 species were found in isolates from both regions. we therefore sequenced the genomic locus corresponding to the p44-1/p44-18 tandem locus of a. phagocytophilum hz in 14 other geographically dive ... | 2004 | 15385454 |
| ultrastructure and phylogenetic analysis of 'candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis' in the family anaplasmataceae, isolated from wild rats and found in ixodes ovatus ticks. | a novel bacterium that infects laboratory rats was isolated from wild rattus norvegicus rats in japan. transmission electron microscopy of the spleen tissue revealed small cocci surrounded by an inner membrane and a thin, rippled outer membrane in a membrane-bound inclusion within the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. phylogenetic analysis of the 16s rrna gene sequence of the bacterium found in r. norvegicus rats and ixodes ovatus ticks in japan revealed that the organism represents a novel clade ... | 2004 | 15388752 |
| [laboratory diagnosis of natural focus tick-borne infections]. | 2004 | 15461005 |