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localization of cephalosporinase in enterobacter cloacae by immunocytochemical examination.enterobacter cloacae nuh10 was isolated at nagasaki university hospital in 1987. e. cloacae nuh10 is a mutant strain which produces high levels of cephalosporinase. e. cloacae atcc 23355 is known to be sensitive to so-called third generation cephems and produces an inducible cephalosporinase. the polyclonal antibody to cephalosporinase extracted from e. cloacae nuh10 was utilized in post-embedding immunogold labeling in order to localize this protein in e. cloacae atcc 23355 and e. cloacae nuh10 ...19911955391
characterization of fce 22101-resistant enterobacteriaceae and the effect of fce 22101 upon the activity of anti-pseudomonal beta-lactams for pseudomonas aeruginosa.twenty-five strains of enterobacteriaceae (five each of enterobacter cloacae, citrobacter freundii, serratia marcescens, morganella morganii, and providencia stuartii) were exposed to fce 22101 in agar containing 3, 5, or 10 x the mic. any putative mutant with a greater than or equal to four-fold increase in the mic was examined for beta-lactamase expression and outer membrane protein (omp) profile. mutant colonies were selected at a frequency of 10(-7)-10(-11) with decreased susceptibility to f ...19911960118
the influence of clinical use of antibiotics and the sensitivity of strains isolated from postoperative infections--a comparison of nosocomial pathogens with strains isolated from the bacterial flora of patients.in the present study, we investigated how the recent clinical use of antibiotics have altered the antibiotic susceptibility of strains isolated from postoperative infections, especially gram-negative rods. for pseudomonas aeruginosa, serogroup e strains accounted for about 20 per cent of postoperative infections, but were unable to be isolated from either the feces of patients on admission or from the appendix contents of patients with appendicitis. it therefore appeared that serogroup e strains ...19911960895
pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in patients undergoing liver transplantation: an emerging problem.in our institution, pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia appeared to occur with increasing frequency in patients undergoing liver transplantation. we thus conducted a prospective study to define risk factors and outcome in these patients. over a 19-month period 6% of liver transplants were followed by pseudomonas bacteremia. the mean age was 46 years (range, 24 to 67 years). the interval between transplantation and onset of bacteremia was 3 to 372 days (mean, 80). the incidence of pseudomonas bacte ...19911984637
molecular characterization of an enterobacter cloacae outer membrane protein (ompx).a chromosomal gene of enterobacter cloacae encoding an outer membrane protein (ompx) has been cloned. overproduction of the ompx protein decreased the quantity of porins in the outer membrane of the parental strain and of escherichia coli hb101. the ompx gene was located by insertions of the gamma delta sequence into the recombinant plasmid. the polarity of the gene was determined by in vitro transcription and translation of the gamma delta-containing plasmids. the nucleotide sequence of the omp ...19911987115
production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific for enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli of serotypes o157:h7 and o26:h11.a monoclonal antibody (mab 4e8c12) specific for escherichia coli o157:h7 and o26:h11 was produced by immunizing balb/c mice with a rough strain of e. coli o157:h7. the antibody reacted strongly by a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with each of 36 strains of e. coli o157:h7. no cross-reactivity was observed with strains of salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica, shigella dysenteriae, proteus spp., escherichia hermanii, klebsiella pneumoniae, campylobacter jejuni, serratia marcescens, c ...19911993773
intravenous ciprofloxacin versus ceftazidime for treatment of nosocomial pneumonia and urinary tract infection.intravenous ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime were compared for efficacy in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia and urinary tract infection (uti). patients with nosocomial pneumonia were randomized to receive ciprofloxacin (as the lactate salt) 300 mg i.v. every 12 hours or ceftazidime (with sodium carbonate) 2 g i.v. every eight hours. patients with uti were randomized to receive ciprofloxacin 200 mg i.v. every 12 hours or ceftazidime 1 g i.v. every eight hours. sputum and urine specimens were co ...19911999086
purification and characterization of an oxygen-insensitive nad(p)h nitroreductase from enterobacter cloacae.the reductive products of several nitroaromatic compounds have been found to be toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. the nitroreductases present in intestinal microflora have been implicated in the biotransformation of these compounds to their deleterious metabolites. a "classical" nitroreductase has been purified from enterobacter cloacae 587-fold using a protocol which yields approximately 1 mg of purified nitroreductase from 10 liters of cell culture. an analysis of the physical properties of ...19911999405
cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the nitroreductase gene from enterobacter cloacae.the "classical" nitroreductases of enteric bacteria are flavoproteins which catalyze the reduction of a variety of nitroaromatic compounds to metabolites which are highly toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. the gene for the nitroreductase enterobacter cloacae has now been cloned using an antibody specific to this protein. the nucleotide sequence of the structural gene and flanking regions are reported. sequence analysis indicates that this gene belongs to a gene family of flavoproteins which have ...19911999406
antimicrobial effects of the combination of ceftibuten and an orally absorbed penem sch 29482.ceftibuten is a new beta-lactamase-stable 3-aminothiazolyl cephalosporin that lacks activity against staphylococci and group-b streptococci. we determined the effect of the combination of ceftibuten with sch 29482, an orally absorbed penem. the combination of the two agents was additive for 25% or indifferent for 57% of the gram-positive species, haemophilus, and moraxella tested with a mean fractional inhibitory concentration (fic) index of 0.75. the combination of ceftibuten and sch 29482 was ...19912013213
ability of ceftibuten to induce the class-i beta-lactamases of enterobacter cloacae, serratia marcescens, and enterobacter aerogenes.ceftibuten, like cefotaxime, was observed to be a weak inducer of the class-i beta-lactamases of enterobacter cloacae, serratia marcescens, and enterobacter aerogenes. in contrast, cefoxitin and imipenem induced these enzymes strongly at subinhibitory concentrations.19912013214
novel method for measurement of outer membrane permeability to new beta-lactams in intact enterobacter cloacae cells.the ability of five new beta-lactams to permeate the outer membrane of intact enterobacter cloacae beta-lactamase-overproducing cells was measured by using a high-pressure liquid chromatography (hplc)-based technique that avoided certain possible artifacts of the traditional methods. low concentrations of antibiotics were mixed with bacterial suspensions, and at different times, the cells were removed from the medium by filtration. residual beta-lactam concentrations in the medium were then asse ...19912014983
reevaluation of the factors involved in the efficacy of new beta-lactams against enterobacter cloacae.the roles of outer membrane permeability, beta-lactamase stability, and inhibition of penicillin-binding proteins in the activity of new beta-lactams against enterobacter cloacae were reappraised by using several methodological improvements. outer membrane permeability in intact cells was determined by using a high-pressure liquid chromatography (hplc)-based technique that avoided certain possible artifacts of the traditional methods. vmax values were calculated from the numbers of enzyme molecu ...19912014984
n-(phenylacetyl)glycyl-d-aziridine-2-carboxylate, an acyclic amide substrate of beta-lactamases: importance of the shape of the substrate in beta-lactamase evolution.certain acyclic depsipeptides, but not peptides, are substrates of typical beta-lactamases [pratt, r.f., & govardhan, c.p. (1984) proc. natl. acad. sci. u.s.a. 81, 1302]. this may reflect either the greater chemical reactivity of depsipeptides (and of beta-lactams, the natural substrates) than peptides or the greater ease of distortion of the depsipeptide (ester) than the peptide (amide) group into a penicillin-like conformation. the latter explanation has been shown to be more likely by employm ...19912015222
comparison of silver sulfadiazine 1% with chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2% to silver sulfadiazine 1% alone in the prophylactic topical antibacterial treatment of burns.wound bacterial colonization in 118 patients treated with chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2% in silver sulfadiazine 1% applied daily to the burn wounds was compared to that of 135 comparable patients similarly treated with silver sulfadiazine 1%. with chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2% in silver sulfadiazine 1%, colonization by staphylococcus aureus was less frequent (38%) than with silver sulfadiazine (54%, p = 0.016). no statistical difference was found for colonization by enterococcus faecalis, pseud ...19912022674
in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of gr69153, a new long-acting cephalosporin.gr69153, a new parenteral cephalosporin, inhibited 90% of escherichia coli, klebsiella oxytoca, proteus mirabilis, citrobacter diversus, shigellae, and salmonellae at less than 0.25 micrograms/ml (mic90). it had activity comparable to those of ceftazidime, cefpirome, cefepime, and e-1040. against cephalosporinase-producing enterobacter cloacae, citrobacter freundii, and serratia marcescens, mics ranged from 0.12 to greater than 32 micrograms/ml, and cefpirome and cefepime were the most active ag ...19912024959
altered phenotypes associated with ampd mutations in enterobacter cloacae.a study was done to determine the genetic locus responsible for altered expression of ampc beta-lactamase in enterobacter cloacae 1194e and several mutants derived from e. cloacae 029. these phenotypes were defined by units of enzyme activity found in sonic extracts of cells before and after induction with cefoxitin and included (units uninduced/units induced) the wild-type (7/219), high-level constitutive (10,911/10,862), temperature-sensitive (at 30 degrees c 82/706 and at 42 degrees c 5,031/6 ...19912024967
oral associated bacterial infection in horses: studies on the normal anaerobic flora from the pharyngeal tonsillar surface and its association with lower respiratory tract and paraoral infections.two hundred and seventy bacterial isolates were obtained from the pharyngeal tonsillar surface of 12 normal horses and 98 obligatory anaerobic bacteria were characterised. of these, 57 isolates belonging to 7 genera (peptostreptococcus (1); eubacterium (9); clostridium (6); veillonella (6); megasphera (1); bacteroides (28); fusobacterium (6)) were identified, and 16 of these were identified to species level (p. anaerobius (1); e. fossor (9); c. villosum (1); b. fragilis (1); b. tectum (2); b. he ...19912031304
comparison of silver sulphadiazine 1 per cent, silver sulphadiazine 1 per cent plus chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2 per cent and mafenide acetate 8.5 per cent for topical antibacterial effect in infected full skin thickness rat burn wounds.silver sulphadiazine 1 per cent (ss), silver sulphadiazine 1 per cent plus chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2 per cent (ss + cd 0.2 per cent) and mafenide acetate 8.5 per cent (ma) were compared to assess the antibacterial effect of once daily application on experimental rat 20 per cent full skin thickness burn wounds seeded 24 h earlier with 10(8) microorganisms originally isolated from infected wounds of burned patients. separate series evaluated staph. aureus, enterococcus faecalis, enterobacter c ...19912031672
molecular cloning of the gene for indolepyruvate decarboxylase from enterobacter cloacae.although indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) is a well-known plant hormone, the main iaa biosynthetic pathway from l-tryptophan (trp) via indole-3-pyruvic acid (ipya) has yet to be elucidated. previous studies have suggested that iaa is produced by enterobacter cloacae isolated from the rhizosphere of cucumbers and its biosynthetic pathway may possibly be the same as that in plants. to elucidate this pathway, the iaa biosynthetic gene was isolated from a genomic library of e. cloacae by assaying for the ...19912034209
mobilization of the genetically engineered plasmid phsv106 from escherichia coli hb101(phsv106) to enterobacter cloacae in drinking water.we have used triparental matings to demonstrate transfer (mobilization) of the nonconjugative genetically engineered plasmid phsv106, which contains the thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus cloned into pbr322, from escherichia coli hb101 to an environmental isolate of enterobacter cloacae in sterile drinking water. this is the first demonstration of a two-step mobilization of a genetically engineered plasmid in any type of fresh water, including drinking water. transfer was mediated by ...19912036007
[antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against fresh clinical isolates from superficial suppurative foci].the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of 5 drugs (ciprofloxacin (cpfx), and 4 drugs used as standard) were determined to investigate antibacterial potencies of cpfx against bacterial strains isolated in 1989 from superficial suppurative foci. the clinical isolates tested included 375 strains from 11 aerobic bacterial species, and 50 strains from 2 anerobic bacterial genera (group) for a total of 425 isolates. interpreting mic level distributions of these drugs as the expression of antibac ...19912041153
[combined effect of sulbactam/cefoperazone and other antibiotics against clinical isolates of multi-resistant strains. ii. in vitro combined effects of sulbactam/cefoperazone with imipenem/cilastatin, cefuzonam, flomoxef, amikacin or tobramycin].we evaluated combined effects of sulbactam/cefoperazone (sbt/cpz) with each of imipenem/cilastatin (ipm), cefuzonam, flomoxef, amikacin (amk) and tobramycin (tob) against 324 clinical strains. through this study, we obtained the following results. 1. against serratia marcescens and enterobacter cloacae, good synergism was obtained by combining sbt/cpz with ipm, amk, or tob. 2. against pseudomonas aeruginosa, good synergism was obtained by combining sbt/cpz with amk or tob. 3. when sbt/cpz was us ...19912041154
[pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefpirome in pediatrics].cefpirome (cpr, hr 810), a new parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic, was studied for its pharmacokinetics, bacteriological and clinical effects in the field of pediatrics. 1. cpr was very active against staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, coagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococcus pneumoniae among gram-positive cocci. antibacterial activities of cpr were also strong against branhamella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae, escherichia coli, salmonella sp., klebsiella oxytoca, e ...19912041158
enterobacter cloacae bacteremia in children: a review of 30 cases in 12 years.a review was performed of the 30 cases of pediatric enterobacter cloacae (ebc) bacteremia which occurred at our institution during a 12-year period. these 30 cases represented 88% of all cases in which ebc was isolated by blood culture (four other instances were considered contaminants); the rate of isolation of this organism relative to all positive blood cultures was 0.6%. there were 14 patients less than 12 months of age, with 10 less than 2 months of age. infection was nosocomially-acquired ...19912044341
detection of escherichia coli alpha-haemolysin genes and their expression in a human faecal strain of enterobacter cloacae.faecal samples of 200 infants were investigated for haemolytic enterobacteriaceae. forty infants were carrying alpha-haemolysin producing escherichia coli, two carried haemolytic strains of morganella morganii and one infant carried a haemolytic strain of enterobacter cloacae. the m. morganii and e. cloacae strains were found to produce alpha-haemolysin which was tested with a specific monoclonal antibody and by dna-hybridization with an alpha-haemolysin specific gene probe. to our knowledge thi ...19912044935
oral mucosal soft tissue necrosis caused by superinfection. report of three cases.three patients in whom flap necrosis developed after oral surgeries and antibiotic therapies were studied microbiologically by routine aerobic and anaerobic methods. in all cases the bacteria enterobacter cloacae, klebsiella oxytoca, escherichia coli, and coagulase-negative penicillinase-producing staphylococci were resistant to the antibiotics used. these bacteria are frequent microorganisms of superinfection and were not found after the necrotic tissues had repaired.19912047093
activity of human extravascular temocillin concentrations simulated in an in-vitro kinetic model against beta-lactamase producing gram-negative bacilli.an in-vitro kinetic model was used to demonstrate the bactericidal activity of concentrations of temocillin achieved in extravascular body fluids following a 1 g intravenous dosage in man. concentrations of temocillin attainable in peripheral lymph were bactericidal for ampicillin-resistant strains of escherichia coli, enterobacter cloacae and klebsiella oxytoca. likewise, concentrations of temocillin achieved in human blister fluid following a 12-hourly dosage regimen were bactericidal for cult ...19912050587
in-vitro and in-vivo antimicrobial activities of a novel cephalosporin derivative, cp6162, possessing a dihydroxypyridone moiety at the c-3 side chain.the antibacterial activity of a novel cephalosporin derivative, cp6162, possessing a dihydroxypyridone moiety at the c-3 side chain, was evaluated in vitro and in vivo, with ceftazidime, aztreonam and cefoperazone as the reference antibiotics. cp6162 showed weak or little activity against gram-positive bacteria, but potent activity against clinical isolates of the gram-negative species including strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa, ps. cepacia, acinetobacter sp., xanthomonas maltophilia, serratia ...19912050596
genomic groups and biochemical profiles of clinical isolates of enterobacter cloacae.a collection of 123 clinical strains presumptively identified as enterobacter cloacae and 12 type and reference strains of enterobacter spp. were genotypically investigated by a quantitative bacterial dot method for dna-dna hybridization, giving an estimate of delta tm (difference in thermal denaturation midpoint between homologous and heterologous duplexes). the api 20e system was used for phenotypic characterization. using discontinuities in the values of delta tm as criterion, five genomic gr ...19912054168
aztreonam: a review of the first monobactam.aztreonam represents the first synthetic monobactam marketed in the united states and is being viewed as a nontoxic alternative to the aminoglycosides. advantages of aztreonam over the aminoglycosides include lack of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity and better penetration into the csf. additional advantages include its use in penicillin and cephalosporin allergic patients. disadvantages of aztreonam compared to the aminoglycosides include the cost of the drug (50 times more expensive than gentamic ...19912063887
cloning, sequencing, and use as a molecular probe of a gene encoding an aminoglycoside 6'-n-acetyltransferase of broad substrate profile.a gene coding for an aminoglycoside 6'-n-acetyltransferase that was able to modify amikacin was cloned from a plasmid isolated from a clinical strain of enterobacter cloacae. sequencing of a 955-bp segment which mediates the modifying activity revealed a single open reading frame of 432 nucleotides that predicted a polypeptide of 144 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 16,021. putative ribosomal binding sites and -10 and -35 sequences were located at the 5' end of the gene. the size o ...19912069376
[panophthalmitis as a nosocomial infection].the submitted paper deals with an epidemic of severe postoperative panophthalmitis, its development, course, causes and sequelae incl. epidemiological characteristics. the disease developed in four patients 40 hours after operation of cataract. despite treatment all four patients developed septicaemia and therefore the affected eyeballs were eviscerated. from smears of the conjunctival sac of the affected patients and from the contents of the eviscerated eyeball proteus mirabilis and enterobacte ...19911364655
evaluation of methods for sampling, recovery, and enumeration of bacteria applied to the phylloplane.determining the fate and survival of genetically engineered microorganisms released into the environment requires the development and application of accurate and practical methods of detection and enumeration. several experiments were performed to examine quantitative recovery methods that are commonly used or that have potential applications. in these experiments, erwinia herbicola and enterobacter cloacae were applied in greenhouses to blue lake bush beans (phaseolus vulgaris) and cayuse oats ...199116348404
photoadaptation alters the ingestion rate of paramecium bursaria, a mixotrophic ciliate.bacteriovorous protozoa harboring symbiotic algae are abundant in aquatic ecosystems, yet despite a recent interest in protozoan bacterivory, the influence of light on their ingestion rates has not been investigated. in this study, paramecium bursaria containing endosymbiotic chlorella was tested for the effect of light on its ingestion rate. p. bursaria was grown for 4 to 6 days under five different light fluxes ranging from 1 to 90 microeinsteins s m. ingestion rates were determined by using 0 ...199116348540
isolation and characterization of microorganisms associated with the traditional sorghum fermentation for production of sudanese kisra.sorghum flour obtained from sudan was mixed with water in a 1:2 (wt/vol) ratio and fermented at 30 degrees c for 24 h. the bacterial populations increased with fermentation time and reached a plateau at approximately 18 h. at the end of 24 h, sorghum batter ph had dropped from 5.95 to 3.95 and the batter had a lactic acid content of 0.80%. the microbial population during the 24 h of fermentation consisted of bacteria (pediococcus pentosaceus, lactobacillus confusus, lactobacillus brevis, lactoba ...199116348551
effects of genetically engineered microorganisms on nitrogen transformations and nitrogen-transforming microbial populations in soil.the principal concern about releasing genetically engineered microorganisms (gems) into the environment is their potential adverse effects on the environment, whether caused directly or indirectly by the gems. the effects of five gems on ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification in soil were studied. with the possible exception of a strain of enterobacter cloacae carrying a plasmid, no consistent statistically or ecologically significant differences in effects on these processes or on t ...199116348584
comparison of susceptibility to beta-lactam antimicrobial agents among bacteria isolated from intensive care units.evaluating microbial isolation and susceptibility patterns from institutional settings is a well-established component of ongoing infection control activities. at the university of michigan hospitals, susceptibility profiles for selected bacteria tested from 1984 to 1989 were analyzed for major changes in the percentage of organisms susceptible to beta-lactam antimicrobials. data on bacteria isolated from respiratory specimens obtained from 1433 patients in intensive care units (icus) during a 1 ...19921737439
trends in antibiotic utilization and bacterial resistance. report of the national nosocomial resistance surveillance group.the increasing use of "third-generation" cephalosporins has been associated with a rising prevalence of resistant bacteria possessing type-i beta-lactamases. at millard fillmore hospital (buffalo, new york), we observed an unusually high occurrence of multiply resistant enterobacter cloacae infections, especially in the intensive care unit. susceptibilities were found to have declined substantially from 1988 to 1990, most notably for ceftazidime and mezlocillin, which decreased from 83% to 54% a ...19921737442
comparative in-vitro activity of new quinolones against clinical isolates and resistant mutants.the in-vitro activity of five new fluoroquinolones, win 57273, sparfloxacin, fleroxacin, temafloxacin and ciprofloxacin was determined against 543 recent clinical isolates and eight quinolone resistant strains derived by mutation and their five parent strains. win 57273 was the most active compound against gram-positive bacteria, sparfloxacin had a broad spectrum which was similar to that of ciprofloxacin. ciprofloxacin showed the greatest activity against gram-negative bacteria. temafloxacin sh ...19921737723
amino acid substitutions in naturally occurring variants of ail result in altered invasion activity.yersinia enterocolitica is the causative agent of a variety of gastrointestinal syndromes ranging from acute enteritis to mesenteric lymphadenitis. in addition, systemic infections resulting in high mortality rates can occur in elderly and immunocompromised patients. more than 50 serotypes of y. enterocolitica have been identified, but only a few of them commonly cause disease in otherwise healthy hosts. those serotypes that cause disease have been divided into two groups, american and non-ameri ...19921370953
application and assessment of cloacin typing of enterobacter cloacae.three methods, o-serotyping, phage typing and susceptibility to bacteriocins, were used to type 357 clinical isolates of enterobacter cloacae cultured from 219 patients. one hundred and sixty isolates were typed by serology and phage typing. when these two methods were used, primary classification of isolates was based on serology (65.7% typable) and phage typing for further subdivision (94.1% typable). when all the isolates were typed by cloacin susceptibility, 81.5% of them were typable. maxim ...19921373422
sheen formation and growth response of groundwater bacteria to reduced oxygen concentrations during incubation of m-endo medium.in vitro pure-culture studies were conducted to assess growth and sheen formation of groundwater bacteria on m-endo medium incubated under reduced oxygen concentrations (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16%). coliform and noncoliform bacteria were isolated from 17 untreated, rural groundwater supplies on m-endo medium. all 16 coliform isolates tested were capable of sheen formation at oxygen concentrations of 4% or greater, yet some of these same isolates (enterobacter aerogenes, enterobacter cloacae, and hafni ...19921393829
postoperative posterior spinal wound infections.the incidence of postoperative spinal infections increases with the complexity of the procedure. diskectomy is associated with less than a 1% risk of infection; spinal fusion without instrumentation is associated with a 1%-5% risk; and fusion with instrumentation may be associated with a risk of 6% or more. twenty-two postoperative posterior spinal infections that occurred during a three-year period were reviewed for this report. staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent organism cultured (mor ...19921395319
cefclidin (e1040), a novel cephalosporin: lack of selection of beta-lactamase overproducing mutants in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model system.the bactericidal activity of cefclidin (e1040), a new cephalosporin, against a clinical strain of citrobacter freundii was compared with that of ceftazidime in a two-compartment in vitro pharmacokinetic model system designed to simulate plasma concentrations in humans for 12 hours after intravenous administration of a 1 g dose. both cefclidin and ceftazidime showed rapid bactericidal activity against c. freundii. however, during the simulation of ceftazidime treatment, regrowth was observed afte ...19921399855
characterization of the plasmid mediated beta-lactamase bil-1.a multi-resistant strain of escherichia coli isolated from a patient from pakistan was shown to possess a new plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase. this enzyme, designated bil-1, conferred resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins such as cefotaxime and ceftazidime. however, unlike other plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases capable of conferring resistance to these drugs, the bil-1 was not a member of the tem or shv group of plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases and it also conferred resistance to beta-l ...19921399921
hemorrhagic bullae in association with enterobacter cloacae septicemia. 19921401325
changing patterns of blood culture isolates from patients with acute leukemia: a review of twenty years' experience.during the 20-year period, 1972-1991, 286 episodes of bacteremia occurred in 200 (45%) of 445 patients with acute leukemia in a hematology ward, giving an incidence of 482 episodes per 1,000 hospital admissions. the frequency of bacteremia was almost unchanged throughout the study period. the frequency of gram-negative bacilli decreased significantly, however, from 81% of all the isolates for the first half of the study period to 50% for the latter half. despite the common use of ceftazidime and ...19921402104
cefdinir (fk482), an orally administered cephalosporin in vitro activity comparison against recent clinical isolates from five medical centers and determination of mic quality control guidelines.cefdinir, a new oral cephalosporin, was compared to cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefixime, and cefuroxime against greater than 5000 recent aerobic clinical isolates. this multicenter study revealed broad-spectrum cefdinir activity against all enterobacteriaceae (mic50s, 0.06-2 micrograms/ml) except enterobacter cloacae, morganella morganii, proteus vulgaris, and serratia marcescens (mic50s, greater than or equal to 4 micrograms/ml). oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci (mic90s, 0.5-2 micrograms/ml), bet ...19921424507
outbreak of surgical wound infections associated with total hip arthroplasty.describe an outbreak of surgical wound infections associated with total hip arthroplasty; identify risk factors for surgical wound infection during the pre-outbreak and outbreak periods.19921431000
[antibacterial activities of sisomicin against fresh clinical isolates].to investigate antibacterial activities of sisomicin (siso), mics of siso as well as other aminoglycosides (ags) were determined against many clinical isolates which were obtained in 1991. results are summarized below: 1. no siso-resistant strains were observed among isolates of escherichia coli, citrobacter diversus, klebsiella pneumoniae, klebsiella oxytoca, enterobacter aerogenes, proteus mirabilis and morganella morganii. 2. in comparison with the results of our previous study against isolat ...19921433905
[comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1988). i. susceptibility distribution].isolation frequencies and sensitivities to antibacterial and antibiotic agents were investigated on 801 bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in 9 hospitals during the period of june to november 1988. of the above total bacterial population, gram-positive bacteria accounted for 29.3% and a majority of them were enterococcus spp. gram-negative bacteria accounted for 70.7% and most of them were escherichia coli. 1. enterococcus faecalis: vancomycin was most active ...19921433906
microorganisms associated with natural fermentation of prosopis africana seeds for the production of okpiye.okpiye is a food condiment prepared by the fermentation of prosopis africana seeds. the traditional process for the production and microbiological characteristics of the condiment were investigated. during laboratory fermentation that lasted 96 h, the mesquite seeds underwent a natural fermentation that was characterised by the growth of microorganisms to 10(6)-10(8) cfu/g. several species of bacteria especially b. subtilis, b. licheniformis, b. megaterium, staphylococcus epidermidis and microco ...19921438073
comparative study of pharmacokinetics and serum bactericidal activities of cefpirome, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin.we compared the pharmacokinetics and the serum bactericidal activities of cefpirome, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin. fifteen healthy volunteers received 1 g of cefpirome, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone intravenously, 500 mg of imipenem-cilastatin intravenously, and 500 mg of ciprofloxacin orally. high-performance liquid chromatographic assays were used to quantitate unchanged antibiotic in plasma and urine. serum bactericidal activities were determined against six clinical i ...19921444289
analysis of polar lipids from some representative enterobacteria, plesiomonas and acinetobacter by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry.fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry (fab-ms) was used to analyse lipid extracts of bacteria to assess its usefulness for analysing anionic phospholipids of potential chemotaxonomic value. the following micro-organisms were tested: acinetobacter calcoaceticus, acinetobacter sp., citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae (2 strains), escherichia coli (3 strains), hafnia alvei, klebsiella oxytoca, klebsiella pneumoniae, morganella morganii, plesiomonas shigelloides, proteus mirabilis (3 strain ...19921447059
phosphate starvation affects the synthesis of outer membrane proteins in thiobacillus ferrooxidans.the outer membrane protein (omp40) component from the chemolithoautotrophic acidophilic thiobacillus ferrooxidans is apparently regulated by the external ph and the concentration of phosphorus. its amino-terminal sequence showed little identity with the escherichia coli ompc, ompf or phoe porins, but was 38.5% identical to the outer membrane channel-forming protein nosa from pseudomonas stutzeri, whose expression is also regulated environmentally. in addition, the partial amino acid sequence of ...19921459418
cockroaches as carriers of bacteria in multi-family dwellings.the potential risk of bacterial dissemination due to the presence of cockroaches (blattella germanica, blattellidae) in low-income flats was investigated. cockroaches can carry a great variety of bacterial species; we identified 30 different species from 52 different flats. klebsiella oxycytoca, k. pneumoniae and enterobacter cloacae were the most frequently found. pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria represented 54% of all the bacterial identifications. bacteria were carried either on ...19921468532
the bioactivation of 5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide (cb1954)--i. purification and properties of a nitroreductase enzyme from escherichia coli--a potential enzyme for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (adept).a nitroreductase enzyme has been isolated from escherichia coli b. this enzyme is an fmn-containing flavoprotein with a molecular mass of 24 kda and requires either nadh or nadph as a cofactor. partial protein sequence analysis showed extensive homology with the "classical nitroreductase" of salmonella typhimurium and a nitroreductase induced in enterobacter cloacae. in common with the salmonella enzyme, the e. coli b enzyme is capable of reducing nitrofurazone. the e. coli nitroreductase is als ...19921472094
beta-lactamase stability and inhibitory activity of meropenem combined with a potent antibacterial activity.the affinity of meropenem for various known types of beta-lactamases and its stability to them were tested in comparison with other beta-lactams, including imipenem. meropenem exhibited a marked stability to all beta-lactamases tested and was only hydrolyzed by xanthomonas maltophilia beta-lactamase, as were other beta-lactams. this was responsible for the potent antibacterial activities of meropenem against beta-lactamase-producing strains. meropenem and imipenem had almost the same, relatively ...19921473360
[basic and clinical study of meropenem in pediatric field].meropenem (mepm), a novel parenteral carbapenem antibiotic, was examined in a cooperative study involving 12 pediatric and 1 neonatologic facilities. the results are summarized as follows. 1. antibacterial activity antibacterial activity of mepm against stock organisms including 31 strains of streptococcus agalactiae, 14 of listeria monocytogenes, 4 of bordetella pertussis and 3 of neisseria meningitidis ranged from 0.025 to 0.10 micrograms/ml in mic90's, which were equal or lower than those of ...19921479687
[effect of meropenem on fecal flora in children].meropenem (mepm, sm-7338), a novel parenteral carbapenem antibiotic, was examined for its effect on intestinal flora in children. seven children with infectious diseases (3 male and 4 female children of age's ranging from 4 months to 8 years and 9 months weighing from 7.3 to 23.0 kg) were treated with mepm at doses ranging 10.3 to 40.5 mg/kg 3 or 4 times a day for 6 to 12 days. before, during and after the treatment, identities and numbers of various bacteria contained in 1 g of feces were deter ...19921479688
chromogenic redox assay for beta-lactamases yielding water-insoluble products. i. kinetic behavior and redox chemistry.we describe a chromogenic detection system for beta-lactamase which yields water-insoluble colored products. the assay is based on kinetic measurement of the appearance of color due to the beta-lactamase-initiated redox reaction. the substrates are c3' thiolate-substituted cephalosporins, which, after enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring, undergo elimination of the thiolate ion. this thiolate, in a postenzymatic step, reduces the tetrazolium salts, which are water-soluble colorles ...19921481987
bacteremia and vegetative endocarditis associated with a heart murmur in a blue-and-gold macaw.a 6-year-old male blue-and-gold macaw (ara ararauna) was presented with severe weakness, anorexia, and weight loss of 2 weeks duration. cardiac auscultation revealed a soft systolic murmur. blood cultures collected both antemortem and postmortem yielded pure isolates of enterobacter cloacae. at necropsy, vegetative endocarditis was found involving the left atrioventricular valve. microscopically, the lesion on the valve was characterized by a mixture of necrotic material, colonies of gram-negati ...19921485868
survey of the prevalence of beta-lactamases amongst 1000 gram-negative bacilli isolated consecutively at the royal london hospital.beta-lactamase expression was examined in 1000 consecutive gram-negative bacilli isolated from urine, wound swab, sputum or blood specimens received at the microbiology laboratory of the royal london hospital. this survey, performed between january and april, 1991, followed a similar study undertaken in early 1982. the distribution of species was similar in the two surveys, except that the proportion of pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates had increased from 11% in 1982 to 17.5% in the present study. ...19921490917
gas gangrene: an unusual cause of graft failure in an orthotopic pediatric liver transplant.gas gangrene of the liver is a very unusual cause of graft failure, and gas gangrene caused by enterobacter cloacae is also exceedingly rare. although clostridial infection could not be excluded in this case, the literature and our case show that enterobacter cloacae can be present in gas gangrene tissue whether or not it is the only infecting organism.19921491933
[synergistic action of cefodizime with other antimicrobial agents on clinically isolated microorganisms. ii. synergistic action with sisomicin].cefodizime (cdzm) possesses a broad antimicrobial spectrum and a relatively long half life in the blood. in addition, it shows excellent therapeutic efficacies in the treatment of infections in leukopenic animal models, hence it is expected that cdzm may have good efficacies against various infections in immunocompromised hosts. in the meantime, sisomicin (siso) not only has strong antibacterial activities against gram-negative rods (gnr), but has relatively low nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. t ...19921495193
identification of factors affecting in vivo aminoglycoside activity in an experimental model of gram-negative endocarditis.aminoglycoside bactericidal activity during the first 24 h of treatment probably is a determining parameter in the prognosis of severe gram-negative infections in immunocompromised patients. to identify the predictive factors involved in the definition of the best therapeutic regimen for enterobacter cloacae and serratia marcescens infections, we studied different gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin regimens by using an experimental model of rabbit endocarditis. two factors appear to play an im ...19921503436
nucleotide sequence of the ampc-ampr region from the chromosome of yersinia enterocolitica.the nucleotide sequence of a 3.1-kb region from the chromosome of the yersinia enterocolitica o:5b strain ip97 containing the gene for an inducible chromosomal cephalosporinase has been determined. the cephalosporinase gene was homologous to other enterobacterial chromosomal cephalosporinase genes, and it was accompanied by a gene homologous to the regulatory ampr gene. the arrangement of genes in the y. enterocolitica ampcr unit was identical to that in the enterobacter cloacae and citrobacter ...19921510392
in vitro and in vivo activities of sce-2787, a new parenteral cephalosporin with a broad antibacterial spectrum.sce-2787, a new cephalosporin having a condensed azolium moiety in the 3 position and an aminothiadiazolyl group in the 7 beta side chain, was evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo activities in comparison with those of ceftazidime, flomoxef, cefpirome, and e1040. against methicillin-susceptible strains of staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis, sce-2787 was more active than ceftazidime and e1040 and was as active as flomoxef and cefpirome, with mics for 90% of strains tested (mic ...19921510428
in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of ljc 10,627.the in vitro activity of ljc 10,627, a new carbapenem, was compared with those of imipenem, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and gentamicin. ljc 10,627 inhibited 90% of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, klebsiella oxytoca, enterobacter aerogenes, enterobacter agglomerans, enterobacter cloacae, hafnia alvei, citrobacter freundii, citrobacter diversus, proteus mirabilis, morganella morganii, proteus rettgeri, serratia marcescens, pseudomonas cepacia, salmonellae, shigellae, aeromonas, and yersiniae ...19921510436
[pharmacokinetic, bacteriological, and clinical studies on panipenem/betamipron in children].pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies were performed on panipenem/betamipron (papm/bp) in children. the results are summarized as follow: 1. twelve patients with various bacterial infectious diseases were treated with papm/bp. each dose was 20 mg/20 mg/kg, administered 3 times daily, in 30-minute intravenous drip infusion. treatments were continued for 5-22 days. clinical efficacies of papm/bp in 12 patients with bacterial infections (1 with suspected sepsis, 5 with pneumonia, 1 ...19921512926
nonspecific reactions of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (tecra) for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in foods.a staphylococcal enterotoxin visual immunoassay kit (tecra) has recently become commercially available. since the kit is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system equipped with polyvalent antisera against staphylococcal enterotoxin types a to e (sea to see) and the test is simple and rapid to perform (4 h), it has been widely used for screening purposes. in this study, the sensitivity of the kit for detection of sea, seb, and sec in ham, cheese, and mushrooms was similar to those of kits based ...19921514798
the threat of resistance to the new oral cephalosporins.phenotypic resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics is mainly due to the prevalence of beta-lactamases. the most common enzymes responsible for resistance to aminopenicillins and older (1st generation) cephalosporins are the tem-1, tem-2, oxa-1 and shv-1 enzymes, all of which are plasmid-mediated. the recent development of oral cephalosporins sharing structural features and an antimicrobial spectrum comparable to that of 3rd-generation cephalosporins has provided highly active compounds for the man ...19921516458
homeostasis as regulated by activated macrophage. ii. lps of plant origin other than wheat flour and their concomitant bacteria.in order to seek a macrophage-activating substance, lipopolysaccharide (lps) of plant origin other than that of wheat flour was surveyed. a large amount of lps (10-100 micrograms/g) was detected in laminaria japonica (kelp), curcuma longa (turmeric), undaria pinnatifida and other substances. since concomitant bacteria possibly existing in root of farm products can be considered to contribute to lps of plant origin, a count was taken of bacterial cells both dead and alive. this count revealed tha ...19921525958
homeostasis as regulated by activated macrophage. iii. protective effect of lpsw (lipopolysaccharide (lps) of wheat flour) on gastric ulcer in mice as compared with those of other lps from various sources.protective effect of lipopolysaccharide (lps) from various sources on gastric ulcer has been examined in mice using parenteral as well as oral route. ulcer is induced by indomethacin, stress or alcohol. lps was prepared from 6 species of bacteria (escherichia coli, pantoea agglomerans, serratia ficaria, enterobacter cloacae, bordetella pertussis, alcaligenes faecalis) and from wheat flour. when administered intravenously, lps of pantoea agglomerans was the most effective among other lps examined ...19921525959
[apropos of the frequency of osteoarticular infections caused by enterobacter cloacae]. 19921531533
fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry for bacterial chemotaxonomy: influence of culture age, growth temperature, gaseous environment and extraction technique.extracted phospholipids of escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis and enterobacter cloacae were examined by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry which yielded major peaks between m/z 225 and 761. the result of extracting freeze-dried or 'wet' cells showed that freeze-drying may be omitted although weighing of dried cells offers a useful means of standardizing the extraction procedure. anaerobic growth quantitatively altered the chemical finger-print as a result of increase in ratio of saturated: ...19921541603
impact of voluntary vs enforced compliance of third-generation cephalosporin use in a teaching hospital.the purpose of this study was to assess and compare the impact of voluntary compliance and enforced compliance with institutional guidelines for initiating third-generation cephalosporin therapy.19921546918
a diphasic immune response against bacteria in the american cockroach.the adult cockroach generates an adaptive humoral immune response exhibiting specificity and immunological memory when immunized with soluble proteins. in contrast, the response induced by bacteria in holometabolous insects is non-specific and short term, generally losing activity after 72 hr. we have found that the roach generates a diphasic response when injected with bacteria, displaying an acute non-specific phase initially, which is then superseded by a second response that is relatively lo ...19921551700
bacteriophage lytic patterns for identification of salmonellae, shigellae, escherichia coli, citrobacter freundii, and enterobacter cloacae.a series of bacteriophages specific for escherichia coli (e-1, e-2, e-3, and e-4), citrobacter freundii (phi i, phi ii, and phi iii), enterobacter cloacae (ent), and shigella spp. (sh) have been isolated from hospital sewage. these bacteriophages, in combination with felix salmonella phage o-i, were used as a diagnostic phage typing set which included seven phage preparations: o-i, c (phi i and phi iii), sh, e (e-1 and e-2), ce (phi ii and e-3), e-4, and ent. after 20,280 cultures of 27 species ...19921551974
comparative activity of meropenem (sm-7338) against major respiratory pathogens and amikacin-resistant nosocomial isolates.meropenem, a new broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotic, demonstrated excellent in vitro activity against major respiratory pathogens including moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae. minimal inhibitory concentrations of meropenem for moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae isolates were frequently less than those of imipenem. for nosocomial amikacin-resistant gram-negative bacilli, meropenem had eightfold lower mic90 values compared to imipenem against ...19921563388
cellulitis caused by enterobacter cloacae. 19921569317
the udp-n-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyl-transferase of enterobacter cloacae. molecular cloning, sequencing of the gene and overexpression of the enzyme.the udp-n-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (enolpyruvyltransferase, ec 2.5.1.7) which catalyses the first committed step in the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan was purified to near homogeneity from enterobacter cloacae and the nh2-terminal amino-acid sequence determined. using the polymerase chain reaction a 53-bp dna fragment was synthesized; this fragment encodes the nh2-terminal sequence of the enzyme. a clone was then isolated which contained an open reading ...19921577165
multicenter open-label study of parenteral ofloxacin in treatment of pyelonephritis in adults.the efficacy and safety of parenteral ofloxacin were evaluated in an open, multicenter study of hospitalized patients with pyelonephritis. the patients received ofloxacin 400 mg iv as an initial dose followed by ofloxacin 200 mg iv b.i.d. for a minimum of three days. the patients could then continue ofloxacin orally 200 mg b.i.d. for a total of seven to fourteen days. the most common pathogens isolated were escherichia coli, enterobacter cloacae, and klebsiella pneumoniae. microbiologic eradicat ...19921580038
ru 29 246, the active compound of the cephalosporin-prodrug-ester hr 916. ii. stability to beta-lactamases and affinity for penicillin-binding proteins.the aminothiazolyl-cephalosporin ru 29 246, the active metabolite of the prodrug-ester hr 916, is active against strains producing the widespread plasmid-encoded tem-1, tem-2 and shv-1 beta-lactamases. except for tem-7 the activity of ru 29 246 against strains producing extended broad spectrum beta-lactamases (tem-3, tem-5, tem-6, shv-2, shv-4, shv-5, cmy-1, ctx-m), however, is low. relative hydrolysis rates of ru 29 246 are comparable with those of cefpodoxime, the active metabolite of cs-807, ...19921592684
factors involved in the enhanced efficacy against gram-negative bacteria of fourth generation cephalosporins.the fourth generation cephalosporins, cefpirome and cefepime, demonstrate better activity against strains of enterobacter cloacae with derepressed beta-lactamase than the third generation compounds cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. several methodological refinements were used to measure the parameters, predicted by the zimmermann-rosselet equation to be important in the efficacy of beta-lactams. outer membrane permeability was measured by a novel hplc method. the kinetics of interaction of purified be ...19921601751
infectious complications after human small bowel transplantation. 19921604604
pharmacokinetic disposition and bactericidal activities of cefepime, ceftazidime, and cefoperazone in serum and blister fluid.cefepime is a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin with excellent gram-positive and gram-negative activity including activity against staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and enterobacter cloacae. the pharmacokinetic disposition of cefepime is similar to that of ceftazidime. we compared the pharmacokinetic characteristics and the extent and duration of bactericidal activity in serum and suction-induced blister fluid after single 2-g intravenous doses of cefepime, ceftazidime, and cefoperaz ...19921605609
prevalence of a plasmid-mediated type ii dihydrofolate reductase gene among trimethoprim-resistant urinary pathogens in greek hospitals.the genetic basis of trimethoprim resistance was examined in 24 klebsiella pneumoniae, 27 enterobacter cloacae, five enterobacter aerogenes and nine serratia marcescens urinary isolates from five hospitals in greece. analysis of the 65 isolates by serotyping and phage-typing identified 53 distinct strains. thirty-eight isolates (15 k. pneumoniae, 19 e. cloacae, two e. aerogenes and two s. marcescens) hybridized with a probe specific for a gene encoding type ii dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr). thr ...19921607329
mechanism of inhibition of the class c beta-lactamase of enterobacter cloacae p99 by phosphonate monoesters.the class c serine beta-lactamase of enterobacter cloacae p99 was inhibited by a series of aryl methylphosphonate monoester monoanions. the effectiveness of these inhibitors was promoted by an acylamido substituent on the methyl group and a good leaving group at phosphorus. the former preference suggests that noncovalent interaction of these inhibitors with the enzyme resembles that of substrates, while the latter suggests that nucleophilic displacement at phosphorus occurs as part of the inhibi ...19921610830
bacterial mediastinitis after heart transplantation.bacterial mediastinal abscess or mediastinitis developed in nine (2.5%) of 361 consecutive patients who underwent isolated heart transplantation at the texas heart institute. all nine patients had at least one predisposing factor that may have contributed to the development of mediastinitis. these included insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, repeat operation for postoperative mediastinal hemorrhage, staphylococcus aureus pneumonitis, and cardiac allograft rejection in the early postoperative pe ...19921610862
use of a commercial double-test tablet (rosco pgua/indole) for screening of escherichia coli.a commercial double-test tablet (rosco pgua/indole) for detection of beta-glucuronidase (beta-gur) activity and indole production was evaluated on a collection of 393 isolates of enterobacteria. both beta-gur and indole were positive on 96.6% of escherichia coli strains. beta-gur, only, was also detected in 25 shigella spp., four enterobacter cloacae, eight citrobacter freundii, and five salmonella enteritidis strains, none of which were indole producers. an additional 261 consecutive clinical i ...19921611844
in vitro activity of cefquinome, a new cephalosporin, compared with other cephalosporin antibiotics.the in vitro activity of cefquinome, a new aminothiazolyl cephalosporin with a c-3 bicyclic pyridinium group, was compared with ceftazidime, cefpirome, and cefepime. cefquinome inhibited members of the enterobacteriaceae at less than or equal to 0.5 microgram/ml for escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, k. oxytoca, citrobacter diversus, salmonella shigella, proteus mirabilis, morganella, and providencia. although most citrobacter freundii and enterobacter cloacae were inhibited by less than 2 ...19921611848
[a clinical study on panipenem/betamipron in chronic respiratory tract infections].panipenem/betamipron (cs-976, papm/bp), a new carbapenem antibiotic, was administered a single dose of 500 mg or 750 mg via intravenous drip infusion twice a day for treatment of chronic respiratory infection to study its clinical efficacy, bacteriological efficacy and safety. twenty nine cases were studied for the efficacy evaluation. only the safety evaluation was made in 6 cases which were judged to be unsuitable, because in some of them pneumonia and other diseases were not specified as the ...19921613969
mutation of serine residue 318 in the class c beta-lactamase of enterobacter cloacae 908r.the involvement of the serine residue 318 in the specificity of a class c beta-lactamase was investigated. multiple site-directed mutants at this position were generated using a polymerase chain reaction technique. these mutants were then probed for their activity towards various beta-lactam compounds. one mutant, s318g was further purified and its physico-chemical and catalytic properties determined. it was shown that the observed minimal inhibitory concentration values of this mutant could be ...19921624116
development of resistance during ceftazidime and cefepime therapy in a murine peritonitis model.resistance emerging after ceftazidime or cefepime therapy was investigated in a peritonitis model. mice were given a peritoneal challenge (10(8) cfu plus talcum) and treated by either antibiotic (50 mg/kg/dose, which produced similar antibiotic concentrations in peritoneal fluid in both cases). after one or three doses, resistance never developed in serratia marcescens or citrobacter freundii infections. after enterobacter cloacae and pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge, ceftazidime selected more r ...19921624394
cloacal flora isolated from wild black-bellied whistling ducks (dendrocygna autumnalis) in laguna la nacha, mexico.cloacal swabs from 110 adult black-bellied whistling ducks trapped at laguna la nacha, tamaulipas, mexico, were cultured to determine the prevalence of normal and potentially pathogenic bacteria. twenty-five gram-negative enterobacteria and four gram-positive cocci were isolated. the most common isolates included escherichia coli (54%), staphylococcus spp. (29%), streptococcus spp. (22%), aeromonas hydrophila (15%) enterobacter cloacae (14%), and micrococcus sp. (14%). the implications of whistl ...19921627117
high prevalence of stably derepressed class-i beta-lactamase expression in multiresistant clinical isolates of enterobacter cloacae from greek hospitals.susceptibilities to cefotaxime (ctx) and ceftazidime (caz) were examined for 90 recent clinical isolates of enterobacter cloacae from greek hospitals. most (68%) of the isolates were resistant to both drugs, and all were resistant to cefoxitin. beta-lactamase activities against cephaloridine in crude extracts from ctx-caz-resistant isolates were high, irrespective of whether or not the cells were grown with cefoxitin as an inducer of the chromosomal beta-lactamase, indicating stable derepression ...19921629903
infectious discitis caused by enterobacter cloacae.the case is reported of a patient who developed a vertebral osteomyelitis caused by enterobacter cloacae. the organism was isolated in cultures of blood and vertebral puncture biopsy samples. the patient was satisfactorily treated with trimethroprim and sulphamethoxazole. enterobacter cloacae, a gram negative organism, has been confirmed as the cause of bacteremia in patients with burns, urinary infections, in adults with pneumonia, and in children with joint infections. spondylodiscitis caused ...19921632668
a rapid-kinetic study of the class c beta-lactamase of enterobacter cloacae 908r.the individual rate constants for acylation and deacylation (k2 and k3, respectively) of the class c beta-lactamase of enterobacter cloacae 908r by ampicillin and carbenicillin have been determined. for several other beta-lactams, the value of k2 was too high to be determined and the k2/k3 ratio could be larger than 10,000. branched pathways were also shown to occur with several penicillins and cephalosporins.19921633864
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