Publications

antibacterial activity of cefcanel.	the minimum inhibitory concentration of cefcanel, a new oral cephalosporin, has been determined for 182 clinical isolates, of which 84 were from the family enterobacteriaceae, 45 were from the genus streptococcus, 18 were nonfermentative rods, 25 were haemophilus influenzae and 10 were branhamella catarrhalis. in general, cefcanel was more active than the other cephalosporins against the species escherichia coli, klebsiella aerogenes and proteus mirabilis. among the genus streptococcus only the ...	1993	8458252
a membrane-bound precursor beta-lactamase in strains of moraxella catarrhalis and moraxella nonliquefaciens that produce periplasmic bro-1 and bro-2 beta-lactamases.	by employing the non-ionic detergent triton x-100, a membrane-bound beta-lactamase was extracted from strains of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis and moraxella nonliquefaciens that produce bro-1 and bro-2 beta-lactamases. unlike bro-1 and bro-2, which exhibit multiple major bands on isoelectric focusing (ief), the membrane-bound enzyme focused as a single ief band at a pi of 6.20, which was not present with either of the other two enzymes. the membrane-bound beta-lactamase could be extracted ...	1993	8463169
the human i alpha 1 and i alpha 2 germline promoter elements: proximal positive and distal negative elements may regulate the tissue specific expression of c alpha 1 and c alpha 2 germline transcripts.	treatment of human splenic b lymphocytes with the mitogen branhamella catarrhalis (bc) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (tgf-beta 1) induces expression of germline ig c alpha transcripts and class switching to this isotype. to further characterize the molecular mechanism by which tgf-beta 1 and mitogenic signals regulate the expression of unrearranged c alpha 1 and c alpha 2 genes, we have characterized the promoter elements that are responsible for the transcriptional activation of their c ...	1993	8466864
[branhamella catarrhalis. rediscovery of a pathogenic bacterium].		1993	8469903
secretory iga-, igg- and c3b-coated bacteria in the nasopharynx of otitis-prone and non-otitis-prone children.	the proportions of secretory iga (siga)-, igg- and c3b-coated bacteria obtained from a well-defined area on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx (nph) close to the eustachian tube were determined. samples taken from 25 otitis-prone (op) and 25 non-otitis-prone (nop) children with normal serum levels of iga and igg were evaluated using an immunofluorescence assay. both groups harboured significantly more nasopharyngeal bacteria coated with igg than with siga (p < 0.001). the op children had sign ...	1993	8475735
the microbiology of acute and chronic sinusitis and otitis media:a review.	there exists no real controversy about the role of aerobic bacteria in acute sinusitis and in acute otitis media. the "infernal trio" streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis are by far the most common pathogens in these acute infections. on the contrary, there is still much debate about the normal flora of the paranasal sinuses and the middle ear, although there are some reports of the presence of anaerobes and aerobes in the majority of the normal paranasal si ...	1993	8476583
in-vitro activity of dirithromycin in comparison with other new and established macrolides.	improvements with regard to the in-vitro activity of new macrolides are marginal and apply mainly to haemophilus spp., moraxella catarrhalis and neisseria gonorrhoeae (e.g. azithromycin is two to eight times more active than erythromycin) and to non-enterococcal streptococci (e.g. clarithromycin is two to four times more active than erythromycin). the increase in activity against staphylococci is even less striking, being restricted to a few species and limited to clarithromycin (twice as active ...	1993	8478311
relevance of antibiotic tissue penetration in treating respiratory tract infections.	the majority of bacterial respiratory tract infections are caused by streptococci, haemophilus spp. and moraxella catarrhalis. these pathogens are located extracellularly. in logical consequence, the bactericidal action of the antimicrobial is required in these loci. to define the reasonable dosing regimen for effective eradication without creating unnecessary toxic potential we need to know (1) the distribution principles and kinetics, and (2) the correct correlation between concentration profi ...	1993	8480088
[the tween-80 test in the identification of moraxella catarrhalis].		1993	8481437
peritonitis due to moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis in a diabetic patient receiving peritoneal dialysis.		1993	8488414
antimicrobial activity and disk diffusion susceptibility testing of ro 40-6890, the active metabolite of the new cephalosporin ester, ro 41-3399.	ro 40-6890, the active metabolite of ro 41-3399, was tested against 391 gram-negative and gram-positive clinical isolates. ro 40-6890 was active against members of the family enterobacteriaceae, moraxella catarrhalis, pneumococci, other streptococcus spp., and methicillin-susceptible staphylococci. preliminary disk diffusion interpretive zone criteria were calculated for 5-, 10-, and 30-micrograms ro 40-6890 disks and several possible mic susceptibility breakpoints. we recommend the use of the 5 ...	1993	8494387
relatedness of three species of "false neisseriae," neisseria caviae, neisseria cuniculi, and neisseria ovis, by dna-dna hybridizations and fatty acid analysis.	dna-dna hybridization was used to determine the levels of genomic relatedness of the three species of "false neisseriae," neisseria caviae, neisseria cuniculi, and neisseria ovis. the reference strains of these species exhibited high levels of intraspecies relatedness (93 to 100% for n. caviae, 79 to 100% for n. cuniculi, and 68 to 100% for n. ovis) but low levels of interspecific relatedness (less than 34%) to each other and to various species belonging to the beta subclass of the proteobacteri ...	1993	8494736
[pseudogonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum induced by beta-lactamase positive branhamella catarrhalis. report of a case].		1993	8503596
serological cross-reactions between moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis and other oropharyngeal bacteria.	oropharyngeal bacteria belonging to different species were tested for serological cross-reactions with moraxella catarrhalis using sera from immunized rabbits. sera were tested using immunofluorescence, an enzyme immunoassay (eia) and immunoblotting. on immunofluorescence, significant cross-reactions were demonstrated with beta-hemolytic streptococci group a and group g, as well as with streptococci of the viridans group. some cross-reactions were also noted with neisseria meningitidis. in the e ...	1993	8513818
the pharmacokinetics, tissue penetration and in-vitro activity of loracarbef, a beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbacephem class.	the pharmacokinetics of loracarbef in plasma and a mild inflammatory exudate were studied in human volunteers. after a single oral dose of 400 mg, a mean maximum drug concentration (cmax) of 17.8 mg/l was achieved in the plasma at 1.2 h (mean tmax). the mean plasma elimination half-life (t1/2) was 1.3 h. in the inflammatory exudate the mean cmax was 8.9 mg/l at a mean tmax of 2.0 h and with a mean t1/2 of 1.7 h. the mean penetration into the inflammatory exudate was 90.1%. the in-vitro activity ...	1993	8144425
cefepime: overview of activity in vitro and in vivo.	cefepime is a novel methoxyimino-aminothiazolyl cephalosporin with a quaternized n-methyl-pyrrolidine moiety at the 3' position conferring zwitterionic properties. because of this the molecule penetrates the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria rapidly. in addition it is resistant to degradation by several plasmid and chromosomally-mediated beta-lactamases, for which it also shows very low affinity and no inducing capacity. it has good affinity for pbps 2 and 3 of escherichia coli and f ...	1993	8150771
reassessment of the rationale for the combinations of sulphonamides with diaminopyrimidines.	trimethoprim is the best known inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. initially, this was always combined with sulphamethoxazole. it was later combined with other sulphonamides (eg. sulphamoxole, sulphadiazine or sulfametopyrazine), but the sulphonamide moiety as a contributor to clinical efficacy was increasingly questioned. thus, in 1979 (in uk) trimethoprim alone was introduced. justification for the combination was based on: (a) synergy occurs in vitro (b) bactericidal activity, whi ...	1993	8195839
not branhamella catarrhalis: misidentification of oxidase-positive, gram-negative cocci isolated from the genital tract.		1993	8308330
pharmacokinetic properties of clarithromycin: a comparison with erythromycin and azithromycin.	to compare the pharmacokinetic properties of two new macrolide antibiotics, clarithromycin and azithromycin, with those of the prototype macrolide, erythromycin.	1993	22346438
beyond erythromycin ...		1994	22346474
penicillin failure and copathogenicity in streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis.	recurrent group a beta-hemolytic streptococcus (gabhs) pharyngotonsillitis related to penicillin failure presents a serious clinical problem. failure to eradicate streptococci from patients can occasionally lead to rheumatic fever and rarely to glomerulonephritis. beta-lactamase-producing strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in inflamed tonsils have been associated with increased failure rates of penicillins in the eradication of these infections. these organisms include staphylococcus aure ...	1994	8308510
maternal antibodies and acquired serological response to moraxella catarrhalis in children determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for determination of serum immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to moraxella catarrhalis was developed, with an ultrasonic extract of m. catarrhalis immobilized on polystyrene microtiter plates serving as the antigen. the specificity was determined by adsorption tests. all of the 541 women tested showed a high level of maternal igg antibodies to m. catarrhalis in umbilical cord blood specimens. one hundred eighty-nine children aged 0 to 15 years were exa ...	1994	8556485
[antimicrobial activities of cefuroxime against recent clinical isolates].	antimicrobial activity of cefuroxime axetil (cxm-ax) was compared with those of other cephem antibiotics against clinically isolated strains obtained mainly from outpatients of our center in a period from january to september of 1990 and 1993. minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined and the following results were obtained. 1. the results suggested that, compared with reports of studies conducted with clinical isolates in early 1980's, mic80 of cxm were equal to or lower against staphyl ...	1994	8201767
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of fk037, a new parenteral cephalosporin.	in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of fk037, a new parenteral cephalosporin, were compared with those of cefpirome, ceftazidime and flomoxef. the advantages of in vitro activity of fk037 were as follows: (1) a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, (2) the most potent activity (mic90: 25 micrograms/ml) of the cephalosporins tested against highly methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (h-mrsa), (3) a strong activity against enterobacter spp. and citrobacter freundii resistant to t ...	1994	8205935
effect of inoculum size on the in-vitro susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics of moraxella catarrhalis isolates of different beta-lactamase types.	the effect of inoculum size on the results of agar dilution mic tests was assessed for 20 moraxella catarrhalis isolates with bro-1 enzyme, 20 with bro-2 enzyme and 15 isolates that did not produce beta-lactamase. the compounds tested were ampicillin, coamoxiclav, cefaclor, cefixime and cefetamet, and the inocula were 10(4), 10(5), 10(6) and 10(7) cfu/spot. the mics of ampicillin for bro-1 and bro-2 producers were consistently higher than those for non-producers at inocula of 10(7) cfu/spot but ...	1994	8151675
[branhamella catarrhalis pneumonia].		1994	8152104
rapid dendritic cell recruitment is a hallmark of the acute inflammatory response at mucosal surfaces.	immunohistochemical analysis of challenge sites such as skin and the peritoneal cavity has identified neutrophils as virtually the sole cellular participants in acute bacterial inflammation, peak influx occurring 24-48 h in advance of mononuclear cell populations associated with adaptive immunity. this study challenges the general applicability of this paradigm. we demonstrate here that the earliest detectable cellular response after inhalation of moraxella catarrhalis organisms is the recruitme ...	1994	8145044
genetic diversity of the iron-binding protein (fbp) gene of the pathogenic and commensal neisseria.	the pathogenic neisseria and most commensal neisseria species produce an iron-binding protein (fbp) when grown under iron-limited conditions. in the current study, we confirmed the presence of fbp, as well as dna sequences homologous to the gonococcal fbp, in strains of n. gonorrhoeae, n. meningitidis, n. cinerea, n. lactamica, n. subflava, n. kochii and n. polysaccharea. the fbp genes from these strains were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, digested with stui or rsai, and the restric ...	1994	8150256
restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of genomic dna of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis isolates in a hospital.	epidemiological typing, based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), was attempted for the 38 clinical isolates of moraxella catarrhalis obtained at shinshu university hospital during the years 1987 and 1993. digestion with smai or noti generated well separable, 12 to 5 genomic dna fragments ranging from 1,000 kb to 30 kb and the strains could be classified into 14 or 13 types, respectively. the electrophoretic profile differed with the str ...	1994	7898388
differences in complement activation between complement-resistant and complement-sensitive moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis strains occur at the level of membrane attack complex formation.	the mechanism of resistance to human complement-mediated killing in moraxella catarrhalis was studied by comparing different complement-sensitive and complement-resistant m. catarrhalis strains in a functional bystander hemolysis assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for soluble terminal complement complexes. complement-resistant stains appeared to activate complement to the same extent as, or even slightly better than, complement-sensitive strains. this indicates that complemen ...	1994	8300216
moraxella catarrhalis bacteremia and preseptal cellulitis.	invasive disease due to moraxella catarrhalis is rare and has been associated mostly with immune deficiency conditions. we describe the first case of m catarrhalis bacteremia and preseptal cellulitis in an immunocompetent infant. this organism may be evolving from one with low pathogenicity to one with increased pathogenicity.	1994	8153789
a prospective cohort study on breast-feeding and otitis media in swedish infants.	this study analyzed the effect of breast-feeding on the frequency of acute otitis media. the protocol was designed to examine each child at 2, 6 and 10 months of age. at each visit nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained, the feeding pattern was recorded and the acute otitis media (aom) episodes were documented. the analysis was based on 400 children from whom complete information was obtained. they represented 83% of the newborns in the study areas. by 1 year of age 85 (21%) children had experien ...	1994	8177624
susceptibility of moraxella catarrhalis isolates to beta-lactam antibiotics in relation to beta-lactamase pattern.	moraxella catarrhalis isolates (n = 413) were collected from 20 clinical laboratories in england and scotland in 1991 and were examined for beta-lactamase production by isoelectric focusing. beta-lactamases were found in 375 isolates of which, 349 (93.1%) had bro-1 enzyme and 26 (6.9%) had bro-2. minor variation in electrofocusing pattern occurred within both enzyme types. ampicillin mics for bro-1 producers were 25-fold higher than for non-producers, but those for bro-2 producers were raised on ...	1994	8182002
penetration of clarithromycin and its 14-hydroxy metabolite into middle ear effusion in children with secretory otitis media.	clarithromycin suspension was given at a dosage of 7.5 mg/kg bd for 7 days to 31 children with secretory otitis media, scheduled for insertion of grommets. the fifth dose was given approximately 2.5 h before myringotomy and aspiration of the middle ear effusion at which time a blood sample also was taken. in addition, in 16 children blood samples were taken at 1, 1.5 and 4 h after the fifth dose. the concentrations of clarithromycin and its active 14-hydroxylated metabolite, in middle ear effusi ...	1994	8182011
killing kinetics of five fluoroquinolones against moraxella catarrhalis at clinically achievable concentrations.		1994	8182028
antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates in south sweden including a 13-year follow-up study of some respiratory tract pathogens.	the antibiotic susceptibility of consecutive isolates of the upper respiratory tract pathogens streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, branhamella catarrhalis, and staphylococcus aureus, (100 strains of each species collected each year during march through april 1985, 1988 and 1992) to penicillin v, amoxycillin, cefaclor, cefuroxime, doxycycline, erythromycin, and cotrimoxazole was investigated by mic determination on pdm and pdm ii agar. the mics of the upper r ...	1994	8185890
comparison of cefuroxime axetil and amoxicillin-clavulanate suspensions in treatment of acute otitis media with effusion in children.	two hundred sixty-three pediatric patients from the ages of 3 months to 11 years were enrolled in a randomized, investigator-blinded, multicenter study comparing the clinical and bacteriological efficacies and safety of cefuroxime axetil suspension (cae) with those of amoxicillin-clavulanate suspension (amx-cl) in the treatment of acute otitis media with effusion. patients received cae at 30 mg/kg of body weight per day (n = 165) in two divided doses or amx-cl at 40 mg/kg/day (n = 98) in three d ...	1994	8192458
critical review of microbiological data and methods in diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections.	a review is presented of the microbiological data, and the methods for obtaining these data, which are relevant for the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection. the necessity for adequate information exchange between the microbiology laboratory and the clinic is stressed. once the specimen (usually sputum) has reached the laboratory, it is screened macroscopically and microscopically for adequacy, and cultures are set up. many patients with acute community-acquired pneumonia (cap) have no ...	1994	8193620
epidemiology of moraxella catarrhalis in children during the first 2 years of life: relationship to otitis media.	nasopharyngeal colonization with moraxella catarrhalis was evaluated in a large cohort of infants followed prospectively from birth to 2 years of age; 120 children were examined at 13 routine visits. of these, 66% became colonized with m. catarrhalis by 1 year and 77.5% by 2 years. nasopharyngeal colonization with m. catarrhalis increased from 27.0% during healthy visits to 62.7% during visits due to otitis media (p < .001). otitis-prone children were colonized at 44.4% of all visits compared wi ...	1994	8195609
evaluation of api nh, a new 2-hour system for identification of neisseria and haemophilus species and moraxella catarrhalis in a routine clinical laboratory.	api nh is a new 2-h system (biomérieux, la balme-les-grottes, france) for the identification of most neisseria and haemophilus spp. of clinical significance and of moraxella catarrhalis and for the detection of penicillinase production. furthermore, this system allows the biotyping of haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus parainfluenzae. three hundred eighteen strains belonging to these species, previously identified by conventional methods, were tested. among the 305 strains belonging to speci ...	1994	8126177
[gram-negative coccus infection].	the main pathogens of gram-negative infections are neisseria gonorrhoeae, neisseria meningitidis and moraxella catarrhalis infection. n. gonorrhoeae infection is one of the std, but the chemotherapy for this infection is very easy because this pathogen is very susceptible to new quinolones. meningococcal infection is very rare in japan. since 1980, m. catarrhalis is one of the important pathogen of respiratory infections such as acute bronchitis, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis. this pathogen also ...	1994	8126887
in vitro activity of cefdinir (fk482) and ten other antibiotics against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolated from adult and pediatric patients.	the in vitro activity of cefdinir, an oral aminothiazolyl hydroxyimino cephalosporin was compared with that of cefixime, cefpodoxime, cefaclor, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, oxacillin, ampicillin, vancomycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against 279 gram-positive and gram-negative recent clinical isolates from adult and pediatric patients. cefdinir was the most active drug among the cephalosporins against oxacillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, ...	1994	8131638
purification and characterization of a high-molecular-weight outer membrane protein of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis.	moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis is an important bacterial cause of otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infections in adults. in this study, we describe the presence of a novel high-molecular-weight outer membrane protein (hmw-omp). this protein varies from 350 to 720 kda in apparent molecular mass among strains by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). the protein was detected on sds-page in 13 of 14 strains tested. we developed a monoclonal an ...	1994	8132320
randomized comparative trial with ampicillin/sulbactam versus cefamandole in the therapy of community acquired pneumonia.	in a randomized prospective study ampicillin/sulbactam and cefamandole were compared in the therapy of patients hospitalized with community acquired pneumonia. patients receiving ampicillin/sulbactam (n = 37) and cefamandole (n = 38) were similar with respect to age (mean age 70 vs. 76 years respectively), clinical characteristics, severity of illness and underlying disease. pathogens isolated from patients in the cefamandole and ampicillin/sulbactam group, respectively, were streptococcus pneum ...	1994	8070432
in vitro evaluation of cefodizime, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone against respiratory pathogens.	the in vitro activity of cefodizime and two comparative cephalosporins, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone were studied against respiratory pathogens. mic90s of cefodizime were 0.06-0.512 microgram/ml for streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae. mic50s of cefodizime for klebsiella pneumoniae and staphylococcus aureus isolates were 2 micrograms/ml and 8 micrograms/ml respectively. cefuroxime and ceftriaxone at a concentration of 2 micrograms/ml and 1 microgram/ml inhibi ...	1994	8071676
acute otorrhea: bacteriology of a common complication of tympanostomy tubes.	we prospectively followed 246 children with tympanostomy tubes and observed acute otorrhea through a functioning tube at least once in 50% of subjects. pathogens typical of acute otitis media (streptococcus pneumoniae, hemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pyogenes) were found in 42% of all episodes; pseudomonas aeruginosa or staphylococcus aureus was found in 44% of all episodes. pathogens of acute otitis media were found in 50.0% of subjects under 6 years old versus 4 ...	1994	8085732
prevalence and resistance mechanisms of common bacterial respiratory pathogens.	organisms causing common infections of the respiratory tract are becoming increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents. in 1990-1991 between 15% and 20% of isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae from the united states had mics of penicillin g of > or = 0.1 microgram/ml and 2%-3% had mics of > or = 1.0 microgram/ml. the percentage of isolates that are resistant is even higher in other parts of the world. although most penicillin-resistant strains of s. pneumoniae are susceptible to broad-spectrum ...	1994	8086559
haemophilus ducreyi adheres to human keratinocytes.	haemophilus ducreyi, moraxella catarrhalis and a non-piliated escherichia coli k-12 strain were studied for their ability to bind to human keratinocytes in vitro. epidermal cells isolated from neonatal foreskins were grown to confluence in serum-free keratinocyte media. probing of the monolayers with anti-cytokeratin antibody showed that 97% of cells were keratinocytes. bacteria were grown to mid-log phase and seeded onto the monolayers. at various time-points monolayers were washed with pbs to ...	1994	8090082
bronchopulmonary infection with moraxella catarrhalis in infants requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.	moraxella (formerly branhamella) catarrhalis is now a well-recognized pathogen of the upper and lower respiratory tract. four pediatric cases of life-threatening pneumonia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are presented. m. catarrhalis was isolated within 48 hours of admission in three of the cases and within 24 hours of an acute deterioration in the fourth. we conclude that m. catarrhalis is either a significant pathogen in its own right, a marker of severe disease, or a secondary i ...	1994	8090611
use of serology to diagnose pneumonia caused by nonencapsulated haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis.	antibodies against nonencapsulated haemophilus influenzae and moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis were measured by elisa in paired sera from 158 adult patients with pneumonia. a mixture of 10 clinical isolates of each species was used as antigen. eleven patients (7%) showed significant increases in antibody to h. influenzae. in 3 of them, the organism was isolated from transtracheal aspirate and in another 7 from sputum, nasopharynx, or both. six patients with nonencapsulated h. influenzae in tr ...	1994	8014504
immune response to moraxella catarrhalis in children with otitis media: opsonophagocytosis with antigen-coated latex beads.	opsonic antibody activity against moraxella catarrhalis was determined in sera from children with otitis media. the antibody was determined with a new assay utilizing outer membrane antigen-coated latex beads. antigen-coated beads opsonized in heat-inactivated pooled human serum phagocytosed 47.5 +/- 36.1 beads per 100 neutrophils compared to 15.6 +/- 10.2 beads per 100 neutrophils opsonized in hypogammaglobulinemic serum (p < .025). antigen-coated beads opsonized in homologous sera from 11 chil ...	1994	8024214
[comparative antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime against haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis].	the antimicrobial activity of cefpodoxime (podomexef, cas 80210-62-4) against 236 clinical isolates of h. influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus pneumoniae was investigated and compared with that of another 8 commonly used oral antibiotics. beta-lactamase negative, beta-lactamase positive and multiresistant strains of h. influenzae were inhibited by cefpodoxime at a concentration of 0.13 mg/l. 10% of moraxella catarrhalis isolates were moderately susceptible ...	1994	8024645
in vitro evaluation of cefdinir (fk482), a new oral cephalosporin with enhanced antistaphylococcal activity and beta-lactamase stability.	cefdinir (fk482), a new oral cephalosporin with enhanced beta-lactamase stability, was tested by microbroth dilution against respiratory, urogenital, and skin and skin-structure bacterial pathogens. included were beta-lactamase (beta lac)-producing and -nonproducing isolates. activity was compared with that of other orally administered beta-lactams. cefdinir minimum inhibitory concentrations for 90% of isolates mic90s (microgram/ml) were < or = 0.5 versus beta lac+/oxacillin-susceptible staphylo ...	1994	8026155
antimicrobial activity of a new antipseudomonal dual-action drug, ro 25-0534.	ro 25-0534, a tertiary amine-linked dual action combination (dac) of a catechol cephalosporin and ciprofloxacin, was compared with a previously described dac (ro 23-9424), ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime. a total of 688 recent clinical isolates were tested and an additional collection of 110 gram-negative bacilli possessing documented resistance to broad-spectrum antimicrobials were used. ro 25-0534 was active against all tested species of enterobacteriaceae (mic90 range, 0.06-2 micrograms/ml), oxa ...	1994	8026159
genotypic and phenotypic relatedness of 80 strains of branhamella catarrhalis of worldwide origin.	80 clinical branhamella catarrhalis strains of worldwide origin were examined for genotypic relatedness and phenotypic characteristics. using a quantitative bacterial dot method for dna-dna hybridization the strains were found to form a homogeneous group with delta tm-values ranging from 0.0-2.3 degrees c, in minibact-n, an identification kit for oxidase positive, gram-negative diplococci using eight phenotypic characteristics, all isolates were correctly identified and also demonstrated complet ...	1994	8039655
in-vitro evaluation of cefpodoxime.	in-vitro antimicrobial activity of cefpodoxime was evaluated against several microbial species by both conventional tests and additional parameters which take into consideration some of the conditions likely to be encountered in infected tissues. mics for 414 recent clinical isolates, including staphylococci, streptococci, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, several enterobacteriaceae, aeromonas hydrophila and campylobacter jejuni were determined. mic values overall were similar to th ...	1994	8040114
bactericidal activity of clarithromycin and cefaclor against streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis in healthy volunteers.		1994	8040139
antimicrobial susceptibility of nasopharyngeal isolates of potential pathogens recovered from infants before antibiotic therapy: implications for the management of otitis media.	antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for strains of streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypable haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis recovered from the nasopharynxes of children followed from birth. the bacteria tested were the first potential pathogens isolated from each child before any treatment with antibiotics. minimal inhibitory concentrations of commonly used oral antibiotics demonstrated the following overall rates of resistance for (1) s. pneumoniae: penicillin 1.2% (interme ...	1994	7970948
moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis-induced experimental otitis media in the chinchilla.	otitis media was introduced in chinchillas by direct transbullar inoculation with either viable or formalin-inactivated moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis. both groups of animals developed middle ear fluids (mef) and severe inflammatory changes in the tubotympanum. pure cultures of m. catarrhalis were recovered for up to 5 days after inoculation from those animals inoculated with viable bacteria. significantly elevated anti-m. catarrhalis antibody titers were detected in post-inoculation sera a ...	1994	7976314
[bacteremial pneumonia caused by moraxella catarrhalis in a neutropenic patient].		1994	7981303
moraxella catarrhalis--an uncommon cause of community-acquired pneumonia in swedish children.	in 284 swedish children with community-acquired, roentgenologically verified pneumonia, antibodies to moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis were determined in paired serum samples with an enzyme immunoassay using a whole-cell antigen preparation from 10 strains of m. catarrhalis. only 9 children (3%) had significant increases in antibodies to m. catarrhalis. among these 9 children, 11-39 months of age, 6 had serologic evidence of concurrent infection with other respiratory pathogens such as s. pne ...	1994	7984970
[clinical microbiological study of sputum and aspirates from larynx or trachea. an evaluation of exact criteria for assessment by direct microscopy].	a prospective study of specimens of lower airway secretions was carried out in order to investigate the association of specimen quality and results of microbiological culture. the quality of expectorates (exp) or aspirates from larynx/trachea (alt) was assessed on the basis of numbers per low power field (< 1, 1-10, 11-25, and > 25) of squamous epithelial cells (sec) and leukocytes, respectively. specimens were classified as either acceptable, a (< or = 10 sec), partly acceptable, b (11-25 sec, ...	1994	7985258
[a clinicobacteriologic study on sultamicillin fine granules in pediatric sinusitis].	we carried out clinical and bacteriological studies on sultamicillin (sbtpc) in pediatric sinusitis at 10 general practice settings. the results are summarized as follows. 1. the major isolated organisms from purulent nasal discharges were streptococcus pneumoniae 27.5%, haemophilus influenzae 32.4% and moraxella catarrhalis 9.9%. similar results were observed for the major isolates from nasopharynx. 2. 33% of the isolated s. pneumoniae were penicillin-insensitive s. pneumoniae (pisp) against wh ...	1994	7990263
cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of sinusitis. a review.	cefuroxime axetil is a beta-lactamase-stable, second-generation, oral cephalosporin that penetrates sinus tissue in concentrations exceeding the mic90 values (the minimum concentration of drug needed to inhibit the growth of 90% of an isolate of a particular microorganism) for pathogens most commonly associated with acute sinusitis, including streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae. a review of all clinical data published to date demonstrates that cefuroxime axetil has been evaluated ...	1994	7994439
experimental evidence for moraxella-induced penicillin neutralization in pneumococcal pneumonia.	resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents is an increasing problem in the treatment of infectious diseases. in mixed infections, an interesting development can arise when one organism protects another from being killed by an antibiotic. unfortunately, in the case of respiratory tract infections, experimental evidence of this development is poor. in this study, mice intranasally infected with a lethal number of pneumococci and treated with a curative dose of penicillin or amoxicillin d ...	1994	7996007
otitis media: microbiology and management.	otitis media (om) is a common childhood disease and one that can cause significant morbidity. a knowledge of the pathogens responsible for om can assist in the selection of the most appropriate treatment regimen and can minimize complications that may require surgery. the microbiology of acute, serous, and chronic om is reviewed. the major organisms recovered from about three quarters of acute om and half of serous om cultures are haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and moraxella c ...	1994	7996627
a numerical phenotypic taxonomic study of the genus neisseria.	a numerical phenotypic taxonomic study of 315 strains of neisseria and some allied bacteria examined for 155 phenotypic tests showed 31 groups, most of which were reasonably distinct. these fell into four major areas. areas a, b and c contained species of neisseria, whereas area d contained the organisms known as 'false neisserias' together with branhamella, moraxella and kingella species. area a contained n. gonorrhoeae (which showed two subgroups), n. meningitidis (with two subgroups, and n. c ...	1994	8000550
[in vitro antibacterial activities of broad spectrum quinolones against clinical bacterial isolates].	in vitro activities of broad-spectrum quinolones (sparfloxacin (spfx), ciprofloxacin (cpfx), lomefloxacin (lflx), fleroxacin (flrx), and levofloxacin (lvfx) were examined against clinical bacterial isolates: klebsiella pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella subgenus branhamella catarrhalis, methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus (mssa), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, and streptococcus pneumoniae). antibacterial activit ...	1994	8114270
characterization of the lipopolysaccharide of moraxella catarrhalis. structural analysis of the lipid a from m. catarrhalis serotype a lipopolysaccharide.	the lipopolysaccharide of moraxella catarrhalis serotype a (atcc 25238) was found to consist of a short-chain oligosaccharide attached to a lipid a moiety. composition and nmr analyses showed the oligosaccharide component in o-deacylated lps to be composed of d-glucose, d-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose and 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid in the molar ratio of 5:2:1:2. in addition, the lipid a region contained phosphate, d-glucosamine, 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid and deca ...	1994	8119289
microbiology and management of otitis media.	otitis media is a complex and multifactorial condition with four defined stages: myringitis, acute otitis media, secretory (serous) otitis media and chronic otitis media. drugs utilized in its treatment are antihistamines, decongestants, mucolytic agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroids, vaccine therapy and antibiotics. the rationale for using antibiotics is that inflammation has been associated with the presence of virulent bacteria in all types of otitis media. in acute ...	1994	8047854
bacterial resistance in eastern europe--selected problems.	the profile of infection and pattern of bacterial resistance in eastern europe is distinct from that observed in other parts of the world. several polish investigations have reported that environmental pollution may increase the risk of respiratory disease. studies from hungary and romania have documented a dramatic increase in the proportion of streptococcus pneumoniae strains resistant to antibiotics. in comparison, resistance to these agents amongst polish pneumococci isolates is lower, altho ...	1994	8047855
comparison of three rapid methods, tributyrine, 4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate, and indoxyl acetate, for rapid identification of moraxella catarrhalis.	moraxella catarrhalis can easily be differentiated from other oxidase-positive, gram-negative cocci with tributyrine, 4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate, or indoxyl acetate. all m. catarrhalis give positive reactions, and all neisseria spp. give negative reactions. the 4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate tube test and indoxyl acetate strip test provide same-day identification of m. catarrhalis isolates.	1994	8051269
increased beta-lactamase activity in branhamella catarrhalis after exposure to amoxicillin and clavulanic acid.	branhamella catarrhalis, previously regarded as a harmless member of the normal nasopharyngeal flora, has periodically been implicated as the major pathogen in representative cases of a variety of infections such as sinusitis, pneumonia, septicemia and meningitis. in addition, beta-lactamase production of these microorganisms, first described in 1977, has been reported with increasing frequency, up to 80%. the first-choice drug for the therapy of the infections caused by beta-lactamase producing ...	1994	7699424
detection of streptococcus pneumoniae in sputum samples by pcr.	a method for the detection of streptococcus pneumoniae in sputum samples by pcr has been developed. the assay employs oligonucleotide primers specific for a portion of the autolysin gene lyta of s. pneumoniae. other closely related streptococci, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis do not give a positive result in the assay. the assay was capable of detecting between 10 and 100 cfu of s. pneumoniae in distilled water and 1.4 x 10(4) cfu/ml in simulated sputum samples. sputum samples ...	1994	7914205
growth of moraxella catarrhalis with human transferrin and lactoferrin: expression of iron-repressible proteins without siderophore production.	moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, a mucosal pathogen closely related to neisseria species, is a prominent cause of otitis media in young children and lower respiratory tract infections in adults. in this study, we investigated whether m. catarrhalis can compete for iron bound to human transferrin or human lactoferrin in a manner similar to that utilized by neisseria meningitidis and neisseria gonorrhoeae. our studies demonstrated that m. catarrhalis obtains iron from these serum carrier prote ...	1994	7927771
moraxella catarrhalis in upper respiratory tract of healthy yemeni children/adults and paediatric patients: detection and significance.	a highly variable carriage rate of moraxella catarrhalis has been reported in the literature. in order to assess the reasons for this variability, detection rates of this organism from various sites of the upper respiratory tract of children and adults were studied. throat swabs, oral swabs and nasal swabs from 131 children, 96 adults and 64 paediatric patients with upper respiratory tract infections were cultured on a selective medium. detection rates of 31.4% in children less than three years ...	1994	7927815
[pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on biapenem (l-627) in children].	the results are summarized as follows: 1. a total of 10 patients were treated with biapenem (l-627). we received informed consent from all of their parents. each dose was 6 mg/kg, and it was administered 3 times daily (40 mg/kg, 4 times daily in meningitis), in a 30-minute intravenous drip infusion for 5-17 days. the clinical efficacies of l-627 in 10 patients with bacterial infections (1 with purulent meningitis, 1 with sepsis, 5 with pneumonia, 2 with urinary tract infection and 1 with purulen ...	1994	7933524
evaluation of minocycline and cefuzonam for antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates.	the antibacterial activity of minocycline (mino) and that of cefuzonam (czon) were assessed with clinical isolates of 19 species, and compared with that of other antibiotics. mino was highly active against methicilli-sensitive staphylococcus aureus (mssa), neisseria gonorrhoeae, moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae, helicobacter pylori, flavobacterium meningosepticum, acinetobacter calcoaceticus, peptostreptococcus spp. and propionibacterium acnes, but not as effective aga ...	1994	7933531
antibiotic resistance patterns of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis: a prospective study in murcia, spain, 1983-1992.	we prospectively determined the role of commonly used antibiotics in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among the predominant pathogens associated with the respiratory tract. clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis from otic exudates, exudates obtained by puncture of the paranasal sinuses, sputum samples or blood cultures obtained from hospital inpatients with symptoms of significant upper or lower respiratory tract infection were an ...	1994	7956452
extraction of beta-lactamase from moraxella catarrhalis.		1994	7961208
in-vitro activity of four new fluoroquinolones.	the in-vitro activities of four new fluoroquinolones, e-4749, e-4874, e-4884 and e-4904, were compared with that of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin against 1106 clinical isolates. against majority of enterobacteriaceae, general antibacterial activities of e-4749 (mic90s 0.06-1 mg/l), e-4874 (mic90s, 0.03-0.25 mg/l) and e-4884 (mic90s 0.01-0.5 mg/l) were comparable or slightly lower than those of ciproloxacin (mic90s 0.01-0.25 mg/l) and sparfloxacin (mic90s 0.01-1 mg/l). the activity of e-4904 (mi ...	1994	7961215
molecular cloning and characterization of outer membrane protein e of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis.	outer membrane protein e (omp e) is a 50-kda protein of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis. it is a potential vaccine antigen because it is expressed on the surface of the bacterium and has antigenic determinants which are conserved among most strains of m. catarrhalis. to clone the gene encoding omp e, an embl-3 genomic library of strain 25240 was screened with a family of degenerate oligonucleotides based on the amino-terminal protein sequence. the omp e gene was identified in one of the six ...	1994	7961416
association of gm allotypes with the antibody response to the outer membrane proteins of a common upper respiratory tract organism, moraxella catarrhalis.	previously, gm allotypes have been shown to influence human serum ig subclass levels as well as the ab levels achieved after ag stimulation. the majority of the latter studies have focused on ab responses to polysaccharide ags. in this study, we have investigated the relationship between gm allotypes and naturally occurring serum ab levels to a bacterial protein ag, the outer membrane proteins of a common microorganism, moraxella catarrhalis. in the sera of 160 patients having chronic/recurrent ...	1994	7963583
branhamella catarrhalis in children and adults. a study of prevalence, time of colonisation, and association with upper and lower respiratory tract infections.	the colonisation rate of branhamella catarrhalis in patients from 0 to 45 years of age was examined. of 561 women admitted to hospital in labour, 6 (1%) carried b. catarrhalis in their throats but none carried the organism in their vaginas. none of 534 newborn babies became colonised at birth or during their 5 days' stay in hospital. neither were 102 neonates < 1 month of age in hospital colonised. the maximum colonisation rate during childhood was observed in children 1-48 months of age with 14 ...	1994	7963631
[moraxella catarrhalis as an important etiologic factor in infection of the lower bronchial tree].	moraxella catarrhalis in responsible for a considerable number of bronchopulmonary infections in adults, as well as otitis media and sinusitis in children. many strains of moraxella catarrhalis produce beta-lactamase and are resistant to many beta-lactam antibiotics. when moraxella catarrhalis in considered to be a causative organism, the choice for an empiric antimicrobial therapy should be beta-lactamase-resistant antibiotics.	1994	7866327
cefquinome (hr 111v). in vitro evaluation of a broad-spectrum cephalosporin indicated for infections in animals.	cefquinome (formerly hr 111v), an aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, was compared with cefepime, cefpirome, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime against 681 clinical cultures and a challenge set of bacteria with well-characterized resistance mechanisms. cefquinome minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic90) for the enterobacteriaceae ranged from < or = 0.12-2 micrograms/ml with the highest mic (4 micrograms/ml) obtained among citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, and providencia stuartii strains. a total ...	1994	7867299
expression of fimbriae and host response in branhamella catarrhalis respiratory infections.	sputum during the acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases were observed under the electron microscope, to determine the in vivo expression of surface structures of branhamella catarrhalis (b. catarrhalis), the polymorphonuclear neutrophil (pmn) response to b. catarrhalis infections, and the composition of sputum. it was found that during infection fimbriae are expressed in b. catarrhalis. however, there were sparsely to densely fimbriated bacteria in each sputum sample. the length of ...	1994	7869954
prediction of piperacillin-tazobactam susceptibility among enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other bacteria using ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, and other broad-spectrum antimicrobial in vitro test results.	the ability of various in vitro beta-lactam susceptibility test results to predict the susceptibility of piperacillin-tazobactam (a new beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combination) was assessed using more than 46,000 recent clinical isolates. the organisms were tested by reference-quality national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls) broth microdilution procedures and interpreted by the currently published nccls criteria. the recommended antimicrobial tests that would accurat ...	1994	7874881
[antibacterial activities of cefetamet against clinically isolated strains from community acquired respiratory tract infections (ii)].	antibacterial activities of cefetamet (cemt) against clinically isolated strains from patients with community acquired respiratory tract infections were compared to those of other oral beta-lactam antibiotics in the period from january to march 1994. the following results were obtained. 1. cemt showed strong antibacterial activities against three major pathogens causing community acquired respiratory tract infections, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus pneumoniae, and haemophilus influenzae. ...	1994	7877255
comparative microbiological activity and pharmacokinetics of cefprozil.	in vitro studies on the activity of cefprozil have been conducted in europe and north america. against gram-negative bacilli, cefprozil and cefaclor are at least two to four times more active than cephalexin. cefixime is more active against these organisms. against gram-positive cocci, cefprozil is at least two to four times more active than cefaclor and cephalexin; cefixime has limited gram-positive activity, and is particularly inactive against staphylococci (mic90 32 mg/l). cefprozil is highl ...	1994	7889957
multi-investigator evaluation of the efficacy and safety of cefprozil, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefixime and cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis media.	cefprozil was evaluated in the treatment of acute otitis media with effusion in three open, randomized, multicenter comparative clinical trials. in two trials, 891 pediatric patients were enrolled to either cefprozil or amoxicillin-clavulanate dosage regimens. the treatment groups were comparable in demographic characteristics, and presented with otalgia, middle-ear effusion, or inflamed or bulging tympanic membrane on otoscopic examination. in all patients, tympanocentesis and a culture were re ...	1994	7889960
[antimicrobial activities of cefditoren against clinical isolates obtained from outpatients].	to examine the antimicrobial activity of cefditoren (cdtr) against strains clinically isolated from outpatients at this hospital from november, 1993 to february, 1994, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined including those of the control drugs. the results were as follows: 1. cdtr showed strong antimicrobial activities against staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus pneumoniae. the mics of cdtr against benzylpenicillin-insensitive or -r ...	1994	7807697
an in vitro characterization of cefditoren, a new oral cephalosporin.	cefditoren (me 1206) is a new cephalosporin available for oral administration as the pivaloyloxymethyl ester (me 1207). the effect of medium formulation. ph, cation concentration and inoculum on the in vitro activity of cefditoren was investigated prior to determining its comparative antibacterial potency against a wide range of clinical bacterial isolates, its bactericidal activity against susceptible strains and the duration of its post-antibiotic effect (pae). cefditoren was shown to possess ...	1994	7813385
use of api nh system for identification of moraxella catarrhalis.		1994	7814516
[oropharyngeal flora. epidemiologic survey of prevalence].	epidemiological surveys which are not frequently carried out in medical practice should provide useful information for the choice of antibiotics to be prescribed in community-acquired infections particularly with the recent development of therapeutic difficulties due to resistant strains. we therefore analyzed the prevalent pharyngeal flora in a general patient population.	1994	7831228
evaluation of opc-17116 against important pathogens that cause respiratory tract infections.	the antibacterial activity of opc-17116, a new fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, against important pathogens that cause respiratory tract infections was evaluated in vitro and in vivo and compared with those of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and norfloxacin. the pharmacokinetic profiles of opc-17116 were studied in both mice and rats given the drug orally at doses of 50 and 40 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. opc-17116 showed a high degree of distribution in the lung tissues of both species, wi ...	1994	7840567
in vitro activities of 12 orally administered antimicrobial agents against four species of bacterial respiratory pathogens from u.s. medical centers in 1992 and 1993.	clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, and moraxella catarrhalis were gathered from 19 different clinical laboratories throughout the continental united states. the in vitro activities of 12 orally administered antimicrobial agents were compared by broth microdilution tests with 3,151 bacterial isolates. among 890 h. influenzae isolates, 30% were capable of producing beta-lactamase enzymes (12 to 41% in different medical centers). most of t ...	1994	7840581
[respiratory tract infections: how frequent is antibiotic resistance? in vitro activity of older and recent antibiotics against the significant pathogens].	presumably influenced by the new cost-saving health care regulations, more of the long-established antibiotics are now being prescribed. this fact prompted the present study on the current resistance profiles of such antibiotics used to treat major pathogens responsible for airway infections. a total of 202 strains of streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae were investigated. sensitivity was determined using the agar dilution test for do ...	1994	7843673
in vitro activity of cefpodoxime in comparison with other oral beta-lactam antibiotics.	the aim of our study was to re-evaluate the in vitro activity of cefpodoxime in comparison with other oral beta-lactam antibiotics against bacteria causing respiratory tract infections. the study drugs were cefpodoxime, cefaclor, cefixime, cefuroxime, cefetamet, cefprozil, and the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (= augmentin). in addition, cefotaxime as the standard agent of parenteral third generation cephalosporins was examined. the organisms tested were staphylococcus aureus, s ...	1994	7843823
bacterial colonization of the nasopharynx predicts very early onset and persistence of otitis media in australian aboriginal infants.	otitis media (om) develops in the first months of life and persists throughout childhood in many rural aboriginal children. we have followed aboriginal and non-aboriginal infants from birth to determine the relationship of the early onset of om to nasopharyngeal colonization with respiratory pathogens. aboriginal infants were colonized with multiple species of respiratory bacteria (moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae) at a rate of 5% per day and the timing of ...	1994	7845752