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genetic transformation of eucalyptus.eucalyptus is the second most widely planted multipurpose woody tree species in the world. it is a commercially important hardwood tree for paper and wood industries. in the past two decades, various research groups reported different genetic transformation protocols and attempts towards development of transgenic eucalyptus. much of the work related to its genetic improvement through transgenic technology has been undertaken by private companies that keep the data confidential, patented and ofte ...201123572991
legume pectate lyase required for root infection by rhizobia.to allow rhizobial infection of legume roots, plant cell walls must be locally degraded for plant-made infection threads (its) to be formed. here we identify a lotus japonicus nodulation pectate lyase gene (ljnpl), which is induced in roots and root hairs by rhizobial nodulation (nod) factors via activation of the nodulation signaling pathway and the nin transcription factor. two ljnpl mutants produced uninfected nodules and most infections arrested as infection foci in root hairs or roots. the ...201122203959
legume pectate lyase required for root infection by rhizobia.to allow rhizobial infection of legume roots, plant cell walls must be locally degraded for plant-made infection threads (its) to be formed. here we identify a lotus japonicus nodulation pectate lyase gene (ljnpl), which is induced in roots and root hairs by rhizobial nodulation (nod) factors via activation of the nodulation signaling pathway and the nin transcription factor. two ljnpl mutants produced uninfected nodules and most infections arrested as infection foci in root hairs or roots. the ...201122203959
phloem ultrastructure and pressure flow: sieve-element-occlusion-related agglomerations do not affect translocation.since the first ultrastructural investigations of sieve tubes in the early 1960s, their structure has been a matter of debate. because sieve tube structure defines frictional interactions in the tube system, the presence of p protein obstructions shown in many transmission electron micrographs led to a discussion about the mode of phloem transport. at present, it is generally agreed that p protein agglomerations are preparation artifacts due to injury, the lumen of sieve tubes is free of obstruc ...201122198148
the tvpirin gene is necessary for haustorium development in the parasitic plant triphysaria versicolor.the rhizosphere is teemed with organisms that coordinate their symbioses using chemical signals traversing between the host root and symbionts. chemical signals also mediate interactions between roots of different plants, perhaps the most obvious being those between parasitic orobanchaceae and their plant hosts. parasitic plants use specific molecules provided by host roots to initiate the development of haustoria, invasive structures critical for plant parasitism. we took a transcriptomics appr ...201122128136
the tvpirin gene is necessary for haustorium development in the parasitic plant triphysaria versicolor.the rhizosphere is teemed with organisms that coordinate their symbioses using chemical signals traversing between the host root and symbionts. chemical signals also mediate interactions between roots of different plants, perhaps the most obvious being those between parasitic orobanchaceae and their plant hosts. parasitic plants use specific molecules provided by host roots to initiate the development of haustoria, invasive structures critical for plant parasitism. we took a transcriptomics appr ...201122128136
biotechnological approaches for conservation and improvement of rare and endangered plants of saudi arabia.genetic variation is believed to be a prerequisite for the short-and long-term survival of the plant species in their natural habitat. it depends on many environmental factors which determine the number of alleles on various loci in the genome. therefore, it is important to understand the genetic composition and structure of the rare and endangered plant species from their natural habitat to develop successful management strategies for their conservation. however, rare and endangered plant speci ...201123961155
biotechnological approaches for conservation and improvement of rare and endangered plants of saudi arabia.genetic variation is believed to be a prerequisite for the short-and long-term survival of the plant species in their natural habitat. it depends on many environmental factors which determine the number of alleles on various loci in the genome. therefore, it is important to understand the genetic composition and structure of the rare and endangered plant species from their natural habitat to develop successful management strategies for their conservation. however, rare and endangered plant speci ...201123961155
recent advances towards development and commercialization of plant cell culture processes for the synthesis of biomolecules.plant cell culture systems were initially explored for use in commercial synthesis of several high-value secondary metabolites, allowing for sustainable production that was not limited by the low yields associated with natural harvest or the high cost associated with complex chemical synthesis. although there have been some commercial successes, most notably paclitaxel production from taxus sp., process limitations exist with regards to low product yields and inherent production variability. a v ...201122059985
recent advances towards development and commercialization of plant cell culture processes for the synthesis of biomolecules.plant cell culture systems were initially explored for use in commercial synthesis of several high-value secondary metabolites, allowing for sustainable production that was not limited by the low yields associated with natural harvest or the high cost associated with complex chemical synthesis. although there have been some commercial successes, most notably paclitaxel production from taxus sp., process limitations exist with regards to low product yields and inherent production variability. a v ...201122059985
laser microdissection unravels cell-type-specific transcription in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots, including caat-box transcription factor gene expression correlating with fungal contact and spread.arbuscular mycorrhizae (am) are the most widespread symbioses on earth, promoting nutrient supply of most terrestrial plant species. to unravel gene expression in defined stages of medicago truncatula root colonization by am fungi, we here combined genome-wide transcriptome profiling based on whole mycorrhizal roots with real-time reverse transcription-pcr experiments that relied on characteristic cell types obtained via laser microdissection. our genome-wide approach delivered a core set of 512 ...201122034628
a versatile monosaccharide transporter that operates in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus sp is crucial for the symbiotic relationship with plants.for more than 400 million years, plants have maintained a mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi. this evolutionary success can be traced to the role of these fungi in providing plants with mineral nutrients, particularly phosphate. in return, photosynthates are given to the fungus, which support its obligate biotrophic lifestyle. although the mechanisms involved in phosphate transfer have been extensively studied, less is known about the reciprocal transfer of carbon. here ...201121972259
transgenic plants of petunia hybrida harboring the cyp2e1 gene efficiently remove benzene and toluene pollutants and improve resistance to formaldehyde.the cyp2e1 protein belongs to the p450 enzymes family and plays an important role in the metabolism of small molecular and organic pollutants. in this study we generated cyp2e1 transgenic plants of petunia using agrobacterium rhizogenes k599. pcr analysis confirmed that the regenerated plants contained the cyp2e1 transgene and the rolb gene of the ri plasmid. southern blotting revealed the presence of multiple copies of cyp2e1 in the genome of transgenic plants. fluorescent quantitative pcr reve ...201122215968
putative cis-regulatory elements in genes highly expressed in rice sperm cells.the male germ line in flowering plants is initiated within developing pollen grains via asymmetric division. the smaller cell then becomes totally encased within a much larger vegetative cell, forming a unique "cell within a cell structure". the generative cell subsequently divides to give rise to two non-motile diminutive sperm cells, which take part in double fertilization and lead to the seed set. sperm cells are difficult to investigate because of their presence within the confines of the la ...201121892935
new approaches to immunotherapy for hpv associated cancers.cervical cancer is the second most common cancer of women worldwide and is the first cancer shown to be entirely induced by a virus, the human papillomavirus (hpv, major oncogenic genotypes hpv-16 and -18). two recently developed prophylactic cervical cancer vaccines, using virus-like particles (vlp) technology, have the potential to prevent a large proportion of cervical cancer associated with hpv infection and to ensure long-term protection. however, prophylactic hpv vaccines do not have thera ...201124212964
using transgenic modulation of protein synthesis and accumulation to probe protein signaling networks in arabidopsis thaliana.deployment of new model species in the plant biology community requires the development and/or improvement of numerous genetic tools. sequencing of the arabidopsis thaliana genome opened up a new challenge of assigning biological function to each gene. as many genes exhibit spatiotemporal or other conditional regulation of biological processes, probing for gene function necessitates applications that can be geared toward temporal, spatial and quantitative functional analysis in vivo. the continu ...201121862868
the root determined nodulation1 gene regulates nodule number in roots of medicago truncatula and defines a highly conserved, uncharacterized plant gene family.the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules in legumes is tightly controlled by a long-distance signaling system in which nodulating roots signal to shoot tissues to suppress further nodulation. a screen for supernodulating medicago truncatula mutants defective in this regulatory behavior yielded loss-of-function alleles of a gene designated root determined nodulation1 (rdn1). grafting experiments demonstrated that rdn1 regulatory function occurs in the roots, not the shoots, and is essential for n ...201121742814
mtbhlh1, a bhlh transcription factor involved in medicago truncatula nodule vascular patterning and nodule to plant metabolic exchanges.this study aimed at defining the role of a basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) transcription factor gene from medicago truncatula, mtbhlh1, whose expression is upregulated during the development of root nodules produced upon infection by rhizobia bacteria. we used mtbhlh1 promoter::gus fusions and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses to finely characterize the mtbhlh1 expression pattern. we altered mtbhlh1 function by expressing a dominantly repressed construct (cres-t ...201121679315
transcriptional profiling of medicago truncatula under salt stress identified a novel cbf transcription factor mtcbf4 that plays an important role in abiotic stress responses.salt stress hinders the growth of plants and reduces crop production worldwide. however, different plant species might possess different adaptive mechanisms to mitigate salt stress. we conducted a detailed pathway analysis of transcriptional dynamics in the roots of medicago truncatula seedlings under salt stress and selected a transcription factor gene, mtcbf4, for experimental validation.201121718548
echium acanthocarpum hairy root cultures, a suitable system for polyunsaturated fatty acid studies and production.the therapeutic and health promoting role of highly unsaturated fatty acids (hufas) from fish, i.e. eicosapentaenoic acid (epa, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (dha, 22:6n-3) are well known. these same benefits may however be shared by some of their precursors, the polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufas), such as stearidonic acid (sda, 18:4 n-3). in order to obtain alternative sources for the large-scale production of pufas, new searches are being conducted focusing on higher plants oils which can ...201121524311
targeted mutagenesis of duplicated genes in soybean with zinc-finger nucleases.we performed targeted mutagenesis of a transgene and nine endogenous soybean (glycine max) genes using zinc-finger nucleases (zfns). a suite of zfns were engineered by the recently described context-dependent assembly platform--a rapid, open-source method for generating zinc-finger arrays. specific zfns targeting dicer-like (dcl) genes and other genes involved in rna silencing were cloned into a vector under an estrogen-inducible promoter. a hairy-root transformation system was employed to inves ...201121464476
update on lupin cluster roots. update on white lupin cluster root acclimation to phosphorus deficiency. 201121464472
long-distance transport of signals during symbiosis: are nodule formation and mycorrhization autoregulated in a similar way?legumes enter nodule symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia), whereas most flowering plants establish symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi. once first steps of symbiosis are initiated, nodule formation and mycorrhization in legumes is negatively controlled by a shoot-derived inhibitor (sdi), a phenomenon termed autoregulation. according to current views, autoregulation of nodulation and mycorrhization in legumes is regulated in a similar way. cle peptides indu ...201121455020
spore development and nuclear inheritance in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.a conventional tenet of classical genetics is that progeny inherit half their genome from each parent in sexual reproduction instead of the complete genome transferred to each daughter during asexual reproduction. the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parents to their offspring is therefore predictable, although several exceptions are known. heredity in microorganisms, however, can be very complex, and even unknown as is the case for coenocytic organisms such as arbuscular mycorrhi ...201121349193
lc/ms profiling of flavonoid glycoconjugates isolated from hairy roots, suspension root cell cultures and seedling roots of medicago truncatula.hairy roots and suspension cell cultures are commonly used in deciphering different problems related to the biochemistry and physiology of plant secondary metabolites. here, we address about the issue of possible differences in the profiles of flavonoid compounds and their glycoconjugates derived from various plant materials grown in a standard culture media. we compared profiles of flavonoids isolated from seedling roots, hairy roots, and suspension root cell cultures of a model legume plant, m ...201122039365
determination and biosynthesis of multiple salvianolic acids in hairy roots of salvia miltiorrhiza.danshen (salvia miltiorrhiza bunge) hairy roots were obtained by infecting danshen leaves with agrobacterium rhizogenes 9402. besides rosmarinic acid (ra) and salvianolic acid b (sab), the hairy root could also produce salvianolic acid k (sak), salvianolic acid l, ethyl salvianolic acid b (esab), methyl salvianolic acid b (msab), and a compound with a molecular weight of 538 (compound 538) identified by using lc-ms. effects of methyl jasmonate (meja) and yeast elicitor (ye) on the accumulation o ...201122260028
molecular cloning and characterization of seven class iii peroxidases induced by overexpression of the agrobacterial rolb gene in rubia cordifolia transgenic callus cultures.here, seven new class iii peroxidase genes of rubia cordifolia l., rcprx01-rcprx07, were isolated and characterized. expression of the prx genes was studied in r. cordifolia aerial organs as well as in cells transformed with the rolb and rolc genes of agrobacterium rhizogenes and cells transformed with the wild-type a. rhizogenes a4 strain. in rolc- and rolb-transformed cells, the rol genes were expressed under the control of the 35s promoter, whereas in a. rhizogenes a4-transformed cells the ro ...201222238062
evaluation of four phloem-specific promoters in vegetative tissues of transgenic citrus plants.'mexican' lime (citrus aurantifolia swingle) was transformed with constructs that contained chimeric promoter-gus gene fusions of phloem-specific rolc promoter of agrobacterium rhizogenes, arabidopsis thaliana sucrose-h(+) symporter (atsuc2) gene promoter of arabidopsis thaliana, rice tungro bacilliform virus (rtbv) promoter and sucrose synthase l (rss1) gene promoter of oryza sativa (rice). histochemical β-glucuronidase (gus) analysis revealed vascular-specific expression of the gus protein in ...201222228816
antioxidant potential of agrobacterium-transformed and non-transformed physalis ixocarpa plants grown in vitro and ex vitro.oxidative stress is involved in pathogenesis of a number of chronic diseases hence is an increasing interest in plant-derived natural antioxidants with respect to their potential health benefits. plants from the genus physalis are particularly rich in secondary metabolites and show significant antioxidant potential. recent development in transgenic research has opened new possibilities for enhanced production of secondary metabolites with plant cell and organ cultures. the hairy root-regenerated ...201223687216
horizontal gene transfer from genus agrobacterium to the plant linaria in nature.genes can be transferred horizontally between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in nature. the best-studied examples occur between agrobacterium rhizogenes and certain nicotiana spp. to investigate possible additional cases of horizontal gene transfer in nature between agrobacterium and plants, a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based approach was employed to screen 127 plant species, belonging to 38 families of dicotyledones, for the presence of oncogenes homologous to the transfer dna fragments (t ...201223134518
elicitation of andrographolide in the suspension cultures of andrographis paniculata.andrographis paniculata belonging to the family acanthaceae produces a group of diterpene lactones, one of which is the pharmaceutically important-andrographolide. it is known to possess various important biological properties like anticancer, anti-hiv, anti-inflammatory, etc. this is the first report on the production of andrographolide in the cell suspension cultures of andrographis paniculata by 'elicitation'. elicitation was attempted to enhance the andrographolide content in the suspension ...201223001530
aeschynomene evenia, a model plant for studying the molecular genetics of the nod-independent rhizobium-legume symbiosis.research on the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis has been focused, thus far, on two model legumes, medicago truncatula and lotus japonicus, which use a sophisticated infection process involving infection thread formation. however, in 25% of the legumes, the bacterial entry occurs more simply in an intercellular fashion. among them, some aeschynomene spp. are nodulated by photosynthetic bradyrhizobium spp. that do not produce nod factors. this interaction is believed to represent a living testimony of t ...201222475377
an unusual taxodione derivative from hairy roots of salvia austriaca.from a root culture of salvia austriaca, transformed with agrobacterium rhizogenes, a new diterpenoid was isolated and its chemical structure was determined as 7-(2-oxohexyl)-11-hydroxy-6, 12-dioxo-7,9(11),13- abietatriene [= 7-(2-oxohexyl)-taxodione] on the basis of spectroscopic methods, especially 1d and 2d nmr, and by comparison with structurally related compounds. this compound represents a hitherto unknown 2-oxohexyl diterpenoid derivative. cytotoxic studies revealed that the new compound ...201222445553
an protocol for genetic transformation of catharanthus roseus by agrobacterium rhizogenes a4.catharanthus roseus (l.) g. don is a plant species known for its production of a variety of terpenoid indole alkaloids, many of which have pharmacological activities. catharanthine can be chemically coupled to the abundant leaf alkaloid vindoline to form the valuable anticancer drug vinblastine. to study and extract catharanthine and other metabolites from c. roseus, a technique was developed for producing hairy root cultures. in this study, the agrobacterium rhizogenes a4 was induced in the hai ...201222328251
genetically transformed roots: from plant disease to biotechnological resource.hairy root syndrome is a disease that is induced by agrobacterium rhizogenes infection and characterized by a proliferation of excessively branching roots. however, in the past 30 years a. rhizogenes-mediated transformation has also provided a valuable platform for studying biosynthesis pathways in plants. furthermore, the genetically transformed root cultures are becoming increasingly attractive, cost-effective options for mass-producing desired plant metabolites and expressing foreign proteins ...201222906523
[features of lettuce transgenic plants with ifn-alpha2b gene regenerated after agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation]."hairy" roots of lettuce lactuca sativa and regenerated plants with interferon-alpha2b gene had been obtained via agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. according to the results of pcr and rt-pcr analyses the studied plants had ifn-alpha2b gene. the regenerated plants differed from the plants of wild type by elongated internodes, early flower-bearing stem formation and purple coloration of leaves in artificial illumination conditions.201222856143
production of triterpenoid anti-cancer compound taraxerol in agrobacterium-transformed root cultures of butterfly pea (clitoria ternatea l.).independent transformed root somaclones (rhizoclones) of butterfly pea (clitoria ternatea l.) were established using explant co-cultivation with agrobacterium rhizogenes. rhizoclones capable of sustained growth were maintained under low illumination in auxin-free agar-solidified ms medium through subcultures at periodic intervals. integration of t(l)-dna rolb gene in the transformed rhizoclone genome was verified by southern blot hybridization, and the transcript expression of t(r)-dna ags and m ...201222843061
carbohydrate and elicitor enhanced withanolide (withaferin a and withanolide a) accumulation in hairy root cultures of withania somnifera (l.).leaves of withania somnifera contained more withaferin a and withanolide a than roots indicating that these compounds mainly accumulate in leaves. with an increase in age of the plant, withaferin a was enhanced with a corresponding decrease in withanolide a. hairy root cultures were induced from leaf explants using agrobacterium rhizogenes and the transgenic nature of hairy roots was confirmed by partial isolation and sequencing of rolb gene, which could not be amplified in untransformed plant p ...201222822528
establishment of pomegranate (punica granatum) hairy root cultures for genetic interrogation of the hydrolyzable tannin biosynthetic pathway.in contrast to the numerous reports on the human therapeutic applications of hydrolyzable tannins (hts), genes involved in their biosynthesis have not been identified at the molecular level from any plant species. although we have previously identified candidate ht biosynthetic genes in pomegranate using transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses, characterization of in planta enzyme function remains a critical step in biochemical pathway elucidation. we here report the establishment of a pomegra ...201222810948
hairy root cultures of butterfly pea (clitoria ternatea l.): agrobacterium × plant factors influencing transformation.transformed rhizoclones were developed from agrobacterium-treated explants of the medicinally important twinning legume clitoria ternatea l. several key factors influencing transformation events were optimized. a4t was the most infectious among the strains employed. internode segments were more responsive than leaves, outdoor-grown explants preferred to those from in vitro cultures. high frequency transformation, resulting in up to 85.8% rhizogenesis, was attained using pre-pricked internodal ex ...201222806869
agrobacterium-mediated transformation in alpinia galanga (linn.) willd. for enhanced acetoxychavicol acetate production.agrobacterium-mediated transformations ensure elevated amounts of secondary metabolite accumulation with genetic and biosynthetic stability. in the present study, alpinia galanga rich in bioactive compounds was genetically transformed using different strains of agrobacterium rhizogenes viz. lba 9402, a(4), 532, 2364 and prtgus. even though a higher growth rate was obtained with the lba 9402 strain, maximum acetoxychavicol acetate accumulation (aca) was seen in the prtgus transformant. prtgus roo ...201222798163
use of chenopodium murale l. transgenic hairy root in vitro culture system as a new tool for allelopathic assays.we investigated chenopodium murale transgenic hairy root in vitro culture system as a new tool for allelopathic assays. transgenic hairy roots were induced by agrobacterium rhizogenes a4m70gus from roots, cotyledons, leaves, and internodes of c. murale seedlings. roots were found to be the best target explants, providing transformation efficiency of up to 11.1%. established hairy root clones differed in their morphology and growth potential. molecular characterization of these clones was carried ...201222749286
a large decrease of cytosolic triosephosphate isomerase in transgenic potato roots affects the distribution of carbon in primary metabolism.triosephosphate isomerase (tpi, ec 5.3.1.1) catalyzes the interconversion of dihydroxyacetone-p and glyceraldehyde 3-p in the glycolytic pathway. a constitutively expressed antisense construct for cytosolic tpi was introduced into potato (solanum tuberosum) using agrobacterium rhizogenes to examine the metabolic effects of a reduction in cytosolic tpi in roots. we obtained a population of transgenic root clones displaying ~36 to 100 % of the tpi activity found in control clones carrying an empty ...201222678033
hairy roots, their multiple applications and recent patents.in the last years, hairy root (hr) cultures are gaining attention in the biotechnology industry. this particular plant cell culture derives from explants infected with agrobacterium rhizogenes. they constitute a relatively new approach to in vitro plant biotechnology and modern hr cultures are far away from the valuables findings performed by philip r. white in the 1930's, who obtained indefinite growth of excised root tips. hr cultures are characterized by genetic and biochemical stability and ...201222642821
enhanced accumulation of secondary metabolites in hairy root cultures of scutellaria lateriflora following elicitation.hairy root cultures of scutellaria lateriflora were established using agrobacterium rhizogenes a4 and produced acteoside (18.5 mg g(-1) dry wt), baicalin (14.5 mg g(-1) dry wt) and wogonoside (12 mg g(-1) dry wt). yeast extract (50 μg ml(-1)) increased acteoside production 1.4-fold and flavone production 1.7-fold after 7 and 14 days of elicitation. addition of pectobacterium carotovorum lysate in the stationary phase of the hairy root culture stimulated only the accumulation of wogonin to 30 mg ...201222639092
azadirachtin production by hairy root cultivation of azadirachta indica in a modified stirred tank reactor.present investigation involves hairy root cultivation of azadirachta indica in a modified stirred tank reactor under optimized culture conditions for maximum volumetric productivity of azadirachtin. the selected hairy root line (az-35) was induced via agrobacterium rhizogenes lba 920-mediated transformation of a. indica leaf explants (coimbatore variety, india). liquid culture of the hairy roots was developed in a modified murashige and skoog medium (mm2). to further enhance the productivity of ...201222580745
the non-specific lipid transfer protein n5 of medicago truncatula is implicated in epidermal stages of rhizobium-host interaction.the symbiotic interaction between leguminous plants and rhizobia involves two processes: bacterial infection, resulting in the penetration of bacteria in epidermal and cortical cells, and root nodule organogenesis. root nodule symbiosis is activated by rhizobial signalling molecules, called nodulation factors (nfs). nf perception induces the expression of several genes called early nodulins. the early nodulin n5 of medicago truncatula is a lipid transfer protein that has been shown to positively ...201223217154
cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous control of rhizobial and mycorrhizal infection in medicago truncatula.legumes can form a nitrogen fixing symbiosis with soil bacteria called rhizobia (the rl symbiosis). they can also, like most plants, form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi, which facilitate plants' phosphate nutrition. in both interactions, the symbionts are hosted inside the plant root. nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are housed in intracellular symbiotic structures within nodules, while am fungi form intracellular symbiotic structures, called arbuscules, within cortical ro ...201223221781
cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous control of rhizobial and mycorrhizal infection in medicago truncatula.legumes can form a nitrogen fixing symbiosis with soil bacteria called rhizobia (the rl symbiosis). they can also, like most plants, form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi, which facilitate plants' phosphate nutrition. in both interactions, the symbionts are hosted inside the plant root. nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are housed in intracellular symbiotic structures within nodules, while am fungi form intracellular symbiotic structures, called arbuscules, within cortical ro ...201223221781
different roles of the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways in cell growth and tanshinone production of salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots.salvia miltiorrhiza has been widely used in the treatment of coronary heart disease. tanshinones, a group of diterpenoids are the main active ingredients in s. miltiorrhiza. two biosynthetic pathways were involved in tanshinone biosynthesis in plants: the mevalonate (mva) pathway in the cytosol and the methylerythritol phosphate (mep) pathway in the plastids. the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase (hmgr) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the mva pathway. the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosph ...201223209548
uncovering the salt response of soybean by unraveling its wild and cultivated functional genomes using tag sequencing.soil salinity has very adverse effects on growth and yield of crop plants. several salt tolerant wild accessions and cultivars are reported in soybean. functional genomes of salt tolerant glycine soja and a salt sensitive genotype of glycine max were investigated to understand the mechanism of salt tolerance in soybean. for this purpose, four libraries were constructed for tag sequencing on illumina platform. we identify around 490 salt responsive genes which included a number of transcription f ...201223209559
allelic differences in medicago truncatula nip/latd mutants correlate with their encoded proteins' transport activities in planta.medicago truncatula nip/latd gene, required for symbiotic nitrogen fixing nodule and root architecture development, encodes a member of the nrt1(ptr) family that demonstrates high-affinity nitrate transport in xenopus laevis oocytes. of three mtnip/latd mutant proteins, one retains high-affinity nitrate transport in oocytes, while the other two are nitrate-transport defective. to further examine the mutant proteins' transport properties, the missense mtnip/latd alleles were expressed in arabidop ...201223154505
allelic differences in medicago truncatula nip/latd mutants correlate with their encoded proteins' transport activities in planta.medicago truncatula nip/latd gene, required for symbiotic nitrogen fixing nodule and root architecture development, encodes a member of the nrt1(ptr) family that demonstrates high-affinity nitrate transport in xenopus laevis oocytes. of three mtnip/latd mutant proteins, one retains high-affinity nitrate transport in oocytes, while the other two are nitrate-transport defective. to further examine the mutant proteins' transport properties, the missense mtnip/latd alleles were expressed in arabidop ...201223154505
nodule root and cochleata maintain nodule development and are legume orthologs of arabidopsis blade-on-petiole genes.during their symbiotic interaction with rhizobia, legume plants develop symbiosis-specific organs on their roots, called nodules, that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria. the molecular mechanisms governing the identity and maintenance of these organs are unknown. using medicago truncatula nodule root (noot) mutants and pea (pisum sativum) cochleata (coch) mutants, which are characterized by the abnormal development of roots from the nodule, we identified the noot and coch genes as being necessary fo ...201223136374
pleiotropic control of secondary metabolism and morphological development by ksbc, a butyrolactone autoregulator receptor homologue in kitasatospora setae.the γ-butyrolactone autoregulator signaling cascades have been shown to control secondary metabolism and/or morphological development among many streptomyces species. however, the conservation and variation of the regulatory systems among actinomycetes remain to be clarified. the genome sequence of kitasatospora setae, which also belongs to the family streptomycetaceae containing the genus streptomyces, has revealed the presence of three homologues of the autoregulator receptor: ksba, which has ...201222961899
one-step agrobacterium mediated transformation of eight genes essential for rhizobium symbiotic signaling using the novel binary vector system phuge.advancement in plant research is becoming impaired by the fact that the transfer of multiple genes is difficult to achieve. here we present a new binary vector for agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation, phuge-red, in concert with a cloning strategy suited for the transfer of up to nine genes at once. this vector enables modular cloning of large dna fragments by employing gateway technology and contains dsred1 as visual selection marker. furthermore, an r/rs inducible recombination sy ...201223112864
medicago truncatula ern transcription factors: regulatory interplay with nsp1/nsp2 gras factors and expression dynamics throughout rhizobial infection.rhizobial nodulation factors (nfs) activate a specific signaling pathway in medicago truncatula root hairs that involves the complex interplay of nodulation signaling pathway1 (nsp1)/nsp2 gras and ethylene response factor required for nodulation1 (ern1) transcription factors (tfs) to achieve full enod11 transcription. ern1 acts as a direct transcriptional regulator of enod11 through the activation of the nf-responsive "nf box." here, we show that nsp1, when combined with nsp2, can act as a stron ...201223077241
two micrornas linked to nodule infection and nitrogen-fixing ability in the legume lotus japonicus.legumes overcome nitrogen shortage by developing root nodules in which symbiotic bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen in exchange for host-derived carbohydrates and mineral nutrients. nodule development involves the distinct processes of nodule organogenesis, bacterial infection, and the onset of nitrogen fixation. these entail profound, dynamic gene expression changes, notably contributed to by micrornas (mirnas). here, we used deep-sequencing, candidate-based expression studies and a selection of ...201223071252
two putative-aquaporin genes are differentially expressed during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in lotus japonicus.arbuscular mycorrhizas (am) are widespread symbioses that provide great advantages to the plant, improving its nutritional status and allowing the fungus to complete its life cycle. nevertheless, molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of am symbiosis are not yet fully deciphered. here, we have focused on two putative aquaporin genes, ljnip1 and ljxip1, which resulted to be upregulated in a transcriptomic analysis performed on mycorrhizal roots of lotus japonicus.201223046713
minimum requirements of flagellation and motility for infection of agrobacterium sp. strain h13-3 by flagellotropic bacteriophage 7-7-1.the flagellotropic phage 7-7-1 specifically adsorbs to agrobacterium sp. strain h13-3 (formerly rhizobium lupini h13-3) flagella for efficient host infection. the agrobacterium sp. h13-3 flagellum is complex and consists of three flagellin proteins: the primary flagellin flaa, which is essential for motility, and the secondary flagellins flab and flad, which have minor functions in motility. using quantitative infectivity assays, we showed that absence of flad had no effect on phage infection, w ...201222865074
two direct targets of cytokinin signaling regulate symbiotic nodulation in medicago truncatula.cytokinin regulates many aspects of plant development, and in legume crops, this phytohormone is necessary and sufficient for symbiotic nodule organogenesis, allowing them to fix atmospheric nitrogen. to identify direct links between cytokinins and nodule organogenesis, we determined a consensus sequence bound in vitro by a transcription factor (tf) acting in cytokinin signaling, the nodule-enhanced medicago truncatula mt rr1 response regulator (rr). among genes rapidly regulated by cytokinins a ...201223023168
can plant oncogenes inhibit programmed cell death? the rolb oncogene reduces apoptosis-like symptoms in transformed plant cells.the rolb oncogene was previously identified as an important player in ros metabolism in transformed plant cells. numerous reports indicate a crucial role for animal oncogenes in apoptotic cell death. whether plant oncogenes such as rolb can induce programmed cell death (pcd) in transformed plant cells is of particular importance. in this investigation, we used a single-cell assay based on confocal microscopy and fluorescent dyes capable of discriminating between apoptotic and necrotic cells. our ...201222899080
recent advances in the genetic transformation of coffee.coffee is one of the most important plantation crops, grown in about 80 countries across the world. the genus coffea comprises approximately 100 species of which only two species, that is, coffea arabica (commonly known as arabica coffee) and coffea canephora (known as robusta coffee), are commercially cultivated. genetic improvement of coffee through traditional breeding is slow due to the perennial nature of the plant. genetic transformation has tremendous potential in developing improved coff ...201222970380
lotus japonicus arpc1 is required for rhizobial infection.remodeling of the plant cell cytoskeleton precedes symbiotic entry of nitrogen-fixing bacteria within the host plant roots. here we identify a lotus japonicus gene encoding a predicted actin-related protein component1 (arpc1) as essential for rhizobial infection but not for arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis. in other organisms arpc1 constitutes a subunit of the arp2/3 complex, the major nucleator of y-branched actin filaments. the l. japonicus arpc1 mutant showed a distorted trichome phenotype and ...201222864583
functional assessment of the medicago truncatula nip/latd protein demonstrates that it is a high-affinity nitrate transporter.the medicago truncatula nip/latd (for numerous infections and polyphenolics/lateral root-organ defective) gene encodes a protein found in a clade of nitrate transporters within the large nrt1(ptr) family that also encodes transporters of dipeptides and tripeptides, dicarboxylates, auxin, and abscisic acid. of the nrt1(ptr) members known to transport nitrate, most are low-affinity transporters. here, we show that m. truncatula nip/latd mutants are more defective in their lateral root responses to ...201222858636
the snare protein syp71 expressed in vascular tissues is involved in symbiotic nitrogen fixation in lotus japonicus nodules.soluble n-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (snare) proteins are crucial for signal transduction and development in plants. here, we investigate a lotus japonicus symbiotic mutant defective in one of the snare proteins. when in symbiosis with rhizobia, the growth of the mutant was retarded compared with that of the wild-type plant. although the mutant formed nodules, these exhibited lower nitrogen fixation activity than the wild type. the rhizobia were able to invade no ...201222858633
a ubiquitin ligase of symbiosis receptor kinase involved in nodule organogenesis.the symbiosis receptor kinase (symrk) is required for morphological changes of legume root hairs triggered by rhizobial infection. how protein turnover of symrk is regulated and how the nodulation factor signals are transduced downstream of symrk are not known. in this report, a symrk-interacting e3 ubiquitin ligase (sie3) was shown to bind and ubiquitinate symrk. the sie3-symrk interaction and the ubiquitination of symrk were shown to occur in vitro and in planta. sie3 represents a new class of ...201222822209
plant root research: the past, the present and the future.this special issue is dedicated to root biologists past and present who have been exploring all aspects of root structure and function with an extensive publication record going over 100 years. the content of the special issue on root biology covers a wide scale of contributions, spanning interactions of roots with microorganisms in the rhizosphere, the anatomy of root cells and tissues, the subcellular components of root cells, and aspects of metal accumulation and stresses on root function and ...201222966495
development of efficient catharanthus roseus regeneration and transformation system using agrobacterium tumefaciens and hypocotyls as explants.as a valuable medicinal plant, madagascar periwinkle (catharanthus roseus) produces many terpenoid indole alkaloids (tias), such as vindoline, ajamlicine, serpentine, catharanthine, vinblastine and vincristine et al. some of them are important components of drugs treating cancer and hypertension. however, the yields of these tias are low in wild-type plants, and the total chemical synthesis is impractical in large scale due to high-cost and their complicated structures. the recent development of ...201222748182
use of ex vitro composite plants to study the interaction of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l.) with the root parasitic angiosperm striga gesnerioides.cowpea (vigna unguiculata l.) is an important grain and forage legume grown throughout sub-saharan africa primarily by subsistence farmers on poor, drought prone soils. genetic improvement of the crop is being actively pursued and numerous functional genomics studies are underway aimed at characterizing gene controlling key agronomic characteristics for disease and pest resistances. unfortunately, similar to other legumes, efficient plant transformation technology is a rate-limiting step in anal ...201222741546
the high-affinity phosphate transporter gmpt5 regulates phosphate transport to nodules and nodulation in soybean.legume biological nitrogen (n) fixation is the most important n source in agroecosystems, but it is also a process requiring a considerable amount of phosphorus (p). therefore, developing legume varieties with effective n(2) fixation under p-limited conditions could have profound significance for improving agricultural sustainability. we show here that inoculation with effective rhizobial strains enhanced soybean (glycine max) n(2) fixation and p nutrition in the field as well as in hydroponics. ...201222740613
sieve element occlusion (seo) genes encode structural phloem proteins involved in wound sealing of the phloem.the sieve element occlusion (seo) gene family originally was delimited to genes encoding structural components of forisomes, which are specialized crystalloid phloem proteins found solely in the fabaceae. more recently, seo genes discovered in various non-fabaceae plants were proposed to encode the common phloem proteins (p-proteins) that plug sieve plates after wounding. we carried out a comprehensive characterization of two tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) seo genes (ntseo). reporter genes controll ...201222733783
effect of l-phenylalanine on pal activity and production of naphthoquinone pigments in suspension cultures of arnebia euchroma (royle) johnst.the effects of l-phenylalanine (phe) on cell growth and production of shikonin and its derivatives, acetylshikonin (acs) and isobutyrylshikonin (ibs), in suspension cultures of arnebia euchroma were examined. supplementing media using phe have been successfully utilized to enhance shikonin production in cell cultures of other species of boraginaceae. l-phenylalanine, the key compound in the phenylpropanoid pathway, is converted by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (pal) to trans-cinnamic acid, which i ...201223049233
striga parasitizes transgenic hairy roots of zea mays and provides a tool for studying plant-plant interactions.striga species are noxious root hemi-parasitic weeds that debilitate cereal production in sub-saharan africa (ssa). control options for striga are limited and developing striga resistant crop germplasm is regarded as the best and most sustainable control measure. efforts to improve germplasm for striga resistance by a non-genetic modification (gm) approach, for example by exploiting natural resistance, or by a gm approach are constrained by limited information on the biological processes underpi ...201222720750
the recent evolution of a symbiotic ion channel in the legume family altered ion conductance and improved functionality in calcium signaling.arbuscular mycorrhiza and the rhizobia-legume symbiosis are two major root endosymbioses that facilitate plant nutrition. in lotus japonicus, two symbiotic cation channels, castor and pollux, are indispensable for the induction of nuclear calcium spiking, one of the earliest plant responses to symbiotic partner recognition. during recent evolution, a single amino acid substitution in does not make infections1 (dmi1), the pollux putative ortholog in the closely related medicago truncatula, render ...201222706284
rapid phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic changes in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis.symbiotic associations between legumes and rhizobia usually commence with the perception of bacterial lipochitooligosaccharides, known as nod factors (nf), which triggers rapid cellular and molecular responses in host plants. we report here deep untargeted tandem mass spectrometry-based measurements of rapid nf-induced changes in the phosphorylation status of 13,506 phosphosites in 7739 proteins from the model legume medicago truncatula. to place these phosphorylation changes within a biological ...201222683509
genetic diversity of rhizobia isolates from amazon soils using cowpea (vigna unguiculata) as trap plant.the aim of this work was to characterize rhizobia isolated from the root nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) plants cultivated in amazon soils samples by means of ardra (amplified rdna restriction analysis) and sequencing analysis, to know their phylogenetic relationships. the 16s rrna gene of rhizobia was amplified by pcr (polymerase chain reaction) using universal primers y1 and y3. the amplification products were analyzed by the restriction enzymes hinfi, mspi and ddei and also sequenced wi ...201224031880
multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa) of bradyrhizobium strains: revealing high diversity of tropical diazotrophic symbiotic bacteria.symbiotic association of several genera of bacteria collectively called as rhizobia and plants belonging to the family leguminosae (=fabaceae) results in the process of biological nitrogen fixation, playing a key role in global n cycling, and also bringing relevant contributions to the agriculture. bradyrhizobium is considered as the ancestral of all nitrogen-fixing rhizobial species, probably originated in the tropics. the genus encompasses a variety of diverse bacteria, but the diversity captu ...201224031882
rhizobium-legume symbiosis shares an exocytotic pathway required for arbuscule formation.endosymbiotic interactions are characterized by the formation of specialized membrane compartments, by the host in which the microbes are hosted, in an intracellular manner. two well-studied examples, which are of major agricultural and ecological importance, are the widespread arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. in both symbioses, the specialized host membrane that surrounds the microbes forms a symbiotic interface, which facilitates the exchange of, for example ...201222566631
rna viral vectors for improved agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of heterologous proteins in nicotiana benthamiana cell suspensions and hairy roots.plant cell suspensions and hairy root cultures represent scalable protein expression platforms. low protein product titers have thus far limited the application of transient protein expression in these hosts. the objective of this work was to overcome this limitation by harnessing a. tumefaciens to deliver replicating and non-replicating rna viral vectors in plant tissue co-cultures.201222559055
composite cucurbita pepo plants with transgenic roots as a tool to study root development.in most plant species, initiation of lateral root primordia occurs above the elongation zone. however, in cucurbits and some other species, lateral root primordia initiation and development takes place in the apical meristem of the parental root. composite transgenic plants obtained by agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation are known as a suitable model to study root development. the aim of the present study was to establish this transformation technique for squash.201222553131
lotus japonicus e3 ligase seven in absentia4 destabilizes the symbiosis receptor-like kinase symrk and negatively regulates rhizobial infection.the lotus japonicus symbiosis receptor-like kinase (symrk) is required for symbiotic signal transduction upon stimulation of root cells by microbial signaling molecules. here, we identified members of the seven in absentia (sina) e3 ubiquitin-ligase family as symrk interactors and confirmed their predicted ubiquitin-ligase activity. in nicotiana benthamiana leaves, symrk-yellow fluorescent protein was localized at the plasma membrane, and interaction with sinas, as determined by bimolecular fluo ...201222534128
kirenol production in hairy root culture of siegesbeckea orientalis and its antimicrobial activity.despite the excellent anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic efficacy associated with kirenol generation, the content of kirenol in siegesbeckea orientalis is quite low.201222701289
biotransformation of furannoligularenone by transgenic crown galls of panax quinquefolium.transgenic plant suspension cultures could be used as an effective tool for the biotransformation of exogenous compounds.201222701285
effect of agrobacterium rhizogenes and elicitation on the asiaticoside production in cell cultures of centella asiatica.centella asiatica (l.) urb. (apiaceae) is an important medicinal plant, and it has been using to prepare herbal medicines. the compounds responsible for the biological activity of c. asiatica are triterpenoids such as asiaticoside. asiaticoside is also important as a marker for standardization of c. asiatica. due to the low content, there is a need to enhance the production of asiaticoside of c. asiatica. the biotechnological approach is one of the methods that can be used to enhance its product ...201222701283
novel plasmid and its variant harboring both a bla(ndm-1) gene and type iv secretion system in clinical isolates of acinetobacter lwoffii.the spread of the bla(ndm-1) gene is gaining worldwide attentions. this gene is usually carried by large plasmids and has been discovered in diverse bacteria since it was originally found in klebsiella pneumoniae. here we report the complete sequences of a bla(ndm-1)-bearing plasmid, pndm-bj01, and its variant, pndm-bj02, isolated from clinical acinetobacter lwoffii strains. the plasmid pndm-bj01 is 47.3 kb in size and cannot be classified into any known plasmid incompatibility group, thus repre ...201222290961
traversing the cell: agrobacterium t-dna's journey to the host genome.the genus agrobacterium is unique in its ability to conduct interkingdom genetic exchange. virulent agrobacterium strains transfer single-strand forms of t-dna (t-strands) and several virulence effector proteins through a bacterial type iv secretion system into plant host cells. t-strands must traverse the plant wall and plasma membrane, traffic through the cytoplasm, enter the nucleus, and ultimately target host chromatin for stable integration. because any dna sequence placed between t-dna "bo ...201222645590
the small gtpase rop6 interacts with nfr5 and is involved in nodule formation in lotus japonicus.nod factor receptor5 (nfr5) is an atypical receptor-like kinase, having no activation loop in the protein kinase domain. it forms a heterodimer with nfr1 and is required for the early plant responses to rhizobium infection. a rho-like small gtpase from lotus japonicus was identified as an nfr5-interacting protein. the amino acid sequence of this rho-like gtpase is closest to the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) rop6 and medicago truncatula rop6 and was designated as ljrop6. the interaction bet ...201222434040
characterization of an isoflavonoid-specific prenyltransferase from lupinus albus.prenylated flavonoids and isoflavonoids possess antimicrobial activity against fungal pathogens of plants. however, only a few plant flavonoid and isoflavonoid prenyltransferase genes have been identified to date. in this study, an isoflavonoid prenyltransferase gene, designated as lapt1, was identified from white lupin (lupinus albus). the deduced protein sequence of lapt1 shared high homologies with known flavonoid and isoflavonoid prenyltransferases. the lapt1 gene was mainly expressed in roo ...201222430842
multiple domains in mtenod8 protein including the signal peptide target it to the symbiosome.symbiotic nitrogen fixation occurs in nodules, specialized organs on the roots of legumes. within nodules, host plant cells are infected with rhizobia that are encapsulated by a plant-derived membrane forming a novel organelle, the symbiosome. in medicago truncatula, the symbiosome consists of the symbiosome membrane, a single rhizobium, and the soluble space between them, called the symbiosome space. the symbiosome space is enriched with plant-derived proteins, including the m. truncatula early ...201222415512
lysine decarboxylase catalyzes the first step of quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis and coevolved with alkaloid production in leguminosae.lysine decarboxylase (ldc) catalyzes the first-step in the biosynthetic pathway of quinolizidine alkaloids (qas), which form a distinct, large family of plant alkaloids. a cdna of lysine/ornithine decarboxylase (l/odc) was isolated by differential transcript screening in qa-producing and nonproducing cultivars of lupinus angustifolius. we also obtained l/odc cdnas from four other qa-producing plants, sophora flavescens, echinosophora koreensis, thermopsis chinensis, and baptisia australis. these ...201222415272
silencing of the rac1 gtpase mtrop9 in medicago truncatula stimulates early mycorrhizal and oomycete root colonizations but negatively affects rhizobial infection.rac/rop proteins (ρ-related gtpases of plants) are plant-specific small g proteins that function as molecular switches within elementary signal transduction pathways, including the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) generation during early microbial infection via the activation of nadph oxidase homologs of plants termed rboh (for respiratory burst oxidase homolog). we investigated the role of medicago truncatula jemalong a17 small gtpase mtrop9, orthologous to medicago sativa rac1, via ...201222399646
sporophytic ovule tissues modulate the initiation and progression of apomixis in hieracium.apomixis in hieracium subgenus pilosella initiates in ovules when sporophytic cells termed aposporous initial (ai) cells enlarge near sexual cells undergoing meiosis. ai cells displace the sexual structures and divide by mitosis to form unreduced embryo sac(s) without meiosis (apomeiosis) that initiate fertilization-independent embryo and endosperm development. in some hieracium subgenus pilosella species, these events are controlled by the dominant loss of apomeiosis (loa) and loss of parthenog ...201222378948
a map kinase kinase interacts with symrk and regulates nodule organogenesis in lotus japonicus.the symbiosis receptor kinase, symrk, is required for root nodule development. a symrk-interacting protein (sip2) was found to form protein complex with symrk in vitro and in planta. the interaction between symrk and sip2 is conserved in legumes. the sip2 gene was expressed in all lotus japonicus tissues examined. sip2 represents a typical plant mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (mapkk) and exhibited autophosphorylation and transphosphorylation activities. recombinant sip2 protein could ph ...201222353370
polar localization of a symbiosis-specific phosphate transporter is mediated by a transient reorientation of secretion.the arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) symbiosis, formed by land plants and am fungi, evolved an estimated 400 million years ago and has been maintained in angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes, and some bryophytes as a strategy for enhancing phosphate acquisition. during am symbiosis, the am fungus colonizes the root cortical cells where it forms branched hyphae called arbuscules that function in nutrient exchange with the plant. each arbuscule is enveloped in a plant membrane, the periarbuscular me ...201222355114
nuclear-localized and deregulated calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activates rhizobial and mycorrhizal responses in lotus japonicus.the common symbiosis pathway is at the core of symbiosis signaling between plants and soil microbes. in this pathway, calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (ccamk) plays a crucial role in integrating the signals both in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (ams) and in root nodule symbiosis (rns). however, the molecular mechanism by which ccamk coordinates ams and rns is largely unknown. here, we report that the gain-of-function (gof) variants of ccamk without the regulatory domains activ ...201222337918
role of n-glycosylation sites and cxc motifs in trafficking of medicago truncatula nod factor perception protein to plasma membrane.the lysin motif receptor-like kinase, nfp (nod factor perception), is a key protein in the legume medicago truncatula for the perception of lipochitooligosaccharidic nod factors, which are secreted bacterial signals essential for establishing the nitrogen-fixing legume-rhizobia symbiosis. predicted structural and genetic analyses strongly suggest that nfp is at least part of a nod factor receptor, but few data are available about this protein. characterization of a variant encoded by the mutant ...201222334694
ac/ds-transposon activation tagging in poplar: a powerful tool for gene discovery.rapid improvements in the development of new sequencing technologies have led to the availability of genome sequences of more than 300 organisms today. thanks to bioinformatic analyses, prediction of gene models and protein-coding transcripts has become feasible. various reverse and forward genetics strategies have been followed to determine the functions of these gene models and regulatory sequences. using t-dna or transposons as tags, significant progress has been made by using "knock-in" appr ...201222309468
the national bioresource project (nbrp) lotus and glycine in japan.the objective of the national bioresource project (nbrp) in japan is to collect, conserve and distribute biological materials for life sciences research. the project consists of twenty-eight bioresources, including animal, plant, microorganism and dna resources. nbrp lotus and glycine aims to support the development of legume research through the collection, conservation, and distribution of these bioresources. lotus japonicus is a perennial legume that grows naturally throughout japan and is wi ...201223136485
genetic and phenotypic analyses of a papaver somniferum t-dna insertional mutant with altered alkaloid composition.the in vitro shoot culture of a t-dna insertional mutant of papaver somniferum l. established by the infection of agrobacterium rhizogenes maff03-01724 accumulated thebaine instead of morphine as a major opium alkaloid. to develop a non-narcotic opium poppy and to gain insight into its genetic background, we have transplanted this mutant to soil, and analyzed its alkaloid content along with the manner of inheritance of t-dna insertion loci among its selfed progenies. in the transplanted t0 prima ...201224288085
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