Publications

ordinary and opportunistic enteropathogens associated with diarrhea in senegalese adults in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus.	a survey was conducted in dakar, senegal, to identify major types and prevalences of bacteria, parasites, fungi, and rotaviruses associated with diarrhea in relation to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) serostatus with the goal to provide guidance to physicians for case management.	2001	11953215
effect of spices and herbs towards shigella sonnei and s. flexneri.		2001	15954300
inhibitory effects of spices and herbs towards shigella sonnei and s. flexneri.	the use of spices and herbs, their essential oils or their active compounds as means of control of pathogens constitutes an alternative to chemical additives in the present study the antibacterial activities of cloves, thyme, oregano, rosemary and basil on shigella have been established. although in a model system in agar media addition of 1% basil could contribute to the 'hurdle' principle and delay outgrowth of shigella sp. this was not confirmed in real food conditions: the presence of 1% bas ...	2001	15954648
vector research group - 15th scientific meeting.	the 15th journées scientifiques of the groupe thematique de recherche sur les vecteurs provided an overview of the various aspects of drug delivery systems. copolymers of poly(lactic acid) (pla) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (pcl) could be functionalized allowing the introduction of poly(ethylene) glycol side chains and ligands. coupling of bispecific antibodies to radioactive compounds and carbohydrates to tris-(hydroxymethyl) acrylamidomethane telomers increased cell specificity. new polyhydr ...	2001	16025386
prevalence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea among hospitalized jordanian patients.	we investigated stool specimens of 400 patients at jordan university hospital (300 patients with clinical diarrhoea and 100 controls without diarrhoea) for the presence of clostridium difficile or its toxin. we found a 9.7% prevalence rate of c. difficile or its toxin in stools of patients with diarrhoea. the prevalence of other potential enteric pathogens, such as salmonella spp. (2.3%), shigella spp. (1.0%) and entamoeba histolytica (2.7%), was significantly less. prevalence of c. difficile or ...	2001	15332775
[infective etiology of diarrhea in adults with hiv infection in dakar: a case-control study on 594 patients].	a survey was conducted in dakar, senegal from may 1997 to may 1999, to identify major types and prevalences of bacteria, parasites, fungi and rotaviruses associated with diarrhea in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus with the aim to provide guidance to physicians for case management. etiologic agents were identified in a case-control study: cases were hiv-infected patients with diarrhea (hiv+ d+) and hiv seronegative patients with diarrhea (hiv- d+); controls were hiv-infected p ...	2001	15773157
the type iii secretion system of gram-negative bacteria: a potential therapeutic target?	several pathogenic gram-negative bacteria, including salmonella, shigella, yersinia, pseudomonas aeruginosa and enteropathogenic escherichia coli harbour a complex attack system called 'type iii secretion' which is, in every case, an essential virulence determinant. this system, activated by contact with an eukaryotic cell membrane, allows bacteria to inject bacterial proteins across the two bacterial membranes and the eukaryotic cell membrane, to reach the cell's cytosol and destroy or subvert ...	2001	12540268
[laboratory diagnostics of acute enteric infections under the conditions of the work of the specialized epidemic brigade during liquidation of the consequences of the emergency situations].	the scheme of the complex microbiological diagnostics of cholera, dysentery, salmonellosis and escherichiosis has been developed. the scheme includes the introduction of material taken from a patient with acute enteric infection into 1% peptone water (ph 8.0), followed by inoculation into endo medium (ph 7.4-8.0) and the selection of colonies on mc-agar with the subsequent final identification of bacteria with the use of biochemical, serological and genetic methods of investigation. this scheme ...	2001	12718172
induction of mucosal immune responses by bacteria and bacterial components.	bacteria have well documented abilities to induce protective as well as pathogenic mucosal immune responses, with the type of response dependent on the genetically programmed balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and t-lymphocyte subsets. inflammatory bowel disease, especially crohn disease and periodontal disease, appear to be overly aggressive cellular immune responses to some, but not all, normal resident bacteria. recent evidence suggests that the balance of protective (probiotic) ...	2001	17031218
enteric and foodborne disease in children: a review of the influence of food- and environment-related risk factors.	canadian statistics show that children from birth to four years of age are more likely to be reported with an infection from campylobacter, giardia, salmonella and shigella species, and verotoxigenic escherichia coli than any other age group. a review of the canadian and international literature, and an analysis of case and outbreak data suggest that the risk factors for infection in young children (ages birth to four years) are different from the risk factors for older children and adults. in c ...	2001	20084237
methods for the preparation and crystallization of fab fragments in complex with peptide antigens derived from n. meningitidis outer membrane proteins.	an understanding of the molecular basis for the recognition of outer-membrane proteins (omps) by antibody is an important goal in the development of a more rational approach to vaccine design. x-ray crystallography has been outstandingly successful in delineating the detailed chemical interactions that are responsible for the high affinity and high selectivity of antibody-antigen interactions (1). although a number of x-ray structures of omps have now been reported (e.g., 2), determination of th ...	2001	21336751
testing meningococcal vaccines for mitogenicity and superantigenicity.	proteins with intrinsic mitogenic properties are widely represented in prokaryotes, such as in different streptococcus species (1-3), candida albicans (4), and eikenella corrodens (5). specifically, several bacterial porins of escherichia coli, shigella dysenteriae, salmonella typhimurium, fusobacterium nucleatum, and pathogenic neisseria species have been shown to induce nonspecific proliferation of lymphocytes (6-12).	2001	21336757
studies on the effect of neisserial porins on apoptosis of mammalian cells.	microorganisms or microbial products have been shown to induce or protect cells from activation-induced cell death or apoptosis (1-3). induction of apoptosis by some bacterial invaders, like shigella, might aid in spread of the organism (4), whereas inhibition of apoptosis by other microbes might aid in furthering their intracellular survival (2,3). viral products have been shown to inhibit apoptosis by mimicking anti-apoptotic related proteins (e.g., bcl2, flips, etc.) (2,3,5). thus far, most i ...	2001	21337167
host-pathogen interactions: the seduction of molecular cross talk.	bacterial pathogens have evolved two major strategies to colonise the intestinal epithelium. adherent microorganisms bind to the apical pole of the intestinal epithelium, whereas invasive microorganisms disrupt and invade the epithelium. recognition of the genetic bases of bacterial pathogenicity and analysis of the molecular cross talks established between pathogens and their mammalian target cells have illuminated this diversity of interactions. we have compared the strategies of enteroinvasiv ...	2002	11953325
[phenomenon of apoptosis in the survival of enterobacteria in the parasite-host system].	data on the apoptosis phenomenon with enterobacteria used as a model are presented. one of the mechanisms regulating the vital activity of eukaryotic cells is, together with cell proliferation and differentiation, the phenomenon known as "apoptosis". this physiological process of the eukaryotic cells death is used by many parasites in parasite--host relationships in different epitopes. the system known to trigger programmed cell death, is the surface receptor fas, the receptor of tumor necrosis ...	2002	11949266
development of an elisa using a recombinant 41 kda partial protein (p45n') for the detection of riemerella anatipestifer infections in ducks.	riemerella anatipestifer, a gram-negative bacillus, is the causative agent of duck septicemia, a disease which could incur much economic loss in the duck industry. an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) has been developed to facilitate early detection of r. anatipestifer infection in ducks. the antigen used was a recombinant 41 kda n-terminal fragment (rp45n') of a newly characterized r. anatipestifer potential surface protein, p45, which was expressed in escherichia coli as an n- ...	2002	12220809
development of oligonucleotide primers for the specific pcr-based detection of the most frequent enterobacteriaceae species dna using wec gene templates.	oligonucleotide primers were designed for the pcr-based detection of the wec gene cluster involved in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the production of enterobacterial common antigen (eca). escherichia coli dna was detected using wec a, wec e, and wec f gene primers. the wec a primers were specific for e. coli. the wec e and wec f primers enabled the detection of the most frequent species of the enterobacteriaceae found in blood and urine specimens as well as in water. the sensitivity of the ...	2002	11958564
evaluation of an immunochromatography strip assay for the detection of salmonella sp. from poultry.	the present study was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of an immunochromatography-based diagnostic kit for salmonella. the analytical sensitivity of the test when using pure colonies of different salmonella species was in the range of 1 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(5) colony-forming units per milliliter. the strip detected 19 of 22 strains of salmonella spp. but failed to detect s. worthington, s. choleraesuis var. kunzendorf and s. johannesburg. the strip did not detect 27 different e ...	2002	12296399
[ct evaluation of infectious colitis].	computed tomography (ct) is useful for evaluating the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease, such as infectious colitis, in patients with severe pain and bloody diarrhea. during the 7 years between november 1993 and october 2000, 34 patients with infectious colitis (18 male, 16 female; mean age 42 +/- 19 yrs), received emergency ct and colonoscopy because of severe abdominal pain and dysentery. the following organisms were isolated: pathogenic escherichia coli (12), 6 of which were o157:h7 (o-15 ...	2002	12229165
effect of organic acids and temperature on survival of shigella flexneri in broth at ph 4.	the survival of bacterial pathogens in acidified foods depends not only on the hydrogen ion concentration, but also on the type of acid and the storage temperature. shigella flexneri is a foodborne pathogen that is acid tolerant. the survival of s. flexneri 5348 in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with 0.04 m acetic, citric, lactic, malic, or tartaric acid and adjusted to ph 4 with hci or naoh was studied. the control medium was brain heart infusion broth adjusted to ph 4 with hci. statio ...	2002	12233851
development of an enzyme assay for rapid assessment of escherichia coli in seawaters.	an analytical protocol has been developed and applied for the detection of glucuronidase activity in marine waters as a rapid alternative approach to assess the microbiological quality of seawaters.	2002	12234337
infectious diseases in mexico. a survey from 1995-2000.	data obtained at a central laboratory for emerging, re-emerging, and other infectious diseases in mexico from 1995-2000 are presented. an outstanding increase of den-3 circulation was identified. aedes aegypti, the dengue vector, is widely distributed. leptospirosis has become the most important differential diagnosis for dengue. identification of rabies virus variants allowed cataloging of new transmitters of rabies. rotavirus showed a clear seasonal distribution, while different proportions of ...	2002	12234523
characterization of the ysa pathogenicity locus in the chromosome of yersinia enterocolitica and phylogeny analysis of type iii secretion systems.	several gram negative bacteria use a complex system called "type iii secretion system" (ttss) to engage their host. the archetype of ttss is the plasmid-encoded "yop virulon" shared by the three species of pathogenic yersinia (y. pestis, y. pseudotuberculosis, and y. enterocolitica). a second ttss, called ysa (for yersinia secretion apparatus) was recently described in y. enterocolitica 8081, a strain from serotype o:8. in this study, we describe the ysa locus from a127/90, another strain of ser ...	2002	12165841
general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease linked with salad vegetables and fruit, england and wales, 1992-2000.	between 1992 and 2000, 1,518 foodborne general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease (iid) were reported to the public health laboratory service (phls) communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc), of which 83 (5.5%) were associated with the consumption of salad vegetables or fruit (svf). the pathogens most frequently reported were salmonellas (41.0%) and norwalk-like virus (nlv) (15.7%). in total 3,438 people were affected; 69 were admitted to hospital and one person died. most outbreak ...	2002	12166293
identification of a putative pathogenicity island in shigella flexneri using subtractive hybridisation of the s. flexneri and escherichia coli genomes.	the genetic differences between the human pathogen, shigella flexneri, and the non-pathogenic escherichia coli were investigated in an attempt to identify pathogenicity islands (pais) in the s. flexneri genome. genomic subtraction identified a large unique region of dna which was present in s. flexneri serotype 2a but absent from e. coli k-12. this 42-kb dna segment was localised to the s. flexneri chromosome and was found to contain a number of elements often associated with pais including: ins ...	2002	12167547
acid tolerance of shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri.	determination of the behaviour of shigella sonnei and sh. flexneri under acid conditions.	2002	12174047
enteroinvasive escherichia coli virulence-plasmid-carried apyrase (apy) and ospb genes are organized as a bicistronic operon and are subject to differential expression.	in shigella flexneri and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) the expression of the virulence-plasmid(pinv)-carried potential pathogenesis-associated apy gene, which encodes apyrase (atp diphosphohydrolase), is regulated by the same regulators that govern the expression of virulence genes. to understand the transcriptional organization of the apy gene, the authors sequenced an 8023 bp psti fragment of the pinv of eiec strain hn280, which encompasses apy as well as its adjacent genes. the psti ...	2002	12177345
evolution of multi-gene segments in the muts-rpos intergenic region of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2.	the nucleotide sequence of the 12.6 kb region between the muts and rpos genes of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 (s. typhimurium) was compared to other enteric bacterial muts-rpos intergenic regions. the muts-rpos region is composed of three distinct segments, designated hk, o and s, as defined by sequence similarities to contiguous orfs in other bacteria. inverted chromosomal orientations of each of these segments are found between the muts and rpos genes in related enterobacteriace ...	2002	12177346
shigella: wash your hands of the whole dirty business.		2002	12186178
characterization of flagella produced by clinical strains of stenotrophomonas maltophilia.	stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging nosocomial pathogen associated with opportunistic infections in patients with cystic fibrosis, cancer, and hiv. adherence of this organism to abiotic surfaces such as medical implants and catheters represents a major risk for hospitalized patients. the adhesive surface factors involved in adherence of these bacteria are largely unknown, and their flagella have not yet been characterized biochemically and antigenically. we purified and characterized the ...	2002	12194767
shigella septicemia.		2002	12196693
initial steps of shigella infection depend on the cholesterol/sphingolipid raft-mediated cd44-ipab interaction.	shigellosis is an acute inflammatory bowel disease caused by the enteroinvasive bacterium shigella: upon host cell-shigella interaction, major host cell signalling responses are activated. deciphering the initial molecular events is crucial to understanding the infectious process. we identified a molecular complex involving proteins of both the host, cd44 the hyaluronan receptor, and shigella, the invasin ipab, which partitions during infection within specialized membrane microdomains enriched i ...	2002	12198147
geographically separate outbreaks of shigellosis in auckland, new zealand, linked by molecular subtyping to cases returning from samoa.	to investigate simultaneous outbreaks of shigella sonnei gastroenteritis occurring in february 2001 at a health camp for socially deprived children and an elderly care facility.	2002	12199002
sequence analysis and characterization of plasmid psfd10 from salmonella choleraesuis.	the nucleotide sequence of a small plasmid, designated psfd10, is isolated from the vaccine strain salmonella choleraesuis c500 in china, has been determined. this plasmid is 4091 bp long with a total g+c content of 51.4%, which is in the range of salmonella genomic dna. analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence reveals that psfd10 has a high degree of similarity to cole1-type plasmid, having the possible cer and rom genes, and a putative mobilization origin of cole1-type. plasmid psfd10 poss ...	2002	12206756
actin-based phagosome motility.	despite abundant evidence of actin's involvement at the particle internalization stage of phagocytosis, little is known about whether phagosomes undergo the same type of actin-based motility as observed with endocytic vesicles or such intracellular pathogens as listeria and shigella. by employing video microscopy to follow the fate of latex bead-containing phagosomes within the cytoplasm of bone marrow macrophages, we have made the novel observation of actin-based phagosome motility. immunofluor ...	2002	12211106
[outbreak caused by escherichia coli in chalco, mexico].	to identify the etiologic agent responsible for a disease outbreak following an overflow of sewage water in valle de chalco, mexico.	2002	12216516
[utility of studying feces for the diagnosis and management of infants and preschool children with acute diarrhea].	to analyze the results of a stool work-up protocol in a series of infants and preschoolers with acute diarrhea.	2002	12216520
three modifications in the d and t arms of trna influence translation in escherichia coli and expression of virulence genes in shigella flexneri.	the modified nucleosides 2'-o-methylguanosine, present at position 18 (gm18), 5-methyluridine, present at position 54 (m(5)u54), and pseudouridine, present at position 55 (psi55), are located in the d and t arms of trnas and are close in space in the three-dimensional (3d) structure of this molecule in the bacterium escherichia coli. the formation of these modified nucleosides is catalyzed by the products of genes trmh (gm18), trma (m(5)u54), and trub (psi55). the combination of trmh, trma, and ...	2002	12218021
survival and growth of shigella flexneri, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, and vibrio cholerae o1 in reconstituted infant formula.	formula feeding is an alternative method to prevent mother-to-child infection with human immunodeficiency virus through breast-feeding in developing countries. growth of bacterial pathogens in reconstituted infant formula has become a health hazard when contaminated water is used for rehydration. this study was conducted to assess bacterial safety risk of using contaminated water to reconstitute infant formula. survival and growth characteristics were determined for three bacterial pathogens, vi ...	2002	12224592
shigella flexneri degp facilitates icsa surface expression and is required for efficient intercellular spread.	a degp mutant of shigella flexneri was identified in a screen for insertion mutants that invaded cultured cells but did not form wild-type plaques in monolayers. the degp mutant sm1100 invaded henle cells at wild-type levels and induced apoptosis in macrophages but formed smaller plaques than those formed by wild-type s. flexneri in confluent monolayers of henle and caco-2 cells. the proportion of sm1100 bacteria with icsa localized to the bacterial pole, a process required for actin polymerizat ...	2002	12379715
enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhea in community and hospital patients in jakarta, indonesia.	the prevalence of bacteria, parasite and viral pathogens in 3875 patients with diarrhea in community and hospital settings from march 1997 through august 1999 in jakarta, indonesia was determined using routine bacteriology and molecular assay techniques. bacterial pathogens isolated from hospital patients were, in decreasing frequency, vibrio cholerae o1, shigella flexneri, salmonella spp. and campylobacter jejuni, while s. flexneri, v. cholerae o1, salmonella spp. and c. jejuni were isolated fr ...	2002	12381465
a salmonella sipb-derived polypeptide blocks the 'trigger' mechanism of bacterial entry into eukaryotic cells.	entry into non-phagocytic mammalian cells by the invasive pathogens salmonella and shigella is triggered by the delivery of bacterial virulence effector proteins into the host cell. this is dependent upon salmonella sipb or its shigella homologue ipab, which insert into the eukaryotic cell plasma membrane. here we show that a sipb-derived 166 residue alpha-helical polypeptide is a potent inhibitor of sipb-directed liposome fusion in vitro, preventing the membrane-associated form of sipb from ins ...	2002	12354236
management of diarrhoea in practice.	diarrhoea, a major cause of morbidity and mortality can be produced by a variety of etiological factors. management protocol includes assessment of the child, physical examination, lab-evaluation, assessment of severity of dehydration and rehydration therapy using either of the following - who - ors, home available fluids (haf), sugar salt solution (sss), improve who-ors, amino acid fortified ors, rice based ors, low osmolarity ors. intravenous fluids are required if patients can't accept orally ...	2002	12356221
conversion of ptdins(4,5)p(2) into ptdins(5)p by the s.flexneri effector ipgd reorganizes host cell morphology.	phosphoinositides play a central role in the control of several cellular events including actin cytoskeleton organization. here we show that, upon infection of epithelial cells with the gram-negative pathogen shigella flexneri, the virulence factor ipgd is translocated directly into eukaryotic cells and acts as a potent inositol 4-phosphatase that specifically dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [ptdins(4,5)p(2)] into phosphatidylinositol 5-monophosphate [ptdins(5)p] that then ...	2002	12356723
endotoxins of enteric pathogens are chemotactic factors for human neutrophils.	early activation of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils is characterized by their morphological changes from spherical to polarized shapes. the endotoxins from enteric pathogens (s. dysenteriae type 1, v. cholerae inaba 569b, s. typhimurium, and k. pneumoniae) were assessed by their ability to induce morphological polarization of the neutrophils as measures of early activation. phagocytic activity, adhesion, chemokinetic locomotion, and nitroblue tetrazolium (nbt) dye-reduction ...	2002	12359090
a direct-transfer polymerization model explains how the multiple profilin-binding sites in the actoclampin motor promote rapid actin-based motility.	the high actin-based motility rates observed in nonmuscle cells require the per-second addition of 400-500 monomers to the barbed ends of growing actin filaments. the chief polymerization-competent species is profilin.actin.atp (present at 5-40 microm intracellular concentrations), whereas g-actin.atp is much less abundant ( approximately 0.1-1 microm). while earlier studies unambiguously demonstrated that profilin.actin is highly concentrated within the polymerization zone, profilin-actin local ...	2002	12361718
epithelial inflammation response induced by shigella flexneri depends on mucin gene expression.	the protective effects of different mucin gene profiles on gut protection were assessed by the evaluation of tnfalpha production by intestinal epithelial cells infected by shigella flexneri. three ht-29 cell lines were used: ht29-g(-) (enterocyte-like cells, secreting no mucins), ht29-fu (highly expressing muc2 and muc4) and ht29-mtx (highly expressing muc3 and muc5ac). these cells were infected either by an invasive (m90t) or the control isogenic (bs176) strains of s. flexneri, and tnfalpha mrn ...	2002	12361911
escherichia coli in disguise: molecular origins of shigella.	shigella, which still stands as a genus with four species today, in reality belongs to the extremely diverse species escherichia coli. there are several lineages of shigella strains derived through independent acquisition of the pinv virulence plasmid. the chromosomally determined phenotypic properties of shigella result from convergent evolution during niche adaptation, most due to loss of function, some from negative selection pressure.	2002	12361912
causative pathogens of severe diarrhea in children.	to investigate the enteropathogens in children with diarrhea attending salmaniya medical complex, bahrain.	2002	12370713
[dysentery in poland in 2000].	the notified number of dysentery cases is still falling down since the year 1995 when bacteriological examination of feces for diagnostic purposes lost free of charge status obtained in 1928 under the legislation act of infectious disease investigation and obligatory registration. only 121 dysentery cases were notified in the year 2000 (incidence 0.31/100,000 population), while 292 cases were notified in 1999 (incidence 0.76/100,000). no one death case was notified. only 2 outbreaks (one due to ...	2002	12371362
the wh1 and evh1 domains of wasp and ena/vasp family members bind distinct sequence motifs.	a complex of n-wasp and wasp-interacting protein (wip) plays an important role in actin-based motility of vaccinia virus and the formation of filopodia. wip is also required to maintain the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton in t and b lymphocytes and is essential for t cell activation. however, in contrast to many other n-wasp binding proteins, wip does not stimulate the ability of n-wasp to activate the arp2/3 complex. although the wasp homology 1 (wh1) domain of n-wasp interacts directly wit ...	2002	12372256
septic shock associated with shigella flexneri dysentery.	septic shock is a very unusual presentation of shigella infection. we describe a 3-y-old child who developed severe septic shock and severe encephalopathy during an episode of dysentery caused by shigella flexneri.	2002	12374365
neutrophil elastase targets virulence factors of enterobacteria.	shigellae cause bacillary dysentery, a bloody form of diarrhoea that affects almost 200 million people and causes nearly 2 million deaths per year. shigella invades the colonic mucosa, where it initiates an acute inflammation, rich in neutrophils, that initially contributes to tissue damage and eventually resolves the infection. neutrophils are phagocytic cells that kill microorganisms but it is unclear how neutrophils control pathogenic bacteria expressing virulence factors that manipulate host ...	2002	12018205
distinct recent lineages of the stra- strb streptomycin-resistance genes in clinical and environmental bacteria.	we report the linkage of the stra-strb streptomycin-resistance genes with class 1 integron sequences on pstr1, a 75-kb multiple antibiotic-resistance plasmid from shigella flexneri. stra-strb had previously been detected only within tn 5393, a tn 3-family transposon, and on small nonconjugative broad-host-range plasmids such as rsf1010. the geographic range of tn 5393 was also extended to pseudomonas spp. isolated from apple trees in new zealand and soil in the usa. comparative sequence analyses ...	2002	12029529
[shigella boydii strains possessing a new serovar (sm00-27) isolated from diarrhea of overseas travelers in japan].	five shigella strains isolated from stool cultures of five sporadic imported diarrheal cases in japan during 1999-2001, did not react to any antisera of the established shigella serovars. these strains had the typical biochemical characteristics of shigella boydii, and were biochemically identical. all strains were positive in a pcr assay and a cultured-cell invasion test for invasiveness; these indicate that they can cause shigellosis in humans. the results of antigenic analysis revealed that t ...	2002	12030026
the effect of nacl on survival of shigella flexneri in broth as affected by temperature and ph.	shigella, a major foodborne pathogen, survives well in salt-containing environments. however, systematic data are scarce. we studied the behavior of shigella flexneri 5348 in brain heart infusion broth (ph 4 to 6) containing 0.5 to 8% nacl. stationary-phase cells were inoculated into sterile media at initial concentrations of 6 to 7 log10 cfu/ml and incubated at 12 to 37 degrees c. bacterial population sizes were determined periodically by plate counts. survivor curves were derived from plate co ...	2002	12030287
inorganic polyphosphate is essential for long-term survival and virulence factors in shigella and salmonella spp.	the importance of inorganic polyphosphate (poly p) and poly p kinase (ppk), the enzyme principally responsible for its synthesis, has been established previously for stationary-phase survival of escherichia coli and virulence in pseudomonas aeruginosa. the gene (ppk) that encodes ppk is highly conserved among many bacterial pathogens, including shigella and salmonella spp. in view of the phylogenetic similarity of the enteropathogens and the frequency with which virulence factors are expressed i ...	2002	12032342
mucosal dna vaccination with highly attenuated shigella is superior to attenuated salmonella and comparable to intramuscular dna vaccination for t cells against hiv.	an immunization strategy using attenuated bacteria to deliver dna vaccine plasmids to mucosal sites may induce protective t cell responses against sexual hiv transmission. in a murine intranasal (i.n.) immunization model, we demonstrate that transiently persistent deltaasd shigella flexneri strain 15d harboring dna vaccines induces hiv- and siv-specific gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) producing cd8+ t cells among splenocytes more efficiently than either a longer persisting deltaarod salmonella typh ...	2002	12036602
incidence and molecular analysis of vibrio cholerae associated with cholera outbreak subsequent to the super cyclone in orissa, india.	an epidemiological study was carried out to find out the aetiological agent for diarrhoeal disorders in the cyclone and flood affected areas of orissa, india. rectal swabs collected from 107 hospitalized diarrhoea patients were bacteriologically analysed to isolate and identify the various enteropathogens. detection of toxic genes among e. coli and v. cholerae was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. of the 107 rectal swabs analysed, 72.3% were positive for v. cholerae o1 ogawa, ...	2002	12002529
rhamnose-binding lectins from steelhead trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs recognize bacterial lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acid.	the interaction between bacteria and three l-rham-nose-binding lectins, named stl1, stl2, and stl3, from steelhead trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs was investigated. although stls bound to most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, they agglutinated only escherichia coli k-12 and bacillus subtilis among the bacteria tested. the binding was inhibited by l-rhamnose. stls bound to distinct serotypes of lipopolysaccharides (lpss), and showed much higher binding activities to smooth-type lpss of ...	2002	12005056
enhancement of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures by shigella dysenteriae in lps-resistant c3h/hej mice: role of the host response.	convulsions and encephalopathy are common complications of shiga toxin (stx)-producing shigella and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli infections. in previous studies, we demonstrated that stx and lipopolysaccharide (lps) act in concert to enhance mice sensitivity to pentylenetetrazole (ptz)-induced seizures via mechanisms involving tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha), interleukinl beta and nitric oxide. to further elucidate the role of the host response in shigella-related seizures, we studi ...	2002	12005330
[salmonella spp. serotypes isolated at the hospital universitario reina sofía in córdoba during an 8-year period, 1993-2000].	as a producer of gastro-enteritis and other symptoms, salmonella spp. remains an important problem for world public health. epidemiological knowledge at both general and local level by means of serotypification is considered one of the fundamental aspects for its control.	2002	12006258
delivery of dangerous goods: type iii secretion in enteric pathogens.	type iii secretion systems (ttsss) of gram-negative pathogens are molecular syringes that inject bacterial virulence factors directly into host cells. these virulence factors manipulate host cell pathways to aid bacterial survival within the host. four important enteric pathogens use ttsss to colonize and persist within the intestinal environment. the following is a brief review of the way in which ttsss and their effectors contribute to the pathogenic nature of the prototypic diarrheal pathogen ...	2002	12008913
regulation of the overlapping pic/set locus in shigella flexneri and enteroaggregative escherichia coli.	most strains of shigella flexneri 2a and enteroaggregative escherichia coli carry a highly conserved chromosomal locus which encodes a 109-kda secreted mucinase (called pic) and, on the opposite strand in overlapping fashion, an oligomeric enterotoxin called shet1, encoded by the seta and setb genes. here, we characterize the genetic regulation of these overlapping genes. our data suggest that pic and the setba loci are transcribed as complementary 4-kb mrna species. the major pic promoter is ma ...	2002	12010980
construction, characterization, and animal testing of wrsd1, a shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine.	wrsd1 is a shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine containing deletions of the virg(icsa) gene required for intercellular spreading and a 20-kb chromosomal region encompassing the shiga toxin genes (stxab). wrsd1 was constructed from s. dysenteriae 1 strain 1617 that was originally isolated during the 1968 to 1969 epidemic of shiga dysentery in guatemala. the virg(icsa) deletion was constructed from a streptomycin-resistant (str(r)) mutant of 1617 by a filter mating procedures using a virg(icsa) deletion ...	2002	12010984
apoptosis in acute shigellosis is associated with increased production of fas/fas ligand, perforin, caspase-1, and caspase-3 but reduced production of bcl-2 and interleukin-2.	shigella dysenteriae type 1-induced apoptotic cell death in rectal tissues from patients infected with shigella dysenteriae type 1 was studied by the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dutp-biotin nick end labeling (tunel) technique and annexin v staining. expression of proteins and cytokines participating in the apoptotic process (caspase-1, caspase-3, fas [cd95], fas ligand [fas-l], perforin, granzyme a, bax, waf-1, bcl-2, interleukin-2 [il-2], il-18, and granulocyte-macrophage colo ...	2002	12011015
pathogenicity islands of shigella.		2002	12014181
the dynamics of actin-based motility depend on surface parameters.	in cells, actin polymerization at the plasma membrane is induced by the recruitment of proteins such as the arp2/3 complex, and the zyxin/vasp complex. the physical mechanism of force generation by actin polymerization has been described theoretically using various approaches, but lacks support from experimental data. by the use of reconstituted motility medium, we find that the wiskott aldrich syndrome protein (wasp) subdomain, known as vca, is sufficient to induce actin polymerization and move ...	2002	12015607
delayed and reduced adaptive humoral immune responses in children with shigellosis compared with in adults.	we hypothesized that increased susceptibility to shigella infection, increased severity of disease and high mortality in children compared with adults were consequences of insufficient adaptive immune responses. antigen-specific immune responses were studied in paediatric patients (n = 38, 2-10 years) with shigellosis and compared with those of adult patients (n = 30, 18-45 years). peak frequencies of antigen (invasion plasmid coded antigen b, ipa-b; lipopolysaccharide, lps)-specific immunoglobu ...	2002	11967124
regulation of transcription by the activity of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion apparatus.	the virulence plasmid-encoded type iii secretion system of shigella flexneri consists of the mxi-spa secretion apparatus, secreted proteins ipaa-d and ipgd involved in entry of bacteria into epithelial cells,cytoplasmic chaperones ipgc and ipge and 15 other secreted proteins of unknown function, including vira and members of the ipah family. the activity of the mxi-spa apparatus is regulated by external signals, and transcription of vira and ipah genes is specifically induced in conditions of ac ...	2002	11971264
abdominal infections in patients with acute leukaemia: a prospective study applying ultrasonography and microbiology.	a prospective study of 62 chemotherapy-induced neutropenic episodes in patients with acute leukaemia was conducted to determine the incidence and causes of abdominal infections, and to assess the diagnostic value of the combined use of ultrasonography (us) and microbiology. each patient underwent us of liver, gallbladder and complete bowel before chemotherapy, on days 2-4 after the end of chemotherapy and in cases of fever, diarrhoea or abdominal pain. us was combined with a standardized clinica ...	2002	11972517
genomic subtraction to identify and characterize sequences of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o91:h21.	to identify shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli genes associated with severe human disease, a genomic subtraction technique was used with hemolytic-uremic syndrome-associated o91:h21 strain ch014 and o6:h10 bovine strains. the method was adapted to the shiga toxin-producing e. coli genome: three rounds of subtraction were used to isolate dna fragments specific to strain ch014. the fragments were characterized by genetic support analysis, sequencing, and hybridization to the genome of a collec ...	2002	11976103
rapid detection of shigella species in environmental sewage by an immunocapture pcr with universal primers.	in the present study, we developed a quick, highly specific method for detection of shigella species by combining immunocapturing of the bacteria and a universal primer pcr. the method drastically enhances test sensitivity, and it can be used not only for identification of shigella species in the environment but also for rapid detection of other pathogens.	2002	11976139
characterization of pecl18 and pkpn2: a proposed pathway for the evolution of two plasmids that carry identical genes for a type ii restriction-modification system.	the primary structures of the plasmids pecl18 (5571 bp) and pkpn2 (4196 bp) from escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively, which carry genes for a type ii restriction-modification system (rms2) with the specificity 5'-ccngg-3', were determined in order to elucidate the structural relationship between them. the data suggest a possible role for recombination events at bom (basis of mobility) regions and the sites of resolution of multimer plasmid forms (so-called cer sequences) in ...	2002	11976960
quantification of shigella icsa required for bacterial actin polymerization.	shigella move through the cytoplasm of host cells by active polymerization of host actin to form an "actin tail." actin tail assembly is mediated by the shigella protein icsa. the process of shigella actin assembly has been studied extensively using icsa-expressing escherichia coli in cytoplasmic extracts of xenopus eggs. however, for reasons that have been unclear, wild type shigella does not assemble actin in these extracts. we show that the defect in actin assembly in xenopus extracts by shig ...	2002	11977093
cytotoxicity and interleukin-1beta processing following shigella flexneri infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.	shigella flexneri infection of macrophages (mphi) leads to activation of caspase-1 by the ipab virulence factor, which induces rapid cell death and release of mature il-1beta. here we show that s. flexneri infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dc) also results in rapid ipab-dependent death. cytotoxicity is only partially blocked by the caspase-1 inhibitor yvad, but completely blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-vad. cytotoxicity is also partially blocked by glycine without affe ...	2002	11981835
development of an oral prime-boost strategy to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies against hiv-1.	given the increasing incidence of hiv-1 infection world-wide, an affordable, effective vaccine is probably the only way that this virus will be contained. accordingly, our group is developing an oral prime-boost strategy with the primary goal of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies against hiv-1 to provide sterilizing immunity for this virus. our secondary goal is to elicit broadly cross-reactive anti-viral cd8(+) t cells by this strategy to blunt any breakthrough infections that occur afte ...	2002	11983256
bromoperoxidase activity of vanadate-substituted acid phosphatases from shigella flexneri and salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium.	vanadium haloperoxidases and the bacterial class a nonspecific acid phosphatases have a conserved active site. it is shown that vanadate-substituted recombinant acid phosphatase from shigella flexneri (phon-sf) and salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium (phon-se) in the presence of h2o2 are able to oxidize bromide to hypobromous acid. vanadate is essential for this activity. the kinetic parameters for the artificial bromoperoxidases have been determined. the km value for h2o2 is about the same as ...	2002	11985594
two msbb genes encoding maximal acylation of lipid a are required for invasive shigella flexneri to mediate inflammatory rupture and destruction of the intestinal epithelium.	shigella flexneri is a gram-negative pathogen that invades and causes inflammatory destruction of the human colonic epithelium, thus leading to bloody diarrhea and dysentery. a type iii secretion system that delivers effector proteins into target eukaryotic cells is largely responsible for cell and tissue invasion. however, the respective role of this invasive phenotype and of lipid a, the endotoxin of the shigella lps, in eliciting the inflammatory cascade that leads to rupture and destruction ...	2002	11994481
commonly conserved genetic fragments revealed by genome profiling can serve as tracers of evolution.	we developed a method to produce, identify and analyze dna fragments for the purpose of taxonomic classification. genome profiling (gp) is a strategy that identifies genomic dna fragments common to closely related species without prior knowledge of the dna sequence. random pcr, one of the key technologies of gp, is used to produce fragments and may be used even when there are mutations at the priming site. these fragments can then be distinguished based on the information of mobility and melting ...	2002	12000847
neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp) is the specific ligand for shigella virg among the wasp family and determines the host cell type allowing actin-based spreading.	shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, is capable of directing its movement within host cells by forming an actin comet tail. the virg (icsa) pro-tein expressed at one pole of the bacterium recruits neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp), a member of the wasp family, which in turn stimulates actin-related protein (arp) 2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerization. as all the wasp family proteins induce actin polymerization by recruiting arp2/3 complex, we investigated their ...	2002	11952639
feasibility of introducing rejection criteria for stool cultures in a teaching hospital in portugal.	the possible introduction of rejection criteria for stool cultures (<or= 3 days hospitalization and <or= 2 specimens) were investigated in a teaching hospital in portugal. during 12 months, 854 specimens from 537 patients (37% of them adults) were observed. sixteen percent of inpatients had a positive stool culture (adults 9.7%, pediatric 21.7%). eighty-five percent had <or= 3 days of hospitalization. application of the '3-day-rule' would have led to 12 missed cases. only in three cases would pr ...	2002	11952727
spa15 of shigella flexneri, a third type of chaperone in the type iii secretion pathway.	the type iii secretion (tts) pathway is used by numerous gram-negative pathogens to inject virulence factors into eukaryotic cells. in addition to a functional tts apparatus, secretion of effector proteins depends upon specific chaperones. using a two-hybrid screen in yeast and a co-purification assay in shigella flexneri, we demonstrated that spa15, which is encoded by an operon for components of the tts apparatus, is associated in the cytoplasm with three proteins that are secreted by the tts ...	2002	11952903
modelling and estimation of physical parameters in a sludge drying system.	in this paper is presented the study of a sludge drying system used to kill pathogenic organisms living in sludge. the system is modeled and the physical parameters thermal capacity, thermal resistance and thermal time constant are estimated using conventional estimation methods.	2002	11936658
bacillus dysentericus (sic) 1897 was the first taxonomic rather than bacillus dysenteriae 1898.	the basonym of shigella dysenteriae (shiga 1898) castellani and chalmers 1919 was first and officially proposed in 1897 as bacillus dysentericus (sic) in saikingaku zasshi, published in japan. in accordance with section 6 (citation of authors and names) of the bacteriological code (1990 revision), the year of the first proposal of shigella dysenteriae has to be corrected from bacillus dysenteriae 1898 to bacillus dysentericus (sic) 1897.	2002	12054222
spa32 regulates a switch in substrate specificity of the type iii secreton of shigella flexneri from needle components to ipa proteins.	type iii secretion systems (ttss) are essential virulence determinants of many gram-negative bacteria and serve, upon physical contact with target cells, to translocate bacterial proteins directly across eukaryotic cell membranes. the shigella ttss is encoded by the mxi/spa loci located on its virulence plasmid. by electron microscopy secretons are visualized as tripartite with an external needle, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic bulb. in the present study, we generated a shigella spa32 ...	2002	12057936
shigella deliver an effector protein to trigger host microtubule destabilization, which promotes rac1 activity and efficient bacterial internalization.	shigella deliver a subset of effectors into the host cell via the type iii secretion system, that stimulate host cell signal pathways to modulate the actin dynamics required for invasion of epithelial cells. here we show that one of the shigella effectors, called vira, can interact with tubulin to promote microtubule (mt) destabilization, and elicit protrusions of membrane ruffling. under in vitro conditions, vira inhibited polymerization of tubulin and stimulated mt destabilization. upon microi ...	2002	12065406
human monocytes kill shigella flexneri but then die by apoptosis associated with suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production.	shigella flexneri infection of human macrophages is followed by rapid bacterial escape into the cytosol and secretion of ipab, which activates caspase-1 to mediate cell death and release of mature interleukin (il)-1 beta. here we report a different outcome following infection of human peripheral blood monocytes. s. flexneri infects monocytes inefficiently in the absence of complement and, following complement-dependent uptake, cannot escape the endosomal compartment. consequently, bacteria are k ...	2002	12065527
shigella flexneri regulates tight junction-associated proteins in human intestinal epithelial cells.	shigella spp. are a group of gram-negative enteric bacilli that cause acute dysentery in humans. we demonstrate that shigella flexneri has evolved the ability to regulate functional components of tight junctions after interaction at the apical and basolateral pole of model intestinal epithelia. in the regulation of tight junctional protein assemblies, s. flexneri can engage serotype-specific mechanisms, which targets not only expression, but also cellular distribution and membrane association of ...	2002	12067320
shiga toxin genes in avian escherichia coli.	the purpose of this study was to determine the presence of stx genes in avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec). we examined 97 apec isolates: 34 from lesions of avian cellulitis, 31 from avian septicemia, 13 from swollen head syndrome (shs) in chickens, and 19 from diseased turkeys. we also examined five isolates from the feces of healthy chickens. all 102 e. coli isolates were tested for the presence of stx genes by pcr amplification and by colony blots using probes specific for stx1 and stx2 ...	2002	12069771
purification of lactoperoxidase from creek-water buffalo milk and investigation of kinetic and antibacterial properties.	water buffalo lactoperoxidase (wblp) was purified with amberlite cg 50 h+ resin, cm sephadex c-50 ion-exchange chromatography, and sephadex g-100 gel filtration chromatography from skim milk. all purification steps of the wblp were shown with sds-page and rz (a412/a280) controlled the purification degree of the enzyme. rz value for the purified wblp was 0.8. to determine purification steps and kinetic properties, the activity of enzyme was measured by using 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6 ...	2002	12071645
[the current status of infectious enteritis in japan--reports of the "research group for infectious enteric diseases, japan" in the last 5 years (1996-2000)].	the patients or carriers with infectious enteritis admitted to the hospitals for infectious diseases in the last 5 years (1996-2000) were studied. the total number of cases admitted in each year were 969, 1,113, 981, 637 and 573 respectively. a total of 1,527 shigella spp. strains including 1,078 strains from overseas travelers' cases were isolated. the isolates of salmonella spp. excluding s. typhi and s. paratyphi a were 562 in number. a total of 61 vibrio cholerae o1 strains including 44 stra ...	2002	12073571
[development of vaccine for enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli infection].	efforts on the development of vaccines against enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) infection has been described in this review. two kinds of vaccines were developed and these have been targeted for in humans and cattle. one vaccine candidate is toxoid, which uses an inactive form of shiga toxin(stx). a part of b subunit, each b or a subunit or one or two amino acid mutated holotoxin were developed as a toxoid vaccine candidate. the other candidate was bacterial surface antigen such as a li ...	2002	12078077
[effect of cytokines on the expression of shiga toxin toxicity].	shiga toxins(stxs), which are produced by enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae serotype i, induce proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin(il)-1 beta, il-6, interferon-gamma, and chemokines such as il-8 in intestinal epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and monocytes/macrophages in vitro and in kidneys and spleen in vivo. cytokines induced by stxs and lipopolysaccharide enhance the toxicity of stxs via up-regulation of the expre ...	2002	12078078
enterotoxigenic escherichia coli as cause of diarrhea among mexican adults and us travelers in mexico.	enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is the most common pathogen identified in travelers to mexico with diarrhea. there have been few recent studies looking at the etiology of diarrhea in travelers compared with the local resident population.	2002	12088579
phenotypic and genotypic characterization of serologically atypical strains of shigella flexneri type 4 isolated in dhaka, bangladesh.	twenty-one atypical shigella flexneri type 4 strains isolated from patients attending the dhaka treatment center of the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh, were extensively characterized and compared with s. flexneri serotypes 4a and 4b. the atypical strains agglutinated only with the type antigen factor 4 and did not agglutinate with any group factors, thereby excluding their characterization into serotype 4a or 4b. of the 21 strains, 85.7% did not ferment mannitol ...	2002	12089268
[diversity within a population of shigella sonnei according to markers of medicinal preparations].	as revealed in this study, s. sonnei population is represented by two clusters with respect to the sensitivity to different antibiotics. a higher degree of diversity was observed with respect to the action of streptomycin, kefzol, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and kanamycin in comparison with the action of gentamicin, nevigramon, rafampicin, tetracycline and polymyxin. the level of diversity of s. sonnei with respect to the sensitivity to antibiotics under study underwent essential changes during ...	2002	12043156
[clinical and morphological aspects of shigellosis flexneri in patients with an aggravated premorbid state].	the analysis of 10 fatal outcomes in patients with acute shigellosis during the period of 1999-2000 made it possible to find out that most of deceased shigellosis patients belonged to the group inclined to alcohol abuse and having initial alimentary disturbances. in 6 cases of acute shigellosis with fatal outcome the causative agent was s. flexneri 2a, in 2 cases--s. flexneri 3a, in 1--s. flexneri 4b. the main cause of fatal outcomes was accompanying double pneumonia. lesions of the intestinal t ...	2002	12043161
[molecular characterization of resistance mechanisms to chloramphenicol in shigella flexneri strains isolated from chilean children with acute diarrhea].	chloramphenicol is one of the therapeutic options for shigellosis, but resistance to this antimicrobial is increasing.	2002	12043369
representational difference analysis uncovers a novel is10-like insertion element unique to pathogenic strains of yersinia enterocolitica.	the method of suppressive subtractive hybridization was employed to map out genomic differences between the highly pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica (ye) biogroup 1b, serotype o:8 strain (wa-314) and the closely related apathogenic y. enterocolitica biogroup 1a, serotype o:5 strain (nf-o). a novel is10-like element, is1330, uncovered by this technique was found to be uniquely present in high copy numbers among the highly pathogenic y. enterocolitica 1b strains, while a single copy of the elemen ...	2002	12044683