Publications

single dose ciprofloxacin in cholera.	to explore the efficacy of single dose ciprofloxacin therapy in cholera, a randomized, open, controlled clinical trial was carried out. seventy-four adult patient with positive vibrio cholerae 01 isolates were assigned to receive either ciprofloxacin in a single dose of 1 g (cip1), or ciprofloxacin 500 mg b.i.d., for 1 day (cip2), or doxycycline 100 mg b.i.d., for 3 days (d), or, for control, no antibiotics. mean liquid stool output volume did not show any statistically significant difference am ...	1997	9426995
viable but non-culturable and dormant bacteria: time to resolve an oxymoron and a misnomer?		1997	9511809
[inc j plasmids identified for the first time in vibrio cholerae el tor].	two epidemic outbreaks of cholera occurred in eastern algeria in 1994. sixteen strains of vibrio cholerae el tor were isolated from stools and contaminated water. studies to determine antibiotic sensitivity documented multiresistance in these strains. minimal inhibiting concentrations ranged from 6 to 32 micrograms/ml for chloramphenicol, from 8 to 24 micrograms/ml for tetracycline except minocycline, and from 15 to 32 micrograms/ml for furanes. higher values were found for other antibiotics suc ...	1997	9513150
[indole non-production and antibiotic multiresistance of vibrio cholerae 0:1 in rwanda].		1997	9513166
sanitation for rural communities: first win the people's support.	a latrine project in an indian village which failed because the inhabitants were scarcely brought into its planning and execution is contrasted with a moderately successful scheme in another village where a concerted effort was made to educate the community about the value of latrines and to obtain the people's participation.	1997	9478138
[emerging infectious diseases--new-type cholera].		1997	9480309
[sporadic diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae non-o1 and characteristics of the isolates].	in 1996, we examined five domestic and eight imported cases of sporadic diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae non-o1 in tokyo. the domestic cases occurred during the summer, from june to september, while the imported cases were seen throughout the year. the major clinical symptoms of the patients were watery diarrhea (100%) with an average frequency of 5.5 times/day, abdominal pain (77%), vomiting (31%) and fever (15%). a total of 13 strains isolated from these 13 cases had the typical biochemical ...	1997	9483880
emerging disease surveillance in southeast asia.	the emergence of infectious disease causing agents/pathogens necessitates a rational surveillance approach leading to early detection and appropriate intervention. surveillance activities with support from the us naval medical research unit no. 2 (namru-2), targeting susceptible populations/areas in southeast asia, have been organised using a multi-design strategy: 1) systematic multi-size (usually hospital-based) study; 2) investigation of (suspected) outbreak events involving significant case ...	1997	9494669
polarizing response of human polymorphonuclear cells to vibrio cholerae.	leucocytes have the capacity to respond to chemotactic factors by becoming morphologically and functionally polarized and this method has been found to be suitable for measurement of chemotaxis. this work evaluates the effect of whole vibrio cholerae biotype el tor polarization of human polymorphonuclear (pmn) cells in comparison with strains of v. cholerae nag, vibrio alginolyticus and salmonella typhi. v. cholerae o1 induced, at different cell/bacteria ratios, a significant increase in the per ...	1997	9503599
re-emergence of cholera vaccine.	although epidemic cholera was first described in 1817, the disease probably has been common in the indian subcontinent since ancient times.1 until recently, a single bacterial type (vibrio cholerae 01) has been responsible for each of the seven recorded cholera pandemics. the current epidemic began in celebes (sulawesi), indonesia, in 1961, and is currently raging through all continents.2 during the 1990s, over 1 million cholera cases have been reported from latin america, 2000 from ukraine and ...	1997	9815482
isolation of a new variant of vibrio cholerae o1: v. cholerae o1 ribotype b27 toxinogenotype tb31 during the last cholera epidemic in senegal.	a total of 205 vibrio cholerae o1 isolates from recent cholera epidemic in senegal were analyzed by conventional methods, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for genes encoding cholera toxin (ctx a), zonula occludens toxin (zot) and accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace), ribotyping and toxinogenotyping. ribotyping after bg1 i digestion of total dna revealed that ribotype b5a, the predominant ribotype of the seventh pandemic in africa and asia, was not isolated. a new ribotype designated b27 in our dat ...	1997	9789785
[severe watery diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae in lambs].	an outbreak of watery diarrhoea in lambs is described. seventeen lambs died within 24 hours after the start of the diarrhoea. at necropsy vibrio cholerae was isolated from the organs and intestines of three lambs. the strains did not react with o1 or o139 antisera, the strains responsible for cholera epidemics among humans. it is concluded that the diarrhoea in the lambs was caused by v. cholerae non-01/non-139. this microorganism had not been described before in lambs in the netherlands.	1997	9534795
[the chemosensitivity of strains of vibrio cholerae group o1 isolated in romania between 1977-1995].		1997	9586330
evaluation of different subcellular fractions of vibrio cholerae o139 in protection to challenge in experimental cholera.	various cellular fractions of vibrio cholerae o139 were prepared and evaluated in the rabbit ileal loop model of experimental cholera for identification of the protective antigen(s) relevant for vaccine development. lipopolysaccharides (lps) and capsular polysaccharides (cps) of o139 strains and its cell surface, membrane and cytosolic fractions were assayed for antibacterial immunity, whereas the cholera toxin was examined for antitoxic immunity. the lipopolysaccharides, membrane fraction and c ...	1997	9537758
molecular analysis of a filamentous phage (fsl) of vibrio cholerae o139.	a filamentous bacteriophage from vibrio cholerae o139 strain a1-4450 was isolated (fsl). the phage fsl had a ssdna genome and dsdna as a replicative form (rf) in lysogenic host cell. the dna sequence of fsl rf was determined. it consisted of 6340 bp and had a g + c content of 43.5%. fifteen possible orfs were found in fsl. one of them, orf384, was estimated to encode 384 amino acid residues (44.6 kda) and had homologous regions with the zot gene of v. cholerae and gene i of the coliphage group. ...	1997	9540841
gastroenteritis due to vibrio cholerae el-tor ogawa in dhule.	for v. cholerae isolation, stool sample is better than rectal swab. direct oxidase test on stool is easy and reliable. v. cholerae el-tor ogawa is predominant type in dhule area. new phage type t27 was reported. tetracyclin resistance needs further studies.	1997	9567501
estimation of the viability of vibrio cholerae 0139 by assessing cell membrane integrity.	changes in the viability of vibrio cholerae 0139 bengal, estimated by cellular membrane integrity, in batch culture over 35 days, were investigated. data indicated an initial period of rapid growth with up to 30% of bacterial mortality, followed by a period of slower growth, lower culturability but higher viability, from day 7 onwards. the size of viable bacteria significantly decreased during the incubation time, whilst the size of dead bacteria showed a less pronounced decrease. v. cholerae 01 ...	1997	9589607
comparison of main features in children with cholera o1 and o139 in yangon, myanmar, 1996.		1997	9661322
cholera from raw seaweed transported from the philippines to california.	in march 1994, a california woman without any recent travel developed acute, profuse, watery diarrhea. her astute physician diagnosed cholera after ordering the appropriate stool culture, and the patient improved on an oral antibiotic. epidemiologic investigation implicated seaweed from the philippines that was transported by a friend to california and subsequently eaten raw as the vehicle of infection.	1997	8968927
rapid identification of campylobacter jejuni strains by polymerase chain reaction & their restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique was developed for specific identification of c. jejuni. a primer pair of a conserved region of flagellin a (fla a) gene identified all 15 strains of c. jejuni isolated from human faeces. none of the control strains like helicobacter pylori, vibrio cholerae escherichia coli and salmonella typhimurium except c. coli exhibited any amplified product by pcr. a predicted 450 bp could also be amplified from 4 chicken caecal contents positive for c. jejuni-c c ...	1997	9029829
biochemical analysis of a bladder-cancer-associated mucin: structural features and epitope characterization.	three monoclonal antibodies (mabs), m344, m300 and m75, were shown to define a unique tumour-associated antigen (taa) of superficial bladder tumours. the antigenic determinants are expressed on a very-high-molecular-mass component and, in about 50% of the positive samples, one determinant is also detected on a 62 kda molecular species, observed only under reducing conditions. the objectives of the present study were to characterize further this taa by analysing (1) the biochemical nature of the ...	1997	9032480
the rfad locus: a region of rearrangement in vibrio cholerae o139.	we analyzed the rfad locus of the novel epidemic vibrio cholerae strain o139, a putative region of rearrangement. this region includes 4 orfs in the same orientation. two orfs, rfad(o139) and orf2(o139) were almost identical to those described in v. cholerae o1. in contrast, the two other orfs upstream from rfad(o139), designated orfa(o139) and orfb(o139), were absent from v. cholerae o1, but present in environmental strains of v. cholerae o22, o141 and o155. these results suggest that a chromos ...	1997	9034311
purification and characterisation of a hemolysin with phospholipase c activity from vibrio cholerae o139.	a hemolysin was purified from a vibrio cholerae o139 strain which moved as a single protein band of 67 kda in sds-page. the hemolysin showed high level of phospholipase c activity. the purified phospholipase c-hemolysin demonstrated enterotoxic activity in rabbit ileal loop, suckling mice and enhanced permeability of rabbit skin. the pi of the purified hemolysin was 6.4. erythrocytes from rabbit, chicken, guinea pig, sheep and horse were sensitive to the purified hemolysin in decreasing order of ...	1997	9037771
activation of human matrix metalloproteinases by various bacterial proteinases.	matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) are zinc-containing proteinases that participate in tissue remodeling under physiological and pathological conditions. to test the involvement of bacterial proteinases in tissue injury during bacterial infections, we investigated the activation potential of various bacterial proteinases against precursors of mmps (prommps) purified from human neutrophils (prommp-8 and -9) and from human fibrosarcoma cells (prommp-1). each prommp was subjected to treatment with a ...	1997	9038230
bile affects production of virulence factors and motility of vibrio cholerae.	the effect of bile on the expression of cholera toxin (ct) and the major subunit of the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcpa) and on motility was examined in the vibrio cholerae o1 classical-biotype strains 0395 and 569b. although the motility of the cells increased significantly in the presence of bile, transcription of the ctxab genes, encoding ct, and of the tcpa gene was drastically reduced. in toxr mutant strains, motility is higher than in the wild-type strain and was further increased, by about ...	1997	9038330
the enterotoxic effect of zonula occludens toxin on rabbit small intestine involves the paracellular pathway.	zonula occludens toxin is a novel toxin elaborated by vibrio cholerae that modulates intestinal tight junctions. the aim of this study was to establish whether the permeabilizing effect of the toxin leads to intestinal secretion.	1997	9041245
emergence of a new clone of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor displacing v. cholerae o139 bengal in bangladesh.	the emergence of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal in 1993, its rapid spread in an epidemic form, in which it replaced existing strains of v. cholerae o1 during 1992 and 1993, and the subsequent reemergence of v. cholerae o1 of the el tor biotype in bangladesh since 1994 have raised questions regarding the origin of the reemerged el tor vibrios. we studied 50 el tor vibrio strains isolated in bangladesh and four other countries in asia and africa before the emergence of v. cholerae o139 and 32 strains ...	1997	9041401
rapid and differential detection of two analogous enterotoxins of vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli by a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	the principle of a novel elisa (nylon-slip immuno-test, nsit) was applied to the differential detection of two analogous enterotoxins, cholera toxin (ct) of vibrio cholerae and heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. the results obtained for ct and lt detection by a single test were sufficiently sensitive (87.9 and 100%) and specific (100 and 94.7%) in the differential detection test, when compared with the result of a colony hybridization test with dna probes. the resu ...	1997	9012440
hyperglycemia during childhood diarrhea.	to determine the cause of hyperglycemia in childhood diarrhea.	1997	9003850
identification of neutralizing epitopes on pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase and effects of cross-reactions on other thermolysin-like proteases.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to a burkholderia (pseudomonas) cepacia 36-kda protease (pscp) which neutralize pscp and pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase but not p. aeruginosa alkaline protease have been isolated (c. kooi et al., infect. immun. 62:2811-2817, 1994). these mabs, designated 36-6-6 and 36-6-8, react with n-chlorosuccinimide cleavage products of p. aeruginosa elastase, consistent with the recognition of a 13.9-kda fragment which contains the active site. overlapping 9-mer peptides that s ...	1997	9009299
production of monoclonal antibodies to the non-membrane-damaging cytotoxin (nmdcy) purified from vibrio cholerae o26 and distribution of nmdcy among strains of vibrio cholerae and other enteric bacteria determined by monoclonal-polyclonal sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	the distribution of a newly described secretogenic non-membrane-damaging cytotoxin (nmdcy) among strains of vibrio cholerae and other enteric bacteria was determined. to accomplish this, monoclonal antibodies against nmdcy were prepared and a sandwich monoclonal-polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed. by the sandwich elisa, it was determined that 55.6% of the 412 strains of v. cholerae examined produced nmdcy at varying concentrations while 76, 37.9, and 15.6% of the ...	1997	9009346
cyclic amp and its receptor protein negatively regulate the coordinate expression of cholera toxin and toxin-coregulated pilus in vibrio cholerae.	insertion mutations in two vibrio cholerae genes, cya and crp, which encode adenylate cyclase and the cyclic amp (camp) receptor protein (crp), respectively, derepressed the expression of a chromosomal cholera toxin (ct) promoter-lacz fusion at the nonpermissive temperature of 37 degrees c. in the classical biotype strain o395, the crp mutation increased the production of both ct and toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) in vitro under a variety of growth conditions not normally permissive for their exp ...	1997	8990197
purification of vibrio cholerae fur and estimation of its intracellular abundance by antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	the vibrio cholerae fur gene was previously cloned and sequenced. a putative fur box was identified in the divergent promoters of irga, a virulence factor of v. cholerae, and irgb, a transcriptional activator of irga. in this work, v. cholerae fur was overexpressed in escherichia coli and purified to approximately 95% homogeneity. the purified protein bound a dna fragment containing the irga-irgb promoter in a gel shift assay. the purified protein was used to raise monoclonal and polyclonal anti ...	1997	8982004
identification, sequencing, and enzymatic activity of the erythrose-4-phosphate dehydrogenase gene of vibrio cholerae.	we have identified a gene in vibrio cholerae (epd) which encodes an erythrose-4-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and is located immediately downstream of an iron-regulated virulence gene, irga, and immediately upstream of a gene encoding phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk). expression of epd in v. cholerae is not regulated by iron, nor is it required for virulence in an infant mouse model.	1997	8982014
antimicrobial resistance in organisms causing diarrheal disease.	antimicrobial resistance is becoming increasingly important in the treatment of enteric infections, particularly those due to shigella, vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (associated with traveler's diarrhea), and salmonella typhi. the rate of antimicrobial resistance is highest in the developing world, where the use of antimicrobial drugs is relatively unrestricted. of greatest immediate concern is the need for an effective, inexpensive antimicrobial that can be used safely as tr ...	1997	8994788
carbohydrate-mediated regulation of interaction of vibrio cholerae hemolysin with erythrocyte and phospholipid vesicle.	vibrio cholerae hemolysin is an extracellular pore-forming monomeric protein with a native molecular weight of about 60,000. in this study, we showed that the hemolysin interacted with immobilized phospholipids and cholesterol and formed oligomers in vesicles constituted from phospholipids alone with a stoichiometry identical to those produced in rabbit erythrocyte membrane. however, the hemolysin bound to glycoproteins with terminal beta1-galactosyl residues and an association constant of 9.4 x ...	1997	8995242
intramolecular chaperone activity of the pro-region of vibrio cholerae el tor cytolysin.	vibrio cholerae synthesizes a toxin named el tor cytolysin/hemolysin, which lyses erythrocytes and other mammalian cells. this toxin is encoded by the hlya gene and is synthesized as a precursor form, prepro-hlya. prepro-hlya consists of, from the amino terminus of this protein, a signal peptide, a pro-region, and a mature region. the pro-region is cleaved off extracellularly resulting in activation. to analyze the role of the pro-region, we substituted the native hlya gene with the pro-region-d ...	1997	8995441
expression of sulfated gangliosides in the central nervous system.	several sulfated lipids were detected in the ganglioside fraction isolated from a cell line of oligodendrocyte progenitors that had been metabolically labeled with [35s] sulfate. separation of the ganglioside fraction by two-dimensional tlc showed that, except for galactosylceramide-sulfate, none of the sulfate-labeled lipids comigrated with those glycosphingolipids visualized by orcinol staining, indicating that these sulfolipids were quantitatively minor components. at least eight sulfate-labe ...	1997	9003081
potent membrane-permeabilizing and cytocidal action of vibrio cholerae cytolysin on human intestinal cells.	many strains of vibrio cholerae non-o1 and o1 el tor that cause diarrhea do not harbor genes for a known secretogenic toxin. however, these strains usually elaborate a pore-forming toxin, hitherto characterized as a hemolysin and here designated v. cholerae cytolysin, whose action on intestinal cells has not yet been described. we report that v. cholerae cytolysin binds as a monomer to intestine 407 cells and then assembles into detergent-stable oligomers that probably represent tetra- or pentam ...	1997	9119464
comparison of the oral, rectal, and vaginal immunization routes for induction of antibodies in rectal and genital tract secretions of women.	to determine which mucosal immunization routes may be optimal for induction of antibodies in the rectum and female genital tract, groups of women were immunized a total of three times either orally, rectally, or vaginally with a cholera vaccine containing killed vibrio cholerae cells and the recombinant cholera toxin b (ctb) subunit. systemic and mucosal antibody responses were assessed at 2-week intervals by quantitation of ctb-specific antibodies in serum and in secretions collected directly f ...	1997	9119478
promoter activities in vibrio cholerae ctx phi prophage.	comparison of cholera toxin (ct) production directed by different gene constructs and s1 nuclease mapping revealed the presence of a ctxb-specific promoter within the ctxa coding sequence. initiation of transcription in this region occurred in wild-type el tor and classical biotype choleragenic vibrios. we propose that transcription from the ctxb-specific promoter and a stronger ribosomal binding site on the ctxb mrna synergistically contribute to achieve the correct (5b:1a) subunit stoichiometr ...	1997	9119505
vibrio cholerae non-o1 septicaemia in a patient with liver cirrhosis and billroth-ii-gastrectomy.	this report deals with the first diagnosed case of vibrio cholerae non-o1 septicaemia in austria. after a vacation in tunisia, a 51-year-old male patient with liver cirrhosis and billroth-ii-gastrectomy was admitted to hospital because of abdominal pain, growing ascites, and jaundice. four days later, the patient developed a single peak of high fever (39.6 degrees c). a blood culture was drawn and treatment with amoxycillin/clavulanic acid commenced. the blood culture yielded gram-negative comma ...	1997	9120332
isolation of a contact-dependent haemolysin from mycobacterium tuberculosis.	contact-dependent haemolytic activity was observed with cells of mycobacterium tuberculosis h(37)rv and m. tuberculosis h(37)ra, but not with those of m. bovis, m. bovis bcg and m. africanum. culture filtrates of all these strains did not exhibit any haemolytic activity. m. tuberculosis h(37)rv was subsequently used for the isolation of haemolysin. haemolytic activity was retained in the cell debris even after sonication of the cells and treatment with tween 80 and lysozyme. solubilisation of ha ...	1997	9126824
nucleotide sequence of the vmha gene encoding hemolysin from vibrio mimicus.	the structural gene (vmha) of hemolysin from vibrio mimicus (atcc33653) was cloned and sequenced. the vmha gene contains an open reading frame consisting of 2232 nucleotides which can code for a protein of 744 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 83,059. the similarity of amino acid sequence shows 81.6% identity with vibrio cholerae el tor hemolysin.	1997	9128176
molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor strains isolated between 1992 and 1995 in calcutta, india: evidence for the emergence of a new clone of the el tor biotype.	sixty-one clinical strains of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor isolated in calcutta before, during, and after the v. cholerae o139 bengal outbreak were examined to see if the o1 strains of the post-o139 period were different from those in existence before. comparison of the restriction fragment length polymorphism of the rrna genes (ribotyping) and the ctx genetic element revealed that all "before" strains except 1 belonged to a single known ribotype, whereas all "after" strains except 2 belonged to a ...	1997	9129077
biochemical and physiological characteristics of hlya, a pore-forming cytolysin of vibrio cholerae serogroup o1.	among the various toxins produced by the bacterial species vibrio cholerae is hlya, a cytolytic protein commonly called the e1 tor hemolysin. hlya is synthesized and processed in a complex manner involving various processed or degraded forms, that may co-purify and complicate the interpretation of biochemical and physiological experiments. in this study a single form of hlya was purified by gel filtration and chromatofocusing using fast protein liquid chromatography in the presence of protease i ...	1997	9133706
a search for cholera toxin (ct), toxin coregulated pilus (tcp), the regulatory element toxr and other virulence factors in non-01/non-0139 vibrio cholerae.	twenty-four selected non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae strains were examined for the presence of virulence associated genes like ctxa, tcpa, toxr and the repetitive sequence (rs element). seventeen of these were isolated from diarrhoeal stool samples while the remaining seven were of local environmental origin. nine and four respectively of these strains were positive for ctxa and tcpa by multiplex pcr analysis. the majority (16 out of 18 tested) of the strains (including the four tcpa + strains) ...	1997	9140915
the evolution of epidemic vibrio cholerae strains.	the emergence of the novel vibrio cholerae strain, o139 bengal, which caused a large epidemic in southeast asia, underlines the adaptability of pathogenic microorganisms. recent studies reveal that horizontal transfer of cell-wall polysaccharide genes played a central role in the emergence of this strain and that its genesis may not be as unique as initially believed.	1997	9141191
safety and immunogenicity of live oral cholera and typhoid vaccines administered alone or in combination with antimalarial drugs, oral polio vaccine, or yellow fever vaccine.	the effects of concomitant administration of antimalarial drugs, oral polio vaccine, or yellow fever vaccine on the immune response elicited by the vibrio cholerae cvd103-hgr and salmonella typhi ty21a live oral vaccines were investigated. healthy adults were immunized with cvd103-hgr alone or combined with ty21a. subjects were randomized to simultaneously receive mefloquine, chloroquine or proguanil, or oral polio or yellow fever vaccine. the vibriocidal antibody seroconversion rate was signifi ...	1997	9086143
analysis of the structural gene encoding a hemolysin in vibrio mimicus.	an environmental isolate of v. mimicus, strain e-33, has been reported to produce and secrete a hemolysin of 63 kda. the hemolysin is enterotoxic in test animals. the nucleotide sequence of the structural gene of the hemolysin was determined. we found a 2,232 bp open reading frame, which codes a peptide of 744 amino acids, with a calculated molecular weight of 83,903 da. the sequence for the structural gene was closely related to the v. cholerae el tor hlya gene, coding an exocellular hemolysin. ...	1997	9087960
cryptic appearance of a new clone of vibrio cholerae serogroup 01 biotype el tor in calcutta, india.	in this study, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) was applied to determine if the vibrio cholerae 01 strains which reappeared after being temporarily displaced in calcutta by the 0139 serogroup were different from those isolated before the advent of the 0139 serogroup. noti digestion generated a total of 11 different patterns among the 24 strains of v. cholerae randomly selected to represent different time frames. among the v. cholerae 01 strains isolated after july 1993, 4 pfge banding des ...	1997	9087961
emergence of multiple drug-resistant vibrio cholerae o1 in san pedro sula, honduras.		1997	9093259
active efflux of bile salts by escherichia coli.	enteric bacteria such as escherichia coli must tolerate high levels of bile salts, powerful detergents that disrupt biological membranes. the outer membrane barrier of gram-negative bacteria plays an important role in this resistance, but ultimately it can only retard the influx of bile salts. we therefore examined whether e. coli possessed an energy-dependent efflux mechanism for these compounds. intact cells of e. coli k-12 appeared to pump out chenodeoxycholate, since its intracellular accumu ...	1997	9098046
novel vibrio cholerae o139 genes involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis.	the sequence of part of the rfb region of vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 and the physical map of a 35-kb region of the o139 chromosome have been determined. the o139 rfb region presented contains a number of open reading frames which show similarities to other rfb and capsular biosynthesis genes found in members of the enterobacteriaceae family and in v. cholerae o1. the cloned and sequenced region can complement the defects in o139 antigen biosynthesis in transposon insertions within the o139 r ...	1997	9098074
epidemic cholera in burundi: patterns of transmission in the great rift valley lake region.	after a 14-year hiatus, epidemic cholera swept through burundi between january and may, 1992. the pattern of transmission was similar to that in 1978, when the seventh pandemic first reached this region. communities affected were limited to those near lake tanganyika and the rusizi river. the river connects lake tanganyika with lake kivu to the north in zaire and rwanda.	1997	9100624
epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic evaluation of the italian cholera epidemic in 1994.	in the period between 18 october and 4 december 1994, 12 indigenous cases of cholera were registered in the southern italian region of puglia, 10 of them were diagnosed in our departments of infectious diseases. all patients were infected by consumption of raw fish or mussels. the patients had an elevated mean age and most were affected with systemic pathologies. the clinical course was mild and rarely complicated, although frequently the characteristic riziform diarrhoea was absent. in all pati ...	1997	9062786
outer membrane translocation arrest of the tcpa pilin subunit in rfb mutants of vibrio cholerae o1 strain 569b.	the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) of vibrio cholerae is a type 4-related fimbrial adhesin and a useful model for the study of type 4 pilus biogenesis and related bacterial macromolecular transport pathways. transposon mutagenesis of the putative perosamine biosynthesis genes in the rfb operon of v. cholerae 569b eliminates lipopolysaccharide (lps) o-antigen biosynthesis but also leads to a specific defect in tcp export. localization of tcpa is made difficult by the hydrophobic nature of this bun ...	1997	9068652
oral vaccines for cholera control.	two oral cholera vaccines-inactivated wc/rbs and live cvd 103 hgr-have recently been marketed in europe. though the efficacy of the live vaccine is yet to be supported by field trials, the inactivated oral vaccine has shown encouraging results in field trails on different population groups. since the role of cholera vaccines-including oral vaccines-as a public health tool in epidemic situations is debatable and cholera immunization for travellers will result in a high cost-benefit ratio, endemic ...	1997	9069701
cloning and characterization of the exbb-exbd-tonb locus of pasteurella haemolytica a1.	a recombinant plasmid (pmg1) carrying pasteurella haemolytica a1 dna which complements a tonb mutation of escherichia coli has been isolated. e. coli tonb mete which carries pmg1 exhibits growth kinetics in the presence of vitamin b12 similar to that of the wild-type host. in addition, the complemented e. coli is susceptible to killing by bacteriophage phi 80 and colicin b. analysis of the nucleotide sequence in the complementing dna showed that it codes for three genes in the order of exbb-exbd ...	1997	9074497
arthrobacter ureafaciens sialidase isoenzymes, l, m1 and m2, cleave fucosyl gm1.	among bacterial, fungal and viral sialidases, the sialidase from arthrobacter ureafaciens has the unique property of cleaving sialic acids linked to the internal galactose of gangliotetraose. in this study, we examined the ability to cleave the internal sialic acids of gm1 and fucosyl gm1 of sialidases from several bacterial and fungal origins, including clostridium perfringens and vibrio cholerae. we found that a. ureafaciens sialidase could liberate the sialic acid of gm1 at the highest rate, ...	1997	9076515
modulation of intestinal tight junctions by zonula occludens toxin permits enteral administration of insulin and other macromolecules in an animal model.	the intestinal epithelium represents the major barrier to absorption of orally administered drugs and peptides into the systemic circulation. entry of molecules through the paracellular pathway is restricted by tight junctions. we have previously reported that these structures can be modulated by zonula occludens toxin (zot). in the present report, we show that zot reversibly increases rabbit intestinal permeability to insulin by 72% (p = 0.034) and immunoglobulins by 52% (p = 0.04) in vitro. wh ...	1997	9077522
identification of additional genes required for o-antigen biosynthesis in vibrio cholerae o1.	the cloning and expression of the genes encoding the vibrio cholerae o1 lipopolysaccharide o antigen in a heterologous host have been described previously (p. a. manning, m. w. heuzenroeder, j. yeadon, d. i. leavesley, p. r. reeves, and d. rowley, infect. immun. 53:272-277, 1986). it was thus assumed that all the genes required for o-antigen expression were located on a 20-kb saci restriction fragment. we present evidence for a number of other as yet undescribed genes that are essential for o-an ...	1997	9079898
antibacterial activity of enterococci strains against vibrio cholerae.	thirty-seven strains of enterococci isolated from milk and milk products from santa fe (argentina) region were tested for antagonistic activity against vibrio cholerae 01 and non-01. seven of 17 strains of enterococcus faecalis, five of 10 strains of enterococcus faecium and four of 10 strains of enterococcus durans produced inhibition zones against the indicator species. the activity of the antibacterial compounds was completely destroyed by treatment with trypsin and pronase e in most cases (o ...	1997	9081308
a branch in the toxr regulatory cascade of vibrio cholerae revealed by characterization of toxt mutant strains.	co-ordinate expression of genes associated with pathogenicity in vibrio cholerae requires two transcription activators, toxr and toxt. work carried out to date suggests that toxr activates transcription of the toxt gene and that toxt directly activates transcription of several genes whose products play a role in colonization or ct production by v. cholerae. previous work also suggests that toxr can directly activate transcription of the ct operon (ctxab) independently of toxt, thereby implying a ...	1997	9044266
oral vaccines against cholera: lessons from vietnam and elsewhere.	cholera epidemics, often involving new etiologic agents, are a major public health problem in developing countries. although two new types of oral cholera vaccines--inactivated whole vibrio cholerae o1 and attenuated strains of v cholerae o1--have been demonstrated to be safe, immunogenic, and effective, there has been a lag in their systematic use in areas with endemic and epidemic cholera. an open field trial conducted by trach et al of a locally manufactured killed oral cholera vaccine resu ...	1997	9014902
field trial of a locally produced, killed, oral cholera vaccine in vietnam.	several studies have shown that orally administered killed cholera vaccines are safe and protective in populations at risk of cholera in developing countries. however, these vaccines have not been adopted for use in developing countries because of their expense and limited efficacy in young children. we have tested an inexpensive, killed whole-cell cholera vaccine developed and produced in vietnam.	1997	9014909
colonial opacity variations among the choleragenic vibrios.	cultures of vibrio cholerae 01, biotype el tor, from the current epidemic of cholera in the western hemisphere, and of the new v. cholerae serogroup o139, from the current outbreak in india and bangladesh, revealed marked colonial heterogeneity when received by the authors. by comparison with reference colony types, using a stereoscope and transmitted oblique illumination, colonies of approximately 10 different degrees of opacity could be distinguished. in contrast, strains freshly isolated from ...	1997	9025275
an iron-regulated outer-membrane protein specific to bordetella bronchiseptica and homologous to ferric siderophore receptors.	the bfra (bordetella bronchiseptica ferric iron repressed outer-membrane protein) gene was cloned from bordetella bronchiseptica by screening a library of tnphoa insertion mutants for iron-repressed fusions to phoa. the bfra gene encoded an 80 kda outer-membrane protein with a high level of amino acid sequence identity to several bacterial proteins belonging to the family of ton b-dependent outer-membrane receptors. bfra was especially homologous to cir of escherichia coli, irga of vibrio choler ...	1997	9025287
bromelain prevents secretion caused by vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli enterotoxins in rabbit ileum in vitro.	diarrhea is a major cause of illness and death in children and young animals. the aim of this study was to investigate the possible therapeutic effect of bromelain, a proteolytic extract obtained from pineapple stems on bacterial toxin and second-messenger agonist-induced intestinal secretion.	1997	9207276
epidemic cholera among refugees in malawi, africa: treatment and transmission.	between 23 august and 15 december 1990 an epidemic of cholera affected mozambican refugees in malawi causing 1931 cases (attack rate = 2.4%); 86% of patients had arrived in malawi < 3 months before illness onset. there were 68 deaths (case-fatality rate = 3.5%); most deaths (63%) occurred within 24 h of hospital admission which may have indicated delayed presentation to health facilities and inadequate early rehydration. mortality was higher in children < 4 years old and febrile deaths may have ...	1997	9207730
synthesis of methyl alpha-glycosides of some higher oligosaccharide fragments of the o-antigen of vibrio cholerae o1, serotype inaba and ogawa.	the title oligosaccharides, the tri- through the hexasaccharide in the inaba series and the penta- and the hexasaccharide in the ogawa series, have been synthesized using 1-thioglycosides of precursors to 3-o-benzyl-perosamine (4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-mannose) as building blocks and n-iodosuccinimide/silver triflate as a promoter. the azido groups in the assembled oligosaccharides were reduced to amino groups, which were then acylated using 2,4-o-benzylidene-3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronic acid as the ...	1997	9210300
surface display of the cholera toxin b subunit on staphylococcus xylosus and staphylococcus carnosus.	the heterologous surface expression of the cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) from vibro cholerae in two staphylococcal species, staphylococcus xylosus and staphylococcus carnosus, has been investigated. the gene encoding native ctb (103 amino acids) was introduced into gene constructs encoding chimeric receptors designed to be translocated and anchored on the outer cell surface of the staphylococci. since functionality of ctb is correlated with its ability to form pentamers and the capacity of the p ...	1997	9212399
regulation, replication, and integration functions of the vibrio cholerae ctxphi are encoded by region rs2.	ctxphi is a filamentous phage that encodes cholera toxin, one of the principal virulence factors of vibrio cholerae. ctxphi is unusual among filamentous phages because it can either replicate as a plasmid or integrate into the v. cholerae chromosome at a specific site. the ctxphi genome has two regions, the 'core' and rs2. integrated ctxphi is frequently flanked by an element known as rs1 which is related to rs2. the nucleotide sequences of rs2 and rs1 were determined. these related elements con ...	1997	9220000
immune response to the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin in patients with cholera due to vibrio cholerae o1 and o0139.	the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) is a type 4 pilus present in vibrio cholerae o1 strains of the el tor biotype, as well as in strains of serogroup o139. it has been shown to be a colonization antigen in animal models. the aim of this study was to investigate systemic and local antibody responses to msha in adult patients with cholera due to v. cholerae o1 and o139. twenty-four of 28 (86%) patients with o1 cholera and 11 of 17 (65%) patients with o139 cholera showed significant increase ...	1997	9220159
[the possibility of colonizing the intestines of white mice with lactobacillus acidophilus during bacterial therapy].	the study revealed the possibility, on principle, for l. acidophilus strain vkm v-2020 d to colonize the intestine of white mice with the preservation of the viability of lactobacilli subjected to the action of antibiotics. the culture of this strain, isolated from the animals, showed the stability of its biological properties: resistance to polymyxin m, kanamycin, cyprofloxacin, nalidixic acid (including acquired resistance to rifampicin), as well as pronounced antagonism with respect to vibrio ...	1997	9221664
longus pilus of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and its relatedness to other type-4 pili--a minireview.	longus is a long pilus produced by human enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) which shares significant structural and biochemical features with class-b type-4 pili. these pili include the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) of vibrio cholerae, the bundle-forming pilus (bfp) of enteropathogenic e. coli and both longus and the colonization factor antigen iii (cfa/iii) of etec. these pili are produced under defined growth conditions indicating that they are under the control of different regulatory el ...	1997	9224872
the tcp gene cluster of vibrio cholerae.	the toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp) has been identified as a critical colonization factor in both animal models and humans for vibrio cholerae o1. the major pilin subunit, tcpa (and also tcpb), is similar to type-4 pilins but tcp probably more appropriately belongs to a sub-class which includes the bundle-forming pilus of enteropathogenic escherichia coli. the genes for tcp biosynthesis and assembly are clustered with the exception of housekeeping functions such as tcpg (=dsba, a periplasmic disu ...	1997	9224875
translocation failure in a type-4 pilin operon: rfb and tcpt mutants in vibrio cholerae.	defined chromosomal mutations that lead to assembly failure of the toxin coregulated pilus (tcp) of vibrio cholerae provide useful insights into the biogenesis of a type-4 pilus. mutants in rfb affecting lps o-antigen biosynthesis, and strains depleted of the cytoplasmic membrane-associated atp-binding protein tcpt, provide contrasting tcp export-defective phenotypes acting at different locations. mutants in the perosamine biosynthesis pathway of v. cholerae 569b result in an rfb phenotype with ...	1997	9224876
domains within the vibrio cholerae toxin coregulated pilin subunit that mediate bacterial colonization.	several experimental approaches have provided evidence suggesting that a domain within the c-terminal region of the tcpa pilin, delineated by the single disulfide loop, is directly responsible for the colonization function mediated by the toxin coregulated pilus (tcp) of vibrio cholerae. this evidence includes the mapping of domains recognized by protective monoclonal antibodies to this region, the ability of peptides from within this region to elicit cholera protective antibody, the constructio ...	1997	9224877
cloning, characterization, and chromosomal mapping of a phospholipase (lecithinase) produced by vibrio cholerae.	phospholipases are associated with virulence in bacterial diseases. vibrio cholerae produces a phospholipase (lecithinase), with enzyme production visualized as a zone of clearing around colonies plated on egg yolk agar. the role of phospholipase in gut colonization or disease pathogenesis is unknown. we used the egg yolk agar assay to clone and characterize a gene encoding a phospholipase from v. cholerae el tor strain e7946. sequence analysis revealed a 1,254-bp open reading frame (lec) encodi ...	1997	9234762
oral immunization with attenuated vaccine strains of vibrio cholerae expressing a dodecapeptide repeat of the serine-rich entamoeba histolytica protein fused to the cholera toxin b subunit induces systemic and mucosal antiamebic and anti-v. cholerae antibody responses in mice.	entamoeba histolytica is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. the serine-rich e. histolytica protein (srehp) is a surface-expressed trophozoite protein that includes multiple hydrophilic tandem repeats. a purified fusion protein between the dodecapeptide repeat of srehp and cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) has previously been shown to be immunogenic in mice after oral inoculation when cholera toxin is coadministered as an immunoadjuvant. we engineered a live attenuated el tor v ...	1997	9234763
interaction of escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin b with cultured human intestinal epithelial cells.	binding of escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin b (stb) to the human intestinal epithelial cell lines t84 and ht29 and to polarized t84 cells was studied to define the initial interaction of this peptide toxin with target cells. equilibrium and competitive binding isotherms showed that 125i-stb bound specifically to t84 and ht29 cells; however, the toxin-epithelial cell interactions could be characterized by low-affinity binding (< or = 10(5) m(-1)) to a high number of binding sites (> or = ...	1997	9234777
adherence of vibrio cholerae to cultured differentiated human intestinal cells: an in vitro colonization model.	choleragenic vibrios adhered to and multiplied on monolayers of the highly differentiated mucin-secreting cell line ht29-18n2. their adherence followed first-order kinetics, was dependent on the concentration of vibrios, and was partially inhibited by lipopolysaccharide. comparison of genetically modified vibrios showed that flagella, an active toxr gene, and the virulence cassette were not essential for initial binding. inactivation of the hemagglutinin/protease increased binding. this highly d ...	1997	9234816
vibriocidal antibody responses in north american volunteers exposed to wild-type or vaccine vibrio cholerae o139: specificity and relevance to immunity.	the emergence of a new agent of cholera, vibrio cholerae o139, has prompted a reevaluation of the vibriocidal antibody assay. this assay, primarily directed to lipopolysaccharide, is an important correlate of o1 immunity. v. cholerae o139 strains are encapsulated, rendering them relatively resistant to killing by serum. recent reports suggest that there is strain-to-strain variability in the sensitivity of the vibriocidal assay to fully encapsulated o139 strains. we have assessed a modified vibr ...	1997	9144361
resistance of vibrio cholerae 01 to nalidixic acid.	until 1987 all isolates of v. cholerae 01 at a tertiary care hospital in south india were susceptible to drugs commonly used to treat gastroenteritis including cholera. since july 1987 strains resistant to co-trimoxazole have been encountered and since october 1995 strains resistant to nalidixic acid are being isolated. in this study the latter strains were examined by determining minimum inhibitory concentration levels of nalidixic acid as well as norfloxacin, the fluoroquinolone extensively us ...	1997	9145595
structure of tcpg, the dsba protein folding catalyst from vibrio cholerae.	the efficient and correct folding of bacterial disulfide bonded proteins in vivo is dependent upon a class of periplasmic oxidoreductase proteins called dsba, after the escherichia coli enzyme. in the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae, the dsba homolog (tcpg) is responsible for the folding, maturation and secretion of virulence factors. mutants in which the tcpg gene has been inactivated are avirulent; they no longer produce functional colonisation pili and they no longer secrete cholera toxi ...	1997	9149147
detection of vibrio cholerae and v. mimicus heat-stable toxin gene sequence by pcr.	previously the heat-stable enterotoxin in vibrio cholerae and v. mimicus has been detected by suckling mouse assay, a non-specific approach, and by dna probes, a time-consuming method. this report describes a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) procedure for the detection of the stn (nag-st) and sto (o1-st) gene sequences that is rapid and specific, allowing toxin gene molecular characterisation. a total of 34 v. cholerae and v. mimicus isolates was examined for st and ct genes. the nag-st gene sequ ...	1997	9152035
rapid screening method for identification of cholera toxin-producing vibrio cholerae o1 and o139.	a novel method of identifying cholera enterotoxin (ct)-producing vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 was developed. the method uses degradation of nad as a specific biochemical marker for the ct-producing strains. the substrate nad at a concentration of 100 mumol/liter was markedly degraded when it was incubated at 37 degrees c for 2 h with the ct-producing stains at a final cell density equivalent to that of a twofold dilution of a mcfarland no. 1 standard. nad degradation was monitored by a ...	1997	9157159
oral delivery of antibodies. future pharmacokinetic trends.	antibodies have been investigated as specific targeting agents for cancer diagnosis and therapy, to inactivate toxic substances including drugs and also as passive immunotherapy for neoplastic or infectious diseases. in most cases the antibodies were administered systemically by the intravenous route. more recently, however, there has been increasing interest in the oral administration of antibodies for localised treatment of infections or other conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. the norm ...	1997	9113439
enterotoxin and cytotoxin production by salmonella enteritidis strains isolated from gastroenteritis outbreaks.	seventy-six salmonella enteritidis, three salmonella virchow and one salmonella bradenrup strains were screened for enterotoxigenicity by using the chinese hamster ovary (cho), y1 adrenal, vero and hela cell tests. all the strains gave positive reactions for enterotoxin production, except one, and the relative sensitivity to the toxin exhibited by the different cell lines was evaluated. an enterotoxic activity has been identified in sonicated extracts of salm. enteritidis. this enterotoxin was p ...	1997	9113874
a cholera toxoid-insulin conjugate as an oral vaccine against spontaneous autoimmune diabetes.	mucosally induced immunological tolerance is an attractive strategy for preventing or treating illnesses resulting from untoward inflammatory immune reactions against self- or non-self-antigens. oral administration of relevant autoantigens and allergens has been reported to delay or suppress onset of clinical disease in a number of experimental autoimmune and allergic disorders. however, the approach often requires repeated feeding of large amounts of tolerogens over long periods and is only par ...	1997	9114038
molecular evolution of vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated in lima, peru, from 1991 to 1995.	following the emergence of cholera in lima, peru, in 1991, isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor recovered from patients in various parts of lima were selected and characterized. ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) revealed four bgli ribotypes and eight noti pfge types among 50 v. cholerae o1 strains recovered from patients with cholera in lima from 1991 to 1995, with certain genotypes appearing to cluster geographically. while differences in ribotype and pfge type pat ...	1997	9114398
the role of the sodium cycle of energy coupling in the emergence and persistence of natural foci of modern cholera.	a hypothesis on the appearance and persistence of natural foci of cholera based on ecological and bioenergetic features of the process has been developed. the main causes of persistence and propagation of modern cholera are: 1) inability of various bacteria, including the genus vibrio and many cyanobacterial species, to perform energy coupling, depending on external conditions, by means of two cycles (the proton and sodium cycles); induction of the sodium cycle of energy coupling increases the r ...	1997	9159877
vibrio cholerae serotype o139: swapping genes for surface polysaccharide biosynthesis.		1997	9160503
[ecology of vibrio cholerae serogroup 01 in aquatic environments].	the endemic and seasonal nature of cholera depends upon the survival of vibrio cholerae 01 in a viable but not necessarily culturable state in ecologic niches in aquatic environments during interepidemic periods. to understand the ecology of v. cholerae it is necessary to know which aquatic ecosystems can harbor it and thus contribute to the endemic presence of cholera in latin america. this article presents a summary of the ecology of v. cholerae 01, organized according to the abiotic and bioti ...	1997	9162580
rapid detection of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal from stool specimens by pcr.	in a previous study using pure bacterial cultures in a pcr assay, a primer pair corresponding to a unique chromosomal region of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal generated an amplicon from only v. cholerae o139 bengal. pcr with the same primer pair was used to screen 180 diarrheal stool specimens. all the 67 v. cholerae o139 culture-positive stool specimens were positive by pcr, and the remaining specimens, which contained either other recognized enteric pathogens or no pathogens, were all negative by ...	1997	9163504
synthesis of colitose-containing oligosaccharide structures found in polysaccharides from vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal using thioglycoside donors.	the syntheses of the two colitose-containing trisaccharides 8-methoxycarbonyloctyl (3,6-dideoxy-alpha-l-xylo-hexopyranosyl)-(1-->2)-beta-d-galactopyranosyl -(1-->3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranoside and 8-methoxycarbonyloctyl beta-d-galactopyranosyl-(1-->3)-[(3,6- dideoxy-alpha-l-xylo-hexopyranosyl)-(1-->4)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d- glucopyranoside, and tetrasaccharide 8-methoxycarbonyloctyl (3,6-dideoxy-alpha-l-xylo-hexopyranosyl)-(1-->2)-beta-d-galactopyranosyl - (1-->3)-[(3,6-dide ...	1997	9163895
the rpoh gene encoding sigma 32 homolog of vibrio cholerae.	the vibrio cholerae rpoh gene coding for the heat-shock sigma factor, sigma 32, has been cloned and shown to functionally complement escherichia coli rpoh mutants. the nt sequence of the gene has been determined and the deduced aa sequence is more than 80% homologous to the e. coli rpoh gene product. downstream of the v. cholerae rpoh gene, an unidentified dehydrogenase gene (udha) is present on the opposite strand facing rpoh. the predicted secondary structure of the 5'-proximal region of v. ch ...	1997	9168128
septicemia due to a non-0:1, non-0:139 vibrio cholerae.	we describe a patient with a non-0:1, non-0:139 vibrio cholerae septicemia associated with ecythema gangrenosa-like skin lesions. the patient acquired the infection in puerto rico. given the high fatality rate, it is important for the medical community to consider the diagnosis in high risk patients with exposures in puerto rico tropical waters.	1997	9168634
coexpression of the b subunit of shiga toxin 1 and eaea from enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli in vibrio cholerae vaccine strains.	a promoterless gene for the shiga toxin 1 b subunit (stxb1) has been placed under transcriptional control of the vibrio cholerae heat shock gene htpg. a chromosomal enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli fragment containing eaea and 400 bp of upstream dna was added to the construct, downstream of stxb1; no transcription terminators were located between the two genes. the plasmid construct was confirmed by dna sequencing; in vitro transcription-translation studies demonstrated expression of eaea from ...	1997	9169742