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campylobacter prosthetic joint infection.a 75-year-old man was diagnosed with probable campylobacter jejuni prosthetic knee infection after a diarrheal illness. joint aspirate and operative cultures were negative, but pcr of prosthesis sonicate fluid was positive, as was stool culture. nineteen additional cases of campylobacter prosthetic joint infection reported in the literature are reviewed.201424523462
cryptic ecology among host generalist campylobacter jejuni in domestic animals.homologous recombination between bacterial strains is theoretically capable of preventing the separation of daughter clusters, and producing cohesive clouds of genotypes in sequence space. however, numerous barriers to recombination are known. barriers may be essential such as adaptive incompatibility, or ecological, which is associated with the opportunities for recombination in the natural habitat. campylobacter jejuni is a gut colonizer of numerous animal species and a major human enteric pat ...201424689900
hygromycin b and apramycin antibiotic resistance cassettes for use in campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni genetic manipulation is restricted by the limited number of antibiotic resistance cassettes available for use in this diarrheal pathogen. in this study, two antibiotic resistance cassettes were developed, encoding for hygromycin b and apramycin resistance, for use in mutagenesis or for selection of gene expression and complementation constructs in c. jejuni. first, the marker genes were successfully modified to allow for insertional mutagenesis or deletion of a gene-of-inter ...201424751825
detection and molecular analysis of campylobacter ureolyticus in domestic animals.previous studies showed the presence of campylobacter ureolyticus in a large proportion of diarrhoeal samples from patients in ireland. this emerging gastrointestinal pathogen was the second most common campylobacter species detected in patients presenting with gastroenteritis, surpassed only by c. jejuni. however, the source of c. ureolyticus infections in humans remains unknown. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of c. ureolyticus in a range of domestic animals. over a perio ...201424739468
colonisation of a phage susceptible campylobacter jejuni population in two phage positive broiler flocks.the pathogens campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are commensals in the poultry intestine and campylobacteriosis is one of the most frequent foodborne diseases in developed and developing countries. phages were identified to be effective in reducing intestinal campylobacter load and this was evaluated, in the first field trials which were recently carried out. the aim of this study was to further investigate campylobacter population dynamics during phage application on a commercial broil ...201424733154
draft genome sequence of campylobacter ureolyticus strain cit007, the first whole-genome sequence of a clinical isolate.herein, we present the draft genome sequence of campylobacter ureolyticus. strain cit007 was isolated from a stool sample from an elderly female presenting with diarrheal illness and end-stage chronic renal disease.201424723712
prevalence, antibiogram and risk factors of thermophilic campylobacter spp. in dressed porcine carcass of chitwan, nepal.campylobacter is the primary cause of food borne gastroenteritis. moreover, the emergence of multiple drug resistant campylobacters from poultry and pork has produced a potential threat to public health. research addressing these issues is sparse in nepal. so, this cross-sectional study aims at determining the prevalence, antibiogram and risk factors of campylobacters from dressed porcine carcass of chitwan, nepal.201424708489
identification of a novel membrane transporter mediating resistance to organic arsenic in campylobacter jejuni.although bacterial mechanisms involved in the resistance to inorganic arsenic are well understood, the molecular basis for organic arsenic resistance has not been described. campylobacter jejuni, a major food-borne pathogen causing gastroenteritis in humans, is highly prevalent in poultry and is reportedly resistant to the arsenic compound roxarsone (4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenearsonic acid), which has been used as a feed additive in the poultry industry for growth promotion. in this study, we repor ...201424419344
detection of campylobacter in stool and determination of significance by culture, enzyme immunoassay, and pcr in developing countries.campylobacter is a common bacterial enteropathogen that can be detected in stool by culture, enzyme immunoassay (eia), or pcr. we compared culture for c. jejuni/c. coli, eia (prospect), and duplex pcr to distinguish campylobacter jejuni/c. coli and non-jejuni/coli campylobacter on 432 diarrheal and matched control stool samples from infants in a multisite longitudinal study of enteric infections in tanzania, bangladesh, and peru. the sensitivity and specificity of culture were 8.5% and 97.6%, re ...201424452175
comparison of the bd max enteric bacterial panel to routine culture methods for detection of campylobacter, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (o157), salmonella, and shigella isolates in preserved stool specimens.we compared the bd max enteric bacterial panel (ebp) to culture for the detection of salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and shiga toxin-producing enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157 in seeded stool samples. the ebp panel demonstrated superior sensitivity and reliably detected salmonella, ehec o157, shigella, and campylobacter at concentrations 1- to 2-log10 lower than those needed for culture detection.201424430460
evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification suite for the rapid, reliable, and robust detection of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli in produce.shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains are a leading cause of produce-associated outbreaks in the united states. rapid, reliable, and robust detection methods are needed to better ensure produce safety. we recently developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) suite for stec detection. in this study, the stec lamp suite was comprehensively evaluated against real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) using a large panel of bacterial strains (n = 156) and various produce items (s ...201424509927
distribution of indigenous bacterial pathogens and potential pathogens associated with roof-harvested rainwater.the harvesting of rainwater is gaining acceptance among many governmental authorities in countries such as australia, germany, and south africa, among others. however, conflicting reports on the microbial quality of harvested rainwater have been published. to monitor the presence of potential pathogenic bacteria during high-rainfall periods, rainwater from 29 rainwater tanks was sampled on four occasions (during june and august 2012) in a sustainable housing project in kleinmond, south africa. t ...201424487540
comparative analysis and limitations of ethidium monoazide and propidium monoazide treatments for the differentiation of viable and nonviable campylobacter cells.the lack of differentiation between viable and nonviable bacterial cells limits the implementation of pcr-based methods for routine diagnostic approaches. recently, the combination of a quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) and ethidium monoazide (ema) or propidium monoazide (pma) pretreatment has been described to circumvent this disadvantage. in regard to the suitability of this approach for campylobacter spp., conflicting results have been reported. thus, we compared the suitabilities of ema and ...201424487529
molecular testing for clinical diagnosis and epidemiological investigations of intestinal parasitic infections.over the past few decades, nucleic acid-based methods have been developed for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections. advantages of nucleic acid-based methods are numerous; typically, these include increased sensitivity and specificity and simpler standardization of diagnostic procedures. dna samples can also be stored and used for genetic characterization and molecular typing, providing a valuable tool for surveys and surveillance studies. a variety of technologies have been applied, ...201424696439
[bacterial biofilms: their importance in animal health and public health].bacterial biofilms are structured communities of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymer matrix that is attached to a surface. biofilms protect and allow bacteria to survive and thrive in hostile environments. bacteria within biofilms can withstand host immune responses, and are much less susceptible to antibiotics and disinfectants when compared to their planktonic counterparts. the ability to form biofilms is now considered an attribute of many microorganisms. diseases associated w ...201424688172
perspectives in the use of tannins as alternative to antimicrobial growth promoter factors in poultry.antibiotics have been included in the formulation of feed for livestock production for more than 40 years as a strategy to improve feed conversion rates and to reduce costs. the use of antimicrobials as growth-promoting factors (agp) in sub-therapeutic doses for long periods is particularly favorable for the selection of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. in the last years, global concern about development of antimicrobial resistance and transference of resistance genes from animal to human ...201424723916
a reference pan-genome approach to comparative bacterial genomics: identification of novel epidemiological markers in pathogenic campylobacter.the increasing availability of hundreds of whole bacterial genomes provides opportunities for enhanced understanding of the genes and alleles responsible for clinically important phenotypes and how they evolved. however, it is a significant challenge to develop easy-to-use and scalable methods for characterizing these large and complex data and relating it to disease epidemiology. existing approaches typically focus on either homologous sequence variation in genes that are shared by all isolates ...201424676150
alternative bacteriophage life cycles: the carrier state of campylobacter jejuni.members of the genus campylobacter are frequently responsible for human enteric disease, often through consumption of contaminated poultry products. bacteriophages are viruses that have the potential to control pathogenic bacteria, but understanding their complex life cycles is key to their successful exploitation. treatment of campylobacter jejuni biofilms with bacteriophages led to the discovery that phages had established a relationship with their hosts typical of the carrier state life cycle ...201424671947
draft genome sequence of campylobacter coli strain ipsid-1 isolated from a patient with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease.the genome sequence and annotation of campylobacter coli strain ipsid-1 are reported here. this bacterial isolate is the first to be cultured from a patient with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (ipsid). the draft genome sequence is 1.683 mb long, comprises 64 contigs, and has 31.26% g+c content.201424625865
a multiplex pcr/ldr assay for simultaneous detection and identification of the niaid category b bacterial food and water-borne pathogens.enteric pathogens that cause gastroenteritis remain a major global health concern. the goal of this study was to develop a multiplex pcr/ligation detection reaction (ldr) assay for the detection of all niaid category b bacterial food and water-borne pathogens directly from stool specimens. to validate the pcr/ldr assay, clinical isolates of campylobacter spp., vibrio spp., shigella spp., salmonella spp., listeria monocytogenes, yersinia enterocolitica, and diarrheagenic escherichia coli were tes ...201424709368
prevalence of virulence genes in strains of campylobacter jejuni isolated from human, bovine and broiler.campylobacter jejuni isolates of different origins (bovine, broiler meat, human) were screened by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of 4 genes cdtb, cst-ii, ggt, and virb11, previously linked to virulence such as adherence, invasion, colonization, molecular mimicry, and cytotoxin production. in addition, the isolates were screened for the presence of the global gene regulator csra linked to oxidative stress responses, biofilms formation, and cell adhesion. all the c. jejuni isolates wer ...201424688515
prevalence of virulence genes in strains of campylobacter jejuni isolated from human, bovine and broiler.campylobacter jejuni isolates of different origins (bovine, broiler meat, human) were screened by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of 4 genes cdtb, cst-ii, ggt, and virb11, previously linked to virulence such as adherence, invasion, colonization, molecular mimicry, and cytotoxin production. in addition, the isolates were screened for the presence of the global gene regulator csra linked to oxidative stress responses, biofilms formation, and cell adhesion. all the c. jejuni isolates wer ...201424688515
prevalence and pathogenic potential of campylobacter isolates from free-living, human-commensal american crows.recent studies have suggested a potential role for wild birds in zoonotic transmission of campylobacter jejuni, the leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. in this study, we detected campylobacter spp. in 66.9% (85/127) of free-ranging american crows (corvus brachyrhyncos) sampled in the sacramento valley of california in 2012 and 2013. biochemical testing and sequence analysis of 16s rrna revealed that 93% of isolates (n = 70) were c. jejuni, with cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) ...201424375131
divergent distribution of the sensor kinase coss in non-thermotolerant campylobacter species and its functional incompatibility with the response regulator cosr of campylobacter jejuni.two-component signal transduction systems are commonly composed of a sensor histidine kinase and a cognate response regulator, modulating gene expression in response to environmental changes through a phosphorylation-dependent process. cosr is an ompr-type response regulator essential for the viability of campylobacter jejuni, a major foodborne pathogenic species causing human gastroenteritis. although cosr is a response regulator, its cognate sensor kinase has not been identified in c. jejuni. ...201424587027
antimicrobial resistance of bacterial enteropathogens isolated from stools in madagascar.diarrheal diseases are a major public health problem in developing countries, and are one of the main causes of hospital admissions in madagascar. the pasteur institute of madagascar undertook a study to determine the prevalence and the pathogenicity of bacterial, viral and protozoal enteropathogens in diarrheal and non-diarrheal stools of children aged less than 5 years in madagascar. we present here the results of the analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacteria isolated during thi ...201424568189
comparative genomics of unintrogressed campylobacter coli clades 2 and 3.campylobacter jejuni and c. coli share a multitude of risk factors associated with human gastrointestinal disease, yet their phylogeny differs significantly. c. jejuni is scattered into several lineages, with no apparent linkage, whereas c. coli clusters into three distinct phylogenetic groups (clades) of which clade 1 has shown extensive genome-wide introgression with c. jejuni, yet the other two clades (2 and 3) have less than 2% of c. jejuni ancestry. we characterized a c. coli strain (76339) ...201424524824
a severe case of persistent diarrhoea associated with arcobacter cryaerophilus but attributed to campylobacter sp. and a review of the clinical incidence of arcobacter spp.although rarely, arcobacter spp. have been associated with diarrhoea and bacteraemia. we report a persistent case in a healthy 26-year-old spanish male of bloody diarrhoea, which was attributed to campylobacter but in fact was caused by arcobacter cryaerophilus, as determined by sequencing of the rpob gene. the isolate was re-identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (maldi-tof) and genotyped for five putative virulence genes and for seven genes included in the arc ...201425356338
comparison of conventional pcr, multiplex pcr, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for rapid detection of arcobacter species.this study aimed to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for the rapid detection of arcobacter species. specific primers targeting the 23s ribosomal rna gene were used to detect arcobacter butzleri, arcobacter cryaerophilus, and arcobacter skirrowii. the specificity of the lamp primer set was assessed using dna samples from a panel of arcobacter and campylobacter species, and the sensitivity was determined using serial dilutions of arcobacter species cultures. lamp show ...201424478488
intersubspecific recombination in xylella fastidiosa strains native to the united states: infection of novel hosts associated with an unsuccessful invasion.the bacterial pathogen xylella fastidiosa infects xylem and causes disease in many plant species in the americas. different subspecies of this bacterium and different genotypes within subspecies infect different plant hosts, but the genetics of host adaptation are unknown. here we examined the hypothesis that the introduction of novel genetic variation via intersubspecific homologous recombination (ihr) facilitates host shifts. we investigated ihr in 33 x. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex isolates pr ...201424296499
biological roles of the o-methyl phosphoramidate capsule modification in campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and the capsular polysaccharide (cps) of this organism is required for persistence and disease. c. jejuni produces over 47 different capsular structures, including a unique o-methyl phosphoramidate (meopn) modification present on most c. jejuni isolates. although the meopn structure is rare in nature it has structural similarity to some synthetic pesticides. in this study, we have demonstrated, by whole genome comparis ...201424498018
presence and analysis of plasmids in human and animal associated arcobacter species.in this study, we report the screening of four arcobacter species for the presence of small and large plasmids. plasmids were present in 9.9% of the 273 examined strains. one arcobacter cryaerophilus and four arcobacter butzleri plasmids were selected for further sequencing. the size of three small plasmids isolated from a. butzleri and the one from a. cryaerophilus strains ranged between 4.8 and 5.1 kb, and the size of the large plasmid, isolated from a. butzleri, was 27.4 kbp. the g+c content ...201424465575
detection of cdt toxin genes in campylobacter spp. strains isolated from broiler carcasses and vegetables in são paulo, brazil.campylobacteriosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis. one of the main virulence factors related to campylobacter spp. in animals and humans is the cytolethal distending toxin (cdt), encoded by three adjacent genes (cdta, cdtb, cdtc). the occurrence of campylobacter spp. in samples of vegetables has not been reported in brazil yet, and has seldom been described in the international literature. the detection of cdt in these strains has not been reported, either. the objectives of the present stu ...201424516435
detection of cdt toxin genes in campylobacter spp. strains isolated from broiler carcasses and vegetables in são paulo, brazil.campylobacteriosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis. one of the main virulence factors related to campylobacter spp. in animals and humans is the cytolethal distending toxin (cdt), encoded by three adjacent genes (cdta, cdtb, cdtc). the occurrence of campylobacter spp. in samples of vegetables has not been reported in brazil yet, and has seldom been described in the international literature. the detection of cdt in these strains has not been reported, either. the objectives of the present stu ...201424516435
isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of campylobacter species among diarrheic children at jimma, ethiopia.introduction. campylobacter is one of the leading bacterial causes of food-borne disease. the prevalence of campylobacter species resistant to antimicrobial agents is increasing. this study is intended to determine prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of campylobacter species among under-five children with diarrhea. methodology. a cross-sectional study was conducted among 227 under-five children with diarrhea from july to october 2012 at jimma town. isolation and identification o ...201426904735
the renaissance of bacillosamine and its derivatives: pathway characterization and implications in pathogenicity.prokaryote-specific sugars, including n,n'-diacetylbacillosamine (dinacbac) and pseudaminic acid, have experienced a renaissance in the past decade because of their discovery in glycans related to microbial pathogenicity. dinacbac is found at the reducing end of oligosaccharides of n- and o-linked bacterial protein glycosylation pathways of gram-negative pathogens, including campylobacter jejuni and neisseria gonorrhoeae. further derivatization of dinacbac results in the nonulosonic acid known a ...201424383882
comparison of characteristics of patients infected by campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, and campylobacter fetus.a large database of campylobacter isolates precisely identified at the species level was used to compare patients' characteristics. in a multivariate analysis, campylobacter coli was found more often in older patients and in patients having traveled abroad and less often in summertime than campylobacter jejuni. campylobacter fetus infection occurred in much older patients and in hospitalized patients with a systemic disease.201424197884
lipooligosaccharide locus class of campylobacter jejuni: sialylation is not needed for invasive infection.campylobacter jejuni is a highly diverse enteropathogen that is commonly detected worldwide. it can sometimes cause bacteraemia, but the bacterial characteristics facilitating bloodstream infection are not known. a total of 73 c. jejuni isolates, consecutively collected from blood-borne infections during a 10-year period all over finland and for which detailed clinical information of the patients were available, were included. we screened the isolates by pcr for the lipooligosaccharide (los) loc ...201424102802
lipooligosaccharide locus class of campylobacter jejuni: sialylation is not needed for invasive infection.campylobacter jejuni is a highly diverse enteropathogen that is commonly detected worldwide. it can sometimes cause bacteraemia, but the bacterial characteristics facilitating bloodstream infection are not known. a total of 73 c. jejuni isolates, consecutively collected from blood-borne infections during a 10-year period all over finland and for which detailed clinical information of the patients were available, were included. we screened the isolates by pcr for the lipooligosaccharide (los) loc ...201424102802
target optimization for peptide nucleic acid (pna)-mediated antisense inhibition of the cmeabc multidrug efflux pump in campylobacter jejuni.cmeabc is a resistance-nodulation-cell division (rnd)-type multidrug efflux pump conferring resistance to clinically important antibiotics in campylobacter. this study aimed to identify the optimal target sites for the inhibition of cmeabc with antisense peptide nucleic acid (pna).201424084637
target optimization for peptide nucleic acid (pna)-mediated antisense inhibition of the cmeabc multidrug efflux pump in campylobacter jejuni.cmeabc is a resistance-nodulation-cell division (rnd)-type multidrug efflux pump conferring resistance to clinically important antibiotics in campylobacter. this study aimed to identify the optimal target sites for the inhibition of cmeabc with antisense peptide nucleic acid (pna).201424084637
an epidemiological investigation of campylobacter in pig and poultry farms in the mekong delta of vietnam.campylobacter are zoonotic pathogens commonly associated with gastroenteritis. to assess the relevance of campylobacter in vietnam, an economically transitioning country in se asia, we conducted a survey of 343 pig and poultry farms in the mekong delta, a region characterized by mixed species farming with limited biosecurity. the animal-level prevalence of campylobacter was 31·9%, 23·9% and 53·7% for chickens, ducks and pigs, respectively. c. jejuni was predominant in all three host species, wit ...201424067502
an epidemiological investigation of campylobacter in pig and poultry farms in the mekong delta of vietnam.campylobacter are zoonotic pathogens commonly associated with gastroenteritis. to assess the relevance of campylobacter in vietnam, an economically transitioning country in se asia, we conducted a survey of 343 pig and poultry farms in the mekong delta, a region characterized by mixed species farming with limited biosecurity. the animal-level prevalence of campylobacter was 31·9%, 23·9% and 53·7% for chickens, ducks and pigs, respectively. c. jejuni was predominant in all three host species, wit ...201424067502
identification and characterization of an invasion antigen b gene from the oral pathogen campylobacter rectus.the oral bacterium, campylobacter rectus, is an etiological agent of periodontitis. the virulence genes of c. rectus are largely unknown. the aim of this study was to query c. rectus for the presence of an invasion antigen b (ciab) gene, which is needed for cell invasion by the related species campylobacter jejuni. pcr and pcr-walking identified a ciab from c. rectus. in silico analyses of c. rectus 314 ciab (cr-ciab) revealed an orf of 1,830 base pairs. the cr-ciab protein shared significant se ...201424426164
identification and characterization of an invasion antigen b gene from the oral pathogen campylobacter rectus.the oral bacterium, campylobacter rectus, is an etiological agent of periodontitis. the virulence genes of c. rectus are largely unknown. the aim of this study was to query c. rectus for the presence of an invasion antigen b (ciab) gene, which is needed for cell invasion by the related species campylobacter jejuni. pcr and pcr-walking identified a ciab from c. rectus. in silico analyses of c. rectus 314 ciab (cr-ciab) revealed an orf of 1,830 base pairs. the cr-ciab protein shared significant se ...201424426164
ankyrin domains across the tree of life.ankyrin (ank) repeats are one of the most common amino acid sequence motifs that mediate interactions between proteins of myriad sizes, shapes and functions. we assess their widespread abundance in bacteria and archaea for the first time and demonstrate in bacteria that lifestyle, rather than phylogenetic history, is a predictor of ank repeat abundance. unrelated organisms that forge facultative and obligate symbioses with eukaryotes show enrichment for ank repeats in comparison to free-living b ...201424688847
conservation analysis of the cydx protein yields insights into small protein identification and evolution.the reliable identification of proteins containing 50 or fewer amino acids is difficult due to the limited information content in short sequences. the 37 amino acid cydx protein in escherichia coli is a member of the cytochrome bd oxidase complex, an enzyme found throughout eubacteria. to investigate the extent of cydx conservation and prevalence and evaluate different methods of small protein homologue identification, we surveyed 1095 eubacteria species for the presence of the small protein.201425475368
occurrence of an unusual hopanoid-containing lipid a among lipopolysaccharides from bradyrhizobium species.the chemical structures of the unusual hopanoid-containing lipid a samples of the lipopolysaccharides (lps) from three strains of bradyrhizobium (slow-growing rhizobia) have been established. they differed considerably from other gram-negative bacteria in regards to the backbone structure, the number of ester-linked long chain hydroxylated fatty acids, as well as the presence of a tertiary residue that consisted of at least one molecule of carboxyl-bacteriohopanediol or its 2-methyl derivative. ...201425371196
gram-negative flagella glycosylation.protein glycosylation had been considered as an eccentricity of a few bacteria. however, through advances in analytical methods and genome sequencing, it is now established that bacteria possess both n-linked and o-linked glycosylation pathways. both glycosylation pathways can modify multiple proteins, flagellins from archaea and eubacteria being one of these. flagella o-glycosylation has been demonstrated in many polar flagellins from gram-negative bacteria and in only the gram-positive genera ...201424557579
from deep-sea volcanoes to human pathogens: a conserved quorum-sensing signal in epsilonproteobacteria.chemosynthetic epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents colonize substrates exposed to steep thermal and redox gradients. in many bacteria, substrate attachment, biofilm formation, expression of virulence genes and host colonization are partly controlled via a cell density-dependent mechanism involving signal molecules, known as quorum sensing. within the epsilonproteobacteria, quorum sensing has been investigated only in human pathogens that use the luxs/autoinducer-2 (ai-2) mecha ...201425397946
from deep-sea volcanoes to human pathogens: a conserved quorum-sensing signal in epsilonproteobacteria.chemosynthetic epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents colonize substrates exposed to steep thermal and redox gradients. in many bacteria, substrate attachment, biofilm formation, expression of virulence genes and host colonization are partly controlled via a cell density-dependent mechanism involving signal molecules, known as quorum sensing. within the epsilonproteobacteria, quorum sensing has been investigated only in human pathogens that use the luxs/autoinducer-2 (ai-2) mecha ...201425397946
novel microbiological and spatial statistical methods to improve strength of epidemiological evidence in a community-wide waterborne outbreak.failures in the drinking water distribution system cause gastrointestinal outbreaks with multiple pathogens. a water distribution pipe breakage caused a community-wide waterborne outbreak in vuorela, finland, july 2012. we investigated this outbreak with advanced epidemiological and microbiological methods. a total of 473/2931 inhabitants (16%) responded to a web-based questionnaire. water and patient samples were subjected to analysis of multiple microbial targets, molecular typing and microbia ...201425147923
ultrastructure and complex polar architecture of the human pathogen campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is one of the most successful food-borne human pathogens. here we use electron cryotomography to explore the ultrastructure of c. jejuni cells in logarithmically growing cultures. this provides the first look at this pathogen in a near-native state at macromolecular resolution (~5 nm). we find a surprisingly complex polar architecture that includes ribosome exclusion zones, polyphosphate storage granules, extensive collar-shaped chemoreceptor arrays, and elaborate flagellar ...201425065852
microbial typing by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry: do we need guidance for data interpretation?the integration of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) in clinical microbiology has revolutionized species identification of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. however, beyond straightforward identification, the method has also been suggested to have the potential for subspecies-level or even type-level epidemiological analyses. this minireview explores maldi-tof ms-based typing, which has already been performed on many clinically relevant specie ...201425056329
microbial typing by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry: do we need guidance for data interpretation?the integration of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) in clinical microbiology has revolutionized species identification of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. however, beyond straightforward identification, the method has also been suggested to have the potential for subspecies-level or even type-level epidemiological analyses. this minireview explores maldi-tof ms-based typing, which has already been performed on many clinically relevant specie ...201425056329
neurological disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases.extraintestinal manifestations occur in about one-third of patients living with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and may precede the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms by many years. neurologic disorders associated with ibd are not frequent, being reported in 3% of patients, but they often represent an important cause of morbidity and a relevant diagnostic issue. in addition, the increasing use of immunosuppressant and biological therapies for ibd may also play a pivotal role in the development ...201425083051
genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter jejuni isolates associated with sheep abortion in the united states and great britain.campylobacter infection is a leading cause of ovine abortion worldwide. historically, genetically diverse campylobacter fetus and campylobacter jejuni strains have been implicated in such infections, but since 2003 a highly pathogenic, tetracycline-resistant c. jejuni clone (named sa) has become the predominant cause of sheep abortions in the united states. whether clone sa was present in earlier u.s. abortion isolates (before 2000) and is associated with sheep abortions outside the united state ...201424648552
the role of crispr-cas systems in virulence of pathogenic bacteria.clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr) and crispr-associated (cas) genes are present in many bacterial and archaeal genomes. since the discovery of the typical crispr loci in the 1980s, well before their physiological role was revealed, their variable sequences have been used as a complementary typing tool in diagnostic, epidemiologic, and evolutionary analyses of prokaryotic strains. the discovery that crispr spacers are often identical to sequence fragments of mobil ...201424600041
a case of bacteremia caused by campylobacter fetus: an unusual presentation in an infant.bacteremia due to campylobacter spp. is rarely reported, and campylobacter fetus is the species most commonly exhibiting vascular tropism, as occurred in this case report describing the diagnosis of c. fetus bacteremia in an infant presenting with respiratory tract infection. a 5-month-old baby, with undiagnosed failure to thrive, presented to the acute care service with a high fever and respiratory symptoms of 2 days duration. the initial clinical and laboratory diagnosis suggested bacteremia, ...201424596467
s-layers: principles and applications.monomolecular arrays of protein or glycoprotein subunits forming surface layers (s-layers) are one of the most commonly observed prokaryotic cell envelope components. s-layers are generally the most abundantly expressed proteins, have been observed in species of nearly every taxonomical group of walled bacteria, and represent an almost universal feature of archaeal envelopes. the isoporous lattices completely covering the cell surface provide organisms with various selection advantages including ...201424483139
identification of a broad family of lipid a late acyltransferases with non-canonical substrate specificity.most gram-negative organisms produce lipopolysaccharide (lps), a complex macromolecule anchored to the bacterial membrane by the lipid a moiety. lipid a is synthesized via the raetz pathway, a conserved nine-step enzymatic process first characterized in escherichia coli. the epsilonproteobacterium helicobacter pylori uses the raetz pathway to synthesize lipid a; however, only eight of nine enzymes in the pathway have been identified in this organism. here, we identify the missing acyltransferase ...201424372821
interaction between campylobacter and intestinal epithelial cells leads to a different proinflammatory response in human and porcine host.campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are recognized as the leading causes of human diarrheal disease throughout the development world. unlike human beings, gastrointestinal tract of pigs are frequently colonized by campylobacter to a high level in a commensal manner. the aim of this study was to identify the differences underlying the divergent outcome following campylobacter challenge in porcine versus human host. in order to address this, a comparative in vitro infection model was combi ...201425307769
method-dependent variability in determination of prevalence of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in canadian retail poultry.campylobacter is the most frequent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in canada, and the illness is commonly associated with poultry consumption. whereas canadian retail poultry is often contaminated with campylobacters, studies on the prevalence of this organism are inconsistent due to variability in sampling and microbiological methodology. to determine the current microbiological status of canadian poultry, and to evaluate two commonly used microbiological methods, 348 raw poultry samples wer ...201425285484
sensitive and rapid detection of campylobacter species from stools of children with diarrhea in japan by the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method.we detected campylobacter spp. in 5% (20/380) of diarrheal stool samples collected at an outpatient clinic in kyoto using a commercial loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) kit with a fluorescent detection reagent after dna extraction. the sensitivity and specificity were 100% in comparison with those of semi-nested pcr for the differentiation of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli. fourteen of the 20 samples were already determined as c. jejuni by the culture method. all 20 samp ...201425241688
isolation of campylobacter from brazilian broiler flocks using different culturing procedures.conventional culturing methods enable the detection of campylobacter in broiler flocks. however, laboratory culture of campylobacter is laborious because of its fastidious behavior and the presence of competing nontarget bacteria. this study evaluated different protocols to isolate campylobacter from broiler litter, feces, and cloacal and drag swabs. samples taken from commercial brazilian broiler flocks were directly streaked onto preston agar (pa), campy-line agar (cla), and modified charcoal ...201425172927
prevalence of thermotolerant campylobacter spp. in farmed hares (lepus europaeus).thermotolerant campylobacter spp. were isolated from 118/240 (49.2%) rectal swabs from commercially farmed hares (lepus europaeus) in southern italy. using multiplex pcr, campylobacter coli was identified in 118/118 (100%) positive samples, while 17/118 (14.4%) positive samples were also positive for campylobacter jejuni. adult hares had a higher prevalence of infection with campylobacter spp. than juvenile hares.201425168717
identification and characterisation of new campylobacter group iii phages of animal origin.campylobacter-specific bacteriophages (phages) are considered as an alternative intervention strategy to decrease the level of poultry contamination with campylobacter, a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. eradication efficiency depends primarily on phage-host interaction mediated by phage tail-spike proteins and bacterial receptors. here, this interaction was characterised using tail-spike gene sequence analysis, phage neutralisation by antiserum and host range analysis of newly isolat ...201425168177
a pre-enrichment step is essential for detection of campylobacter sp. in turbid pond water.this work aimed to detect campylobacter species from naturally contaminated turbid pond water by pcr. a total of 16 water samples were collected from a turbid village pond. four methods of dna extraction were applied to centrifuge pellets from eight 100 ml pond water samples prior to attempted detection of campylobacter by pcr without an enrichment step. these methods were (1) tris-hcl and sodium dodecyl sulfate followed by phenol:chloroform:isoamylalcohol extraction followed by treatment with d ...201425134901
human, food and animal campylobacter spp. isolated in portugal: high genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance rates.infections by campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are considered the major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, with food being the main source of infection. in this study, a total of 196 campylobacter strains (125 isolates from humans, 39 from retail food and 32 from food animal sources) isolated in portugal between 2009 and 2012 were characterised by multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and flaa short variable region (svr) typing. susceptibility to six antibiotics as well as the ...201425130097
quantitative effects of in-line operations on campylobacter and escherichia coli through two australian broiler processing plants.campylobacter is an important food borne pathogen, mainly associated with poultry. a lack of through-chain quantitative campylobacter data has been highlighted within quantitative risk assessments. the aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively measure campylobacter and escherichia coli concentration on chicken carcasses through poultry slaughter. chickens (n=240) were sampled from each of four flocks along the processing chain, before scald, after scald, before chill, after chill ...201425104301
campylobacter spp. and birds of prey.a total of 170 birds of prey admitted to two wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centers of italy were examined. birds were divided by diurnal (n = 15) and nocturnal (n = 7) species, sampled by cloacal swabs, and examined for campylobacter spp. by cultural and molecular methods. campylobacter spp. were isolated in 43 out of the 170 (25.3%) birds of prey examined. among these, 43/43 (100%) were identified as campylobacter jejuni and 10/43 (23.3%) were identified as campylobacter coli recovered fro ...201425055637
development and assessment of molecular diagnostic tests for 15 enteropathogens causing childhood diarrhoea: a multicentre study.childhood diarrhoea can be caused by many pathogens that are difficult to assay in the laboratory. molecular diagnostic techniques provide a uniform method to detect and quantify candidate enteropathogens. we aimed to develop and assess molecular tests for identification of enteropathogens and their association with disease.201425022434
prevalence of and risk factors for campylobacter colonisation in broiler flocks at the end of the rearing period in france.1. a study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and quantification by species of campylobacter infection in broiler flocks at the end of the rearing period and to identify associated risk factors. 2. a questionnaire about the rearing period was completed and caecal samples were collected from 121 broiler flocks in brittany, france, during 2008. 3. campylobacter was isolated in 87 out of 121 flocks--a prevalence of 71.9% (95% ci, 63.7-80.1%), including 40.5% of campylobacter jejuni and 29.8% ...201425010255
antibiotic susceptibility pattern and genotyping of campylobacter species isolated from children suffering from gastroenteritis.to study the prevalence and the antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter species isolated from children suffering from gastroenteritis .201425008814
a national investigation of the prevalence and diversity of thermophilic campylobacter species in agricultural watersheds in canada.the occurrence and diversity of thermophilic campylobacter species (c. jejuni, coli, and lari) were studied in water samples from four river basins located across canada. these basins located in quebec (bras d'henri), alberta (oldman), ontario (south nation), and british columbia (sumas) represented some of the most intensive farming areas in canada for hog, beef cattle, dairy cattle, and poultry, respectively. this study analyzed 769 water samples collected from 23 monitoring sites with agricul ...201424930011
rapid detection and differentiation of important campylobacter spp. in poultry samples by dot blot and pcr.the detection of campylobacter, the most commonly reported cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in the european union, is very important for human health. the most commonly recognised risk factor for infection is the handling and/or consumption of undercooked poultry meat. the methods typically applied to evaluate the presence/absence of campylobacter in food samples are direct plating and/or enrichment culture based on the horizontal method for detection and enumeration of campylobacter spp. (iso ...201424929879
antimicrobial resistance among campylobacter spp. strains isolated from different poultry production systems at slaughterhouse level.the aim of the current work was to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter spp. isolated from different chicken production systems at the slaughterhouse level. chicken sampling at slaughterhouse was performed for cecum, carcass, and breast meat from flocks of organic (n = 6), extensive indoor (n = 14), and intensive production (n = 14), totaling 34 ceca pools, 64 neck skin pools, and 132 breasts, representing 96,386 chickens. a collection of 167 strains were ide ...201424879708
supplementation of bolton broth with triclosan improves detection of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in chicken carcass rinse.we compared bolton enrichment broth supplemented with antimicrobial triclosan (t-bolton broth) and normal bolton broth for the isolation of campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) and campylobacter coli (c. coli) from chicken carcass rinse. whole chickens were rinsed with buffered peptone water prior to enrichment in normal bolton broth or t-bolton broth, followed by inoculation onto modified charcoal-cefoperazone-deoxycholate agar (mccda). suspect colonies were confirmed by pcr. we observed a signific ...201424813626
loads and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter spp. on fresh chicken meat in nueva ecija, philippines.this study was performed to determine the prevalence and to semiquantify campylobacter spp. on chicken meat samples at 4 selected local wet markets in nueva ecija, philippines, and to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the campylobacter isolates. out of 120 chicken meat samples, 57 (47.5%) were campylobacter spp. positive. the majority of isolated campylobacter strains were identified as campylobacter coli (54.4%) and 45.6% as campylobacter jejuni. most of these positive samples ...201424795322
evaluation and single-laboratory verification of a proposed modification to the u.s. food and drug administration method for detection and identification of campylobacter jejuni or campylobacter coli from raw silo milk.the current u.s. food and drug administration (fda) methodology for detection of campylobacter, a leading source for foodborne illness, is outdated. the purpose of this study, therefore, was to improve and update the cultural and identification methods found in the fda/bacteriological analytical manual (bam). raw silo milk samples containing typical and atypical strains of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli at different levels (5 cfu/25 g, 50 cfu/25 g, and 125 cfu/25 g) were analyzed. v ...201424645512
validation according to iso 16140:2003 of a commercial real-time pcr-based method for detecting campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, and c. lari in foods.campylobacteriosis was the most frequently reported zoonosis in the european union (eu) in 2010, with campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, and campylobacter lari as the most frequently reported species in foodborne outbreaks (fbos). relatively sensitive to environmental factors, these species may be present in low numbers. in line with eu policy for food control and fbo detection and in view of the need to reduce response time, we validated an alternative molecular method according to iso 1 ...201424607425
a pcr-rflp assay for the detection and differentiation of campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, c. fetus, c. hyointestinalis, c. lari, c. helveticus and c. upsaliensis.although campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are the most common bacterial causes of human gastrointestinal diseases, other campylobacter species are also involved in human and animal infections. in this study, we developed a cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) gene-based pcr-rflp assay for the detection and differentiation of c. jejuni, c. coli, c. fetus, c. hyointestinalis, c. lari, c. helveticus and c. upsaliensis. previously designed common primers, which can amplify the cdtb gene of c ...201424568882
prevalence of campylobacter among goats and retail goat meat in congo.the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli was determined in goat and goat meat sold at retail outlets in lubumbashi, democratic republic of congo (dr congo).201424518626
[microbiological diagnosis of infections caused by campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in humans].campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are gram-negative, microaerophilic bacteria which are worldwide in distribution, causing a zoonotic disease in humans called campylobacteriosis. these infections are mainly caused by eating contaminated food products, most often improperly prepared poultry meat. campylobacteriosis usually takes the form of gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the intestines, and the characteristic symptoms are watery-mucous diarrhea often with the presence of blood in s ...201424491895
campylobacter coli cultured from the stools of a patient with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease.campylobacter has been associated with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (ipsid), on the basis of 16s rdna sequencing, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. here, for the first time, we have cultured campylobacter from the stools of a patient with ipsid. phenotypic analysis and whole genome sequencing identified campylobacter coli. pcr on a ipsid tissue biopsy sample was positive for campylobacter coli and negative for campylobacter jejuni. these findings further support a ...201424438451
campylobacter in small ruminants at slaughter: prevalence, pulsotypes and antibiotic resistance.the present study aimed to address the prevalence, pulsotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of campylobacter species present in sheep and goat carcasses at slaughter. in total, 851 samples were collected (343 meat surfaces, 282 ileum contents, 226 liver surfaces) and 835 campylobacter isolates were detected in 274 out of 343 carcasses (116 kids, 110 lambs, 63 goats and 54 sheep). the contamination rates per carcass category were 78.4% for kids, 94.5% for lambs, 63.5% for goats, and ...201424412959
molecular typing of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from various retail meats by mlst and pfge.campylobacter species are one of the leading causes of foodborne disease in the united states. campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are the two main species of concern to human health and cause approximately 95% of human infections. molecular typing methods, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multilocus sequence typing (mlst) are often used to source track foodborne bacterial pathogens. the aim of the present study was to compare pfge and mlst in typing strains of c. jeju ...201428234305
report of ribosomal rna methylase gene erm(b) in multidrug-resistant campylobacter coli.campylobacter is a major foodborne enteric pathogen and macrolides are the drug of choice for the clinical therapy of campylobacteriosis. macrolide resistance among campylobacter compromises clinical treatment, is associated with adverse health events and is a significant public health concern. here, we report the first identification of a horizontally transferrable macrolide resistance mechanism in porcine campylobacter coli zc113 that is mediated by a ribosomal rna methylase, erm(b).201424335515
antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli from poultry in italy.this study was aimed at assessing the antimicrobial resistance (amr) of campylobacter isolates from broilers and turkeys reared in industrial farms in northern italy, given the public health concern represented by resistant campylobacters in food-producing animals and the paucity of data about this topic in our country. thirty-six campylobacter jejuni and 24 campylobacter coli isolated from broilers and 68 c. jejuni and 32 c. coli from turkeys were tested by disk diffusion for their susceptibili ...201424320689
[sensitivity of three inmunocromathographic tests in faeces samples for campylobacter and salmonella detection in comparison to culture].introduction: campylobacter sp. and salmonella enterica are two of the main organisms causing gastroenteritis in our environment. immunochromatographic tests for antigen detection performed directly on stool samples for its simplicity and rapid results may make them useful diagnostic elements in the context of primary care.201424940890
development of a modified gentamicin protection assay to investigate the interaction between campylobacter jejuni and acanthamoeba castellanii atcc 30010.campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of diarrheal illness worldwide. it is persistent in the environment and on poultry despite its microaerophilic nature and sensitivity to dessication and ph. studies have demonstrated that c. jejuni co-incubated with acanthamoeba spp. may be protected from harmful environmental factors. research in this area, however has included a range of different methodologies for co-incubation, recovery of bacteria and amoebae, and verification of internaliza ...201424632191
biochemical, structural, and genetic characterization of tridecaptin a₁, an antagonist of campylobacter jejuni.bacillus circulans nrrl b-30644 (now paenibacillus terrae) was previously reported to produce srcam 1580, a bacteriocin active against the food pathogen campylobacter jejuni. we have been unable to isolate srcam 1580, and did not find any genetic determinants in the genome of this strain. we now report the reassignment of this activity to the lipopeptide tridecaptin a₁. structural characterization of tridecaptin a1 was achieved through nmr, ms/ms and gc-ms studies. the structure was confirmed th ...201424382692
molecular diagnosis of arcobacter and campylobacter in diarrhoeal samples among portuguese patients.the present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and diversity of arcobacter and campylobacter spp. in 298 stool samples of patients with diarrhoea, collected from 22 portuguese hospitals, between september and november 2012. detection of arcobacter and campylobacter spp. was performed using molecular-based detection techniques, such as real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer pcr, species-specific pcr, and sequencing of amplified pcr products. overall, 1.3% of the samples w ...201424361090
antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties of wines and winery byproducts in relation to their flavonoid content.grapes produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of the plants against invading phytopathogens. these metabolites include numerous phenolic compounds that are also active against human pathogens. grapes are used to produce a variety of wines, grape juices, and raisins. grape pomace, seeds, and skins, the remains of the grapes that are a byproduct of winemaking, also contain numerous bioactive compounds that differ from those found in grapes and wines. this overview surveys an ...201424945318
simultaneous concentration of bovine viruses and agricultural zoonotic bacteria from water using sodocalcic glass wool filters.infiltration and runoff from manured agricultural fields can result in livestock pathogens reaching groundwater and surface waters. here, we measured the effectiveness of glass wool filters to simultaneously concentrate enteric viruses and bacteria of bovine origin from water. the recovery efficiencies were determined for bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, bovine rotavirus group a, bovine coronavirus, poliovirus sabin iii, toxigenic escherichia coli ,and campylobacter jejuni seeded into ...201425059211
a general protein o-glycosylation system within the burkholderia cepacia complex is involved in motility and virulence.bacteria of the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) are pathogens of humans, plants, and animals. burkholderia cenocepacia is one of the most common bcc species infecting cystic fibrosis (cf) patients and its carriage is associated with poor prognosis. in this study, we characterized a general o-linked protein glycosylation system in b. cenocepacia k56-2. the pgllbc o-oligosaccharyltransferase (o-otase), encoded by the cloned gene bcal0960, was shown to be capable of transferring a heptasaccharid ...201424673753
genotypes and antibiotic resistance of canine campylobacter jejuni isolates.campylobacter jejuni is the most important cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. it is a commensal in many wild and domestic animals, including dogs. whereas genotypes of human and chicken c. jejuni isolates have been described in some detail, only little information on canine c. jejuni genotypes is available. to gain more information on genotypes of canine c. jejuni and their zoonotic potential, isolates from routine diagnostics of diarrheic dogs as well as isolates of a prevalence stud ...201424210812
prevalence of three campylobacter species, c. jejuni, c. coli, and c. lari, using multilocus sequence typing in wild birds of the mid-atlantic region, usa.campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in the us, usually due to the consumption of undercooked poultry. research on which avian species transmit the bacterium is limited, especially in the us. we sampled wild birds in three families-anatidae, scolopacidae, and laridae-in eastern north america to determine the prevalence and specific strains of campylobacter. the overall prevalence of campylobacter spp. was 9.2% for all wild birds sampled (n = ...201424171567
[enumeration and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter species from retail chicken carcasses].to determine campylobacter contamination level and antimicrobial resistance patterns from chicken carcasses in supermarkets and farmer's markets of 9 districts in beijing.201425573127
seasonality and antibiotic resistance of campylobacter in turkish chicken meat.this study investigated the seasonal prevalence and the antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in 264 samples of chicken meat. the samples encompassed wings (n=88), breasts (n=79) and thighs (n=97) and were purchased from different butcheries and markets in elazig province, in eastern turkey, between december 2009 and november 2010. the meat samples were tested for campylobacter presence and the collected isolates were identified as campylobacter jejuni and c ...201425546065
multilocus sequence typing of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli from humans and chickens in north-eastern italy.this paper reports the multilocus sequence typing (mlst) of 57 c. jejuni and c. coli isolates from humans and chickens in italy and the identification of 17 new sequence types (sts). a high genetic diversity was detected among c. jejuni/c. coli and human/chicken isolates, with a predominance of clonal complexes cc21 and cc828. although human sts were not the same as those found in chickens, 3 ccs overlapped between human and chicken isolates. genotyping of campylobacter strains by mlst should be ...201425387294
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