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changes in the salmonella enterica enteritidis phenotypes in presence of acyl homoserine lactone quorum sensing signals.quorum sensing is used by bacteria to coordinate gene expression in response to population density and involves the production, detection and response to extracellular signaling molecules known as autoinducers (ais). salmonella does not synthesize the ai-1, acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) common to gram-negative bacteria; however, it has a receptor for ai-1, the sdia protein. the effect of sdia in modulating phenotypes of salmonella has not been elucidated. in this report, we provide evidence that ...201626662614
inci1 plasmids carrying various blactx-m genes contribute to ceftriaxone resistance in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in china.resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactams in salmonella, in particular, in serotypes such as salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis that are frequently associated with clinical infections, is a serious public health concern. in this study, phenotypic characterization of 433 clinical s. enteritidis strains obtained from a nationwide collection of the chinese center for disease control and prevention during the period from 2005 to 2010 depicted a trend of increasing resistance to ceftriaxone from ...201626643327
genetic differences in chtlr15 gene polymorphism and expression involved in salmonella enterica natural and artificial infection respectively, of chinese native chicken breeds, with a focus on sexual dimorphism.chicken toll-like receptor 15 (chtlr15) has been shown to participate in immune activation in response to various pathogens and in the innate defence against infection. two genetically distinct chinese breeds of chicken (qinyuan partridge and baier breeds) were used to study the correlation between chtlr15 single nucleotide polymorphisms and the natural infection status of salmonella in hens, and also to examine genetic and sex-specific effects on chtlr15 mrna expression in heterophils and splee ...201626488442
ampk and mtor: sensors and regulators of immunometabolic changes during salmonella infection in the chicken.non-typhoidal salmonella enterica induce an early pro-inflammatory response in chickens, but the response is short-lived, asymptomatic of clinical disease, results in a persistent colonization of the gastrointestinal (gi) tract, and can transmit infections to naïve hosts via fecal shedding of bacteria. the underlying mechanisms that facilitate this persistent colonization of the ceca of chickens by salmonella are unknown. we have begun to concentrate on the convergence of metabolism and immune f ...201626706353
egg white versus salmonella enteritidis! a harsh medium meets a resilient pathogen.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is the prevalent egg-product-related food-borne pathogen. the egg-contamination capacity of s. enteritidis includes its exceptional survival capability within the harsh conditions provided by egg white. egg white proteins, such as lysozyme and ovotransferrin, are well known to play important roles in defence against bacterial invaders. indeed, several additional minor proteins and peptides have recently been found to play known or potential roles in protec ...201626678134
characterization of a cryptic and intriguing low molecular weight plasmid.the complete nucleotide sequence of cryptic plasmid pvcm04 isolated from salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis was determined and analyzed. pvcm04 contains 3853 bp with 53.6 % gc content and has twelve orfs with more than 50 amino acids. five of these sequences showed homology with replication and mobilization proteins. orf1 and orf2 showed homology with replication proteins, while orfs 3-5 showed homology with mobilization proteins. the pvcm04 possesses a region associated with the theta-type ...201626670037
salmonella typhimurium and outbreaks of egg-associated disease in australia, 2001 to 2011.salmonellosis is a significant public health problem, with eggs frequently identified as a food vehicle during outbreak investigations. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis are the two most frequently identified causes of egg-associated disease in industrialized countries. in australia, a comprehensive review of egg-associated outbreaks has not been previously undertaken.201627028267
functional characterization of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (glms) in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.salmonella is a threat to public health due to consumption of contaminated food. screening of a transposon library identified a unique mutant that was growth and host cell binding deficient. the objective of this study was to determine the functional role of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (glms) in the biology and pathogenesis of salmonella. to examine this, we created a glms mutant (δglms) of salmonella and examined the effect on cell envelope integrity, growth, metabolism, and pathogenesis. ...201627017337
the impact of salmonella enteritidis on lipid accumulation in chicken hepatocytes.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) is a public health concern and infected chickens serve as a reservoir that potentially transmits to humans through food. although se seldom causes systemic disease in chickens, virulent se strains can colonize in intestines and lead a persistent infection of the liver. the liver is the primary organ for lipid metabolism in chickens and the site for production and assembly of main components in yolk. we performed a time-course experiment using lmh-2a c ...201626957042
highly expressed amino acid biosynthesis genes revealed by global gene expression analysis of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis during growth in whole egg are not essential for this growth.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is the most common cause of egg borne salmonellosis in many parts of the world. this study analyzed gene expression of this bacterium during growth in whole egg, and whether highly expressed genes were essential for the growth. high quality rna was extracted from s. enteritidis using a modified rna-extraction protocol. global gene expression during growth in whole egg was compared to growth in lb-medium using dna array method. twenty-six g ...201626945769
validation and identification of invasive salmonella serotypes in sub-saharan africa by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.salmonella enterica serovar typhi and nontyphoidal salmonella (nts) cause the majority of bloodstream infections in sub-saharan africa; however, serotyping is rarely performed. we validated a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay with the white-kauffmann-le minor (wklm) scheme of serotyping using 110 salmonella isolates from blood cultures of febrile children in ghana and applied the method in other typhoid fever surveillance in africa program study sites. in ghana, 47 (43%) s. typhi, ...201626933026
the emergence of reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility in salmonella enterica causing bloodstream infections in rural ghana.salmonella ranks among the leading causes of bloodstream infections in sub-saharan africa. multidrug resistant typhoidal and nontyphoidal salmonella (nts) isolates have been previously identified in this region. however, resistance to ciprofloxacin has rarely been reported in west africa. this study aims to assess susceptibility against ciprofloxacin in salmonella causing invasive bloodstream infections among children in rural ghana.201626933017
comparative study of all salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strains isolated from food and food animals in greece from 2008 to 2010 with clinical isolates.the aim of the present work was to study the epidemiology of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) in greece, comparing all the food and food animal isolates during a 3-year period with clinical isolates. submission of the generated data to the pulsenet europe database was carried out in order to study the population structure of this particular serovar and indicate possible connections with european strains. one hundred and sixty-eight (168) s. enteritidis strains of human, a ...201626864044
genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance pattern of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis clinical isolates in thailand.to trace the history of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis, se) circulating in thailand, we characterised clinical isolates obtained during 2004-2007.201626860961
loop-mediated isothermal amplification of the sefa gene for rapid detection of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella gallinarum in chickens.salmonella spp. pose a threat to both human and animal health, with more than 2600 serovars having been reported to date. salmonella serovars are usually identified by slide agglutination tests, which are labor intensive and time consuming. in an attempt to develop a more rapid screening method for the major poultry salmonella serovars, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay, which directly detected the sefa gene, a fimbrial operon gene existing in several specific se ...201626840841
the evaluation and application of multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) for the molecular epidemiological study of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis infection.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is one of the most prevalent salmonella serotypes that cause gastroenteritis worldwide and the most prevalent serotype causing salmonella infections in china. a rapid molecular typing method with high throughput and good epidemiological discrimination is urgently needed for detecting the outbreaks and finding the source for effective control of s. enteritidis infections.201626823185
ethanol adaptation induces direct protection and cross-protection against freezing stress in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (salm. enteritidis) encounters mild ethanol stress during its life cycle. however, adaptation to a stressful condition may affect bacterial resistance to subsequent stresses. hence, this work was undertaken to investigate the influences of ethanol adaptation on stress tolerance of salm. enteritidis.201626743544
pleural empyema due to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in an immunocompetent elderly patient: a case report.pleural empyema as a focal infection due to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is rare and most commonly described among immunosuppressed patients or patients who suffer from sickle cell anaemia and lung malignancies.201628348773
construction of a pan-genome allele database of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis for molecular subtyping and disease cluster identification.we built a pan-genome allele database with 395 genomes of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and developed computer tools for analysis of whole genome sequencing (wgs) data of bacterial isolates for disease cluster identification. a web server (http://wgmlst.imst.nsysu.edu.tw) was set up with the database and the tools, allowing users to upload wgs data to generate whole genome multilocus sequence typing (wgmlst) profiles and to perform cluster analysis of wgmlst profiles. the usefulness of ...201628018331
evaluation of ompa and pgte genes in determining pathogenicity in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a major causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans. this important food-borne pathogen also colonises the intestinal tracts of poultry and can spread systemically, especially in chickens. to identify the s. enteritidis virulence genes involved in infection and colonisation of chickens, chromosomal deletion mutants of the ompa and pgte genes, which encode essential components of omptins, were constructed. there were no ...201627938704
complete genome sequences of three siphoviridae bacteriophages infecting salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.three bacteriophages, 118970_sal1, 118970_sal2, and 64795_sal3, were isolated from water buffalo feces in southern italy, exhibiting lytic activity against salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. these bacteriophages belong to the siphoviridae family and have a 60,113-bp, 123,930-bp, and 48,094-bp double-stranded dna (dsdna) genome containing 72, 173, and 80 coding sequences (cdss), respectively.201627856572
an unusual case of salmonella enteritidis causing pneumonia, septic shock and multiple organ failure in an immunocompetent patient.salmonella species are facultative intracellular pathogens that most frequently cause self-limiting gastrointestinal disease, often acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food. we report the case of a 33-year-old otherwise healthy, not overtly immunosuppressed, man who was transferred to our facility with the chief complaint of respiratory failure and septic shock. computed tomography of the chest revealed multifocal pneumonia in both lungs. a bronchial alveolar lavage was performed in t ...201627818944
longitudinal monitoring of successive commercial layer flocks for salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.the pennsylvania egg quality assurance program (eqap) provided the framework for salmonella enteritidis (se) control programs, including the food and drug administration (fda) mandated final egg rule, for commercial layer facilities throughout the united states. although flocks with ≥3000 birds must comply with the fda final egg rule, smaller flocks are exempted from the rule. as a result, eggs produced by small layer flocks may pose a greater public health risk than those from larger flocks. it ...201627792449
the role of is26 in evolution of a derivative of the virulence plasmid of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis which confers multiple drug resistance.puo-sevr1 is a resistance derivative of psev, the virulence plasmid specific of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. it was first detected in a spanish isolate involved in gastroenteritis, but closely related plasmids are widespread in highly invasive isolates originating from africa. according to its nucleotide sequence, puo-sevr1 consists of 110,982bp with a gc content of 53.2%. it confers resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents and contains a wealth of mobile genetic elements, includi ...201627619059
genetic and phenotypic characterization of a salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis emerging strain with superior intra-macrophage replication phenotype.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is one of the ubiquitous salmonella serovars worldwide and a major cause of food-born outbreaks, which are often associated with poultry and poultry derivatives. here we report a nation-wide s. enteritidis clonal outbreak that occurred in israel during the last third of 2015. pulsed field gel electrophoresis and whole genome sequencing identified genetically related strains that were circulating in israel as early as 2008. global compariso ...201627695450
molecular characterization of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis isolates from food and human samples by serotyping, antimicrobial resistance, plasmid profiling, (gtg)5-pcr and eric-pcr.in recent years, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis has been a primary cause of human salmonellosis in many countries. the major objective of this study was to investigate genetic diversity among salmonella enteritidis strains from different origins (food and human) by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric) -pcr, as well as to assess their plasmid profiling and antimicrobial resistance. a total of 30 salmonella enteritidis isolates, 15 from food samples (chicken, lamb, beef ...201627656286
distinct salmonella enteritidis lineages associated with enterocolitis in high-income settings and invasive disease in low-income settings.an epidemiological paradox surrounds salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. in high-income settings, it has been responsible for an epidemic of poultry-associated, self-limiting enterocolitis, whereas in sub-saharan africa it is a major cause of invasive nontyphoidal salmonella disease, associated with high case fatality. by whole-genome sequence analysis of 675 isolates of s. enteritidis from 45 countries, we show the existence of a global epidemic clade and two new clades of s. enteritidis t ...201627548315
the antibacterial activity of coriolus versicolor methanol extract and its effect on ultrastructural changes of staphylococcus aureus and salmonella enteritidis.the antibacterial activity of methanol extract obtained from fruiting body of industrially grown basidiomycete coriolus versicolor was examined. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) values against various bacteria ranged from 0.625 to 20 mg ml(-1). c. versicolor expressed bactericidal activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the growth curves of staphylococcus aureus and salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, measured at 630 nm, and confirmed with macrodilution met ...201627540376
whole-genome sequencing analysis of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis isolates in chile provides insights into possible transmission between gulls, poultry, and humans.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype enteritidis is a major cause of human salmonellosis worldwide; however, little is known about the genetic relationships between s enteritidis clinical strains and s enteritidis strains from other sources in chile. we compared the whole genomes of 30 s enteritidis strains isolated from gulls, domestic chicken eggs, and humans in chile, to investigate their phylogenetic relationships and to establish their relatedness to international strains. core geno ...201627520817
effects of salmonella infection on hepatic damage following acute liver injury in rats.acute liver injury is a common clinical disorder associated with intestinal barrier injury and disturbance of intestinal microbiota. probiotic supplementation has been reported to reduce liver injury; however, it is unclear whether enteropathogen infection exacerbates liver injury. the purpose of this study was to address this unanswered question using a rat model.201627498580
chicken-specific kinome array reveals that salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis modulates host immune signaling pathways in the cecum to establish a persistence infection.non-typhoidal salmonella enterica induces an early, short-lived pro-inflammatory response in chickens that is asymptomatic of clinical disease and results in a persistent colonization of the gastrointestinal (gi) tract that transmits infections to naïve hosts via fecal shedding of bacteria. the underlying mechanisms that control this persistent colonization of the ceca of chickens by salmonella are only beginning to be elucidated. we hypothesize that alteration of host signaling pathways mediate ...201627472318
draft genome sequences of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars typhimurium and nottingham isolated from food products.a quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) designed to detect salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis, targeting the sdf gene, generated positive results for s. enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium (cfsan033950) and s. enterica subsp. enterica serovar nottingham (cfsan006803) isolated from food samples. both strains show pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns distinct from those of s enteritidis. here, we report the genome sequences of these two strains.201627445384
salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis brain abscess mimicking meningitis after surgery for glioblastoma multiforme: a case report and review of the literature.salmonella brain abscess associated with brain tumor is rare. only 11 cases have been reported to date. here we report a case of brain abscess caused by salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis mimicking post-surgical meningitis in a patient with glioblastoma multiforme.201627387824
salmosan, a β-galactomannan-rich product, protects epithelial barrier function in caco-2 cells infected by salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.one promising strategy for reducing human salmonellosis induced by salmonella enteritidis is to supplement animal diets with natural feed additives such as mannan oligosaccharides (moss).201627358412
o-antigen chain-length distribution in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is regulated by oxygen availability.lipopolysaccharide (lps) consists of three covalently linked domains: the lipid a, the core region and the o antigen (oag), consisting of repeats of an oligosaccharide. salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) produces a lps with two oag preferred chain lengths: a long (l)-oag controlled by wzzse and a very long (vl)-oag controlled by wzzfepe. in this work, we show that oag produced by s. enteritidis grown in e minimal medium also presented two preferred chain-lengths. however, a ...201627343553
spi-9 of salmonella enterica serovar typhi is constituted by an operon positively regulated by rpos and contributes to adherence to epithelial cells in culture.the genomic island 9 (spi-9) from salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) carries three orfs (sty2876, sty2877, sty2878) presenting 98 % identity with a type 1 secretory apparatus (t1ss), and a single orf (sty2875) similar to a large rtx-like protein exhibiting repeated ig domains. bapa, the salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis orthologous to s. typhi sty2875, has been associated with biofilm formation, and is described as a virulence factor in mice. preliminary in silico analyses reveal ...201627260307
whole-genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis phage type 4, isolated from a brazilian poultry farm.the draft genome of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis phage type 4 (pt4) strain ioc4647/2004, isolated from a poultry farm in são paulo state, was obtained with high-throughput illumina sequencing platform, generating 4,173,826 paired-end reads with 251 bp. the assembly of 4,804,382 bp in 27 scaffolds shows strong similarity to other s enteritidis strains.201627174265
the salmonella pathogenicity island 13 contributes to pathogenesis in streptomycin pre-treated mice but not in day-old chickens.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a human and animal pathogen that causes gastroenteritis characterized by inflammatory diarrhea and occasionally an invasive systemic infection. salmonella pathogenicity islands (spis) are horizontally acquired genomic segments known to contribute to salmonella pathogenesis. the objective of the current study was to determine the contribution of spi-13 to s. enteritidis pathogenesis.201627141235
tigecycline therapy for bacteremia and aortitis caused by salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis: a case report.non-typhoid salmonella species represent a significant cause of aortitis. few antimicrobial agents can be used when the patient is allergic or intolerable to cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones. here, we report a case of bacteremia and aortitis caused by salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis. this patient was cured by initial parenteral tigecycline and subsequent oral ciprofloxacin without surgical intervention.201622503800
complete, closed genome sequences of 10 salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strains isolated from human and bovine sources.salmonella enterica is a leading cause of enterocolitis for humans and animals. s. enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium infects a broad range of hosts. to facilitate genomic comparisons among isolates from different sources, we present the complete genome sequences of 10 s typhimurium strains, 5 each isolated from human and bovine sources.201627811097
genomic analysis of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from wild passerines in england and wales.passerine salmonellosis is a well-recognized disease of birds in the order passeriformes, which includes common songbirds such as finches and sparrows, caused by infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. previous research has suggested that some subtypes of s typhimurium-definitive phage types (dts) 40, 56 variant, and 160-are host adapted to passerines and that these birds may represent a reservoir of infection for humans and other animals. here, we have used the whole-genome sequ ...201627613688
novel approach of a phage-based magnetoelastic biosensor for the detection of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in soil.to date, there has been no employment of a magnetoelastic (me) biosensor method to detect salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in soil. the me biosensor method needs to be investigated and modified for its successful performance. the filtration method, cation-exchange resin method, and combinations of both methods were employed for the extraction of s. typhimurium from soil. the number of s. typhimurium and the resonant frequency shift of the me sensor were then compared using a brilliant gre ...201627728960
a case study on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium at a dairy farm associated with massive sparrow death.salmonella enterica typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is the most common cause of bovine salmonellosis in japan and where it is also cause of salmonellosis in wild birds. in 2008, a postpartum cow at a dairy farm developed diarrhea caused by s. typhimurium. the herd was extensively surveilled for salmonella sp. and we characterized bacterial isolates from this and other cows to determine the source of infection.201627112780
wild-type and mutant avra- salmonella induce broadly similar immune pathways in the chicken ceca with key differences in signaling intermediates and inflammation.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) is a serious infectious disease throughout the world, and a major reservoir for salmonella is chicken. chicken infected with salmonella do not develop clinical disease, this may be the result of important host interactions with key virulence proteins. to study this, we inoculated chicken with mutant salmonella typhimurium that lacked the virulence protein avra (avra(-)). avra is referred to as an avirulence factor, as it moderates the host immune resp ...201626574031
the effect of recombinant human lactoferrin from the milk of transgenic cows on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in mice.lactoferrin (lf) is a multifunctional protein with antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities. given this beneficial effect, transgenic approaches have been used to produce lactoferrin. the aim of the current study was to investigate the in vivo effect of recombinant human lactoferrin (rhlf) from the milk of transgenic cows on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) infection in mice. two hours before the infection with 0.3 ml at 2 × 10(5) cfu ml(-1) of st, each animal in the st + rhlf g ...201626469086
ex vivo perfusion of the isolated rat small intestine as a novel model of salmonella enteritis.using an ex vivo perfused rat small intestinal model, we examined pathological changes to the tissue, inflammation induction, as well as dynamic changes to smooth muscle activity, metabolic competence, and luminal fluid accumulation during short-term infection with the enteropathogenic bacteria salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and yersinia enterocolitica. although few effects were seen upon yersinia infection, this system accurately modeled key aspects associated with salmonella enteritis ...201626564721
intermediate filaments enable pathogen docking to trigger type 3 effector translocation.type 3 secretion systems (t3sss) of bacterial pathogens translocate bacterial effector proteins that mediate disease into the eukaryotic cytosol. effectors traverse the plasma membrane through a translocon pore formed by t3ss proteins. in a genome-wide selection, we identified the intermediate filament vimentin as required for infection by the t3ss-dependent pathogen s. flexneri. we found that vimentin is required for efficient t3ss translocation of effectors by s. flexneri and other pathogens t ...201627572444
the architecture of the cytoplasmic region of type iii secretion systems.type iii secretion systems (t3sss) are essential devices in the virulence of many gram-negative bacterial pathogens. they mediate injection of protein effectors of virulence from bacteria into eukaryotic host cells to manipulate them during infection. t3sss involved in virulence (vt3sss) are evolutionarily related to bacterial flagellar protein export apparatuses (ft3sss), which are essential for flagellar assembly and cell motility. the structure of the external and transmembrane parts of both ...201627686865
breast abscess due to salmonella typhimurium in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report.this is the first report of breast abscess due to salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium. staphylococcus aureus is known as the most common cause of breast abscess. salmonella spp. may occasionally form localized abscesses after dissemination to various organ systems following a bacteraemia. but breast abscess related to salmonella spp is a very rare complication.201627448659
the rise and decline in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis outbreaks attributed to egg-containing foods in the united states, 1973-2009.salmonella enterica causes an estimated 1 million domestically acquired foodborne illnesses annually. salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) is among the top three serovars of reported cases of salmonella. we examined trends in se foodborne outbreaks from 1973 to 2009 using joinpoint and poisson regression. the annual number of se outbreaks increased sharply in the 1970s and 1980s but declined significantly after 1990. over the study period, se outbreaks were most frequently attributed to ...201626289100
mucosal immunization of balb/c mice with dna vaccines encoding the sen1002 and sen1395 open reading frames of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis induces protective immunity.salmonella enteritidis is the main cause of foodborne salmonellosis worldwide. the limited effectiveness of current interventions against this pathogen has been the main incentive to develop new methods for the efficient control of this infection. to investigate the use of dna vaccines against s. enteritidis in humans, immune responses stimulated by two plasmids containing the genes designated sen1002, located in the pathogenicity island spi-19 and encoding a hcp protein involved in transport me ...201626113459
fermented milk with probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus s1k3 (mtcc5957) protects mice from salmonella by enhancing immune and nonimmune protection mechanisms at intestinal mucosal level.we investigated the mechanism by which an indian indigenous probiotic culture, lactobacillus rhamnosus s1k3, could overcome the pathogenic strain salmonella enterica with an emphasis on the response at the intestinal mucosal level after long-term (30days) consumption. s1k3 was able to produce antimicrobial compounds against the pathogens. the probiotic adhered strongly to intestinal epithelium and maintained its integrity in presence of salmonella through stimulation of tight junction and antimi ...201627012622
isolation, identification, and evaluation of novel probiotic strains isolated from feces of breast-fed infants.to isolate, identify, and evaluate the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants.201626817236
leucine-684: a conserved residue of an amp-acetyl coa synthetase (acecs) from leishmania donovani is involved in substrate recognition, catalysis and acetylation.amp-acetyl coa synthetase (amp-acecs) is a key enzyme which catalyzes the activation of acetate to acetyl coa, an important intermediate at the cross roads of various anabolic and catabolic pathways. multiple sequence alignment of leishmania donovani acecs with other organisms revealed the presence of a highly conserved leucine residue at 684 position which is known to be crucial for acetylation by protein acetyl transferases in other organisms. in an attempt to understand the role of leucine re ...201626794803
the impact of a cold chain break on the survival of salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes on minimally processed 'conference' pears during their shelf life.in recent years, improved detection methods and increased fresh-cut processing of produce have led to an increased number of outbreaks associated with fresh fruits and vegetables. during fruit and vegetable processing, natural protective barriers are removed and tissues are cut, causing nutrient rich exudates and providing attachment sites for microbes. consequently, fresh-cut produce is more susceptible to microbial proliferation than whole produce.201627813092
effectiveness of washing procedures in reducing salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes on a raw leafy green vegetable (eruca vesicaria).vegetables are an important source of nutrients, but they can host a large microbial population, particularly bacteria. foodborne pathogens can contaminate raw vegetables at any stage of their production process with a potential for human infection. appropriate washing can mitigate the risk of foodborne illness consequent to vegetable consumption by reducing pathogen levels, but few data are available to assess the efficacy of different practices. in the present work, six different washing metho ...201627812356
ngmaster:in silico multi-antigen sequence typing for neisseria gonorrhoeae.whole-genome sequencing (wgs) provides the highest resolution analysis for comparison of bacterial isolates in public health microbiology. however, although increasingly being used routinely for some pathogens such as listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica, the use of wgs is still limited for other organisms, such as neisseria gonorrhoeae. multi-antigen sequence typing (ng-mast) is the most widely performed typing method for epidemiological surveillance of gonorrhoea. here, we present ng ...201628348871
an evaluation of alternatives to nitrites and sulfites to inhibit the growth of salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes in meat products.in recent years, the use of nitrites and sulfites as food preservatives has been a cause for concern due to the health problems that these additives can cause in humans. natural products have been studied as an alternative, but most of them have hardly been applied in the food industry for technological and economic reasons. in this sense, organic salts such as sodium acetate are a good alternative due to their affordability. thus, this study evaluated the capacity of sodium nitrite, sodium sulf ...201628231169
effect of temperature and nutrient concentration on survival of foodborne pathogens in deciduous fruit processing environments for effective hygiene management.temperature and good sanitation practices are important factors for controlling growth of microorganisms. fresh produce is stored at various temperatures to ensure quality and to prolong shelf life. when foodborne pathogens survive and grow on fresh produce at storage temperatures, then additional control strategies are needed to inactivate these pathogens. the aim of this study was to determine how temperatures associated with deciduous fruit processing and storage facilities (0.5, 4, and 21°c) ...201628221909
antibacterial and antiviral effectiveness of two household water treatment devices that use monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene.many different household water treatment (hwt) methods have been researched and promoted to mitigate the serious burden of diarrheal disease in developing countries. however, hwt methods using bromine have not been extensively evaluated. two gravity-fed hwt devices (aquasure™ and waterbird™) were used to test the antimicrobial effectiveness of halopure(®) br beads (monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene) that deliver bromine. as water flows over the beads, reactive bromine species are eluted ...201627959873
prophylactic administration of vector-encoded porcine granulocyte-colony stimulating factor reduces salmonella shedding, tonsil colonization, and microbiota alterations of the gastrointestinal tract in salmonella-challenged swine.salmonella colonization of food animals is a concern for animal health and public health as a food safety risk. various obstacles impede the effort to reduce asymptomatic salmonella carriage in food animals, including the existence of numerous serovars and the ubiquitous nature of salmonella. to develop an intervention strategy that is non-specific yet effective against diverse salmonella serovars, we explored the prophylactic use of a cytokine to decrease salmonella in swine by boosting the hos ...201627610361
what's on the outside matters: the role of the extracellular polymeric substance of gram-negative biofilms in evading host immunity and as a target for therapeutic intervention.biofilms are organized multicellular communities encased in an extracellular polymeric substance (eps). biofilm-resident bacteria resist immunity and antimicrobials. the eps provides structural stability and presents a barrier; however, a complete understanding of how eps structure relates to biological function is lacking. this review focuses on the eps of three gram-negative pathogens: pseudomonas aeruginosa, nontypeable haemophilus influenzae, and salmonella enterica serovar typhi/typhimurium ...201627129225
regulation of rac1 and reactive oxygen species production in response to infection of gastrointestinal epithelia.generation of reactive oxygen species (ros) during infection is an immediate host defense leading to microbial killing. ape1 is a multifunctional protein induced by ros and after induction, protects against ros-mediated dna damage. rac1 and napdh oxidase (nox1) are important contributors of ros generation following infection and associated with gastrointestinal epithelial injury. the purpose of this study was to determine if ape1 regulates the function of rac1 and nox1 during oxidative stress. g ...201626761793
clinical predictors of the leading pathogens in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults with community-onset bacteremia in the emergency department: the importance of transmission routes.to investigate the clinical characteristics and pathogens of community-onset bacteremia among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected adults as well as to establish the clinical predictors of the major microorganisms.201628082067
genomic analysis of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium characterizes strain diversity for recent u.s. salmonellosis cases and identifies mutations linked to loss of fitness under nitrosative and oxidative stress.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is one of the most common s. enterica serovars associated with u.s. foodborne outbreaks. s. typhimurium bacteria isolated from humans exhibit wide-ranging virulence phenotypes in inbred mice, leading to speculation that some strains are more virulent in nature. however, it is unclear whether increased virulence in humans is related to organism characteristics or initial treatment failure due to antibiotic resistance. strain diversity and genetic factors co ...201626956590
complete nucleotide sequence of ph11, an inchi2 plasmid conferring multi-antibiotic resistance and multi-heavy metal resistance genes in a clinical klebsiella pneumoniae isolate.the complete 284,628bp sequence of ph11, an inchi2 plasmid, was determined through single-molecule, real-time (smrt) sequencing. harbored by a clinical klebsiella pneumoniae strain h11, and isolated in beijing, this plasmid contains multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including cata2, aac(6')-ib, strb, stra, dfra19, blatem-1, blashv-12, sul1, qace delta 1, erea, arr2, and aac3. the aac(6')-ib is carried by a class i integron. plasmid ph11 also carries several genes associated with resistance t ...201627101788
intestinal microbes influence the survival, reproduction and protein profile of trichinella spiralis in vitro.the interactions between intestinal microbes and parasitic worms play an essential role in the development of the host immune system. however, the effects of gut microbes on trichinella spiralis are unknown. the aim of this work was to explore microbe-induced alterations in the survival and reproduction of t. spiralis in vitro. to further identify the proteins and genes involved in the response of nematodes to microbes, quantitative proteomic analysis of t. spiralis was conducted by itraq-couple ...201626432293
use of the salmonella mgtr peptide as an antagonist of the mycobacterium mgtc virulence factor.the mgtc virulence factor has been proposed as an attractive target for antivirulence strategies because it is shared by several important bacterial pathogens, including salmonella enterica and mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb).201626849775
inactivation kinetics of listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium on fresh-cut bell pepper treated with slightly acidic electrolyzed water combined with ultrasound and mild heat.the goal of this study was to enhance the antimicrobial effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (saew) through addition of synergistic treatment with ultrasound (us) and mild heat treatment in order to improve the microbial safety of fresh-cut bell pepper. to evaluate the synergistic effects, the weibull model was used to mathematically measure the effectiveness of the individual and combined treatments against listeria monocytogenes and salmonella typhimurium on the pepper. the combined tr ...201626678144
rab32 restriction of intracellular bacterial pathogens.our immune system is engaged in a continuous battle against invading pathogens, many of which have evolved to survive in intracellular niches of mammalian hosts. a variety of cellular processes are involved in preventing bacterial invasion or in killing bacteria that successfully invade host cells. recently, the rab gtpase rab32 emerged as critical regulator of a host defense pathway that can eliminate bacterial pathogens. salmonella enterica is an intracellular bacterium and a major cause of in ...201627645564
influence of water activity on inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium and listeria monocytogenes in peanut butter by microwave heating.this study evaluated the efficacy of a 915 mhz microwave with 3 different electric power levels to inactivate three pathogens in peanut butter with different aw. peanut butter inoculated with escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and listeria monocytogenes (0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 aw) were treated with a 915 mhz microwave with 2, 4, and 6 kw for up to 5 min. six kw 915 mhz microwave treatment for 5 min reduced these three pathogens by 1.97 to >5.17 log cfu/g. four kw 915 mh ...201627554151
antifungal and antibacterial activities of petroselinum crispum essential oil.parsley [petroselinum crispum (mill.) fuss] is regarded as an aromatic, culinary, and medicinal plant and is used in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. however, few studies with conflicting results have been conducted on the antimicrobial activity of parsley essential oil. in addition, there have been no reports of essential oil obtained from parsley aerial parts, except seeds, as an alternative natural antimicrobial agent. also, microorganism resistance is still a challenge for ...201627525894
quality attributes and microbial survival on whole cantaloupes with antimicrobial coatings containing chitosan, lauric arginate, cinnamon oil and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.cantaloupes are susceptible to microbiological contamination in pre- or postharvest environments. novel intervention strategies, such as antimicrobial coatings, are needed to improve the microbiological safety of cantaloupes. the objective of this study was to prepare whole cantaloupes coated with mixtures containing chitosan, lauric arginate (lae), cinnamon oil (co), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta) and determine survival characteristics of inoculated foodborne pathogens during storag ...201627484251
inactivation of salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes in cantaloupe puree by high hydrostatic pressure with/without added ascorbic acid.the objective of this research was to evaluate and develop a method for inactivation of salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes in cantaloupe puree (cp) by high hydrostatic pressure (hhp). cantaloupe being the most netted varieties of melons presents a greater risk of pathogen transmission. freshly prepared cp with or without 0.1% ascorbic acid (aa) was inoculated with a bacterial cocktail composed of a three serotype mixture of s. enterica (s. poona, s. newport h1275 and s. stanley h0558 ...201627441819
capture and concentration of viral and bacterial foodborne pathogens using apolipoprotein h.the need for improved pathogen separation and concentration methods to reduce time-to-detection for foodborne pathogens is well recognized. apolipoprotein h (apoh) is an acute phase human plasma protein that has been previously shown to interact with viruses, lipopolysaccharides (lps) and bacterial proteins. the purpose of this study was to determine if apoh was capable of binding and efficiently capturing two representative human norovirus strains (gi.1 and gii.4), a cultivable surrogate, and f ...201627439140
transfer of pathogens from cantaloupe rind to preparation surfaces and edible tissue as a function of cutting method.whole and cut cantaloupes have been implicated as vehicles in foodborne illness outbreaks of norovirus, salmonellosis, and listeriosis. preparation methods that minimize pathogen transfer from external surfaces to the edible tissue are needed. two preparation methods were compared for the transfer of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2, murine norovirus, and tulane virus from inoculated cantaloupe rinds to edible tissue and preparation surfaces. for the first meth ...201627296423
antimicrobial properties of microemulsions formulated with essential oils, soybean oil, and tween 80.it was previously found that blending soybean oil with cinnamon bark oil (cbo), eugenol or thyme oil, tween 80, and equal masses of water and propylene glycol could be used to prepare microemulsions. in the present study, the objective was to determine the antimicrobial activity of the microemulsions in tryptic soy broth (tsb) and 2% reduced fat milk. in tsb, the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of cbo solubilized in microemulsions was up to 625 ppm against cocktails of listeria monocytoge ...201627016636
natural antimicrobials and high-pressure treatments on the inactivation of salmonella enteritidis and escherichia coli o157:h7 in cold-smoked salmon.high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) combined with reuterin and lactoperoxidase system (lps) has exerted antimicrobial activity against listeria monocytogenes in cold-smoked salmon at chilled temperatures. therefore the purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of hhp combined with reuterin, lps and lactoferrin (lf) on the survival of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis and escherichia coli o157:h7 in cold-smoked salmon stored at 4 and 10 °c.201626268416
effect of x-ray treatments on escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, shigella flexneri, salmonella enterica and inherent microbiota on whole mangoes.the aims of this investigation were to; (i) study the effect of x-ray treatments in reducing escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri on whole mangoes, and (ii) study the effect of x-ray treatments on microflora counts (mesophilic counts, psychrotrophic counts and yeast and mould counts) of whole mangoes during storage at ambient temperature (22°c) for 30 days. a mixture of three strains of each test organism was spot inoculated (100 μl; approx. ...201626518738
molecular detection of legionella spp. and their associations with mycobacterium spp., pseudomonas aeruginosa and amoeba hosts in a drinking water distribution system.this study investigated waterborne opportunistic pathogens (ops) including potential hosts, and evaluated the use of legionella spp. for indicating microbial water quality for ops within a full-scale operating drinking water distribution system (dwds).201626535924
at the crossroads: communication of bacteria-containing vacuoles with host organelles.invasive bacterial pathogens are engulfed upon host cell entry in a vacuolar environment called the bacteria-containing vacuole (bcv). bcvs directly contact with numerous host compartments, mainly vesicles of the endocytic pathway, such as endosomes or lysosomes. in addition, they also interact with the endoplasmic reticulum and endomembranes of the secretory pathway. these connections between the pathogen and the host occur either through heterotypic membrane fusions or through membrane contact ...201626762760
bacterial genotoxin functions as immune-modulator and promotes host survival.bacterial genotoxins are effectors that cause dna damage in target cells. many aspects of the biology of these toxins have been characterised in vitro, such as structure, cellular internalisation pathways and effects on the target cells. however, little is known about their function in vivo. salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is a gram-negative, intracellular bacterium that causes typhoid fever, a debilitating disease infecting more than 20 million people every year. s. typhiproduce a ...201628357372
[bacteremia caused by ciprofloxacin-resistant salmonella serotype kentucky: a case report and the review of literature].salmonella infections can be seen in four clinical types, namely gastroenteritis, bacteremia/sepsis, enteric fever and carriage. these infections can result in uncomplicated diarrhea in most cases, but can lead to invasive disease requiring antimicrobial therapy and can be life-threatening in elderly or immunocomprimised patients. broad-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are crucial options in the treatment of the invasive infections. ciprofloxacin resistance is rarely seen in non-typh ...201628124965
outbreak of salmonella oslo infections linked to persian cucumbers - united states, 2016.in april 2016, pulsenet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance, detected a multistate cluster of salmonella enterica serotype oslo infections with an indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) pattern (xbai pfge pattern oslx01.0090).* this pfge pattern was new in the database; no previous infections or outbreaks have been identified. cdc, state and local health and agriculture departments and laboratories, and the food and drug administration ...201628033312
laboratory investigation of <i>salmonella enterica</i> serovar poona outbreak in california: comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and whole genome sequencing (wgs) results.recently, salmonella enterica serovar poona caused a multistate outbreak, with 245 out of 907 cases occurring in california. we report a comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) results with whole genome sequencing (wgs) for genotyping of salmonella poona isolates.201628018748
detection of salmonella enterica serovar montevideo and newport in free-ranging sea turtles and beach sand in the caribbean and persistence in sand and seawater microcosms.salmonellae are gram-negative zoonotic bacteria that are frequently part of the normal reptilian gastrointestinal flora. the main objective of this project was to estimate the prevalence of non-typhoidal salmonella enterica in the nesting and foraging populations of sea turtles on st. kitts and in sand from known nesting beaches. results suggest a higher prevalence of salmonella in nesting leatherback sea turtles compared with foraging green and hawksbill sea turtles. salmonella was cultured fro ...201628009107
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella enterica serovar indiana in china (1984-2016).salmonella enterica serovar indiana, first described in 1955, is generally regarded as having a low frequency worldwide with outbreaks of gastroenteritis and abortions described in north america and europe. in china, s. indiana was first reported in 1984 and in the subsequent 71 surveys in 35 cities/municipalities from 18 provinces, 70% of which were after 2012, s. indiana has been shown to have become widely prevalent in people, animals, food and the environment around abattoirs and meat proces ...201628009105
complete genome sequence of new bacteriophage phie142, which causes simultaneously lysis of multidrug-resistant escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica.the emergence of antibiotic-resistant foodborne bacteria is a global health problem that requires immediate attention. bacteriophages are a promising biotechnological alternative approach against bacterial pathogens. however, a detailed analysis of phage genomes is essential to assess the safety of the phages prior to their use as biocontrol agents. therefore, here we report the complete genome sequence of bacteriophage phie142, which is able to lyse salmonella and multidrug-resistant escherichi ...201627999624
cytochrome bd-dependent bioenergetics and antinitrosative defenses in salmonella pathogenesis.in the course of an infection, salmonella enterica occupies diverse anatomical sites with various concentrations of oxygen (o2) and nitric oxide (no). these diatomic gases compete for binding to catalytic metal groups of quinol oxidases. enterobacteriaceae express two evolutionarily distinct classes of quinol oxidases that differ in affinity for o2 and no as well as stoichiometry of h(+) translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane. the investigations presented here show that the dual function o ...201627999164
the crispr-cas system presents multiple transcriptional units including antisense rnas that are expressed in minimal medium and up-regulated by ph in salmonella enterica serovar typhi.the crispr-cas system is involved in bacterial immunity, virulence, gene regulation, biofilm formation and sporulation. in salmonella enterica serovar typhi this system consists of five transcriptional units including antisense rnas. it was determined that these genetic elements are expressed in minimal medium and are up-regulated by ph. in addition, a transcriptional characterization of cas3 and ascse2-1 is included herein.201627995873
role of t3ss-1 sipd protein in protecting mice against non-typhoidal salmonella typhimurium.salmonella enterica species are enteric pathogens that cause severe diseases ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to enteric fever and sepsis in humans. these infectious diseases are still the major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income countries, especially in children younger than 5 years and immunocompromised adults. vaccines targeting typhoidal diseases are already marketed, but none protect against non-typhoidal salmonella. the existence of multiple non-typhoidal salmonella s ...201627992422
salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae infection of adult patients in southern taiwan: a case series in a non-endemic area and literature review.the majority of salmonella arizonae human infections have been reported in southwestern united states, where rattlesnake-based products are commonly used to treat illness; however, little is known in non-endemic areas. we reviewed and analyzed the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes in adult patients with s. arizonae infection at our institution.201627938338
serotypes and antimicrobial resistance in salmonella enterica recovered from clinical samples from cattle and swine in minnesota, 2006 to 2015.salmonellosis remains one of the leading causes of foodborne disease worldwide despite preventive efforts at various stages of the food production chain. the emergence of multi-drug resistant (mdr) non-typhoidal salmonella enterica represents an additional challenge for public health authorities. food animals are considered a major reservoir and potential source of foodborne salmonellosis; thus, monitoring of salmonella strains in livestock may help to detect emergence of new serotypes/mdr pheno ...201627936204
purification and antigenic detection of o-specific polysaccharides of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a isolate from pakistan: an emerging threat.paratyphoid fever caused by salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a is becoming a serious health problem in asian countries particularly pakistan, china and india and situation is aggravated by current unavailability of a licensed vaccine. this study was designed to purify the o-specific polysaccharides (osp) produced by an isolate of salmonella paratyphi a from pakistan and detect antigenicity of extracted lipopolysaccharide (lps) and purified osp pioneerly in south asian region as candidate fo ...201627933236
high-resolution ph imaging of living bacterial cells to detect local ph differences.protons are utilized for various biological activities such as energy transduction and cell signaling. for construction of the bacterial flagellum, a type iii export apparatus utilizes atp and proton motive force to drive flagellar protein export, but the energy transduction mechanism remains unclear. here, we have developed a high-resolution ph imaging system to measure local ph differences within living salmonella enterica cells, especially in close proximity to the cytoplasmic membrane and th ...201627923921
genome sequences of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis strains from broiler chicks in hungary.three strains of salmonella enterica serovar infantis isolated from healthy broiler chickens from 2012 to 2013 have been sequenced. comparison of these and previously published s infantis genome sequences of broiler origin in 1996 and 2004 will provide new insight into the genome evolution and recent spread of s infantis in poultry.201627979950
interaction between salmonella and schistosomiasis: a review.the interaction between schistosomiasis and salmonella is a particularly important issue in africa, where dual infection by the parasite and the bacterium are likely common. in this review, the ways in which schistosomiasis affects human biology as it relates to salmonella are described. those who are infected by both organisms experience reduced immunological functioning, exhibit irreversible organ damage due to prolonged schistosomiasis infection, and become latent carriers of salmonella enter ...201627907208
antimicrobial susceptibility to azithromycin among salmonella enterica typhi and paratyphi a isolates from india.decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility (dcs) and multidrug resistance in typhoidal salmonella isolates in areas of endemicity are significant therapeutic problems. guidelines for azithromycin disc diffusion and mic interpretive criteria for salmonella enterica serovar typhi were published recently by the clinical and laboratory standards institute in 2015. we investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of azithromycin in 100 isolates of salmonella typhi (n=80), paratyphi a (n=18) and b ...201627902389
a comparative evaluation of different diagnostic modalities in the diagnosis of typhoid fever using a composite reference standard: a tertiary hospital based study in central india.enteric fever, caused by salmonella spp. is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and endemic in many developing countries including india and other south-east asian countries. blood culture is regarded as the gold standard for diagnosis. currently, the standard serological method is tube agglutination with moderate sensitivity and specificity. dot blot assay detecting igm and igg antibodies to a specific 50kd outer membrane protein (omp) antigen of salmonella spp. is a simple, reli ...201627891335
in silico clustering of salmonella global gene expression data reveals novel genes co-regulated with the spi-1 virulence genes through hild.a wide variety of salmonella enterica serovars cause intestinal and systemic infections to humans and animals. salmonella patogenicity island 1 (spi-1) is a chromosomal region containing 39 genes that have crucial virulence roles. the arac-like transcriptional regulator hild, encoded in spi-1, positively controls the expression of the spi-1 genes, as well as of several other virulence genes located outside spi-1. in this study, we applied a clustering method to the global gene expression data of ...201627886269
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