Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| vaccination with a shigella dna vaccine vector induces antigen-specific cd8(+) t cells and antiviral protective immunity. | a prototype shigella human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gp120 dna vaccine vector was constructed and evaluated for immunogenicity in a murine model. for comparative purposes, mice were also vaccinated with a vaccinia virus-env (vaccinia-env) vector or the gp120 dna vaccine alone. enumeration of the cd8(+)-t-cell responses to gp120 after vaccination using a gamma interferon enzyme-linked spot assay revealed that a single intranasal dose of the shigella hiv-1 gp120 dna vaccine vector elic ... | 2001 | 11559798 |
| [reiter disease: clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria]. | reiter's disease in the majority of cases has a postenteral and urogenital genesis, with idiopatic one occurring much more seldom. the clinical picture is rather polymorphous, with typical (full) urethro-oculosinovial symptom complex being encountered in 55 percent of patients, partial one--in 33 percent; in 12 percent of patients there is an extensive urethro-oculoarticular symptom complex. visceral lesions are noted as myocardiodystrophy, myocarditis, breakdown of the liver, damaged kidneys, l ... | 2001 | 11560042 |
| listeria protein acta mimics wasp family proteins: it activates filament barbed end branching by arp2/3 complex. | actin-based propulsion of the bacteria listeria and shigella mimics the forward movement of the leading edge of motile cells. while shigella harnesses the eukaryotic protein n-wasp to stimulate actin polymerization and filament branching through arp2/3 complex, the listeria surface protein acta directly activates arp2/3 complex by an unknown mechanism. here we show that the n-terminal domain of acta binds one actin monomer, in a profilin-like fashion, and arp2/3 complex and mimics the c-terminal ... | 2001 | 11560487 |
| supermolecular structure of the enteropathogenic escherichia coli type iii secretion system and its direct interaction with the espa-sheath-like structure. | enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) secretes several esp proteins via the type iii secretion system (secreton). espa, espb, and espd are required for translocation of the effector proteins into host cells, in which espb and espd are thought to form a pore in the host membrane. recent study has shown that espa forms a filamentous structure that assembles as a physical bridge between bacteria and host cell surfaces, which then functions as a conduit for the translocation of bacterial effector ... | 2001 | 11562461 |
| the who vaccine trial registry. | the who vaccine trial registry prospectively registers clinical vaccine studies supported by who. through december 1999, the registry includes 103 studies from 43 countries, with nearly 80% in developing countries. the registry documents an expanding research capacity, with an average of 3.9 new studies per year during 1987-1993, rising to 10.7 per year during 1994-2000. the studies concern a broad spectrum of infectious organisms, including: clostridium tetani (tetanus), dengue virus, enterotox ... | 2001 | 11567743 |
| [characteristics of urogenital and post-enterocolitis reactive arthritides]. | the immune status and profile of hla antigens of loci a and b were evaluated in 159 patients with reactive arthritis. reactive arthritis was caused by urogenital chlamydial infection in 64.2% of cases and by shigella, salmonella and yersinia enterocolitica infection in 18.9% of cases. in patients with different etiology of the disease some variations in its course and outcome, immune status as well as in the hla antigen profile were established that is indicative of genetic determination of the ... | 2001 | 11569248 |
| [bacterial pathogenicity islands]. | the information on the key pathogenicity factors of uropathogenic and enteropathogenic escherichia coli, shigella, salmonella, vibrio cholerae, yersinia, listeria and helicobacter pylori is reviewed. the analysis of data on pathogenicity "islands" and "islets" of infective agents is given. the problems of the genetic control of pathogenicity factors and the functions of pathogenicity "islands", found in infective agents, are discussed. | 2001 | 11569271 |
| microinjection and growth of bacteria in the cytosol of mammalian host cells. | most facultative intracellular bacteria replicate in specialized phagosomes after being taken up by mammalian cells. relatively few intracellular bacteria escape the phagosomal compartment with the help of cytolytic (pore-forming) proteins and replicate in the host cell cytosol. without such toxins, intracellular bacteria cannot reach this cellular compartment. to circumvent the requirement of an "escape" step, we developed a procedure allowing the efficient direct injection of bacteria into the ... | 2001 | 11572936 |
| identification of ctx-m-14 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in clinical isolates of shigella sonnei, escherichia coli, and klebsiella pneumoniae in korea. | ctx-m-14 beta-lactamase was identified in a stool isolate of shigella sonnei and in blood isolates of escherichia coli (one isolate) and klebsiella pneumoniae (two isolates) from different parts of korea. the amino acid sequence differed by one amino acid from ctx-m-9 (ala-231--> val) and was identical to that of beta-lactamases recently found in china and japan. | 2001 | 11574608 |
| altering trends in the dominance of shigella flexneri serotypes and emergence of serologically atypical s. flexneri strains in dhaka, bangladesh. | of 469 recently isolated shigella flexneri strains, 452 agglutinated with shigella flexneri-specific monoclonal antibodies. of these, 396 could be assigned to 10 of the currently recognized 15 serotypes, with s. flexneri 2b dominating (23.2%). of the 56 untypeable strains which showed invasive properties, 17 were serologically atypical and the remaining 39 belonged to a new serotype. | 2001 | 11574611 |
| unusual molecular architecture of the yersinia pestis cytotoxin yopm: a leucine-rich repeat protein with the shortest repeating unit. | many gram-negative bacterial pathogens employ a contact-dependent (type iii) secretion system to deliver effector proteins into the cytosol of animal or plant cells. collectively, these effectors enable the bacteria to evade the immune response of the infected organism by modulating host-cell functions. yopm, a member of the leucine-rich repeat protein superfamily, is an effector produced by the bubonic plague bacterium, yersinia pestis, that is essential for virulence. here, we report crystal s ... | 2001 | 11575934 |
| isolation and structure elucidation of a new antifungal and antibacterial antibiotic produced by streptomyces sp. 201. | an antibacterial and antifungal antibiotic was isolated from the culture filtrate of streptomyces sp. 201, and its structure was determined as 2-methyl-heptyl isonicotinate by extensive use of nmr spectroscopy. the compound exhibited marked antimicrobial activity against bacillus subtilis, shigella sp., klebsiella sp., e. coli, proteus mirabilis, and the pathogenic fungi, fusarium moniliforme, f. semitectum, f. oxysporum, f. solani and rhizoctonia solani. | 2001 | 11577728 |
| hemolytic-uremic syndrome and escherichia coli o121 at a lake in connecticut, 1999. | non-o157 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) have emerged as an important public health problem. outbreaks attributed to non-o157 stec rarely are reported. in 1999, follow-up of routine surveillance reports of children with hemolytic- uremic syndrome (hus) identified a small cluster of 3 cases of hus, all of whom had spent overlapping time in a connecticut lake community in the week before onset of symptoms. we conducted an investigation to determine the magnitude and source of the out ... | 2001 | 11581467 |
| n-wasp deficiency reveals distinct pathways for cell surface projections and microbial actin-based motility. | the wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (wasp) family of molecules integrates upstream signalling events with changes in the actin cytoskeleton. n-wasp has been implicated both in the formation of cell-surface projections (filopodia) required for cell movement and in the actin-based motility of intracellular pathogens. to examine n-wasp function we have used homologous recombination to inactivate the gene encoding murine n-wasp. whereas n-wasp-deficient embryos survive beyond gastrulation and initi ... | 2001 | 11584271 |
| infectious diarrhea in the elderly. | infectious diarrhea is an important disease in the elderly. some basic principles have been outlined, as follows. in the elderly: infectious diarrhea is an underappreciated health problem. there is a higher mortality rate and case-fatality rate compared with younger persons. infectious diarrhea is most often associated with group settings (e.g., nursing homes and skilled nursing facilities) or antibiotic use. infectious diarrhea may be associated with abnormal immune function (i.e., immunosenesc ... | 2001 | 11586549 |
| the role of antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diarrhea. | infectious diarrhea is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and a common complaint in clinical practice. routine empirical use of antibiotics for infectious diarrhea should be avoided because of the self-limited nature of most cases, the cost of antibiotics, and the potential to worsen the already significant problem of antibiotic resistance of enteric pathogens. for patients with severe invasive or prolonged diarrhea or who are at high risk of complications, such as the elderly, diabe ... | 2001 | 11586559 |
| influence of the yihe gene of shigella flexneri on global gene expression: on analysis using dna arrays. | inactivation of dsba (disulfide bond formation), either by an insertion (sh4, dsba::kan) or by alteration of the active site (sh42, dsba33g), renders shigella flexneri avirulent. however, sh4 and sh42 behave differently in many ways in vitro and in vivo. a gene of unknown function, yihe, up-stream and cotranscribed with dsba, is thought to differentiate sh4 and sh42 as the kan insertion may result in a truncated unstable yihe-dsba mrna in sh4. to gain insight into the function of yihe, dna array ... | 2001 | 11594757 |
| shiga toxins. | shiga toxin and shiga-like toxins belong to the group of protein toxins which have a moiety that binds to the cell surface and another enzymatically active moiety that after entry into the cytosol inhibits protein synthesis enzymatically. the toxins can also cause apoptosis by mechanisms that may be different from the effect on the protein synthesis machinery. shigella dysenteriae, some strains of escherichia coli as well as other bacteria can secrete such toxins which cause serious complication ... | 2001 | 11595626 |
| molecular mechanisms of bacteria induced apoptosis. | interaction of mammalian cells with pathogenic bacteria results in a whole variety of responses in the infected cells including internalization or phagocytosis of the bacterium, release of cytokines, secretion of defensins or production of oxygen radicals. however, recent studies pointed out that many bacteria are able to trigger apoptosis in the host cell. the induction of apoptosis upon infection results from a complex interaction of bacterial proteins with cellular proteins finally mediating ... | 2001 | 11595833 |
| sequence analysis of four shigella boydii o-antigen loci: implication for escherichia coli and shigella relationships. | shigella strains are in reality clones of escherichia coli and are believed to have emerged relatively recently (g. m. pupo, r. lan, and p. r. reeves, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 97:10567-10572, 2000). there are 33 o-antigen forms in these shigella clones, of which 12 are identical to o antigens of other e. coli strains. we sequenced o-antigen gene clusters from shigella boydii serotypes 4, 5, 6, and 9 and also studied the o53- and o79-antigen gene clusters of e. coli, encoding o antigens identic ... | 2001 | 11598067 |
| [identification and typing of yersinia enterocolitica biotypes and serotypes isolated]. | to assess the presence of yersinia enterocolitica in otherwise healthy pigs slaughtered for human consumption. | 2001 | 11600928 |
| microbial characterization during composting of municipal solid waste. | this study investigates the prevailing physico-chemical conditions and microbial community; mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, bacterial spores, salmonella and shigella as well as faecal indicator bacteria: total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci, present in a compost of municipal solid waste. investigations were conducted in a semi-industrial pilot plant using a moderate aeration during the composting process. our results showed that: (i) auto-sterilization ind ... | 2001 | 11601546 |
| inhibitory activity of honey against foodborne pathogens as influenced by the presence of hydrogen peroxide and level of antioxidant power. | antimicrobial activity of honey has been attributed to hydrogen peroxide, which is produced by naturally occurring glucose oxidase, and phenolic compounds, although lethality of and inhibition by these and other components against microorganisms vary greatly, depending on the floral source of nectar. this study was undertaken to compare honeys from six floral sources for their inhibitory activity against escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, shigella sonnei, listeria monocytogenes, s ... | 2001 | 11603859 |
| transfer of eukaryotic expression plasmids to mammalian host cells by bacterial carriers. | the concept of transkingom transfer of dna from bacteria to other organisms has recently been extended to include eukaryotic host cells. intracellular bacteria have been shown to transfer eukaryotic expression plasmids to mammalian host cells in vitro and in vivo. this can be used to induce immune responses towards protein antigens encoded by the plasmid, to complement genetic defects or even to direct the production of proteins in appropriate organs. the ease of generating such vehicles makes t ... | 2001 | 11604322 |
| epidemiology, clinical course and impact on hospitalization costs of acute diarrhea among hospitalized children in athens, greece. | the aim of this study was to describe the etiology, morbidity and hospitalization costs associated with acute diarrhea among hospitalized children in greece. during 1999, 294 hospitalized children (median age 1 y) with acute diarrhea were prospectively studied. bacterial and viral enteropathogens were detected in 100 (34%) and 37 (12.5%) patients, respectively; 17 (6%) patients had mixed infections. isolated agents included salmonella spp. (43 patients; 15%), rotavirus (32; 11%), campylobacter s ... | 2001 | 11669226 |
| etiology of acute diarrhea among children in ribeirão preto-sp, brazil. | to study the main enteropathogens causing diarrhea in the region of ribeirão preto regarding serogroups and serotypes, the feces of 1836 children under 10 years old, from both sexes, attack of acute gastroenteritis, were analysed during a period of 4 years in adolfo lutz institute - ribeirão preto, sp. the pathogens identified by standard methods were the following: escherichia coli, salmonella spp., shigella spp., campylobacter spp., yersinia spp., and cryptosporidium spp. positive samples were ... | 2001 | 11246278 |
| frequency of triggering bacteria in patients with reactive arthritis and undifferentiated oligoarthritis and the relative importance of the tests used for diagnosis. | reactive arthritis (rea) triggered by chlamydia trachomatis or enteric bacteria such as yersinia, salmonella, campylobacter jejuni, or shigella is an important differential diagnosis in patients presenting with the clinical picture of an undifferentiated oligoarthritis (uoa). this study was undertaken to evaluate the best diagnostic approach. | 2001 | 11247862 |
| regulating cellular actin assembly. | cellular actin assembly is tightly regulated. the study of pathogen motility has led to the identification of several cellular factors that are critical for controlling this process. pathogens such as listeria require ena/vasp and arp2/3 proteins to translate actin polymerization into movement. recent work has extended these observations and uncovered some similarities and surprising differences in the way cells and pathogens utilize the actin cytoskeleton. | 2001 | 11248549 |
| shigella and salmonella strains isolated from children under 5 years in gaborone, botswana, and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. | we isolated shigella from 43/221 (21%) and salmonella 8/221 (3%) rectal swabs from children under 5 years with diarrhoea, and found shigella in two of 100 specimens from children without diarrhoea. sh. boydii (13%) was the most prevalent shigella species followed by sh. flexneri (6%) and sh. sonnei (2%). the prevalence of various types of sh. boydii was type 7, 5%; type 9, 3%; type 12 and 16, 2%; and type 18, 1%. other shigella serotypes encountered were sh. flexneri type 6 (4%), type 4 (2%), wi ... | 2001 | 11251896 |
| molecular characterization of global regulatory rna species that control pathogenicity factors in erwinia amylovora and erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae. | rsmb(ecc) specifies a nontranslatable rna regulator that controls exoprotein production and pathogenicity in soft rot-causing erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. this effect of rsmb(ecc) rna is mediated mostly by neutralizing the function of rsma(ecc), an rna-binding protein of e. carotovora subsp. carotovora, which acts as a global negative regulator. to determine the occurrence of functional homologs of rsmb(ecc) in non-soft-rot-causing erwinia species, we cloned the rsmb genes of e. amylovo ... | 2001 | 11222584 |
| complete genomic sequence of the lytic bacteriophage phiyeo3-12 of yersinia enterocolitica serotype o:3. | phiyeo3-12 is a t3-related lytic bacteriophage of yersinia enterocolitica serotype o:3. the nucleotide sequence of the 39,600-bp linear double-stranded dna (dsdna) genome was determined. the phage genome has direct terminal repeats of 232 bp, a gc content of 50.6%, and 54 putative genes, which are all transcribed from the same dna strand. functions were assigned to 30 genes based on the similarity of the predicted products to known proteins. a striking feature of the phiyeo3-12 genome is its ext ... | 2001 | 11222590 |
| elicitation of predictable immune responses by using live bacterial vectors. | there is an increasing need for novel vaccines able to stimulate efficient and long-lasting responses, which have also low production costs. to confer protective immunity following vaccination, the adequate type of response should be elicited. vaccines based on attenuated bacterial carriers have contained production and delivery costs, and are able to stimulate more potent immune responses than non-replicating formulations. the improved knowledge on carrier physiology and host response, the avai ... | 2001 | 11222981 |
| diversity in phagocytic signalling. | 2001 | 11228148 | |
| molecular epidemiology of a shigella flexneri outbreak in a mountainous township in taiwan, republic of china. | an outbreak of shigellosis occurred in a township of nantou conuty in central taiwan from august to october in 1996. the infections extended to two neighboring townships and continued to the end of 1996. forty cases were confirmed during the period, in contrast to only one confirmed case in nantou county in 1996 before the outbreak. all of these 41 cases in 1996 were identified as infections with shigella flexneri serotype 2a. in order to trace the source of the infections, the 41 isolates recov ... | 2001 | 11230426 |
| pathogen evolution: how good bacteria go bad. | recent findings suggest that dysentery-causing shigella strains have arisen several times from escherichia coli via plasmid acquisition and phenotypic convergence. similarly, three bacillus strains with distinct pathogenic properties are derivatives of a single species whose behavior is profoundly altered by acquired plasmids. | 2001 | 11231141 |
| increased nitrite and nitrate concentrations in sera and urine of patients with cholera or shigellosis. | nitric oxide (no) is an important regulator of cell function. in the intestine, no regulates blood flow, peristalsis, secretion, and is associated with inflammation and tissue injury. the objectives of this study were to assess and compare the role of no in cholera, a noninflammatory enteric infection, and in shigellosis, a bacterial inflammation of the colon. | 2001 | 11232692 |
| microbiological survey of retail herbs and spices from mexican markets. | in the present study, 304 samples of herbs and spices (garlic powder, cumin seeds, black pepper, oregano, and bay leaves) widely used in mexico were analyzed for the presence of bacillus cereus, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae, escherichia coli, total and fecal coliforms, total mesophilic aerobic organisms, and fungi. samples were nonpackaged or packaged in polyethylene bags or glass containers. high levels (10(5) to 10(7) cfu/g) of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms were found in most of ... | 2001 | 11198448 |
| phyloproteomics: species identification of enterobacteriaceae using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | to evaluate matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) as a tool for rapid identification of common clinical bacterial isolates, we analyzed 25 carefully selected isolates of pathogenic escherichia coli (e. coli) and additional enterobacteriaceae members. organisms were prepared according to clinical microbiological protocols and analyzed with minimal additional processing. spectra were reproducible from preparation to preparation and comprised 40 ... | 2001 | 11200222 |
| rupture, invasion and inflammatory destruction of the intestinal barrier by shigella, making sense of prokaryote-eukaryote cross-talks. | 2001 | 11152938 | |
| periplasmic transit and disulfide bond formation of the autotransported shigella protein icsa. | the shigella outer membrane protein icsa belongs to the family of type v secreted (autotransported) virulence factors. members of this family mediate their own translocation across the bacterial outer membrane: the carboxy-terminal beta domain forms a beta barrel channel in the outer membrane through which the amino-terminal alpha domain passes. icsa, which is localized at one pole of the bacterium, mediates actin assembly by shigella, which is essential for bacterial intracellular movement and ... | 2001 | 11208794 |
| prospective cohort studies of shigellosis during military field training. | epidemiological and clinical features of shigellosis occurring among cohorts of israeli recruits followed-up for 3-6 months during the summer field training of years 1993-1997 were studied. the incidence rate of culture-proven shigellosis was the highest (78 cases per 1,000 recruits) in 1996 and the lowest (13 cases per 1,000 recruits) in 1995. shigella sonnei (152 isolates) and shigella flexneri (151 isolates) were the most common species. fifty percent of the patients with shigellosis had feve ... | 2001 | 11305466 |
| glutaraldehyde-induced colitis. | to describe the etiology and clinical course of acute colitis occurring after flexible endoscopy. | 2001 | 11308232 |
| campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, and shigellosis in free-ranging human-habituated mountain gorillas of uganda. | for conservation purposes and due to growing ecotourism, free-ranging mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) have been habituated to humans. fecal specimens (n = 62) collected in january 1999 from mountain gorillas of the bwindi and mgahinga national parks, uganda, were tested for campylobacter spp., salmonella spp., and shigella spp., and the overall prevalence of infection was 19%, 13%, and 6%, respectively. the prevalence of positive specimens was not related to the year of habituation ... | 2001 | 11310873 |
| a synaptojanin-homologous region of salmonella typhimurium sigd is essential for inositol phosphatase activity and akt activation. | the ser-thr kinase akt is activated in epithelial cells by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. the bacterial effector sigd, which is translocated into host cells via the specialized type iii secretion system, is essential for akt activation. here, we investigated the inositol phospholipid substrate preferences of sigd. recombinant sigd preferentially dephosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3,5-biphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate over other phosphatidylinositol lipids. phos ... | 2001 | 11311241 |
| vaccination with the glycoprotein d gene of pseudorabies virus delivered by nonpathogenic escherichia coli elicits protective immune responses. | attenuated intracellular bacteria, such as salmonella and shigella, have been exploited to act as gene delivery vectors. in this study, we report that nonpathogenic, live escherichia coli can be used for the delivery of dna vaccines in vivo, leading to generation of immune responses against plasmid-encoded foreign antigens. the pseudorabies virus (prv) dna vaccine carrying the glycoprotein d (gd) gene delivered by e. coli was able to induce protective immune responses in mice against a lethal pr ... | 2001 | 11312026 |
| probiotic activities of lactobacillus casei rhamnosus: in vitro adherence to intestinal cells and antimicrobial properties. | the interest of probiotics as remedies for a broad number of gastrointestinal and other infectious diseases has gained wide interest over the last few years, but little is known about their underlying mechanism of action. in this study, the probiotic activities of a human isolate of lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus strain (lcr35) were investigated. using intestinal caco-2 cell line in an in vitro model, we demonstrated that this strain exhibited adhesive properties. the inhibitory effects of ... | 2001 | 11316370 |
| sequencing and analysis of the edwardsiella ictaluri plasmids. | to determine possible functions of the edwardsiella ictaluri plasmids, pei1 and pei2, we analyzed the sequence of both plasmids. plasmid pei1 is 4807 bp, with 51% g + c, and 23 possible open reading frames of 40 amino acids or greater. plasmid pei2 is 5643 bp, with 51% g + c, and 24 possible reading frames. database searches indicated that pei1 contains an insertion element and a rom analog. in addition, pei1 possesses an open reading frame with strong homology to slrp, ssph1, and ssph2 of salmo ... | 2001 | 11319932 |
| pulsenet standardized protocol for subtyping listeria monocytogenes by macrorestriction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | pulsenet is a national network of pubic health and food regulatory laboratories established in the us to detect clusters of foodborne disease and respond quickly to foodborne outbreak investigations. pulsenet laboratories currently subtype escherichia coli o157:h7, non-typhoidal salmonella, and shigella isolates by a highly standardized 1-day pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and exchange normalized dna "fingerprint" patterns via the internet. we describe a standardized molecular subtypin ... | 2001 | 11322701 |
| shv-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in a shigella flexneri clinical isolate. | a shigella flexneri isolate resistant to oxyimino-cephalosporins was recovered from a stool sample of a 16 month-old algerian child hospitalized in paris, france. this isolate harboured an shv-2 beta-lactamase gene located on a c. 80 kb self-transferable plasmid. this is the first report of an ambler class a extended-spectrum beta-lactamase from shigella spp. | 2001 | 11328785 |
| [immunologic properties of coli surface antigen 6(cs6) of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and cholera toxin subunit b expressed in shigella flexneri 2a strain t32]. | a host-plasmid balancing system composed with a delta asd mutant (fad) of an avirulent strain (t32) of shigella flexneri 2a and plasmid harboring asd gene was used to express enterotoxigenic e. coli surface antigen 6(cs6) and v. cholerae toxin subunit b (ctb). the results of western blotting and elisa showed that all of recombinant plasmids (pyx201, pyx202 and pyx203) could be maintained stably and expressed cs6 and ctb respectively in t32 without any antibiotic selection. all the recombinant ba ... | 2001 | 11330183 |
| wip regulates n-wasp-mediated actin polymerization and filopodium formation. | induction of filopodia is dependent on activation of the small gtpase cdc42 and on neural wiskott-aldrich-syndrome protein (n-wasp). here we show that wasp-interacting protein (wip) interacts directly with n-wasp and actin. wip retards n-wasp/cdc42-activated actin polymerization mediated by the arp2/3 complex, and stabilizes actin filaments. microinjection of wip into nih 3t3 fibroblasts induces filopodia; this is inhibited by microinjection of anti-n-wasp antibody. microinjection of anti-wip an ... | 2001 | 11331876 |
| [immunosuppressive effects of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria]. | the review deals with the immunosuppressive effects of virulent gram-negative bacteria (salmonella, shigela, pseudomonas aeruginosa), with the importance of these effects for the bacteria to survive in the infected body. the above bacteria affect the immunity system in a different way, yet have common features. they are characterized by the occurrence of endotoxin shock, by the suppression of the phagocytic system and cell-mediated immunity. a significant role in suppressing a cellular immune re ... | 2001 | 11338500 |
| novel helicobacter species isolated from rhesus monkeys with chronic idiopathic colitis. | chronic, idiopathic diffuse colitis is a well recognised clinical and pathological entity in captive rhesus monkeys. six rhesus monkeys were diagnosed with clinically debilitating, chronic diarrhoea. histologically, colonic tissues were characterised as chronic, moderate to severe colitis and typhlitis, with diffuse mononuclear inflammation of lamina propria, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and multifocal micro-abscesses. colonic tissues were cultured for salmonella spp. and shigella spp.; all res ... | 2001 | 11339249 |
| antimicrobial-resistant bacterial diarrhea in rural western kenya. | bacterial diarrheal diseases cause substantial morbidity and mortality in sub-saharan africa, but data on the epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of enteric bacterial pathogens are limited. between may 1997 and april 1998, a clinic-based surveillance for diarrheal disease was conducted in asembo, a rural area in western kenya. in total, 729 diarrheal specimens were collected, and 244 (33%) yielded >or=1 bacterial pathogen, as determined by standard culture techniques; 107 (44% ... | 2001 | 11343224 |
| chvd, a chromosomally encoded atp-binding cassette transporter-homologous protein involved in regulation of virulence gene expression in agrobacterium tumefaciens. | a yeast two-hybrid screen searching for chromosomally encoded proteins that interact with the agrobacterium tumefaciens virb8 protein was carried out. this screen identified an interaction candidate homologous to the partial sequence of a gene that had previously been identified in a transposon screen as a potential regulator of virg expression, chvd. in this report, the cloning of the entire chvd gene is described and the gene is sequenced and characterized. insertion of a promoterless lacz gen ... | 2001 | 11344138 |
| identification and functional characterization of arylamine n-acetyltransferases in eubacteria: evidence for highly selective acetylation of 5-aminosalicylic acid. | arylamine n-acetyltransferase activity has been described in various bacterial species. bacterial n-acetyltransferases, including those from bacteria of the gut flora, may be involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, thereby exerting physiopathological effects. we characterized these enzymes further by steady-state kinetics, time-dependent inhibition, and dna hybridization in 40 species, mostly from the human intestinal microflora. we report for the first time n-acetyltransferase activity in 11 ... | 2001 | 11344150 |
| espg, a novel type iii system-secreted protein from enteropathogenic escherichia coli with similarities to vira of shigella flexneri. | the function of the rorf2 gene located on the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) pathogenicity island of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) has not been described. we report that rorf2 encodes a novel protein, named espg, which is secreted by the type iii secretory system and which is translocated into host epithelial cells. espg is homologous with shigella flexneri protein vira, and the cloned espg (rorf2) gene can rescue invasion in a shigella vira mutant, indicating that these protein ... | 2001 | 11349072 |
| genetic trees reveal disease origins. | 2001 | 11352059 | |
| epidemiology of postshigellosis persistent diarrhea in young children. | dysentery accounts for 20% of the 4.6 million diarrhea-associated deaths among children in developing countries, with the risk from death in dysenteric persistent diarrhea 10-fold higher than that in acute dysentery. although shigella accounts for the majority of dysenteric episodes, very little is known about the epidemiology of postshigellosis persistent diarrhea. | 2001 | 11368112 |
| the shus protein of shigella dysenteriae is a heme-sequestering protein that also binds dna. | the ability of shigella dysenteriae to utilize heme as an iron source is dependent on the iron-regulated expression of a number of genes including the outermembrane receptor shua and the cytoplasmic protein shus. the shus protein has no sequence homology with any proteins of known function and its role in heme acquisition has not been determined. in this paper we describe the purification and characterization of shus. the soluble oligomeric protein (650 kda) is composed of a single type of subun ... | 2001 | 11368175 |
| cloning and characterization of aspergillus nidulans vpsa gene which is involved in vacuolar biogenesis. | in saccharomyces cerevisiae, vacuoles play very important roles in ph and osmotic regulation, protein degradation and storage of amino acids, small ions as well as polyphosphates. in filamentous fungi, however, little is known about vacuolar functions at a molecular level. in this paper, we report the isolation of the vpsa gene from the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans as a homologue of the vps1 gene of s. cerevisiae which encodes a dynamin-related protein. the vpsa gene encodes a polypep ... | 2001 | 11368897 |
| a new home for infection research. | 2001 | 11286190 | |
| influence of infection of cells with bacteria associated with reactive arthritis on the peptide repertoire presented by hla-b27. | reactive arthritis (rea) after infections with various gram-negative bacteria is strongly associated with the mhc class i molecule hla-b27. it is supposed that the b27 molecule itself plays a role in the pathogenesis of rea by presenting antigenic peptides to cytotoxic t lymphocytes. the peptide repertoires presented by salmonella-, shigella- and non-infected cells were compared to identify such peptides. from the peptides isolated from the b27 molecules of these cells, profiles were generated b ... | 2001 | 11289525 |
| multicenter evaluation of resistance patterns of klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, salmonella spp and shigella spp isolated from clinical specimens in brazil: resistnet surveillance program. | surveillance programs are essential to detect the increase of antimicrobial resistance, and several different programs are being conducted in many countries. the resistnet is a surveillance program for bacterial resistance against several antimicrobial agents initiated in 1998 among latin american countries. in brazil, several centers were invited to join this surveillance and a total of 11 centers (6 from são paulo and 5 from other states) participated in the study. all results were analyzed us ... | 2001 | 11290309 |
| attenuated shigella flexneri 2a delta guaba strain cvd 1204 expressing enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) cs2 and cs3 fimbriae as a live mucosal vaccine against shigella and etec infection. | to construct a prototype hybrid vaccine against shigella and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), the genes encoding the production of etec cs2 and cs3 fimbriae were isolated and expressed in attenuated shigella flexneri 2a guaba strain cvd 1204. the cs2 cota to -d genes, isolated from etec strain c91f, and the cs3 csta to -h genes, subcloned from plasmid pcs100, were cloned into ~15-copy-number-stabilized pga1 behind the osmotically regulated ompc promoter, resulting in high expression of b ... | 2001 | 11292735 |
| shigella infection in a scid mouse-human intestinal xenograft model: role for neutrophils in containing bacterial dissemination in human intestine. | shigellae infect human intestine and cause intense inflammation and destruction of colonic and rectal mucosa. to model the interactions of shigella with human intestine in vivo, we have studied shigella infection in human intestinal xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient mice (scid-hu-int mice). inoculation of shigella into human intestinal xenografts caused severe inflammation and mucosal damage, which was apparent as soon as 4 h following infection. shigella infection was associated wit ... | 2001 | 11292746 |
| complete dna sequence and analysis of the large virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri. | the complete sequence analysis of the 210-kb shigella flexneri 5a virulence plasmid was determined. shigella spp. cause dysentery and diarrhea by invasion and spread through the colonic mucosa. most of the known shigella virulence determinants are encoded on a large plasmid that is unique to virulent strains of shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli; these known genes account for approximately 30 to 35% of the virulence plasmid. in the complete sequence of the virulence plasmid, 286 open r ... | 2001 | 11292750 |
| high pressure increases bactericidal activity and spectrum of lactoferrin, lactoferricin and nisin. | we have studied the inactivation of a panel of eight test bacteria (two escherichia coli strains, salmonella enteritidis, salmonella typhimurium, shigella sonnei, shigella flexneri, pseudomonas fluorescens and staphylococcus aureus) by high pressure in the presence of bovine lactoferrin (500 microg/ml), pepsin hydrolysate of lactoferrin (500 microg/ml), lactoferricin (20 microg/ml) and nisin (100 iu/ml). none of these compounds, at the indicated dosage, were bactericidal when applied at atmosphe ... | 2001 | 11294354 |
| microbial growth modelling with artificial neural networks. | there is a growing interest in modelling microbial growth as an alternative to time-consuming, traditional, microbiological enumeration techniques. several statistical models have been reported to describe the growth of different microorganisms, but there are accuracy problems. an alternate technique 'artificial neural networks' (ann) for modelling microbial growth is explained and evaluated. published data were used to build separate general regression neural network (grnn) structures for model ... | 2001 | 11294356 |
| pcr primers designed from malic acid dehydrogenase gene and their use for detection of escherichia coli in water and milk samples. | escherichia coli has been the appropriate focus for monitoring of potential enteric pathogens in water and foods. although several methods have been used for the detection or enumeration of e. coli cells in water and foods, the time and accuracy limitations of these methods suggest the need of a rapid and specific method. by comparison of the gene sequences coding for malic acid dehydrogenase (mdh) of e. coli and non-e. coli strains, two oligonucleotides were designed and their possible use as e ... | 2001 | 11252491 |
| spa33, a cell surface-associated subunit of the mxi-spa type iii secretory pathway of shigella flexneri, regulates ipa protein traffic. | the mxi-spa type iii secretion system of shigella flexneri directs the host cell contact-induced secretion of a set of invasins, referred to as ipas. in this study, we examined the role of spa33 in ipa secretion. a spa33-null mutant was both noninvasive and unable to translocate the ipas from inner membrane to outer membrane (om) positions of the mxi-spa transmembrane channel. spa33 was found to be a mxi-spa substrate that is translocated to the bacterial cell surface upon the induction of ipa s ... | 2001 | 11254573 |
| shigella spp. surveillance in indonesia: the emergence or reemergence of s. dysenteriae. | from june 1998 through november 1999, shigella spp. were isolated in 5% of samples from 3,848 children and adults with severe diarrheal illness in hospitals throughout indonesia. s. dysenteriae has reemerged in bali, kalimantan, and batam and was detected in jakarta after a hiatus of 15 years. | 2001 | 11266305 |
| antimicrobial activity of honokiol and magnolol isolated from magnolia officinalis. | the antimicrobial activity of honokiol and magnolol, the main constituents of magnolia officinalis was investigated. the antimicrobial activity was assayed by the agar dilution method using brain heart infusion medium and the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) were determined for each compound using a twofold serial dilution assay. the results showed that honokiol and magnolol have a marked antimicrobial effect (mic = 25 microg/ml) against actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, porphyromonas ... | 2001 | 11268114 |
| synthesis of mannich bases of some 2,5-disubstituted 4-thiazolidinones and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. | 5-phenyl/methyl-5-morpholinomethyl/pyrrolidinomethyl-2-(5- aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)imino]-4-thiazolidinones (5a-m) were synthesized by the reaction of 5-phenyl/methyl-2-[(5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol -2-yl)imino]-4-thiazolidinones (4a-j) with formaldehyde and morpholine or pyrrolidine. the structures of the compounds were determined by analytical and spectral (ir, 1h-nmr, eims) methods. the antibacterial activities of the novel compounds against staphylococcus aureus atcc 6538, staphylococcus epider ... | 2001 | 11268772 |
| re-evaluating criteria for peritoneal dialysis in "classical" (d+) hemolytic uremic syndrome. | indications for peritoneal dialysis in children with post-dysenteric hemolytic uremic syndrome (d+ hus) have not been thoroughly evaluated. although early institution of dialysis may reduce mortality, the procedure has attendant complications. | 2001 | 11269677 |
| computer identification of shigella species by rrna gene restriction patterns. | we describe a mlui ribotyping scheme for shigella which approaches correlation with serotyping. one hundred and seventeen reference strains and previously serotyped clinical isolates representing the 57 shigella serotypes and biotypes were included in this study. a total of 51 distinct ribotypes were obtained and a database was built with them. the number of bands composing each ribotype varied from 9 to 15. the fragments ranged in size from 1.6 to 18.8 kbp. one hundred and eleven clinical isola ... | 2001 | 11281325 |
| type iv o antigen modification genes in the genome of shigella flexneri nctc 8296. | the genes encoding type iv o antigen glucosylation were characterized from both escherichia coli and shigella flexneri. the putative o antigen modification genes from e. coli, o120 o306 o443, were pcr-amplified and introduced into s. flexneri serotype y strain sfl124. immunogold labelling and phage sensitivity indicated the presence of both serotype y and serotype 4a o antigens on the cell surface of the resulting recombinant sfl124 strains, suggesting that only partial serotype conversion was c ... | 2001 | 11283281 |
| campylobacter jejuni infections: update on emerging issues and trends. | infection with campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis worldwide; it occurs more frequently than do infections caused by salmonella species, shigella species, or escherichia coli o157:h7. in developed countries, the incidence of campylobacter jejuni infections peaks during infancy and again during early adulthood. most infections are acquired by the consumption and handling of poultry. a typical case is characterized by diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. obta ... | 2001 | 11283810 |
| antimicrobial resistance of shigella sonnei in korea during the last two decades. | eighty-eight strains of shigella sonnei isolated in korea during the period 1980 to 1999 were tested for susceptibility to 13 antimicrobial agents. s. sonnei isolates demonstrated high frequencies of resistance to sulfamethoxazole (97.7%), tetracycline (96.6%), and trimethoprim (95.5%). s. sonnei isolates from the 1990s were more resistant to nalidixic acid than isolates from the 1980s (100 vs 7.7%), while isolates from the 1990s were more susceptible to chloramphenicol than isolates from the 19 ... | 2001 | 11430501 |
| characterization of cryptic flagellin genes in shigella boydii and shigella dysenteriae. | flagellin (flic) genes of 12 shigella boydii and five shigella dysenteriae strains were characterized. though these strains are nonmotile, the cryptic flicsb gene, cloned from s. boydii strain c3, is functional for expression of flagellin. it consists of 1,704 bp, and encodes 568 amino acid residues (57,918 da). the flicsd gene from s. dysenteriae strain 16 consists of 1,650 bp encoding 549 amino acid residues (57,591 da) and contains an is1 element inserted in its 3' end. the two genes are comp ... | 2001 | 11434456 |
| [common variable immunodeficiency. review]. | common variable immunodeficiency (cvi) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by deficient antibody production. the cause of this immunodeficiency is unknown; several in vitro studies have revealed a significant number of alterations that could explain the hypogammaglobulinemia present in this syndrome. among those described are primary b cell alterations, numerical and functional t cell abnormalities, and defects in the interaction between accessory cells. the alteration typical of cvi is ... | 2001 | 11434884 |
| [erythromycin uptake pathways in shigella]. | 2001 | 11436833 | |
| regulation of virulence gene expression in shigella flexneri, a facultative intracellular pathogen. | shigella flexneri and its close relatives are facultative intracellular pathogens of humans and are the etiological agents of bacillary dysentery. these bacteria secrete proteins that enable them to enter human epithelial cells via an elaborate and fascinating cell biology. this behaviour depends on a complicated regulon of virulence genes, whose expression is controlled in response to a multiplicity of environmental signals. this review describes and attempts to interpret these gene control mec ... | 2001 | 11437343 |
| prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: impact on risk for infectious diseases. | trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) is widely prescribed as prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons. its efficacy against other infections has not been thoroughly evaluated. to compare the risk for infectious diseases for persons who were prescribed tmp-smz with that for patients who were not prescribed tmp-smz, we examined data collected from the medical records of hiv-infected patients (january 1990 through september 1999) ... | 2001 | 11438910 |
| conformation of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1: molecular modeling shows a helical structure with efficient exposure of the antigenic determinant alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galp. | the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1, which has the repeating tetrasaccharide unit -->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galp-(1-->3)-alpha-d-glcnacp-(1--> (a-b-c-d), is a major virulence factor, and it is believed that antibodies against this polysaccharide confer protection to the host. the conformational properties of fragments of this o-antigen were explored using systematic search with a modified hsea method (glycan) and with molecular mechanics mm3 ... | 2001 | 11744629 |
| hiv-1-related morbidity in adults, abidjan, côte d'ivoire: a nidus for bacterial diseases. | we studied mortality and morbidity in 270 hiv-1-infected adults (60% women, median age 31 years, mean baseline cd4 count 331/mm(3) ) observed in a follow-up that lasted a median 10 months in côte d'ivoire. survival and probability of remaining free from any episode of morbidity at 12 months were 0.80 and 0.50, respectively. baseline cd4 count <200/mm(3) was the only variable associated with global morbidity and mortality, with hazard ratios of 2.50 and 7.57, respectively. the most frequent cause ... | 2001 | 11744838 |
| enhanced anti-shigella activity of erythromycin supplemented with sulfadiazine. | sulfadiazine enhanced the anti-shigella activity of erythromycin. erythromycin passes through the type iii secretion apparatus and suppresses the growth of invasive shigella organisms. sulfadiazine enhanced this effect at the concentration under minimum inhibitory concentration and it came from not only the folate-inhibiting activity but also from a new function. it has proved that sulfadiazine stimulated type iii secretion in shigella as determined from the secretion of the pathogenic protein i ... | 2001 | 11750221 |
| mxim and mxij, base elements of the mxi-spa type iii secretion system of shigella, interact with and stabilize the mxid secretin in the cell envelope. | the type iii secretion pathway is broadly distributed across many parasitic bacterial genera and serves as a mechanism for delivering effector proteins to eukaryotic cell surface and cytosolic targets. while the effectors, as well as the host responses elicited, differ among type iii systems, they all utilize a conserved set of 9 to 11 proteins that together form a bacterial envelope-associated secretory organelle or needle complex. the general structure of the needle complex consists of a trans ... | 2001 | 11717255 |
| growth and recovery of selected gram-negative bacteria in reconditioned wastewater. | previous reports indicate that escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella spp., and vibrio cholerae can grow in nutrient-limited, reconditioned wastewater over the temperature range of 4 to 46 degrees c when the biological oxygen demand of this water is <2, while its coliform growth response (cgr) is >2. in the current study, we investigated the growth response of vibrio parahaemolyticus, shigella spp., vibrio vulnificus, and pseudomonas aeruginosa in water samples with a cgr of >2 over the temperatur ... | 2001 | 11726156 |
| lifestyles of the intracellular. | 2001 | 11728864 | |
| actin-based motility of intracellular microbial pathogens. | a diverse group of intracellular microorganisms, including listeria monocytogenes, shigella spp., rickettsia spp., and vaccinia virus, utilize actin-based motility to move within and spread between mammalian host cells. these organisms have in common a pathogenic life cycle that involves a stage within the cytoplasm of mammalian host cells. within the cytoplasm of host cells, these organisms activate components of the cellular actin assembly machinery to induce the formation of actin tails on th ... | 2001 | 11729265 |
| the antibacterial action of microcin j25: evidence for disruption of cytoplasmic membrane energization in salmonella newport. | microcin j25 (mccj25) is a cyclic peptide of 21 unmodified amino acid residues produced by a fecal strain of escherichia coli. it has previously been shown that the antibiotic activity of this peptide is mainly directed to enterobacteriaceae, including several pathogenic e. coli, salmonella and shigella strains. in this paper we show that mccj25 acts on the cytoplasmic membrane of salmonella newport cells producing alteration of membrane permeability, and the subsequent gradient dissipation, tha ... | 2001 | 11731133 |
| the filamentous type iii secretion translocon of enteropathogenic escherichia coli. | enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) uses a type iii secretion system (ttss) to inject effector proteins into the plasma membrane and cytosol of infected cells. to translocate proteins, epec, like salmonella and shigella, is believed to assemble a macromolecular complex (type iii secreton) that spans both bacterial membranes and has a short needle-like projection. however, there is a special interest in studying the epec ttss owing to the fact that one of the secreted proteins, espa, is asse ... | 2001 | 11736997 |
| characterization of the interaction partners of secreted proteins and chaperones of shigella flexneri. | the type iii secretion (tts) system of gram-negative pathogenic bacteria is composed of proteins that assemble into the tts machinery, proteins that are secreted by this machinery and specific chaperones that are required for storage and sometimes secretion of these proteins. many sequential protein interactions are involved in the tts pathway to deliver effector proteins to host cells. we used the yeast two-hybrid system to investigate the interaction partners of the shigella flexneri effectors ... | 2001 | 11737652 |
| antimicrobial peptides isolated from skin secretions of the diploid frog, xenopus tropicalis (pipidae). | seven peptides (xt-1-xt-7) with antimicrobial activity were isolated from norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions of the diploid clawed frog, xenopus tropicalis. structural characterization of the peptides demonstrated that amino acid sequence similarity to antimicrobial peptides previously isolated from xenopus laevis was low, suggesting that the species are not closely related phylogenetically. peptides xt-5 and xt-3 are probably the orthologs of x. laevis peptide glycine-leucine amide (pgl( ... | 2001 | 11738090 |
| an optimised recovery method for thermophilic campylobacter from liver. | the past three decades have witnessed the rise of campylobacter enteritis in man from virtual obscurity to notoriety, with present isolation rates superseding those of other enteric pathogens such as salmonella spp. and shigella spp. in most developed countries. although campylobacters are not completely new to applied bacteriology, they have evaded traditional isolation techniques used for the isolation of pure cultures, apart from single isolations that were free from competing organisms. offa ... | 2001 | 11741507 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. shigellosis outbreak associated with an unchlorinated fill-and-drain wading pool--iowa, 2001. | 2001 | 11693146 | |
| prospective study of the incidence of diarrhoea and prevalence of bacterial pathogens in a cohort of vietnamese children along the red river. | we prospectively studied diarrhoea incidence among 1655 children < 5 years of age in northern vietnam for 1 year using primarily passive surveillance. standard culture methods were used to detect bacterial pathogens. overall 2160 cases occurred (13 cases/child per year). peak rates of diarrhoea occurred in children < 12 months old. rates ranged from 3.3 cases/child per year in children < 1 year old, to 0.7 cases/child per year in 4-year-olds. campylobacter, shigella and enterotoxigenic escherich ... | 2001 | 11693500 |
| frequency of failure to isolate shigella spp. by the direct plating technique and improvement of isolation by enrichment in selenite broth. | in order to clarify the failure to isolate shigella spp. by direct plating, we compared frequencies of shigella spp. isolation by direct plating and by plating after enrichment in selenite broth. a total 67 strains were isolated in this study. the strains of 38 (56.7%) were isolated only by direct plating, and 25 (37.3%) strains were isolated by both direct plating and after enrichment. four strains (6.0%) were isolated after enrichment but not by direct plating. since 6% of isolated shigella sp ... | 2001 | 11693518 |
| pathogenesis of infectious diarrhea. | a brief overview of some of the main features involved in normal physiological bi-directional absorption and secretion of fluid in the gut is given, including the nature and cellular location of key enzymes, ion pumps, symports, antiports and diffusion channels; the microanatomy of intestinal villous vasculature and the dynamics of villus blood flow, which together generate hypertonic zones in villus tip regions; and the production, differentiation, escalator movement (from crypt to villus tip) ... | 2001 | 11694903 |