Publications

global climate controversy.		1996	8683813
positive selection vectors for allelic exchange.	we describe here the development and use of two new allelic exchange vectors, pkas32 and pkas46. these vectors can be used for allelic exchange in a wide variety of bacterial species because their r6k origin of replication functions only in bacteria engineered to produce the replication protein pi. in addition, these vectors express the escherichia coli rpsl gene, encoding ribosomal protein s12, which provides a positive selection for bacteria that have exchanged cloned plasmid sequences with th ...	1996	8635748
adaptation of pseudomonas sp. gj1 to 2-bromoethanol caused by overexpression of an nad-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase with low affinity for halogenated aldehydes.	pseudomonas sp. gj1 is able to grow with 2-chloroethanol as the sole carbon and energy source, but not with 2-bromoethanol, which is toxic at low concentrations (1 mm). a mutant that could grow on 2-bromoethanol with a growth rate of 0.034 h-1 at concentrations up to 5 mm was isolated and designated strain gj1m9. measurement of enzyme activities showed that mutant and wild-type strains contained a pms-linked alcohol dehydrogenase that was active with halogenated alcohols and that was threefold o ...	1996	8639028
a classical strain of vibrio cholerae with diminished ability to process the proteolytically sensitive site in the a subunit of cholera toxin.	vibrio cholerae o1, no. 31, a strain isolated from a patient with mild diarrhea, produced mainly the unnicked cholera toxin. the amount of toxin that had accumulated in the cells was approximately 200 times lower than that secreted into the culture medium. when the unnicked toxin was purified by three successive column chromatographies and then extracted from the polyacrylamide gel, the unnicked toxin showed two bands corresponding to the a and b subunits by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide ...	1996	8641766
in vivo enzymatic removal of alpha 2-->6-linked sialic acid from the glomerular filtration barrier results in podocyte charge alteration and glomerular injury.	the epithelial polyanion (podocalyxin) on the foot processes (pedicels) of podocytes plays a pivotal role in maintaining slit pore integrity and excluding proteins from the glomerular filtrate. chromatographically purified recombinant sialidase from vibrio cholerae, a corresponding heat-inactivated enzyme, truncated enzyme (missing the last 17 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus), and the sialidase from salmonella typhimurium strain lt2 were inoculated intraperitoneally into mice, and the res ...	1996	8642786
ph-dependence of the dithiol-oxidizing activity of dsba (a periplasmic protein thiol:disulphide oxidoreductase) and protein disulphide-isomerase: studies with a novel simple peptide substrate.	a decapeptide containing two cysteine residues at positions 3 and 8 has been designed for use in monitoring the disulphide bond-forming activity of thiol:disulphide oxidoreductases. the peptide contains a tryptophan residue adjacent to one of the cysteine residues and an arginine residue adjacent to the other. oxidation of this dithiol peptide to the disulphide state is accompanied by a significant change in tryptophan fluorescence emission intensity. this fluorescence quenching was used as the ...	1996	8645136
identification of cd34+ subsets after glycoprotease selection: engraftment of cd34+thy-1+lin- stem cells in fetal sheep.	epitopes on the cd34 molecule detected by some cd34 antibodies can be cleaved by a unique glycoprotease from pasteurella haemolytica, which cleaves only glycoproteins rich in o-linked glycans. a method to isolate cd34+ cells from adult bone marrow was developed subsequently, in which cd34+ cells were isolated in high purity and yield following immunomagnetic bead selection and detachment with the glycoprotease. using a variety of other cell-surface markers shown here to be insensitive to glycopr ...	1996	8647230
reported cholera in the united states, 1992-1994: a reflection of global changes in cholera epidemiology.	to describe us cholera surveillance data from 1992 to 1994 and the domestic impact of the epidemics of vibrio cholerae o1 in latin america and v cholerae o139 in asia.	1996	8656543
relative importance of three iron-regulated outer membrane proteins for in vivo growth of vibrio cholerae.	iron is an essential nutrient to support the growth of most bacterial species. however, iron is not easily available to microorganisms infecting mammalian hosts, because it is largely sequestered by iron-binding proteins, such as transferrin or lactoferrin, or complexed to heme. in response to environmental iron stress, vibrio cholerae produces the siderophore vibriobactin as well as a number of iron-induced outer membrane proteins. previous data on the role of iron acquisition systems for the i ...	1996	8613388
epidemic cholera in guatemala, 1993: transmission of a newly introduced epidemic strain by street vendors.	epidemic cholera reached guatemala in july 1991. by mid-1993, guatemala ranked third in the hemisphere in reported cases of cholera. we conducted a case-control study with two age-, sex-, and neighbourhood-matched controls per patient in periurban guatemala city. twenty-six patients hospitalized for cholera and 52 controls were enrolled. seven (47%) of 15 stool cultures obtained after admission yielded toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1. all seven were resistant to furazolidone, sulfisoxazole, and str ...	1996	8620902
comparison of the promoter proximal regions of the toxin-co-regulated tcp gene cluster in classical and el tor strains of vibrio cholerae o1.	a physical map has been constructed of the 5-kb xbai fragment encoding the promoter proximal of region the tcp gene cluster encoding the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) of vibrio cholerae. this fragment contains the major regulatory regions for tcp. comparison of the nucleotide (nt) sequences from strains of the classical and el tor biotypes demonstrates that the regions are essentially identical, with several notable exceptions. the intergenic regions, between tcpi and tcpp, and between tcph and ...	1996	8621096
an outbreak of cholera from food served on an international aircraft.	in february 1992, an outbreak of cholera occurred among persons who had flown on a commercial airline flight from south america to los angeles. this study was conducted to determine the magnitude and the cause of the outbreak. passengers were interviewed and laboratory specimens were collected to determine the magnitude of the outbreak. a case-control study was performed to determine the vehicle of infection. seventy-five of the 336 passengers in the united states had cholera; 10 were hospitaliz ...	1996	8626007
physical linkage of the vibrio cholerae mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin secretory and structural subunit gene loci: identification of the mshg coding sequence.	vibrio cholerae o1 expresses a variety of cell surface factors which mediate bacterial adherence and colonization at the intestinal epithelium. the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha), a type iv pilus, is a potential attachment factor of the v. cholerae el tor biotype. we describe a tnphoa mutant that is defective in its ability to hemagglutinate mouse erythrocytes. the tnphoa insertion maps to a recently identified genetic locus that encodes products that are predicted to be essential for as ...	1996	8550192
development of shigella sonnei live oral vaccines based on defined rfbinaba deletion mutants of vibrio cholerae expressing the shigella serotype d o polysaccharide.	previous experimentation has highlighted a number of difficulties in the development of carrier-based bivalent vaccines (j.-f. viret and d. favre, biologicals 22:361-372, 1994) in an attempt to obviate these carrier strains. toward this aim, a series of defined rfbinaba deletion (delta rfbinaba) mutants of the cholera vaccine strain v. cholerae cvd103-hgr (o1 inaba serotype) and derivative bearing the chromosomally integrated locus encoding the s. sonnei o-ps were constructed and characterized. ...	1996	8550210
the toxr protein of vibrio cholerae forms homodimers and heterodimers.	the toxr protein of vibrio cholerae regulates the expression of several virulence factors that play important roles in the pathogenesis of cholera. previous experiments with toxr-alkaline phosphatase (toxr-phoa) fusion proteins suggested a model for gene regulation in which the inactive form of toxr was a monomer and the active form of toxr was a dimer (v. l. miller, r. k. taylor, and j. j. mekalanos, cell 48:271-279, 1987). in order to examine whether toxr exists in a dimeric form in vivo, bioc ...	1996	8550410
porins of vibrio cholerae: purification and characterization of ompu.	three outer membrane proteins with molecular masses of 40, 38, and 27 kda of the hypertoxinogenic strain 569b of vibrio cholerae have been purified to homogeneity. the synthesis of all the three proteins is regulated by the osmolarity of the growth medium. the pore-forming ability of the 40-kda protein, ompt, and the 38-kda protein, ompu, has been demonstrated by using liposomes, in which these proteins were embedded. the 27-kda protein, ompx, though osmoregulated, is not a porin. ompu constitut ...	1996	8550475
serogroup conversion of vibrio cholerae non-o1 to vibrio cholerae o1: effect of growth state of cells, temperature, and salinity.	recently, we reported the occurrence of seroconversion from vibrio cholerae non-o1 to v. cholerae o1, but little is known about the environmental and physiological factors influencing seroconversion. we investigated effects of temperature (4, 25, and 35 degrees c) and salinity ( < 0.05 and 10%0.), as well as the stage of growth of cells, on serogroup conversion. seroconversion of v. cholerae occurred under various environmental conditions. however, the rate of seroconversion in natural water ( < ...	1996	8595602
effect of vibrio cholerae non-o1 protease on lysozyme, lactoferrin and secretory immunoglobulin a.	the effect of vibrio cholerae non-o1 protease on host defense proteins (lysozyme, secretory immunoglobulin a and lactoferrin) was studied in relation to its virulence mechanism. the proteins treated with the protease were analysed by sds-page. there was no influence of the protease on lysozyme. the protease cleaved lactoferrin into two fragments of 50 kda and 34 kda. n-terminal amino acid sequencing of these fragments revealed that the cleavage site was near the hinge region, between serine 420 ...	1996	8598271
surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks--united states, 1993-1994.	since 1971, cdc and the u.s. environmental protection agency have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for collecting and periodically reporting data that relate to occurrences and causes of waterborne-disease outbreaks (wbdos).	1996	8600346
enteroaggregative escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin is not restricted to enteroaggregative e. coli.	enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaggec) have been implicated as diarrheal pathogens in several settings. some eaggec produce a distinct heat-stable enterotoxin named east1. the distribution and prevalence of the east1 gene in selected groups of bacterial enteropathogens were determined by colony hybridization. one hundred percent of 75 o157:h7 enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec), 41% of 227 eaggec, 41% of 149 enterotoxigenic e. coli, 22% of 65 enteropathogenic e. coli (epec), and 38% of 47 e. c ...	1996	8603943
genetic analysis of the interaction between vibrio cholerae transcription activator toxr and toxt promoter dna.	expression of many virulence genes in vibrio cholerae is under the control of the toxt protein. these include genes whose products are required for the biogenesis of the toxin-coregulated pilus, accessory colonization factor, and cholera toxin. toxt is a member of the arac family of transcriptional activators and is part of the toxr regulatory cascade. toxr is a transmembrane dna-binding protein that is required for transcription of toxt and also can directly activate transcription of the choler ...	1996	8576041
physical map of the genome of vibrio cholerae 569b and localization of genetic markers.	a combined physical and genetic map of the genome of the classical o1 hypertoxinogenic strain 569b of vibrio cholerae has been constructed. the enzymes noti, sfii and ceui generated dna fragments of suitable size distribution that could be resolved by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. the digests produced 37, 22, and 7 fragments, respectively. the ceui maps of the genomes of strains 569b and o395, constructed by partial restriction digestion, were identical, and the data are consistent with the ...	1996	8576045
randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of combined salmonella typhi ty21a and vibrio cholerae cvd 103-hgr live oral vaccines.	healthy adults (n=330) were randomized to receive either a bivalent vaccine composed of vibrio cholerae cvd 103-hgr and salmonella typhi ty21a or a placebo. the combined vaccine was well tolerated. approximately 80% of vaccines manifested a significant rise in anti-s. typhi immunoglobulin g or immunoglobulin a lipopolysaccharide antibody levels. significant (fourfold or greater) rises in anti-inaba or anti-ogawa vibriocidal antibody titer were achieved by 94 and 80% of vaccine recipients, respec ...	1996	8606118
non-o1 vibrio cholerae bacteremia in patients with cirrhosis: 5-yr experience from a single medical center.	to assess the clinical features and susceptibility of cirrhotic patients to non-o1 vibrio cholerae bacteremia and to provide our therapeutic experiences in this rare and high lethal infection.	1996	8607503
on the nature of the adaptive response induced by mitomycin c in vibrio cholerae ogawa 154 cells.	the induction of an adaptive response in vibrio cholerae ogawa 154 cells was obtained using an alkylating agent, mitomycin c, as both stimulating and challenging agent. cross-adaptive response was observed in v. cholerae cells when pretreated with a sublethal dose of another alkylating agent, n-methyl-n'nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine, followed by challenging treatment with mitomycin c. the dose of mitomycin c for 50% survival (d50) became almost double for mitomycin c pretreated cells and 1.5 times fo ...	1996	8607796
genetic analysis of the chromosomal region encoding lysophospholipase l2 of vibrio cholerae o1.	from the tn5-inserted mutant library of vibrio cholerae o1, we found a mutant, nf404, which lost the production of both hemolysin and cholera toxin (ct) even though the tn5-insertion site was out side from the structural genes for hemolysin and ct. cloning and sequencing analysis of the homologous region from the wild-type strain, revealed that the sequence spanning the coding region of an orf1 nominated as lypa, encoding a 39.5 kda protein. deduced amino acid sequence of the lypa gene had 37.6% ...	1996	8608155
epidemiologic study of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 in thailand: at the advancing edge of the eighth pandemic.	vibrio cholerae o139 bengal emerged on the indian subcontinent in late 1992 and was first recognized in thailand in 1993. to characterize the epidemiology of this disease, a hospital-based case-control study was conducted in samutsakorn, a port city 30 km southwest of bangkok. between november 15, 1993, and june 3, 1994, 366 patients were confirmed to have cholera by culture, including 165 (45%) with o139 bengal, 191 (52%) with o1 ogawa, and 10 (3%) with both serogroups. during the same time per ...	1996	8561160
factors influencing secondary vibriocidal immune responses: relevance for understanding immunity to cholera.	although serum vibriocidal activity is used extensively as a marker of immunity to o1 vibrio cholerae, there are limitations in this assay to detect instances of reexposure. we define the conditions operative in producing secondary vibriocidal responses in north american volunteers primed with either wild-type v. cholerae 1, 4, or 6 months later. secondary serum vibriocidal responses occurred under two distinct secondary challenge conditions. the first occurred when secondary challenge produced ...	1996	8557325
vibrio cholerae hcp, a secreted protein coregulated with hlya.	hcp is a 28-kda secreted protein of vibrio cholerae regulated coordinately with the hemolysin, hlya. both proteins show a dependence on hlyu for expression, suggesting that hcp may be secreted by v. cholerae in vivo. we have identified and sequenced two genes for hcp, designated hcpa and hcpb (hemolysin-coregulated protein). the genes encode identical amino acid sequences. both express a 28-kda protein, despite open reading frames with only a 19-kda capacity, suggesting that the hcp protein runs ...	1996	8557353
antibody against the capsule of vibrio cholerae o139 protects against experimental challenge.	antiserum to the capsular polysaccharide of an opaque variant of vibrio cholerae o139 strain mdo-12 recognizes capsular antigen in three different colonial variants of the strain, although the amount of recognition varies with the extent of opacity. the anti-capsular-polysaccharide serum, at subagglutinating doses, protected suckling mice against challenge with both the most opaque variant and the most translucent variant. further studies indicated that the protection was associated with inhibit ...	1996	8557361
a nontoxic cholera enterotoxin (ct) analog is chimeric with regard to both epitypes of ct-b subunits, ct-b-1 and ct-b-2.	the gene encoding a nontoxic analog, ct-2*, of cholera enterotoxin (ct) with attenuating codon substitutions in the a subunit was introduced into the attenuated vibrio cholerae classical biotype mutant candidate vaccine strain cvd103, which produces the b subunit (but not the a subunit) of ct-1. the recombinant strain produces a chimeric nontoxic analog holotoxin containing both ct-b-1 and ct-b-2 subunits. this offers potential advantages over cvd103 in the induction of immunity against e1 tor b ...	1996	8557362
protective immunity to shiga-like toxin i following oral immunization with shiga-like toxin i b-subunit-producing vibrio cholerae cvd 103-hgr.	this study addresses a mechanism for inducing systemic immunity to shiga-like toxins by oral administration of a shiga-like toxin i b-subunit-expressing vibrio cholerae vaccine strain [cvd 103-hgr(pda60)]. two sets of three rabbits were given either cvd 103-hgr or cvd 103-hgr(pda60) orally. all rabbits immunized with cvd 103-hgr(pda60) developed neutralizing serum antibodies to shiga-like toxin i. none of the controls developed such antibodies.	1996	8557364
detección de escherichia coli toxigénica (lt) mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa [the detection of toxigenic escherichia coli (lt) by the polymerase chain reaction].	in this paper it is described the detection enteroxigenic escherichia coli lt (+). this method is based on the amplification of a dna fragment of 400 pairs of bases by polymerase chain reaction (prc). the oligonucleotides were designed by the authors and the characteristic patterns were observed when the samples were submitted to an electrophoresis in an agarose gel at 2%. the pcr had positive results with the strains of escherichia coli 0:149 k; 88 (lt+) collection and with 20 strains isolated ...	1996	9805043
[the application of the hybridization in colonies technic for the identification of toxigenic vibrio cholerae 01].	by means of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) it was obtained a probe for the gen that codifies the subunit b of cholerae toxin (ctxb), which carried a vibrio cholerae 01 reference strain. the checking of the amplified product was performed by using the hybridization techniques in colonies. this product hybridized with the gen that codifies for the subunit b of cholerae toxin isolated from peru and ecuador, representing the present epidemics in latin america, but it did not so with the phyloge ...	1996	9805044
[cholera in a district of peru].	taking to consideration the low report of cholera patients and with the main knowing the reality about the introduction of vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) in peru, a sample of 101 cases with acute diarrheal disease (add) was taken at the distrito villa el salvador. they were selected by a systematic randomized sampling defined for each health care unit in the district, according to the daily average occurrence of add cases attended a week before the beginning of the study. all of them took part in ...	1996	9805053
cholera-brucella cross-reaction: a new potential diagnostic problem for travelers to latin america.	background: brucellosis is an endemic disease in latin america and other countries. serologic cross-reaction between cholera and brucella infection is well recognized. since the introduction to cholera in 1991 in latin america, interpreting serologic tests has become potentially problematic. this study attempts to evaluate this problem. methods: tube agglutination tests were performed to detect brucella antibodies in 44 peruvian adult patients with moderate to severe diarrhea due to vibrio chole ...	1996	9815420
characterisation of vibrio cholerae 0139 isolated from diarrhoeal stools.	a total of 174 samples of acute diarrhoeal stools received over a period of seven months, yielded 101 isolated morphologically and biochemically resembling vibro cholerae. serologically, 57(56.4 per cent) of the 101 isolates were identified as v. cholerae 01 and remaining 44 (43.6 per cent) as v. cholerae 0139. keeping in mind the unique potential of 0139 among non 01 vibrio to cause epidemics, we decided to undertake the study of biochemical characters and physiological behaviour of all the 44 ...	1996	9401240
[the cellular fatty acid composition of bacteria in the family vibrionaceae].	it is shown that strains of vibrio cholerae of serovar o1, biovar eltor, subtype ogawa, museum strains v. cholerae of serovar o1 and nag-vibrios (isolated from various sources: sea, river and sewage water, canal water and people) possess identical composition of cell fatty acids with prevailing hexadecenoic, hexadecanoic and octadecenoic acids. being identical, fatty acid profiles of v. parahaemolyticus and v. alginolyticus, are close to that of v. cholerae differing from the latter mainly by th ...	1996	9044701
efficacy of norfloxacin and doxycycline for treatment of vibrio cholerae 0139 infection.	an open randomised controlled clinical trial with 160 adults with acute watery diarrhoea and severe dehydration compared the efficacy of varying regimens of norfloxacin and doxycycline for the treatment of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae 0139 bengal. data were analysed for the 111 patients who were faeces culture positive for v. cholerae 0139. in addition to rehydration therapy, 28 patients received 300 mg of doxycycline as a single dose on admission, 26 patients received norfloxacin 400 mg bd ...	1996	9182114
outbreaks of cholera in nepal.	this paper presents the study of the etiological agents of diarrhea in children below 14 years of age, this study was conducted from may 1995 to april 1996. one thousand one hundred seven (1,107) children with acute diarrhea receiving oral rehydration therapy (ort) at national kanti children's hospital were included in this study. stool samples of these patients were investigated at the microbiology laboratory, department of microbiology, institute of medicine. none of the stool samples showed t ...	1996	9185273
[presence and diffusion of vibrio cholerae in aquatic environment].		1996	9235016
non-0:1 vibrio cholerae septicemia in thalassemia patients.		1996	9280014
[phenotypic and molecular features of vibrio cholerae isolated in chile, peru and bolivia. comparison with environmental reservoirs].	since 1991, a massive cholera epidemic started in peru and involved most central and south american countries. in chile, 147 cases were registered, the last one in 1995.	1996	9334476
bacterial diarrhea in laos, a region where cholera was endemic.	there were cholera outbreaks in lao pdr since 1993. two provinces were epidemic areas of cholera in 1993. however the area of cholera occurrence increased to 7 provinces through 1994. then a bacterial survey had done for the purpose of public health improvement. epec was markedly isolated from the hospital in vientiane. in apparent infection of salmonella and non-01 vibrio cholerae with soldiers stationed in the island in mekong river belong to vientiane were pointed out. the outbreak of diarrhe ...	1996	9253874
a rapid method for restriction analysis of large plasmids from enteric pathogens.	a modified version of the method of kado and liu (j bacteriol 1981, 145: 1365) has been developed for rapid detection and direct cleavage analysis of large plasmids from vibrio cholerae and other enteric pathogens.	1996	9257344
[community trial for safety and immunogenicity of oral-administered lyophilized rbs-wc cholera vaccine].	in order to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of domestic produced lyophilized recombinant, b-subunit, inactivated whole cell vaccine of vibrio cholerae (rbs-wc), 369 subjects were randomly divided into three groups and observed with masking method, one with high dose of vaccine (5 mg rbs and 10" wc), another with low dose (1 mg rbs and 10" wc), and the control one with placebo. three doses of vaccine were given orally at an interval of seven days and 14 days, respectively. results showed t ...	1996	9388905
survey on the distribution of vibrionaceae at the seaport areas in taiwan, 1991-1994.	a monthly survey on the distribution of human-pathogenic vibrionaceae of the seawater from five principal harbors in taiwan was conducted by national quarantine service from july, 1991 to february, 1994. of the total 1,167 vibrionaceae isolates, strains of vibrio alginolyticus (449 strains) were the most frequently isolated, followed by vibrio parahaemolyticus (262) , aeromonas hydrophila (153), vibrio cholerae non-o1 (86), and vibrio vulnificus (67). none of vibrio cholerae o1 was isolated. the ...	1996	10592802
influence of the copepod mesocyclops longisetus (crustacea: cyclopidae) on the survival of vibrio cholerae o1 in fresh water.	in an experimental microcosm, an analysis was performed of the influence exerted by freshwater mesocyclops longisetus copepods on the survival of vibrio cholerae o1 serovar inaba. in the state of ceará, copepods are used in the control of aedes aegypti larvae. the system consisted of water with a salinity of 0.27 per 10,000 habitants and ph 7.5, which after sterilizing filtration was distributed into seven flasks with a volume of 400 ml; in each of six flasks, 10 live copepods were inoculated al ...	1996	10904360
[biopsy and morphology].		1996	174513
[psychosomatics in the nursing field].		1996	229313
the nasal fundus ectasia.	the object of this work has been to describe an eye anomaly consisting of a series of individual characteristics. as a name for the disorder "the nasal fundus ectasia" has been selected. special attention has been paid to the bitemporal visual field defects which can easily lead to a suspicion of tumour in the region of the optic chiasm.	1996	174383
[electron microscopy of malignant synovialoma].		1996	174333
resistance to receptor-mediated degradation of a murine epidermal growth factor analogue (egf-val-47) potentiates its mitogenic activity.	in most cell types two classes of epidermal growth factor (egf) receptors can be found: a major class that binds egf with relatively low affinity and a minor class that binds with very high affinity. structure-function studies have shown that mutations at amino acid 47 in the egf molecule severely reduce its affinity for the egf receptor but do not cause preferential binding to one or the other subclass of receptors. using three egf derivatives with a mutation at amino acid 47 (ser-47, leu-37-ty ...	1996	2271672
[urogenital tuberculosis in antituberculosis dispensary practice].	the investigations carried out within the district depending upon the dispensary showed that urogenital tuberculosis incidence is in the second place, after respiratory tuberculosis; in 47% of the cases it was the only manifestation of the disease, in the other cases it was secondary to or accompanied other tuberculous localizations.	1996	174176
alterations in creatinine clearance during respiratory distress syndrome.	some renal parameters have been studied in newborns with respiratory distress syndrome (rds). during the first 24 h, the serum creatinine level of the severe cases of rds are significantly increased, decreasing gradually with improvement of the rds and reaching normal values within 10 days. blood urea nitrogen remained unchanged. in the milder cases of rds, the serum creatinine also showed a slighter increase, which became normal within 4 days after birth. during the acute phase of rds, there is ...	1996	38862
critical review of tomography in radiology and nuclear medicine.	this review covers conventional radiographic tomography, radioisotopic tomography, and a review of computerized transaxial tomography. simple, reproducible radiographic tomographic methods are increasing in use, and despite their complexity, the diagnostic results are superior to conventional radiographs. there are many different motions of the x-ray tube and the film which can be employed to create a tomogram. the perfect tomographic motion is partly determined by the geometric shape of the obj ...	1996	168033
ultrasonic foetal head circumference as a means of assessing gestational age in nigerians.	in a cross-sectional study, we have established the foetal head circumference in pregnant nigerian women between the 16th to the 40th weeks of gestation. the relationship between the head circumference and gestational age is linear although there is some slight slowing of the growth rate after 32 weeks. a linear mathematical model was shown to describe the relationship between gestational age and head circumference and with the knowledge of one the other could be determined. the values obtained ...	1996	2271418
subcellular distribution of protein kinase activities in mammalian islets of langerhans [proceedings].		1996	229041
lead, mercury, and cadmium pollution.		1996	174063
[obstetric complications in the ehlers-danlos syndrome].	after discussing the so-called ehlers-danlos syndrome in connection with pregnancy and birth, we report on a complication, turning out deadly for mother and child. futheron, we discuss the appropriate control of pregnancy and birth.	1996	1217253
location of cr(iii) in the cr(iii)--cytochrome c complex as observed by nmr spectroscopy.		1996	228980
the management of craniofacial pain in a pain relief unit.	craniofacial pain can be one of the more intractable problems that presents to the gdp. one management route can be referral to a specialist pain relief unit, where the facilities and expertise will be available for diagnosis, counselling, drug management and invasive therapy. in this article the authors describe the results achieved at one such unit, over a one-year period, for a group of 34 craniofacial pain sufferers. at the end of the year 30 patients reported total or partial relief from th ...	1996	2639826
cyclic nucleotides and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase during development of polysphondylium violaceum.		1996	228950
20 years experience in chemotherapy of choriocarcinoma and malignant mole.		1996	228913
[small cell anaplastic lung cancer--clinical features and therapy].		1996	173943
psychophysiological reactions as a function of life stress and behavioral rigidity.	studies have shown that vulnerability to disease is a function of psychosocial factors. this study hypothesized that disease onset is antedated by life changes and is influenced by the individual's "behavioral rigidity." the subjects were 160 female college students from three undergraduate general elective courses. an index of life change (lci) was administered to each subject, presenting descriptions of important pressures and conflicts, with instruction that she indicate which ones she had pe ...	1996	177772
barriers to research in psychiatric-mental health nursing: implications for preparing the nurse researcher.		1996	177768
an improved method for the extraction of endogenous platelet serotonin.	investigations of blood platelet serotonin content, turnover, metabolism, and secretion require sensitive methods for accurate measurement of the amine. the present study has sought a simple, efficient procedure for extracting total platelet serotonin which could also be used for analysis of other platelet chemical constituents. znso4 precipitation, the standard technique for extracting 5-ht, failed to recover total platelet serotonin despite physical and chemical manipulations to improve its av ...	1996	173765
accumulation of some secretory enzymes in venom glands of vipera palaestinae.	secretion of venom in the venom glands of vipera palaestinae was studied by measuring the protein content and enzymatic activities of l-amino acid oxidase (lao), phosphodiesterase (pde), and benzoylarginine ethyl esterase (baee). these were tested in the accumulating venom and gland homogenates at 0, 2, 3, 4,6, and 15 days after an intitial emptying of the venom glands by milking. changes in the total activities of the enzymes and in the protein concentration were found in the venom samples, but ...	1996	174447
ovarian tumours in childhood: a 27-year review.	twenty-five children treated for ovarian neoplasms at the royal hospital for sick children, yorkhill,glasgow, between 1947 and 1974 are reported. eight of the patients had malignant tumours and 17 benign. the patients with benign tumours were treated by either salpingo-oophorectomy or oophorectomy. the malignant cases were treated with either surgery alone or in combination with deep x-ray therapy and/or chemotherapy. two patients died of malignant teratoma, but the remaining 6 with malignant te ...	1996	178398
receptor-mediated control of cholesterol metabolism.		1996	174194
the subcellular distribution and regulation of platelet phosphoprotein phosphatase [proceedings].		1996	229016
cell harvesting by cross-flow microfiltration using a shear-enhanced module.	protein, produced by a bacterial culture of recombinant vibrio cholerae, was separated from cells in a fermentation broth by cross-flow microfiltration. a new, mechanically agitated (rotational) shear filter, the dmf(tm) filter from pall, was used to perform the separation. higher protein recovery and permeate flux than commonly obtained during cell harvesting were demonstrated using sixfold concentration followed by twofold diafiltration. the transmembrane pressure only increased by 10 kpa when ...	1996	18629909
septicemia caused by a non-01 vibrio cholerae.		1996	17372457
genetic detoxification of bacterial toxins.	several pathogens, such as corynebacterium diphtheriae, clostridium tetani, bordetella pertussis, vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic escherichia co1i (1), and even some emerging pathogens, such as helicobacter pylori (2), produce potent toxins that are responsible for the pathology caused by the bacterium. in most cases the disease, and often even the infection, can be prevented by a vaccine that induces immunity against the toxin. in order to be used in vaccines, the dangerous toxins need to be d ...	1996	21359697
medical microbiology	bacteria are classified and identified to distinguish one organism from another and to group similar organisms by criteria of interest to microbiologists or other scientists. the most important level of this type of classification is the species level. a species name should mean the same thing to everyone. within one species, strains and subgroups can differ by the disease they produce, their environmental habitat, a ...	1996	21413329
medical microbiology	vibrios are highly motile, gram-negative, curved or comma-shaped rods with a single polar flagellum. of the vibrios that are clinically significant to humans, vibrio cholerae o group 1, the agent of cholera, is the most important. vibrio cholerae was first isolated in pure culture by robert koch in 1883, although it had been seen by other investigators, including pacini, who is credited with describing it first i ...	1996	21413330
medical microbiology	all bacteria, both pathogenic and saprophytic, are unicellular organisms that reproduce by binary fission. most bacteria are capable of independent metabolic existence and growth, but species of chlamydia and rickettsia are obligately intracellular organisms. bacterial cells are extremely small and are most conveniently measured in microns (10-6 m). they range in size from large cells such as ...	1996	21413343
effects of temperature and salinity on survival of toxigenicvibrio cholerae o1 in seawater.	in 1991 and 1992, the latin american epidemic strain of vibrio cholerae o1 was isolated from ballast water, bilge water, and sewage taken from cargo ships docked in mobile bay, alabama. the findings raised questions regarding the organism's ability to survive long-term aboard ships and to withstand the exchange of ballast at sea. the effects of temperature (6, 18, and 30°c) and salinity (8, 16, and 32 ppt) on survival of v. cholerae o1 strains c6706 and c6707 and a ballast water isolate in steri ...	1996	24185740
viable but non-culturable vibrio cholerae o1 revert to a cultivable state in the human intestine.	vibrio cholerae o1 can enter a state in which they remain viable but are non-culturable. presumably, such bacteria can be pathogenic if they retain the capacity to proliferate in the human intestine following ingestion. two groups of volunteeers were given inocula containing viable but non-culturable v. cholerae o1 of the attenuated vaccine strain cvd 101 (viable cvd 101 organisms readily colonize the human intestine). volunteers in one of the two groups excreted viable cvd 101, demonstrating th ...	1996	24415083
diversity of dna sequences among vibrio cholerae o1 and non-o1 isolates detected by whole-cell repetitive element sequence-based polymerase chain reaction.	vibrio cholerae strains isolated from patient, food and environmental sources in taiwan and reference v. cholerae strains were examined by repetitive element sequence-based pcr (rep-pcr). specimens from broth cultures were used directly in the pcr mixture with three different primers. the pcr fingerprinting profiles of toxigenic 01 isolates were not only homogeneous with primers from enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric) sequences, but also allowed the differentiation from non-t ...	1997	12455897
scientific achievements of the centre, 1991-1995, in research on child survival.	as a dissemination strategy in its outreach program, the icddr,b: center for health and population research presented the output of important studies with an introductory narrative on those studies. the first volume came out in 1991, covering important studies conducted over the period 1979-90. the second and most recent volume covers the studies conducted during 1991-95. important research findings of the center over the latter period are described and discussed. on average, 86 papers were ...	1997	12348202
cholera in north brazil: on the occurrence of strains of vibrio cholerae o1 which fail to ferment sucrose during routine plating on thiosulphate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar (tcbs). a new problem in diagnosis and control?	the occurrence is recorded from a biochemical strain variant of vibrio cholerae o1 originating from the municipality of oiapoque, amapá state, north brazil and responsible for an epidemic outbreak of cholera in that region in august, 1994. the principal characteristic of the strain is its incapacity of break down sucrose on t.c.b.s. agar plates, and its delayed utilization of that sugar only after 48 hs. when cultivated in liquid medium. the strain spread rapidly in north brazil, becoming respon ...	1997	10932723
epidemiological study of an outbreak of cholera in delhi cantonment.	an epidemiological study was undertaken to investigate an outbreak of cholera in delhi cantonment during may 1991. the study design was a hybrid design using a retrospective case-control method superimposed on a population based cross-sectional approach. a total of 9 cases of cholera, confirmed in the laboratory as vibrio cholerae, 0-1, eltor, ogawa were identified using population based survey and compared with 33 controls from the same source population. the overall incidence rate was 0.71% an ...	1997	9988980
microbiological status of live eel and processed fish products for export to japan.	live eels and processed fish products from malaysia are routinely checked for microbial pathogens before export to japan. the eels and water from the ponds are screened for vibrio cholerae and salmonella spp, whereas the processed fish products are tested for microbial contamination (aerobic plate count), coliforms, e. coil and vibrio cholerae. results showed that live eels and water samples were negative for vibrio cholerae but salmonella spp were isolated occasionally. various types of process ...	1997	9656354
[survival of vibrio cholerae non-o1 in freshwater river].	the survival of vibrio cholerae non-o1 was investigated in sterile and untreated river water. the essential nutrients for growth of the organism were also investigated using a compound medium. v. cholerae non-o1 was shown to increase in autoclaved sterile river water, but did not increase in filtrated river water, and starting with an initial number of 10(6) cfu/ml organism, the organism could not be isolated from untreated river water after day 10. the growth or survival of the organism was als ...	1997	9391312
production of vibrio cholerae accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace) in the yeast pichia pastoris.	accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace) is a recently identified toxin of vibrio cholerae. preliminary studies using crude toxin extracts in animal models indicate that ace increases transcellular ion transport, which is proposed to contribute to diarrhea in cholera. the lack of purified toxin has hindered elucidation of the mechanism of action of ace. in this study, ace was cloned and was expressed in and secreted by the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. secreted toxin constituted 50% of the to ...	1997	9393786
[distribution of serogroups of vibrio cholerae non-o1 non-o139 with specific reference to their ability to produce cholera toxin, and addition of novel serogroups].	a total of 1898 strains of vibrio cholerae non-o1 non-o139, which had been collected worldwide for the past 3 year period of 1994-1996, were serogrouped. the strains were also examined for presence of cholera toxin (ct) gene (ctx) and nag-st gene, and strains which carried to ctx were further analyzed for their ability to produce ct. in addition, attempts were made to establish novel serogroups for those serologically untypable strains. of those examined, 1,774 strains of v. cholerae non-o1 non- ...	1997	9394556
structural analysis of the o-antigenic polysaccharide from vibrio cholerae o10.	the structure of the o-antigenic polysaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharide isolated from vibrio cholerae o10 has been determined. the main method used has been 1h- and 13c-nmr spectroscopy. sugar and methylation analyses were also applied to the polysaccharide. the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the polysaccharide was found to have the following structure: -->3)-alpha-d-manpnac-(1-->4)-beta-d-glcpa-(1-->3)-beta-d-ga lp-(1-->3)-beta-d-glcpnac-(1-->.	1997	9395323
microbiological screening of indian medicinal plants with special reference to enteropathogens.	the world health organisation (who) has recommended that all member states actively promote native medicines in their country. ten indian medicinal plants were screened for antibacterial activity specific to enteropathogens. diffusion and dilution methods were used to measure the antibacterial activity. allium sativum, camellia sinensis, and chamaesyce hirta showed higher activity when compared to the rest. they had a minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) of < 100 micrograms/ml and gave inhib ...	1997	9395690
unique organization of the ctx genetic element in vibrio cholerae o139 strains which reemerged in calcutta, india, in september 1996.	we studied the restriction fragment length polymorphism of the rrna gene and ctx genetic element in vibrio cholerae o139 bengal, which resurged in calcutta in september 1996 after a gap of 32 months. while the strains from this resurgence were indistinguishable from the earlier strains by ribotyping, the structure of the ctx genetic element present in the current o139 strains was found to be unconventional.	1997	9399556
pcr-based detection of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal with sequences encoding glycosyltransferases.		1997	9399563
immobilization of reducing sugars as toxin binding agents.	a simple and economical procedure for the attachment of reducing sugars to aminated solid supports has been developed. reaction of the amino groups on the solid support with p-nitrophenyl chloroformate, followed by 1,6-hexanediamine, yields a chain-extended amine to which reducing sugars can be attached while remaining accessible to macromolecules. immobilization of the reducing sugars involves a simple incubation followed by trapping of the resulting glycosylamine with acetic anhydride and reco ...	1997	9258442
cholera in 1996.	in 1996, vibrio cholerae o1 biotype e1 tor continued to occur in all regions of the world (map 1). the decrease in the number of cases observed since 1994 continued in 1996, with a total of 143 349 cases and 6689 deaths officially reported to who. the decrease in the number of cases is not reflected in the global case-fatality rate (cfr), which increased to 4.7% compared with 2.4% in 1995. the number of countries reporting cholera to who decreased from 78 in 1995 to 71 in 1996 (table 1 and figs. ...	1997	9260522
molecular cloning and functional analysis of an rpos homologue gene from vibrio cholerae n86.	a homologue of the rpos gene of escherichia coli was cloned from vibrio cholerae n86 by complementation of the phenotypes of the e. coli rpos mutant strain. we determined the dna sequence of this gene. sequence alignments have indicated that the rpos gene of v. cholerae n86 encoding a 39-kda protein is very similar to that of e. coli. in addition, the nlpd-like gene was found in the upstream region of the rpos gene in the same order as in e. coli. these results suggest that the organization of t ...	1997	9265738
tissue-specific heterogeneity in alpha-dystroglycan sialoglycosylation. skeletal muscle alpha-dystroglycan is a latent receptor for vicia villosa agglutinin b4 masked by sialic acid modification.	because the polypeptide core of alpha-dystroglycan is encoded by a single gene, the difference in apparent molecular mass between alpha-dystroglycans expressed in various tissues is presumably due to differential glycosylation. however, little is presently known about the tissue-specific differences in alpha-dystroglycan glycosylation and whether these modifications may confer functional variability to alpha-dystroglycan. we recently observed that laminin-1 binding to skeletal muscle alpha-dystr ...	1997	9268382
cholera.		1997	9269227
antibiotic-resistant vibrio cholerae in parangipettai coastal environs, south east india.	this study was undertaken to determine the comparative incidence of drug-resistant vibrio cholerae non-01 in the environmental samples (water, sediment, and plankton) and in the seafood samples (finfish, shellfish, and crustacean) of estuarine, coastal, and mangrove communities. a total of 770 v. cholerae isolates were examined--all of the strains were sensitive to 100% against cephalothin (30 mcg), chloramphenical (30 mcg), and polymyxin-b (300 mcg). however, all of the strains isolated form en ...	1997	9270997
inhibition of in vitro growth of enteropathogens by new lactobacillus isolates of human intestinal origin.	three human lactobacillus strains, coded b21060, b21070 and b21190, have recently been isolated. the strains show a series of features (acid and bile resistance, adhesion to various types of mucosal cell) which make them particularly promising for the preparation of probiotic products. in the present study, the ability of the strains to inhibit the growth of pathogens in coculture was investigated. lactobacilli were incubated simultaneously or after one overnight growth with enterotoxigenic esch ...	1997	9271875
rearrangements in the genomes of vibrio cholerae strains belonging to different serovars and biovars.	the intron-encoded enzyme i-ceui provides an excellent tool for rapidly examining the organization of genomes of related species of bacteria. vibrio cholerae strains belonging to serovars o1 and o139 have 9 i-ceui sites in their genomes, and v. cholerae strains belonging to serovars non-o1 and non-o139 have 10 i-ceui sites in their genomes. this information can be used as a criterion to differentiate o1 strains from non-o1 and non-o139 strains. to our knowledge, intraspecies variation in the num ...	1997	9272984