Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| relationships between captive chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) welfare and voluntary participation in behavioural studies. | voluntary participation in behavioural studies offers several scientific, management, and welfare benefits to non-human primates (nhps). aside from the scientific benefit of increased understanding of nhp cognition, sociality, and behaviour derived from noninvasive behavioural studies, participation itself has the potential to provide functional simulations of natural behaviours, enrichment opportunities, and increased control over the captive environment, all of which enhance welfare. despite a ... | 2019 | 31244501 |
| maternal influence on the development of nut-cracking skills in the chimpanzees of the taï forest, côte d'ivoire (pan troglodytes verus). | chimpanzees' (pan troglodytes) nut-cracking behavior represents one of the most complex forms of tool-use known among nonhuman animals. given the close phylogenetic relationship between these apes and humans, investigating how such complex behavior develops in immatures can reveal the evolutionary roots of the cognitive processes that enabled the evolution of outstanding technological skills in our lineage. in this study, we investigated whether maternal behavior directly enhanced nut-cracking s ... | 2019 | 31209909 |
| spontaneous attention and psycho-physiological responses to others' injury in chimpanzees. | previous studies have shown that humans experience negative emotions when seeing contextual cues of others' pain, such as injury (i.e., empathic pain), even without observing behavioral expressions of distress. however, this phenomenon has not been examined in nonhuman primates. we tested six chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) to experimentally examine their reactions to others' injury. first, we measured viewing responses using eye-tracking. chimpanzees spontaneously attended to injured conspecifics ... | 2019 | 31183591 |
| wild chimpanzees deprived a leopard of its kill: implications for the origin of hominin confrontational scavenging. | this study reports the first observed case of wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) obtaining animal prey freshly killed by a sympatric leopard (panthera pardus) and scavenging it with the leopard still nearby. this observation has important implications for the emergence of confrontational scavenging, which may have played a significant role in human evolution. many scholars agree that eating meat became important during human evolution, and hominins first obtained meat by scavenging. however, it ... | 2019 | 31182198 |
| cultural variation between neighbouring communities of chimpanzees at gombe, tanzania. | comparative animal studies have revealed the existence of inter-group differences in socially learned behaviours - so-called cultural variations. however, most research has drawn on geographically and thus environmentally separated populations, rendering it difficult to exclude genetic or ecological influences. to circumvent this problem, the behaviour of neighbouring groups from the same population can be juxtaposed - an approach which in wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) has revealed cultural ... | 2019 | 31164683 |
| crab-fishing by chimpanzees in the nimba mountains, guinea. | the significance of aquatic food resources for hominins is poorly understood, despite evidence of consumption as early as 1.95 million years ago (ma). here we present the first evidence of a non-human ape habitually catching and consuming aquatic crabs. chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) in the rainforest of the nimba mountains (guinea) consumed freshwater crabs year-round, irrespective of rainfall or ripe fruit availability. parties of females and offspring fished for crabs more than predicted ... | 2019 | 31151662 |
| cardiac structure and function characterized across age groups and between sexes in healthy wild-born captive chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) living in sanctuaries. | to comprehensively characterize cardiac structure and function, from infancy to adulthood, in male and female wild-born captive chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) living in sanctuaries. | 2019 | 31140849 |
| short and long-term temporal consistency of hand preference in sanctuary chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) for unimanual and bimanual coordinated tasks. | longitudinal research on manual preferences in humans and non-human primates has mainly been conducted from a developmental perspective, with only a few studies exploring long-term stability of this trait during adulthood. therefore, we investigated short-term (1 year) and long-term (10 and 11 years) consistency of hand preference in a naturalistic group of 19 juvenile and adult chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) by using two experimental tasks, one unimanual (simple reaching) and one bimanual (tube ... | 2019 | 31374226 |
| travel linearity and speed of human foragers and chimpanzees during their daily search for food in tropical rainforests. | to understand the evolutionary roots of human spatial cognition, researchers have compared spatial abilities of humans and one of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). however, how humans and chimpanzees compare in solving spatial tasks during real-world foraging is unclear to date, as measuring such spatial abilities in natural habitats is challenging. here we compared spatial movement patterns of the mbendjele bayaka people and the taï chimpanzees during their daily s ... | 2019 | 31363113 |
| opportunistic feeding strategy in wild immature chimpanzees: implications for children as active foragers in human evolution. | modern human (homo sapiens) children are generally considered to be dependent on older individuals for foods, even after weaning. however, recent studies of hunter-gatherer societies have reported that children can also acquire food by themselves, although the degree of self-provisioning by children differs among groups and is considered a facultative adaptation. to investigate the dependence of children on older individuals for food and the importance of self-provisioning in early hominins, i e ... | 2019 | 31358176 |
| the development of communication in alarm contexts in wild chimpanzees. | animals have evolved a range of communicative behaviours in the presence of danger. although the mechanisms and functions of some of these behaviours have been relatively well researched, comparatively little is known about their ontogeny, including how animals learn to inform social partners about impending danger. in adult chimpanzees, behaviours in response to dangers involve several channels, particularly alarm calls and simultaneous gaze alternations with nearby recipients. gaze alternation ... | 2019 | 31346303 |
| chimpanzees flexibly update working memory contents and show susceptibility to distraction in the self-ordered search task. | working memory (wm) is a core executive function that allows individuals to hold, process and manipulate information. wm capacity has been repeatedly nominated as a key factor in human cognitive evolution; nevertheless, little is known about the wm abilities of our closest primate relatives. in this study, we examined signatures of wm ability in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). standard wm tasks for humans (homo sapiens) often require participants to continuously update their wm. in experiment 1, ... | 2019 | 31337315 |
| exploring interactions between blastocystis sp., strongyloides spp. and the gut microbiomes of wild chimpanzees in senegal. | gut parasites exert an important influence on the gut microbiome, with many studies focusing on the human gut microbiome. it has, however, undergone severe richness depletion. hygienic lifestyle, antimicrobial treatments and altered gut homeostasis (e.g., chronic inflammation) reduce gut microbiome richness and also parasite prevalence; which may confound results. studying species closely related to humans could help overcome this problem by providing insights into the ancestral relationship bet ... | 2019 | 31442596 |
| further evidence of a left hemisphere specialization and genetic basis for tool use skill in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes): reproducibility in two genetically isolated populations of apes. | it has been hypothesized that the evolution of tool use may have served as a preadaptation for the emergence of left hemispheric specialization in motor skill in humans. here, we tested for intermanual differences in performance on a tool use task in a sample of 206 captive chimpanzees in relation to their sex, age, and hand preference. in addition, we examined heritability in tool use skill for the entire sample, as well as within 2 genetically isolated populations of captive chimpanzees. this ... | 2019 | 31246047 |
| chimpanzees rarely settle on consistent patterns of play in the hawk dove, assurance, and prisoner's dilemma games, in a token exchange task. | games derived from experimental economics can be used to directly compare decision-making behavior across primate species, including humans. for example, the use of coordination games, such as the assurance game, has shown that a variety of primate species can coordinate; however, the mechanism by which they do so appears to differ across species. recently, these games have been extended to explore anti-coordination and cooperation in monkeys, with evidence that they play the nash equilibria in ... | 2019 | 31245532 |
| oral microbiome diversity in chimpanzees from gombe national park. | historic calcified dental plaque (dental calculus) can provide a unique perspective into the health status of past human populations but currently no studies have focused on the oral microbial ecosystem of other primates, including our closest relatives, within the hominids. here we use ancient dna extraction methods, shotgun library preparation, and next generation illumina sequencing to examine oral microbiota from 19 dental calculus samples recovered from wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes sch ... | 2019 | 31758037 |
| cross-species validation of human specific str system, sureid® 21g and sureid® 23comp (health gene technologies) in chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). | the human specific commercially available strs system are often not tested in non human primates for their cross applicability. the aim of this study is to test cross-species validation of two commercially available human specific str kits i.e. sureid® 21g and sureid® 23comp (health gene technologies) for their positive application in chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). | 2019 | 31744541 |
| a modern approach to minimally invasive surgery and laparoscopic sterilization in a chimpanzee. | we present the case of ruby, a 21-year-old hand-reared chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) who had an obstetric history significant for a premature stillborn infant that was conceived while on oral contraceptive pills, followed by a full term healthy delivery complicated by neonatal demise attributed to inappropriate maternal care. she was recommended for permanent sterilization due to her history of conception while on oral contraceptives. she underwent uncomplicated laparoscopic bilateral tubal ligat ... | 2019 | 31662944 |
| towards systematic and evidence-based conservation planning for western chimpanzees. | as animal populations continue to decline, frequently driven by large-scale land-use change, there is a critical need for improved environmental planning. while data-driven spatial planning is widely applied in conservation, as of yet it is rarely used for primates. the western chimpanzee (pan troglodytes verus) declined by 80% within 24 years and was uplisted to critically endangered by the iucn red list of threatened species in 2016. to support conservation planning for western chimpanzees, we ... | 2019 | 31468565 |
| basicranial ontogeny comparison in pan troglodytes and homo sapiens and its use for developmental stage definition of knm-er 42700. | this study aims to develop a comparative basis for assessing the developmental stage of knm-er 42700 based on the ontogenetic pattern of the ectocranial surface of the basicranium in modern humans and chimpanzees. | 2019 | 31633198 |
| novel y-chromosome long non-coding rnas expressed in human male cns during early development. | global microarray gene expression analyses previously demonstrated differences in female and male embryos during neurodevelopment. in particular, before sexual maturation of the gonads, the differences seem to concentrate on the expression of genes encoded on the x- and y-chromosomes. to investigate genome-wide differences in expression during this early developmental window, we combined high-resolution rna sequencing with qpcr to analyze brain samples from human embryos during the first trimest ... | 2019 | 31608120 |
| the cochlea of the sima de los huesos hominins (sierra de atapuerca, spain): new insights into cochlear evolution in the genus homo. | the cochlea contains taxonomic and phylogenetic information and its morphology is related with hearing abilities among fossil hominins. data for the genus homo is presently limited to early homo and the early neandertals from krapina. the present study of the middle pleistocene hominins from the sima de los huesos (sh) provides new evidence on cochlear evolution in the genus homo. we compared the absolute length, proportional lengths of each turn, number of turns, size and shape of the cross-sec ... | 2019 | 31569005 |
| social relationships and greetings in wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes): use of signal combinations. | signals of submission, so-called 'greetings', represent an important tool for the regulation of social life in primates. in chimpanzees, vocalizations and gestures are commonly employed to communicate greetings, however, the topic of signal complexity (i.e., combinations of signals) during greeting instances has been neglected by research to date. here, we investigate combinatorial possibilities in vocal greetings in a free-ranging group of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and study how greeter sex ... | 2019 | 31552566 |
| chimpanzees use observed temporal directionality to learn novel causal relations. | we investigated whether chimpanzees use the temporal sequence of external events to determine causation. seventeen chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) witnessed a human experimenter press a button in two different conditions. when she pressed the "causal button" the delivery of juice and a sound immediately followed (cause-then-effect). in contrast, she pressed the "non-causal button" only after the delivery of juice and sound (effect-then-cause). when given the opportunity to produce the desired juic ... | 2019 | 31549268 |
| how chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) share the spoils with collaborators and bystanders. | chimpanzees hunt cooperatively in the wild, but the factors influencing food sharing after the hunt are not well understood. in an experimental study, groups of three captive chimpanzees obtained a monopolizable food resource, either via two individuals cooperating (with the third as bystander) or via one individual acting alone alongside two bystanders. the individual that obtained the resource first retained most of the food but the other two individuals attempted to obtain food from the "capt ... | 2019 | 31545837 |
| density and distribution of western chimpanzees around a bauxite deposit in the boé sector, guinea-bissau. | the boé sector in southeast guinea-bissau harbors a population of western chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) that inhabits a mosaic of forest and savanna. the boé sector contains a substantial bauxite deposit in a region called ronde hill, and there are plans for the construction of a mine, which may endanger the chimpanzee population. in 1-week survey in may 2013, we used the standing crop nest counts method to obtain the number of chimpanzee nests and from that estimate the density and abunda ... | 2019 | 31520454 |
| observational data reveal evidence and parameters of contagious yawning in the behavioral repertoire of captive-reared chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | there is robust experimental evidence for contagious yawning, yet observational studies of naturalistic behavior have been fewer. without data from real-world behavior, researchers have questioned the existence of contagious yawning and made assumptions about some parameters (e.g., the duration of the effect). we observed contagious yawning in chimpanzees to confirm/disconfirm its existence in the behavioral repertoire of this species, and if present, provide some of the missing descriptives. we ... | 2019 | 31519942 |
| empirical selection between least-cost and current-flow designs for establishing wildlife corridors in gabon. | corridors are intended to increase species survival by abating landscape fragmentation resulting from the conversion of natural habitats into human-dominated matrices. conservation scientists often rely on 1 type of corridor model, typically the least-cost model or current-flow model, to construct a linkage design, and their choice is not usually based on theory or empirical evidence. we developed a method to empirically confirm whether corridors produced by these 2 models are used by target spe ... | 2019 | 30022531 |
| chimpanzees use tree species with a resonant timbre for accumulative stone throwing. | animals use tools for communication relatively rarely compared to tool use for extractive foraging. we investigated the tool-use behaviour accumulative stone throwing (ast) in wild chimpanzees, who regularly throw rocks at trees, producing impact sounds and resulting in the aggregations of rocks. the function of ast remains unknown but appears to be communication-related. we conducted field experiments to test whether impact sounds produced by throwing rocks at trees varied according to the tree ... | 2019 | 31847748 |
| 3d shape analyses of extant primate and fossil hominin vertebrae support the ancestral shape hypothesis for intervertebral disc herniation. | recently we proposed an evolutionary explanation for a spinal pathology that afflicts many people, intervertebral disc herniation (plomp et al. [2015] bmc evolutionary biology 15, 68). using 2d data, we found that the bodies and pedicles of lower vertebrae of pathological humans were more similar in shape to those of chimpanzees than were those of healthy humans. based on this, we hypothesized that some individuals are more prone to intervertebral disc herniation because their vertebrae exhibit ... | 2019 | 31842740 |
| differences in mhc-b diversity and kir epitopes in two populations of wild chimpanzees. | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i genes play a critical role within the immune system, both by the presentation of antigens from intracellular pathogens to immunocompetent cells and by the interaction with killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (kir) on natural killer cells (nk cells). genes of the mhc are highly diverse, and mhc variation can have effects on the immune functionality of individuals; hence, comparisons of mhc diversity among closely related phylogenetic taxa m ... | 2019 | 31797008 |
| potential adaptations for bipedalism in the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae of homo sapiens: a 3d comparative analysis. | a number of putative adaptations for bipedalism have been identified in the hominin spine. however, it is possible that some have been overlooked because only a few studies have used 3d and these studies have focused on cervical vertebrae. with this in mind, we used geometric morphometric techniques to compare the 3d shapes of three thoracic and two lumbar vertebrae of homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo pygmaeus. the study had two goals. one was to confirm the existence of ... | 2019 | 31711026 |
| faster growth corresponds with shallower linear hypoplastic defects in great ape canines. | deeper or more 'severe' linear enamel hypoplasia (leh) defects are hypothesized to reflect more severe stress during development, but it is not yet clear how depth is influenced by intrinsic enamel growth patterns. recent work documented inter- and intraspecific differences in leh defect depth in extant great apes, with mountain gorillas having shallower defects than other taxa, and females having deeper defects than males. here, we assess the correspondence of inter- and intraspecific defect de ... | 2019 | 31704354 |
| three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the distal radius insertion sites of the palmar radiocarpal ligaments in hominoid primates. | to identify anatomic differences in the insertion sites of the palmar radiocarpal ligaments in different species of hominoid primates that may be related to their different types of locomotion. | 2019 | 31215639 |
| a mathematical landmark-based method for measuring worn molars in hominoid systematics. | worn teeth pose a major limitation to researchers in the fields of extinct and extant hominoid systematics because they lack clearly identifiable anatomical landmarks needed to take measurements on the crown enamel surface and are typically discarded from a study. this is particularly detrimental when sample sizes for some groups are already characteristically low, if there is an imbalance between samples representing populations, sexes or dietary strategies, or if the worn teeth in question are ... | 2019 | 31198638 |
| first metatarsal trabecular bone structure in extant hominoids and swartkrans hominins. | changes in first metatarsal (mt1) morphology within the hominin clade are crucial for reconstructing the evolution of a forefoot adapted for human-like gait. studies of the external morphology of the mt1 in humans, non-human apes, and fossil hominins have documented changes in its robusticity, epiphyseal shape and its articulation with the medial cuneiform. here, we test whether trabecular structure in the mt1 reflects different loading patterns in the forefoot across extant large apes and human ... | 2019 | 31182196 |
| metacarpal trabecular bone varies with distinct hand-positions used in hominid locomotion. | trabecular bone remodels during life in response to loading and thus should, at least in part, reflect potential variation in the magnitude, frequency and direction of joint loading across different hominid species. here we analyse the trabecular structure across all non-pollical metacarpal distal heads (mc2-5) in extant great apes, expanding on previous volume of interest and whole-epiphysis analyses that have largely focused on only the first or third metacarpal. specifically, we employ both a ... | 2019 | 31099419 |
| comparative chemical analysis of body odor in great apes. | olfaction is important across the animal kingdom for transferring information on, for example, species, sex, group membership, or reproductive parameters. its relevance has been established in primates including humans, yet research on great apes still is fragmentary. observational evidence indicates that great apes use their sense of smell in various contexts, but the information content of their body odor has not been analyzed. our aim was therefore to compare the chemical composition of body ... | 2019 | 31094019 |
| the distribution of plant consumption traits across habitat types and the patterns of fruit availability suggest a mechanism of coexistence of two sympatric frugivorous mammals. | understanding the mechanisms governing the coexistence of organisms is an important question in ecology, and providing potential solutions contributes to conservation science. in this study, we evaluated the contribution of several mechanisms to the coexistence of two sympatric frugivores, using western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and central chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in a tropical rainforest of southeast cameroon as a model system. we collected great ape fecal sam ... | 2019 | 31031921 |
| genomic analyses of bifidobacterium moukalabense reveal adaptations to frugivore/folivore feeding behavior. | despite the essential role of bifidobacterium in health-promoting gut bacteria in humans, little is known about their functions in wild animals, especially non-human primates. it is difficult to determine in vivo the function of bifidobacterium in wild animals due to the limited accessibility of studying target animals in natural conditions. however, the genomic characteristics of bifidobacterium obtained from the feces of wild animals can provide insight into their functionality in the gut. her ... | 2019 | 30987363 |
| novelty response of wild african apes to camera traps. | temperament and personality research in humans and nonhuman animals measures behavioral variation in individual, population, or species-specific traits with implications for survival and fitness, such as social status, foraging, and mating success [1-5]. curiosity and risk-taking tendencies have been studied extensively across taxa by measuring boldness and exploration responses to experimental novelty exposure [3, 4, 6-15]. here, we conduct a natural field experiment using wildlife monitoring t ... | 2019 | 30880013 |
| trabecular architecture of the great ape and human femoral head. | studies of femoral trabecular structure have shown that the orientation and volume of bone are associated with variation in loading and could be informative about individual joint positioning during locomotion. in this study, we analyse for the first time trabecular bone patterns throughout the femoral head using a whole-epiphysis approach to investigate how potential trabecular variation in humans and great apes relates to differences in locomotor modes. trabecular architecture was analysed usi ... | 2019 | 30793309 |
| hardly habitual: chimpanzees and gorillas show flexibility in their motor responses when presented with a causally-clear task. | in contrast to reports of wild primates, studies of captive primates' flexibility often reveal conservatism: individuals are unable to switch to new and more efficient strategies when task demands change. we propose that such conservatism might be a result of task design and hypothesize that conservatism might be linked to primates' lack of causal understanding in relation to experimental apparatuses. we investigated if chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla ... | 2019 | 30643700 |
| humeral anatomy of the knm-er 47000 upper limb skeleton from ileret, kenya: implications for taxonomic identification. | knm-er 47000 is a fossil hominin upper limb skeleton from the koobi fora formation, kenya (fwjj14e, area 1a) that includes portions of the scapula, humerus, ulna, and hand. dated to ∼1.52 ma, the skeleton could potentially belong to one of multiple hominin species that have been documented in the turkana basin during this time, including homo habilis, homo erectus, and paranthropus boisei. although the skeleton lacks associated craniodental material, the partial humerus (described here) preserve ... | 2019 | 30583842 |
| evolutionary divergence of neuroanatomical organization and related genes in chimpanzees and bonobos. | given their close genetic relatedness to humans, bonobos (pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) offer an essential comparative framework for studying the evolution of uniquely human traits. these two species differ markedly in their socio-behavioral repertoires, which is reflected in neuroanatomical differences that have been reported in the literature. however, phylogenetic comparative methods have not yet been used to map the evolution of neuroanatomical traits in bonobos and chimpan ... | 2019 | 31422793 |
| response to garcia and dunn. | garcia and dunn [1] raise some interesting and valuable points regarding our recent paper in current biology[2]. as garcia and dunn [1] point out, cross-species variation in vocal and anatomical relations allows for the identification of relevant outliers from the body size - fundamental frequency (f0) regression. however, this depends on the premise that the chosen or available f0 and body size values are typical of the species. a motivation for our study [2] was in part to improve the accuracy ... | 2019 | 31386846 |
| bargaining in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes): the effect of cost, amount of gift, reciprocity, and communication. | humans routinely incur costs when allocating resources and reject distributions judged to be below/over an expected threshold. the dictator/ultimatum games (dg/ug) are two-player games that quantify prosociality and inequity aversion by measuring allocated distributions and rejection thresholds. although the ug has been administered to chimpanzees and bonobos, no study has used both games to pinpoint their motivational substrate. we administered a dg/ug using preassigned distributions to four ch ... | 2019 | 31246048 |
| heterochrony in chimpanzee and bonobo spatial memory development. | the emergence of human-unique cognitive abilities has been linked to our species' extended juvenile period. comparisons of cognitive development across species can provide new insights into the evolutionary mechanisms shaping cognition. this study examined the development of different components of spatial memory, cognitive mechanisms that support complex foraging, by comparing two species with similar life history that vary in wild ecology: bonobos (pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (pan troglodyte ... | 2019 | 30973969 |
| new observations of meat eating and sharing in wild bonobos (pan paniscus) at iyema, lomako forest reserve, democratic republic of the congo. | bonobos (pan paniscus) consume a variety of vertebrates, although direct observations remain relatively rare compared to chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). we report the first direct observations of meat eating and sharing among bonobos at iyema, lomako forest, democratic republic of congo. we collected meat consumption data ad libitum from june to november 2017 over 176.5 observation hours and conducted monthly censuses to measure the abundance of potential prey species. we observed 3 occasions of ... | 2019 | 30889597 |
| genetic variation in pan species is shaped by demographic history and harbors lineage-specific functions. | chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and bonobos (pan paniscus) are the closest living relatives of humans, but the two species show distinct behavioral and physiological differences, particularly regarding female reproduction. despite their recent rapid decline, the demographic histories of the two species have been different during the past 1-2 myr, likely having an impact on their genomic diversity. here, we analyze the inferred functional consequences of genetic variation across 69 individuals, mak ... | 2019 | 30847478 |
| reduced bonobo mhc class i diversity predicts a reduced viral peptide binding ability compared to chimpanzees. | the highly polymorphic genes of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i are involved in defense against viruses and other intracellular pathogens. although several studies found reduced mhc class i diversity in bonobos in comparison to the closely related chimpanzee, it is unclear if this lower diversity also influences the functional ability of mhc class i molecules in bonobos. here, we use a bioinformatic approach to analyze the viral peptide binding ability of all published bonobo ... | 2019 | 30630404 |
| differences in novel food response between pongo and pan. | the diversity of great ape diets requires behavioral flexibility. consequently, the exploration of potentially novel food sources is supposedly beneficial, but simultaneously, apes show high neophobia to prevent harmful and poisonous food intake. social information, such as presence of group members or observations of non-naïve, experienced individuals have been demonstrated to affect the acceptance of novel food items in primates. sociality may have evolutionary effects on the response of apes ... | 2019 | 30604887 |
| influence of fruit availability on macronutrient and energy intake by female chimpanzees. | daily energy intake of adult female mammals is influenced by environmental conditions and physiological requirements, including reproduction. we examined the effects of fruit availability on macronutrient and metabolisable energy intake by adult female chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the kanyawara community in kibale national park, uganda from january 2014 through june 2015. drupe fruits were abundant for four months, whereas the other fourteen months were dominated by fig fruits ... | 2019 | 32863473 |
| competition, seed dispersal and hunting: what drives germination and seedling survival in an afrotropical forest? | disentangling the contributions of different processes that influence plant recruitment, such as competition and seed dispersal, is important given the increased human-mediated changes in tropical forest ecosystems. previous studies have shown that seedling communities in an afrotropical rainforest in southeastern nigeria are strongly affected by the loss of important seed-dispersing primates, including cross river gorillas (gorilla gorilla diehli), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes elioti) and drill ... | 2019 | 31024680 |
| refining the ecological brain: strong relation between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and feeding ecology in five primate species. | to survive in complex and seasonal environments, primates are thought to rely upon cognitive capacities such as decision-making and episodic memory, which enable them to plan their daily foraging path. according to the ecological brain hypothesis, feeding ecology has driven the expansion of the brain to support the corresponding development of cognitive skills. recent works in cognitive neurosciences indicate that cognitive operations such as decision-making or subjective evaluation (which are c ... | 2019 | 31030897 |
| freestanding bipedal posture and coordinated bimanual manipulation significantly influence lateralized hand use in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | investigations of behavioral lateralization in nonhuman primates yield important insights into brain-behavior relationships. in turn, they provide clues about both proximal and distal factors that shape the development and expression of association between motor asymmetries and underlying neural substrates. nonhuman primates afford unique comparative opportunities to evaluate potential routes for the evolution of handedness, as well as to uncover relationships between behavioral lateralization a ... | 2019 | 30372106 |
| differentiation of trichuris species using a morphometric approach. | trichuris trichiura is a nematode considered as the whipworm present in humans and primates. the systematics of the genus trichuris is complex. morphological studies of trichuris isolated from primates and humans conclude that the species infecting these hosts is the same. furthermore, numerous molecular studies have been carried out so far to discriminate parasite species from humans and non-human primates using molecular techniques, but these studies were not performed in combination with a pa ... | 2019 | 31194117 |
| detection of hepatitis e virus antibodies among cercopithecidae and hominidae monkeys in cameroon. | we screened hepatitis e from 15 species of non-human primates. anti-hev igg was detected in 11.1% (1/9) mandrillus sphinx, 14.3% (2/14) gorilla gorilla, 5.9% (4/67) pan troglodytes and 8.7% (2/23) mandrillus leucophaeus, whereas anti-hev igm was detected in 1.5% (1/18) papio anubis, 28.6% (2/7) cercocebus agilis and 1.5% (1/67) pan troglodyte. | 2019 | 31179536 |
| competence of non-human primates to transmit leishmania infantum to the invertebrate vector lutzomyia longipalpis. | leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide relevance. visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in brazil, where it is caused by leishmania infantum with lutzomyia longipalpis being the most important invertebrate vector. non-human primates are susceptible to l. infantum infection. however, little is known about the role of these species as reservoirs. the aim of this study was to evaluate the transmissibility potential of visceral leishmaniasis by non-human primates through xenodiagnosis using th ... | 2019 | 30995227 |
| monkeys (sapajus apella and macaca tonkeana) and great apes (gorilla gorilla, pongo abelii, pan paniscus, and pan troglodytes) play for the highest bid. | many studies investigate the decisions made by animals by focusing on their attitudes toward risk, that is, risk-seeking, risk neutrality, or risk aversion. however, little attention has been paid to the extent to which individuals understand the different odds of outcomes. in a previous gambling task involving 18 different lotteries (pelé, broihanne, thierry, call, & dufour, 2014), nonhuman primates used probabilities of gains and losses to make their decision. although the use of complex mathe ... | 2019 | 30589294 |
| behavioural patterns of vocal greeting production in four primate species. | social animals have evolved a range of signals to avoid aggressive and facilitate affiliative interactions. vocal behaviour is especially important in this respect with many species, including various primates, producing acoustically distinct 'greeting calls' when two individuals approach each other. while the ultimate function of greeting calls has been explored in several species, little effort has been made to understand the mechanisms of this behaviour across species. the aim of this study w ... | 2019 | 31183141 |
| diversity and temporal dynamics of primate milk microbiomes. | milk is inhabited by a community of bacteria and is one of the first postnatal sources of microbial exposure for mammalian young. bacteria in breast milk may enhance immune development, improve intestinal health, and stimulate the gut-brain axis for infants. variation in milk microbiome structure (e.g., operational taxonomic unit [otu] diversity, community composition) may lead to different infant developmental outcomes. milk microbiome structure may depend on evolutionary processes acting at th ... | 2019 | 31219214 |
| the body center of mass in primates: is it more caudal than in other quadrupedal mammals? | whole body center of mass (bcom) position values are lacking for a comparative sample of primates. therefore, it still remains unknown whether the bcom in primates is more posteriorly located than in other mammals. the aim of the present report is to provide data for a large sample of primate species and to compare the position of the bcom in primates to non-primate mammals. | 2019 | 30839107 |
| tropical rainforest flies carrying pathogens form stable associations with social nonhuman primates. | living in groups provides benefits but also incurs costs such as attracting disease vectors. for example, synanthropic flies associate with human settlements, and higher fly densities increase pathogen transmission. we investigated whether such associations also exist in highly mobile nonhuman primate (nhp) groups. we studied flies in a group of wild sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys atys) and three communities of wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) in taï national park, côte d'ivoire. we ob ... | 2019 | 31177585 |
| survey for hepatitis e virus infection in non-human primates in zoos in spain. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that has been detected in different animal species. a survey study was carried out to assess hev infection in non-human primates (nhps) housed in zoos in spain. anti-hev antibodies were detected in eight of the 181 nhps tested (4.4%; 95%ci: 1.4-7.4). at least one seropositive animal was detected in five of the 33 species sampled (15.2%). this is the first report of seropositivity in black-and-white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata), common ... | 2019 | 30959551 |
| chimpanzees ( pan troglodytes) are more averse to social than nonsocial risk. | social risk is a domain of risk in which the costs, benefits, and uncertainty of an action depend on the behavior of another individual. humans overvalue the costs of a socially risky decision when compared with that of purely economic risk. here, we played a trust game with 8 female captive chimpanzees ( pan troglodytes) to determine whether this bias exists in one of our closest living relatives. a correlation between an individual's social- and nonsocial-risk attitudes indicated stable indivi ... | 2019 | 30511893 |
| research and conservation in the greater gombe ecosystem: challenges and opportunities. | the study of chimpanzees in gombe national park, tanzania, started by jane goodall in 1960, provided pioneering accounts of chimpanzee behavior and ecology. with funding from multiple sources, including the jane goodall institute (jgi) and grants from private foundations and federal programs, the project has continued for sixty years, providing a wealth of information about our evolutionary cousins. these chimpanzees face two main challenges to their survival: infectious disease - including simi ... | 2020 | 33343005 |
| nhp-immunome: a translational research-oriented database of non-human primate immune system proteins. | we are currently living the advent of a new age for medicine in which basic research is being quickly translated into marketable drugs, and the widespread access to genomics data is allowing the design and implementation of personalized solutions to medical conditions. non-human primates (nhp) have gained an essential role in drug discovery and safety testing due to their close phylogenetic relationship to humans. in this study, a collection of well characterized genes of the human immune system ... | 2020 | 31733823 |
| corpse-directed play parenting by a sterile adult female chimpanzee. | the study of representational play in nonhuman primates, including chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), provides interspecific perspectives on human cognitive development and evolution. a notable form of representational play in chimpanzees is play parenting, wherein parental behavior is directed at inanimate objects. though observed in captivity, unambiguous examples of play parenting by wild chimpanzees are rare. here, we report two cases from ngogo in kibale national park, uganda, in which a wild a ... | 2020 | 31270639 |
| geographically structured genomic diversity of non-human primate-infecting treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue. | many non-human primate species in sub-saharan africa are infected with treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue, the bacterium causing yaws in humans. in humans, yaws is often characterized by lesions of the extremities and face, while t. pallidum subsp. pallidum causes venereal syphilis and is typically characterized by primary lesions on the genital, anal or oral mucosae. it remains unclear whether other t. pallidum subspecies found in humans also occur in non-human primates and how the genomic dive ... | 2020 | 33125317 |
| parasitic infections in african humans and non-human primates. | different protozoa and metazoa have been detected in great apes, monkeys and humans with possible interspecies exchanges. some are either nonpathogenic or their detrimental effects on the host are not yet known. others lead to serious diseases that can even be fatal. their survey remains of great importance for public health and animal conservation. fecal samples from gorillas (gorilla gorilla) and humans living in same area in the republic of congo, chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) from senegal an ... | 2020 | 32664573 |
| adenovirus infections in african humans and wild non-human primates: great diversity and cross-species transmission. | non-human primates (nhps) are known hosts for adenoviruses (advs), so there is the possibility of the zoonotic or cross-species transmission of advs. as with humans, adv infections in animals can cause diseases that range from asymptomatic to fatal. the aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and diversity of advs in: (i) fecal samples of apes and monkeys from different african countries (republic of congo, senegal, djibouti and algeria), (ii) stool of humans living near gorillas in ... | 2020 | 32570742 |
| jaw elevator muscle coordination during rhythmic mastication in primates: are triplets units of motor control? | the activity of mammal jaw elevator muscles during chewing has often been described using the concept of the triplet motor pattern, in which triplet i (balancing side superficial masseter and medial pterygoid; working side posterior temporalis) is consistently activated before triplet ii (working side superficial masseter and medial pterygoid; balancing side posterior temporalis), and each triplet of muscles is recruited and modulated as a unit. here, new measures of unison, synchrony, and coord ... | 2020 | 31821998 |
| anatomical study of the incisivus labii superioris and inferioris muscles in non-human primates. | the facial muscles have significant roles for vocalization, feeding, and facial expression in both human and non-human primates. of these, the anatomy of the incisivus labii superioris (ils) and incisivus labii inferioris (ili), which are considered as the accessory bundle of the orbicularis oris (oo) in humans, has rarely been documented in the literature. our current understanding of the function of the ils and ili is that they probably retract the upper and lower lips. also, there is no accou ... | 2020 | 32420698 |
| prior experience mediates the usage of food items as tools in great apes (pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo abelii). | humans use tools with specific functions to solve tasks more efficiently. however, functional specialization often comes at a cost: it can hinder the production of actions that are not usually performed with those tools, thus resulting in a fixation effect (functional fixedness). little is known about whether our closest living relatives, the nonhuman great apes, are vulnerable to this detrimental effect of experience. we examined whether great apes from 4 species (n = 35) would become fixated o ... | 2020 | 32463250 |
| same space, different species: the influence of exhibit design on the expression of zoo-housed apes' species-typical retiring behaviors. | wild chimpanzees frequently make arboreal nests, while wild lowland gorillas typically nest on the ground. we aimed to understand whether zoo-housed apes' use of elevated spaces for retiring similarly differed between species and across exhibits. using a pre-planned exhibit switch at lincoln park zoo (chicago, usa), we compared where (elevated or terrestrial) two groups of apes (pan troglodytes and gorilla gorilla gorilla) performed retiring behaviors (inactive, sleeping, and nest-building behav ... | 2020 | 32408572 |
| variation in behavioral traits of two frugivorous mammals may lead to differential responses to human disturbance. | human activities can lead to a shift in wildlife species' spatial distribution. understanding the specific effects of human activities on ranging behavior can improve conservation management of wildlife populations in human-dominated landscapes. this study evaluated the effects of forest use by humans on the spatial distribution of mammal species with different behavioral adaptations, using sympatric western lowland gorilla and central chimpanzee as focal species. we collected data on great ape ... | 2020 | 32313637 |
| food preference and nutrient composition in captive bonobos (pan paniscus). | food preference has been studied in a range of hominoidea in the wild and in captivity, allowing for interspecific comparisons. chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) prefer low-fibre, high-sugar foods, suggesting that frugivory and their dietary overlap are a result of their shared preference for the same nutrients. comparable tests of the nutritional preference of bonobos do not exist. in this study we examined food preferences of five captive bonobos for 23 famil ... | 2020 | 32246408 |
| mandibular corpus shape is a taxonomic indicator in extant hominids. | the aim of this study is to understand whether the shape of three sub-regions of the mandibular corpus (the alveolar arch, corpus at m1 and posterior symphysis) are useful for making taxonomic assessments at the genus and species levels in extant hominids. | 2020 | 32166734 |
| no evidence of what-where-when memory in great apes (pan troglodytes, pan paniscus, pongo abelii, and gorilla gorilla). | episodic memory is the ability to recollect specific past events belonging to our personal experience, and it is one of the most crucial human abilities, allowing us to mentally travel through time. in animals, however, evidence of what-where-when memory (hereafter, www memory) is limited to very few taxa, mostly reflecting the socioecological challenges faced in their environment. in this article, we aimed to replicate 2 studies previously conducted on birds and primates to find convincing evid ... | 2020 | 32052981 |
| trabecular architecture of the capitate and third metacarpal through ontogeny in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and gorillas (gorilla gorilla). | chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and gorillas (gorilla gorilla) both knuckle-walk in adulthood but are known to develop their locomotor strategies differently. using dentally defined age-groups of both pan and gorilla and behavioral data from the literature, this study presents an internal trabecular bone approach to better understand the morphological ontogeny of knuckle-walking in these taxa. capitate and third metacarpal bones were scanned by μct at 23-43 μm resolution with scaled volumes of int ... | 2020 | 31805487 |
| trabecular variation in the first metacarpal and manipulation in hominids. | the dexterity of fossil hominins is often inferred by assessing the comparative manual anatomy and behaviors of extant hominids, with a focus on the thumb. the aim of this study is to test whether trabecular structure is consistent with what is currently known about habitually loaded thumb postures across extant hominids. | 2020 | 31762017 |
| a comprehensive analysis of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes)-specific aluyb8 element. | alu elements are most abundant retrotransposons with > 1.2 million copies in the primate genome. aluyb8 subfamily was diverged from aluy lineage, and has accumulated eight diagnostic mutations and 7-bp duplication during primate evolution. a total of 1851 aluyb copies are present in the human genome, and most of them are human-specific. on the other hand, only a few aluyb8 copies were identified in the chimpanzee genome by previous studies on aluyb8. the significantly different number of species ... | 2020 | 32860627 |
| validation and utility of a body condition scoring system for chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | obesity is a problem in captive chimpanzee colonies that can lead to increased risk for disease; therefore, implementation of effective weight management strategies is imperative. to properly implement a weight management program, captive managers should be able to noninvasively identify and assess overweight or obese individuals. traditional means of categorizing obese individuals involve sedating the animals to obtain body weights or skin fold measurements. the current study aimed to validate ... | 2020 | 32856319 |
| locking plate femur fracture repair in a juvenile western chimpanzee (pan troglodytes verus) in sierra leone. | this case reports the successful management of a traumatic diaphyseal femoral fracture in an infant western chimpanzee (pan troglodytes verus) from a rescue centre in sierra leone using a 2.4-mm intramedullary pin and two 2.7-mm string of pearls™ locking plates. locking plate use has not been previously described in chimpanzees. | 2020 | 32779224 |
| enamel thickness variation in the deciduous dentition of extant large-bodied hominoids. | enamel thickness features prominently in hominoid evolutionary studies. to date, however, studies of enamel thickness in humans, great apes, and their fossil relatives have focused on the permanent molar row. comparatively little research effort has been devoted to tissue proportions within deciduous teeth. here we attempt to fill this gap by documenting enamel thickness variation in the deciduous dentition of extant large-bodied hominoids. | 2020 | 32767577 |
| how isotopic signatures relate to meat consumption in wild chimpanzees: a critical reference study from taï national park, côte d'ivoire. | the roots of human hunting and meat eating lie deep in our evolutionary past shared with chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). from the few habituated wild populations, we know that there is considerable variation in the extent to which chimpanzees consume meat. expanding our knowledge of meat eating frequencies to more, yet unhabituated, populations requires noninvasive, indirect quantitative techniques. we here evaluate the use of stable isotopes to reconstruct meat-eating behavior in wild chimpanzee ... | 2020 | 32683168 |
| does facial hair greying in chimpanzees provide a salient progressive cue of aging? | the greying of human head hair is arguably the most salient marker of human aging. in wild mammal populations, greying can change with life history or environmental factors (e.g., sexual maturity in silverback gorillas). yet, whether humans are unique in our pattern of age-related hair depigmentation is unclear. we examined the relationship between pigmentation loss in facial hair (greying) to age, population, and sex in wild and captive chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). digital facial photographs ... | 2020 | 32663207 |
| age at first molar emergence in pan troglodytes verus and variation in the timing of molar emergence among free-living chimpanzees. | age at lower first molar (m1) emergence is a commonly used proxy for inferring life-history scheduling in fossil primates, but its utility is dependent on knowing to what extent extant populations vary in this datum and how this variation correlates with the scheduling of life-history variables. here, we address the first of these issues among extant chimpanzees. while age at m1 emergence has been documented in several live individuals from the kanyawara population of pan troglodytes schweinfurt ... | 2020 | 32652259 |
| a comparison of fecal sampling and direct feeding observations for quantifying the diet of a frugivorous primate. | both observational and indirect evidence are widely used to determine the diets of wild animals. direct observations are often assumed to provide the most comprehensive reflection of diet, but many wild animals are logistically challenging to observe. despite the regular use of observational and indirect methods for inferring diet in wild animals, they have rarely been compared in detail for the same study population. over 12 months this study assessed the congruence of methods in estimating the ... | 2020 | 32617082 |
| zoonotic abbreviata caucasica in wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) from senegal. | abbreviata caucasica (syn. physaloptera mordens) has been reported in human and various non-human primates including great apes. the identification of this nematode is seldom performed and relies on egg characterization at the coproscopy, in the absence of any molecular tool. following the recovery of two adult females of a. caucasica from the feces of wild senegalese chimpanzees, morphometric characteristics were reported and new data on the width of the esophagus (0.268-0.287 mm) and on the cu ... | 2020 | 32605080 |
| chimpanzee (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) population spans multiple protected areas in the albertine rift. | we used mitochondrial dna to examine gene flow in a region of western uganda that has received little attention regarding chimpanzee population dynamics. the area is critical to gene flow between isolated democratic republic of congo populations and the rest of east africa. none of the chimpanzees in each of the 4 protected areas under consideration (toro-semliki wildlife reserve, semuliki national park, rwenzori mountains national park and itwara central forest reserve) are fully habituated. th ... | 2020 | 32599590 |
| development of bed-building behaviors in captive chimpanzees (pan troglodytes): implication for critical period hypothesis and captive management. | wild great apes build beds for sleeping by combining tree branches or other vegetation, but the development of this behavior is poorly understood. we investigated the development of bed-building behaviors by conducting complementary cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of captive chimpanzees. in the cross-sectional study, we created an ethogram of behaviors related to bed-building by observing 59 chimpanzees living at the kumamoto sanctuary, kyoto university, and the kyoto city zoo. in the l ... | 2020 | 32596775 |
| brunner's gland hyperplasia in a geriatric chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), an infrequently reported lesion. | benign duodenal tumours have very rarely been reported in captive non-human primates and are also rare in human beings. brunner's gland hyperplasia has not been fully described in a non-human primate. here, we report brunner's gland hyperplasia in a geriatric chimpanzee, which was an incidental finding during post-mortem examination. | 2020 | 32584460 |
| comparisons of activity budgets, interactions, and social structures in captive and wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | chimpanzees in zoos with sufficient and appropriate environmental enrichment devices are expected to exhibit behaviors, interactions, and societies similar to those in the wild. in this study, we compared the activity budgets of each observed behavior, characteristics of social grooming, and social networks of captive chimpanzees at tama zoological park (tama) with those of wild chimpanzees at mahale mountains national park, tanzania (mahale), and tested our predictions. we surveyed 16 chimpanze ... | 2020 | 32575533 |
| consumer perceptions and reported wild and domestic meat and fish consumption behavior during the ebola epidemic in guinea, west africa. | the handling, capturing, butchering, and transportation of wildmeat can increase the risk of zoonoses, including the ebola virus disease (evd). guinea, west africa, experienced a catastrophic outbreak of evd between 2013 and 2016. this study aimed to understand local people's sources of information concerning evd, their perceptions of potential wildlife carriers of evd and their meat and fish consumption behavior during this period. a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 332 partici ... | 2020 | 32566394 |
| the relationship between food calling and agonistic behaviour in wild chimpanzees. | a number of social animals produce food-associated calls, which have been interpreted as informative and referential about the quality or quantity of food accessed by the caller. in chimpanzees, however, some behavioural patterns have remained unexplained by this model, suggesting that food-associated calls have a more generalized social function beyond attracting others to food, such as promoting tolerance between co-feeding individuals. in this study, we investigated how wild chimpanzees (pan ... | 2020 | 32561234 |
| hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state in a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). | a 19-year-old female chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) presented for cachexia, acute weakness, hyporexia, icterus, and polyuria. the animal was diagnosed with a hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, which is a well-recognized syndrome in diabetic humans that is rarely diagnosed in animals. this case documents an important and likely under-reported syndrome in non-human primates. | 2020 | 32542742 |
| developing ancestry informative marker panel for nigeria- cameroonian chimpanzees. | chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), with a dwindling population size, are distributed across sub-saharan africa. they are classified into two biogeographical clusters comprising of four subspecies: a western african cluster that includes p. t. verus and p. t. ellioti and a central/eastern african cluster that includes p. t. troglodytes and p. t. schweinfurthii. while the genetic distinctness of nigeria-cameroonian chimpanzees (p. t. ellioti) from western chimpanzees has been known for a while, the fi ... | 2020 | 32529982 |
| discovery of os cordis in the cardiac skeleton of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | cardiovascular diseases, especially idiopathic myocardial fibrosis, is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality in captive great apes. this study compared the structure and morphology of 16 hearts from chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) which were either healthy or affected by myocardial fibrosis using x-ray microtomography. in four hearts, a single, hyperdense structure was detected within the right fibrous trigone of the cardiac skeleton. high resolution scans and histopatholog ... | 2020 | 32523027 |