Publications

further studies on the gs element. a novel mycobacterial insertion sequence (is1612), inserted into an acetylase gene (mpa) in mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum but not in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.	we have recently described the gs element, found in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum (mas) and some isolates of mycobacterium avium subsp. avium serotype 2 (maas2), which contains a set of genes of low gc% content, putatively associated with the biosynthesis, modification and transference of fucose to cell wall glycopeptidolipids. here we describe a further gene of low gc% content (mpa), within the gs element in map. mpa is a putative acety ...	2000	11118730
infectious diseases of gastrointestinal tract in adolescents.	this article reviews the following gastrointestinal infections: esophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis including duodenal ulcers, and enteritis (gastroenteritis). the epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, morbidity/mortality, and prevention are discussed in relation to the most important pathogens. the symptoms and pathogenesis of esophagitis caused by candida albicans and herpes simplex are contrasted with the symptoms of esophagitis caused by helicobacter ...	2000	10916124
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 4-carbethoxymethyl-2-[(alpha-haloacyl)amino] thiazoles and 5-nonsubstituted/substituted 2-[(4-carbethoxymethylthiazol-2-yl)imino]-4-thiazolidinones.	4-carbethoxymethyl-2-[(chloroacetyl/alpha-chloropropionyl/al pha- bromobutyryl/alpha-chloro-(alpha-phenylacetyl)amino]thiazoles (i-iv) were synthesized by reacting 4-carbethoxymethyl-2-aminothiazole with chloroacetyl chloride, alpha-chloropropionyl chloride, alpha-bromobutyryl bromide and alpha-chloro-alpha-phenylacetyl chloride, respectively. furthermore, i-iv were refluxed with ammonium thiocyanate to give 2-[(4-carbethoxymethylthiazol-2-yl)imino]-4-thiazolidinones (v-viii). v was refluxed wit ...	2000	10918953
outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with an interactive water fountain at a beachside park--florida, 1999.	since 1989, approximately 170 outbreaks associated with recreational water venues (e.g., swimming pools, waterparks, fountains, hot tubs and spas, lakes, rivers, and oceans) have been reported, with almost half resulting in gastrointestinal illness (1-5). this report summarizes the investigation of an outbreak of gastroenteritis in florida during 1999. the findings indicated that shigella sonnei and cryptosporidium parvum infections caused illness in persons exposed to an "interactive" water fou ...	2000	10921495
supramolecular structure of the shigella type iii secretion machinery: the needle part is changeable in length and essential for delivery of effectors.	we investigated the supramolecular structure of the shigella: type iii secretion machinery including its major components. our results indicated that the machinery was composed of needle and basal parts with respective lengths of 45.4 +/- 3.3 and 31.6 +/- 0.3 nm, and contained mxid, mxig, mxij and mxih. spa47, encoding a putative f(1)-type atpase, was required for the secretion of effector proteins via the type iii system and was involved in the formation of the needle. the spa47 mutant produced ...	2000	10921870
kombucha fermentation and its antimicrobial activity.	kombucha was prepared in a tea broth (0.5% w/v) supplemented with sucrose (10% w/v) by using a commercially available starter culture. the ph decreased steadily from 5 to 2.5 during the fermentation while the weight of the "tea fungus" and the od of the tea broth increased through 4 days of the fermentation and remained fairly constant thereafter. the counts of acetic acid-producing bacteria and yeasts in the broth increased up to 4 days of fermentation and decreased afterward. the antimicrobial ...	2000	10888589
the pathogenesis of shigella flexneri infection: lessons from in vitro and in vivo studies.	shigella flexneri is a gram-negative facultatively intracellular pathogen responsible for bacillary dysentery in humans. more than one million deaths occur yearly due to infections with shigella spp. and the victims are mostly children of the developing world. the pathogenesis of shigella centres on the ability of this organism to invade the colonic epithelium where it induces severe mucosal inflammation. much information that we have gained concerning the pathogenesis of shigella has been deriv ...	2000	10874731
type iii secretion: a bacterial device for close combat with cells of their eukaryotic host.	salmonella, shigella, yersinia, pseudomonas aeruginosa, enteropathogenic escherichia coli and several plant-pathogenic gram-negative bacteria use a new type of systems called 'type iii secretion' to attack their host. these systems are activated by contact with a eukaryotic cell membrane and they allow bacteria to inject bacterial proteins across the two bacterial membranes and the eukaryotic cell membrane to reach a given compartment and destroy or subvert the target cell. these systems consist ...	2000	10874740
assessment of the microbiological quality and wash treatments of lettuce served in university restaurants.	one hundred and forty-four samples of lettuce from 16 university restaurants were analyzed. the mesophilic aerobic counts of all samples ranged from 3.01 to 7.81 log10 cfu g(-1). results of total coliforms ranged from < 0.47 to > 3.38 log10 most probable number (mpn) g(-1). of the lettuce samples, 25.7% harbored escherichia coli, 22.9% staphylococcus aureus and 84% group d streptococci. similarly, 10.4% of the samples harbored aeromonas hydrophila, 2.8% pseudomonas aeruginosa, and coliforms such ...	2000	10898470
amino acid substitutions in a variant of imp-1 metallo-beta-lactamase.	in the course of surveying for the carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-beta-lactamase gene bla(imp) in pathogenic bacteria by the pcr method, we detected a gene encoding a variant metallo-beta-lactamase, designated imp-3, which differed from imp-1 by having low hydrolyzing activity for penicillins and carbapenems. pcr product direct sequencing of a 2.2-kb segment revealed that the gene bla(imp-3) was located on a cassette inserted within a class i integron in the pms390 plasmid. the 741-bp nucleotide ...	2000	10898670
beta-lactamases in shigella flexneri isolates from hong kong and shanghai and a novel oxa-1-like beta-lactamase, oxa-30.	ninety-one ampicillin-resistant shigella flexneri strains from hong kong and shanghai were studied for production of beta-lactamases. tem-1-like and oxa-1-like enzymes were identified in 21 and 79% of the strains, respectively, by isoelectric focusing (ief). no difference in the pattern of beta-lactamase production was found between strains from hong kong and shanghai. four ribotypes were detected. over 88% of oxa-producing strains had the same ribotype. all tem-1-like strains harbored a plasmid ...	2000	10898672
ultrastructure of rickettsia rickettsii actin tails and localization of cytoskeletal proteins.	actin-based motility (abm) is a mechanism for intercellular spread that is utilized by vaccinia virus and the invasive bacteria within the genera rickettsia, listeria, and shigella. within the rickettsia, abm is confined to members of the spotted fever group (sfg), such as rickettsia rickettsii, the agent of rocky mountain spotted fever. infection by each agent induces the polymerization of host cell actin to form the typical f (filamentous)-actin comet tail. assembly of the actin tail propels t ...	2000	10899876
a macrophage invasion mechanism for mycobacteria implicating the extracellular domain of cd43.	we studied the role of cd43 (leukosialin/sialophorin), the negatively charged sialoglycoprotein of leukocytes, in the binding of mycobacteria to host cells. cd43-transfected hela cells bound mycobacterium avium, but not salmonella typhimurium or shigella flexneri. quantitative bacteriology showed that macrophages (m(phi)) from wild-type mice (cd43(+/+)) bound m. avium, mycobacterium bovis (bacillus calmette-guérin), and mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain h37rv), whereas m(phi) from cd43 knockout ...	2000	10899905
family outbreak of dysentery caused by a rhamnose non-fermenting, onpg-negative strain of shigella sonnei phage type 6.	three members of a scottish family, with no history of foreign travel but who had recently visited bristol, were infected by a strain of shigella sonnei of phage type 6 (pt 6) that did not ferment rhamnose and was negative for o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (onpg). the incident exposed limitations associated with commercial systems for the identification of strains of s. sonnei with atypical biochemical properties.	2000	10902258
how many foodborne outbreaks of salmonella infection occurred in france in 1995? application of the capture-recapture method to three surveillance systems.	despite control measures, foodborne outbreaks of non-typhi salmonella infection continue to occur in developed countries. the authors aimed to assess the number of foodborne salmonella outbreaks that occurred in france in 1995 using a capture-recapture approach. data from three sources--the national public health network (nphn), the ministry of agriculture (ma), which receives mandatory notification, and the national salmonella and shigella reference center (nrc)-were collected. matching algorit ...	2000	10909954
clinical analysis of a dysentery outbreak in taichung.	in september 1993, we collected 207 patients due to dysentery, who visited the department of pediatrics at china medical college hospital. in our report, 67.6% of these patients were amebic dysentery, 19.3% were combined infection with amebic and shigella sonnei dysentery, and 13.1% were shigella sonnei dysentery. therefore, amebic dysentery was the predominant cause during this outbreak. the clinical features of this outbreak were, in descending order, watery stool, fever, abdominal pain, mucin ...	2000	10910554
treatment of shigellosis with cefixime: two days vs. five days.	although the recommended standard course of therapy for shigellosis is 5 days of oral ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy, successful outcome has been reported in adults treated with abbreviated courses of antibiotics. the purpose of this study was to compare short course (2-day) vs. 5-day therapy with cefixime for treatment of diarrheal disease caused by shigella sonnei in children.	2000	10877166
invasive shigella flexneri activates nf-kappa b through a lipopolysaccharide-dependent innate intracellular response and leads to il-8 expression in epithelial cells.	the pathogenesis of shigella flexneri infection centers on the ability of this organism to invade epithelial cells and initiate an intense inflammatory reaction. because nf-kappa b is an important transcriptional regulator of genes involved in inflammation, we investigated the role of this transcription factor during s. flexneri infection of epithelial cells. infection of hela cells with invasive s. flexneri induced nf-kappa b dna-binding activity; noninvasive s. flexneri strains did not lead to ...	2000	10878365
a complex of n-wasp and wip integrates signalling cascades that lead to actin polymerization.	wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (wasp) and n-wasp have emerged as key proteins connecting signalling cascades to actin polymerization. here we show that the amino-terminal wh1 domain, and not the polyproline-rich region, of n-wasp is responsible for its recruitment to sites of actin polymerization during cdc42-independent, actin-based motility of vaccinia virus. recruitment of n-wasp to vaccinia is mediated by wasp-interacting protein (wip), whereas in shigella wip is recruited by n-wasp. our o ...	2000	10878810
survival of escherichia coli in foods.	studies describing the survival of escherichia coli in foods, more often than not use the o157:h7 serovar as the target organism. whilst e. coli o157:h7 is undoubtedly the predominant agent of concern for foodborne disease caused by enterohaemorrhagic e. coli (ehec), a consequence of this concern is the commonly held view that this one serovar is 'atypical' in its response to stress conditions and therefore better able to survive adverse environments. many of the studies published do not make co ...	2000	10880180
shigella and escherichia coli at the crossroads: machiavellian masqueraders or taxonomic treachery?		2000	10882082
[development of molecular tests for rapid detection of enteropathogens].	amplification of specific dna sequences by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), enables rapid, sensitive and direct, specific identification of pathogens at very low concentrations in clinical samples. studies in recent years have reported identification of several enteropathogens directly from stool samples by pcr. the amplification process includes the use of primers complementary to the dna sequences specific to the pathogen, thus relying on the pathogen's genotype, rather than its phenotype on w ...	2000	10883231
clinical risk factors for fatal diarrhea in hospitalized children.	it is important to determine the specific factors for diarrheal deaths in infants & young children to enable the intervention and reduce the mortality rates. this study aimed to identify these factors in children under five years of age, hospitalized with diarrheal complaints. four hundred diarrheal children were included in the study. twenty-seven (6.75%) of them died and 373 (93.25%) survived. the nutritional status of the patients was determined using weight for height for age as percentage o ...	2000	10885202
antibacterial activity of a chitooligosaccharide mixture prepared by cellulase digestion of shrimp chitosan and its application to milk preservation.	the antibacterial activity of a chitooligosaccharide mixture prepared by digestion of shrimp chitosan with cellulase at 50 degrees c for 14 h was evaluated. sugars with 1 to 8 degrees of polymer (dp) were found in this chitooligosaccharide mixture, and the weight percentage of sugars with dp > or = 6 was 44.3%. minimal lethal concentrations of this mixture against aeromonas hydrophila, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhimurium, shigella dysenteriae, ...	2000	10852568
incidence of foodborne illnesses reported by the foodborne diseases active surveillance network (foodnet)-1997. foodnet working group.	in 1997, the foodborne diseases active surveillance program (foodnet) conducted active surveillance for culture-confirmed cases of campylobacter, escherichia coli o157, listeria, salmonella, shigella, vibrio, yersinia, cyclospora, and cryptosporidium in five emerging infections program sites. foodnet is a collaborative effort of the centers for disease control and prevention's national center for infectious diseases, the united states department of agriculture's food safety and inspection servic ...	2000	10852576
pcr detection of giardia lamblia in stool: targeting intergenic spacer region of multicopy rrna gene.	a pcr based detection that amplifies the 552-bp intergenic spacer (igs) region of multicopy rrna gene of giardia lamblia and 320-bp internal sequences to first pcr product has been used in diagnosis of giardiasis in stool sample. the primers were found highly specific to giardia spp. only, because no amplification was observed with dnas from other enteric pathogens like escherichia coli, shigella dysenteriae and entamoeba histolytica. the test could detect even less than 2 pg of genomic dna from ...	2000	10860716
[the population genetics of nodule bacteria].	the data are reviewed on the population structure and evolutionary dynamics of the nodule bacteria (rhizobia) which are among the most intensively studied microorganisms. high level of the population polymorphism was demonstrated for the rhizobia populations using the enzyme electrophoresis (mlee profiles). the average value of nei's coefficient of heterogeneity (h = 1 - sigma pi2 [n/(n - 1)]) were: 0.590 for rhizobia (rhizobium, bradyrhizobium), 0.368 for enterobacteria (escherichia, salmonella ...	2000	10863362
bacterial, viral and parasitic enteric pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in hospitalized children from northern jordan.	to determine the etiology of acute diarrhea in jordanian children under 5 years of age, we examined stool samples from 265 children admitted to the pediatric ward at princess rahma hospital for children, irbid, jordan, for parasites, rotavirus and enteric bacteria. using both traditional and molecular diagnostic techniques, we detected enteropathogens in 66.4% of patients with diarrhea. a single enteric pathogen was detected in 50.9% of the children, and multiple pathogens were detected in 15.5% ...	2000	10865179
characterization of the genes encoding the shea haemolysin in escherichia coli o157:h7 and shigella flexneri 2a.		2000	10865950
profilin is required for sustaining efficient intra- and intercellular spreading of shigella flexneri.	the ability of shigella to mediate actin-based motility within the host cell is a prominent pathogenic feature of bacillary dysentery. the ability is dependent on the interaction of virg with neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp), which in turn mediates recruitment of arp2/3 complex and several actin-related proteins. in the present study, we show that profilin i is essential to the rapid movement of shigella in epithelial cells, for which the capacity of profilin to interact with g-a ...	2000	10867004
cd44 binds to the shigella ipab protein and participates in bacterial invasion of epithelial cells.	shigella entry into epithelial cells is characterized by a transient reorganization of the host cell cytoskeleton at the site of bacterial interaction with the cell membrane, which leads to bacterial engulfment in a macropinocytic process. using affinity chromatography on hela cell extracts, we show here that the hyaluronan receptor cd44 associates with ipab, a shigella protein that is secreted upon cell contact. overlay and solid-phase assays indicated that ipab binds directly to the extracellu ...	2000	11207560
bacterial signals and cell responses during shigella entry into epithelial cells.	shigella invades epithelial cells by inducing cytoskeletal reorganization localized at the site of bacterial-host cell interaction. during entry, the shigella type iii secretion apparatus allows the insertion of a pore that contains the ipab and ipac proteins into cell membranes. insertion of this complex is thought to allow translocation of the carboxy-terminus moiety of ipac, but also of other shigella effectors, such as ipaa, into the cell cytosol. ipac triggers actin polymerization and the f ...	2000	11207575
actin-based motility of pathogens: the arp2/3 complex is a central player.	bacterial actin-based motility has provided cell biologists with tools that led to the recent discovery that, in many forms of actin-based motilities, a key player is a protein complex named the arp2/3 complex. the arp2/3 complex is evolutionally conserved and made up of seven polypeptides involved in both actin filament nucleation and organization. interestingly, this complex is inactive by itself and recent work has highlighted the fact that its activation is achieved differently in the differ ...	2000	11207576
pathogen-induced apoptosis of macrophages: a common end for different pathogenic strategies.	microbe-macrophage interactions play a central role in the pathogenesis of many infections. several bacterial pathogens induce apoptosis specifically in macrophages, but the mechanisms by which it occurs differ, and the resulting pathology can take different courses. macrophage death caused by shigella flexneri and salmonella spp. has been shown to result in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. conversely, yersinia spp. induce apoptosis by suppressing the signalling pathways that lead to t ...	2000	11207583
the regulatory protein phop controls susceptibility to the host inflammatory response in shigella flexneri.	the phop/phoq two-component regulatory system controls transcription of several key virulence genes essential for salmonella survival in the host cell phagosome. here, we determine that the phop/phoq system also regulates virulence in the aetiological agent of bacillary dysentery, shigella flexneri, even though this pathogen escapes from the phagosome into the cytoplasm of the host cell. a phop mutant of shigella established infections and induced an acute inflammatory response in two different ...	2000	11207599
targeting of an enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) effector protein to host mitochondria.	many gram-negative pathogens use a type iii secretion apparatus to deliver effector molecules into host cells to subvert cellular processes in favour of the pathogen. enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) uses such a system to deliver the tir effector molecule into host cells. in this paper, we show that the gene upstream of tir, orf19, encodes an additional type iii secreted effector protein. orf19 is delivered into host cells by a mechanism independent of endocytosis, but dependent on espb. ...	2000	11207610
functional role for the class ix myosin myr5 in epithelial cell infection by shigella flexneri.	efficient control of shigella-induced, rho-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangements seems to be required to shape the delicate cellular structures associated with bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. we therefore studied a class ix myosin and rho antagonist, the gtpase-activating protein (gap) myr5, for a potential role in the bacterial entry process. we show that myr5 is recruited into bacterial entry spots. the recruitment pattern resembled that of rhoc or ezrin, but not rhoa, rac or cdc42, wh ...	2000	11207612
low-level resistance to fluoroquinolones among salmonella and shigella.		2000	11168117
analysis of the beta-glucoside utilization (bgl) genes of shigella sonnei: evolutionary implications for their maintenance in a cryptic state.	the pattern of expression of the genes involved in the utilization of aryl beta-glucosides such as arbutin and salicin is different in the genus shigella compared to escherichia coli. the results presented here indicate that the homologue of the cryptic bgl operon of e. coli is conserved in shigella sonnei and is the primary system involved in beta-glucoside utilization in the organism. the organization of the bgl genes in s. sonnei is similar to that of e. coli; however there are three major di ...	2000	10931908
acute community-acquired diarrhea requiring hospital admission in swiss children.	in order to ascertain the prevalence of agents that cause childhood diarrheal illness, stool specimens of 312 consecutive children with community-acquired diarrhea requiring admission were evaluated. pathogens were detected in 166 (53%) of the 312 children (>/=2 pathogens in 28 children): rotavirus (n=75), salmonella spp. (n=37), campylobacter spp. (n=24), shigella spp. (n=5), giardia spp. (n=4), yersinia spp. (n=2), aeromonas spp. (n=15), cryptosporidium (n=15), enteropathogenic escherichia col ...	2000	10913424
high-conductance channel induced by the interaction of phage lambda with its receptor maltoporin.	bacteriophage lambda that binds to liposomes bears its receptor maltoporin (lamb) and is able to inject its dna into the internal space. during this process, the liposomes are permeabilized, suggesting that a transmembrane channel has formed (roessner and ihler (1986) j. biol. chem. 261, 386-390). this pore possibly constitutes the pathway used by lambda dna to cross the membrane. we reconstituted purified lamb from shigella in liposomes that were incubated with lambda phages. addition of this m ...	2000	10913599
irsp53 is an essential intermediate between rac and wave in the regulation of membrane ruffling.	neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp) functions in several intracellular events including filopodium formation, vesicle transport and movement of shigella frexneri and vaccinia virus, by stimulating rapid actin polymerization through the arp2/3 complex. n-wasp is regulated by the direct binding of cdc42 (refs 7, 8), which exposes the domain in n-wasp that activates the arp2/3 complex. a wasp-related protein, wave/scar, functions in rac-induced membrane ruffling; however, rac does not ...	2000	11130076
effect of antipyretic therapy on the duration of illness in experimental influenza a, shigella sonnei, and rickettsia rickettsii infections.	to determine whether antipyretic therapy prolongs the course of experimental influenza a, shigella sonnei, and rickettsia rickettsii infections.	2000	11130213
[shigella: from the rupture to the invasion and to the destruction of the colonic epithelium].	crossing the epithelial barrier: shigella acts on the immune system in order to cross the intestinal epithelial barrier which is normally impermeable to intestinal flora. among the effectors of the immune system of the colonic mucosa are translocation sites corresponding to lymphatic follicles carrying a follicular epithelium in the presence of m cells. these cells capture molecules, particles and microorganisms from the intestinal barrier that they translocate to immune competent cells present ...	2000	11155729
complete nucleotide sequence of tn10.	the complete nucleotide sequence of tn10 has been determined. the dinucleotide signature and percent g+c of the sequence had no discontinuities, indicating that tn10 constitutes a homogeneous unit. the new sequence contained three new open reading frames corresponding to a glutamate permease, repressors of heavy metal resistance operons, and a hypothetical protein in bacillus subtilis. the glutamate permease was fully functional when expressed, but tn10 did not protect escherichia coli from the ...	2000	10781570
grb2 links signaling to actin assembly by enhancing interaction of neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp) with actin-related protein (arp2/3) complex.	proteins of the wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (wasp) family connect signaling pathways to the actin polymerization-driven cell motility. the ubiquitous homolog of wasp, n-wasp, is a multidomain protein that interacts with the arp2/3 complex and g-actin via its c-terminal wa domain to stimulate actin polymerization. the activity of n-wasp is enhanced by the binding of effectors like cdc42-guanosine 5'-3-o-(thio)triphosphate, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, or the shigella icsa protein. here ...	2000	10781580
hallucinations as the initial presentation of shigellosis.		2000	10784212
the complete dna sequence of the o antigen gene region of plesiomonas shigelloides serotype o17 which is identical to shigella sonnei form i antigen.	we cloned and determined the sequence of a dna region of approximately 15-kb containing the cluster of genes required for o17 antigen expression in the escherichia coli k-12 strain from the chromosome of plesiomonas shigelloides serotype o17:h2 strain. the sequencing analysis revealed that the minimum essential region of the p. shigelloides o17 antigen gene cluster had a size of approximately 11.5-kb and contained 9 contiguous open reading frames (orfs), which were almost identical to the corres ...	2000	10789503
evaluation of the environmental impact of microbial aerosols generated by wastewater treatment plants utilizing different aeration systems.	using three sampler devices (sas, andersen six-stages and all glass impinger), the environmental impact of bacterial and fungal aerosols generated by municipal wastewater treatment plants operating with different methods of sludge oxygenation were evaluated. the highest microbial concentrations were recovered above the tanks (2247 cfu m-3) and in downwind positions (1425 cfu m-3), where a linear correlation (p < 0.05) was found between the quantity of sewage treated and the entities of microbial ...	2000	10792545
treatment of sanitary-important bacteria by bacteriocin substance v24 in cattle dung water.	quantification of sanitary-important bacteria (e.g. enterobacteriaceae), as well as indicators of environmental contamination, was assessed in samples of cattle dung from 25 cattle farms in 15 north-eastern slovakia districts. the inhibitory effect of crude bacteriocin extract cbe v24 from enterococcus faecalis v24 against listeria monocytogenes ohio and yersinia enterocolitica ye85 was examined in cattle dung water with the aim of finding a new way of eliminating the health risk of the animal s ...	2000	10792671
detection of pcr products of the ipah gene from shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.	pcr techniques applied to diarrheal stools reliably diagnose shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) infections. identification of pcr products using agarose gel electrophoresis (age) and hybridization with dna probes has several shortcomings. automated methods of identifying pcr products that process larger numbers of specimens can facilitate epidemiologic studies and standardize results. in this study, we used elisa following pcr to detect ipah gene sequences of shigella and eiec f ...	2000	10794934
a high incidence of shigella-induced arthritis in a primate species: major histocompatibility complex class i molecules associated with resistance and susceptibility, and their relationship to hla-b27.	the human major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i gene, hla-b27, is a strong risk factor for susceptibility to a group of disorders termed spondyloarthropathies. rodents that express hla-b27 develop spondyloarthropathies, implicating hla-b27 in the etiology of these disorders. to determine whether an hla-b27-like molecule was associated with spondyloarthropathies in nonhuman primates, we analyzed the mhc class i cdnas expressed in a cohort of rhesus macaques that developed reactive arthri ...	2000	10803844
invasion of epithelial cells by bacterial pathogens the paradigm of shigella.		2000	10804859
induction of mrna for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta in mice brain, spleen and liver in an animal model of shigella-related seizures.	the pathogenesis of neurological symptoms, the most common extraintestinal complication of childhood shigellosis, is unclear. to elucidate the mechanisms involved, we developed an animal model and demonstrated that tnf alpha and il-1 beta play a role.	2000	10804924
enteropathogens in adult patients with diarrhea and healthy control subjects: a 1-year prospective study in a swedish clinic for infectious diseases.	a 1-year prospective study was conducted to identify enteropathogens in adults with diarrhea (n=851) and in healthy control subjects (n=203) by use of conventional laboratory methods. virulence factor genes for diarrheagenic escherichia coli were detected by polymerase chain reaction. enteropathogens were identified in 56% of patients and 16% of control subjects. the isolation rate was 65% for patients with symptoms for <1 week and for travelers; >1 pathogen was found in 11% of patients. the mos ...	2000	10816147
shigella flexneri ipah(7.8) facilitates escape of virulent bacteria from the endocytic vacuoles of mouse and human macrophages.	the behavior of shigella flexneri ipah mutants was studied in human monocyte-derived macrophages (hmdm), in 1-day-old human monocytes, and in j774 mouse macrophage cell line. in hmdm, strain pwr700, an ipah(7.8) deletion mutant of s. flexneri 2a strain 2457t, behaved like the wild-type strain 2457t. this strain caused rapid host cell death by oncosis, and few bacterial cfu were recovered after incubation in the presence of gentamicin as previously described for 2457t-infected hmdm. however, anal ...	2000	10816519
innate immune responses in children and adults with shigellosis.	an array of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators of the innate immune system was analyzed in stool, urine, and rectal mucosa samples from adults and children with shigellosis to better understand their role in recovery from and in the immunopathogenesis of the disease. increased concentrations of lactoferrin (lf), myeloperoxidase (mpo), prostaglandin e(2), and leukotriene b(4) (ltb(4)) in stool during acute shigellosis in both children and adults indicated that activated cells of the innate defe ...	2000	10816520
interaction of shigella flexneri ipac with model membranes correlates with effects on cultured cells.	invasion of enterocytes by shigella flexneri requires the properly timed release of ipab and ipac at the host-pathogen interface; however, only ipac has been found to possess quantifiable activities in vitro. we demonstrate here that when added to cultured cells, purified ipac elicits cytoskeletal changes similar to those that occur during shigella invasion. this ipac effect may correlate with its ability to interact with model membranes at physiological ph and to promote entry by an ipac mutant ...	2000	10816532
curli loci of shigella spp.	an unstable chromosomal element encoding multiple antibiotic resistance in shigella flexneri serotype 2a was found to include sequences homologous to the csg genes encoding curli in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. as curli have been implicated in the virulence of serovar typhimurium, we investigated the csg loci in all four species of shigella. dna sequencing and pcr analysis showed that the csg loci of a wide range of shigella strains, of diverse serotypes and diff ...	2000	10816548
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection of bacterial biomarker proteins isolated from contaminated water, lettuce and cotton cloth.	matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (maldi-tof) mass spectra of bacterial proteins were obtained from water, lettuce and cloth samples contaminated with shigella flexneri, escherichia coli, and aeromonas hydrophila. spectra were obtained using proteins directly isolated from water (or water used for rinsing samples) without culturing the bacteria. for s. flexneri and e. coli, two marker ions for specific proteins associated with a virulence-related property (acid resistanc ...	2000	10825256
fate of shigella sonnei on parsley and methods of disinfection.	outbreaks of shigellosis associated with chopped parsley used as a garnish for foods occurred in four states in the united states and in two canadian provinces in 1998. this prompted a study to determine survival and growth characteristics of shigella sonnei inoculated onto raw parsley. two inoculum levels (approximately 10(3) and 10(6) cfu/g) were applied to parsley leaves, portions of which were then chopped. inoculated whole and chopped parsley leaves were held at 4 degrees c or 21 degrees c ...	2000	10826712
shigellosis of childhood in northern greece: epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data of hospitalized patients during the period 1971-96.	the aim of this study was to evaluate epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data of shigellosis in children from northern greece, hospitalized in our department during the period 1971-96. in total, 422 cases of shigellosis, aged 1 month to 14 y (238m, 184f) were hospitalized during the study period. the annual distribution was approximately stable until 1990, the mean number of cases per year being about 20. during the last 4 y the incidence significantly decreased. shigella was serotyped in ...	2000	10826910
synthesis of the tetrasaccharide related to the repeating unit of the antigen from shigella dysenteriae type 5.	starting from l-rhamnose, d-mannose and 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose hydrochloride, two disaccharide blocks, namely, ethyl 2,4-di-o-benzyl-3-o-[(r)-1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-alpha-l-rhamnopyranos yl-(1-->3)-2-o-acetyl-4,6-di-o-benzyl-1-thio-alpha-d-mannopyranoside and 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-o-acetyl-3,6-di-o-benzyl-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl-(1-->3)-4,6-di-o-benzy l-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-beta-d-glucopyranoside, were synthesised and then allowed to react in the presence of n-iodosuccinimide and trifl ...	2000	10839118
rho family gtpase cdc42 is essential for the actin-based motility of shigella in mammalian cells.	shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, is capable of directing its movement within host cells by exploiting actin dynamics. the virg protein expressed at one pole of the bacterium can recruit neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp), a downstream effector of cdc42. here, we show that cdc42 is required for the actin-based motility of shigella. microinjection of a dominant active mutant cdc42, but not rac1 or rhoa, into swiss 3t3 cells accelerated shigella motility. in add-b ...	2000	10839806
caspase-1 activation of il-1beta and il-18 are essential for shigella flexneri-induced inflammation.	caspases are intracellular proteases that mediate mammalian cell apoptosis. caspase-1 (casp-1) is a unique caspase because it activates the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (il)-1beta and il-18. shigella flexneri, the etiological agent of bacillary dysentery, induces macrophage apoptosis, which requires casp-1 and results in the release of mature il-1beta and il-18. here we show that casp-1(-/-) mice infected with s. flexneri do not develop the acute inflammation characteristic of shigellos ...	2000	10843390
disease-dependent changes in t-cell populations in patients with shigellosis.	in shigellosis, bacterial infection is associated with an extensive inflammation of the rectal mucosa, resulting in bloody dysentery. the role of t-cell-mediated pro-inflammatory mechanisms has been implicated in this process, but the specific role of t-cell subsets is still not well understood. in this study we attempted to identify the changes in t-cell populations in patients with shigellosis during the disease course. the t-cell subset distribution was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in the ...	2000	10843411
the siga gene which is borne on the she pathogenicity island of shigella flexneri 2a encodes an exported cytopathic protease involved in intestinal fluid accumulation.	in this study, the siga gene situated on the she pathogenicity island of shigella flexneri 2a was cloned and characterized. sequence analysis showed that siga encodes a 139.6-kda protein which belongs to the spate (serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae) subfamily of autotransporter proteins. the demonstration that siga is autonomously secreted from the cell to yield a 103-kda processed form and possesses a conserved c-terminal domain for export from the cell were consistent with ...	2000	10768931
the shda gene is restricted to serotypes of salmonella enterica subspecies i and contributes to efficient and prolonged fecal shedding.	little is known about factors which enable salmonella serotypes to circulate within populations of livestock and domestic fowl. we have identified a dna region which is present in salmonella serotypes commonly isolated from livestock and domestic fowl (s. enterica subspecies i) but absent from reptile-associated salmonella serotypes (s. bongori and s. enterica subspecies ii to vii). this dna region was cloned from salmonella serotype typhimurium and sequence analysis revealed the presence of a 6 ...	2000	10768965
antibiotic resistance trends in enteropathogenic bacteria isolated in 1985-1987 and 1995-1998 in barcelona.	trends in resistance to antimicrobial agents used for therapy have been evaluated with 3,797 enteropathogenic bacteria, campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, and yersinia, between 1985-1987 and 1995-1998. the greater increase in the rate of resistance was observed in campylobacter jejuni for quinolones (from 1 to 82%) and tetracycline (from 23 to 72%) and in gastroenteric salmonellae for ampicillin (from 8 to 44%), chloramphenicol (from 1.7 to 26%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and nalidixic ...	2000	10770742
[acute childhood gastroenteritis study at central university hospital of pointe-à-pitre/abymes, guadeloupe, from november 1997 to march 1998].	to determine the role of enteric pathogens in acute childhood diarrhoea in guadeloupe, 161 children (108 cases and 53 controls) from 0 to 2 years of age, admitted to pointe-à-pitre/abymes university hospital, were evaluated over a five-month period. a known enteric pathogen was identified in 40.8% of children. the most commonly identified aetiologic agents were salmonella (16.7% of cases), especially haddar serotype and rotavirus (20.5%). this virus was isolated more often in the dry season. ade ...	2000	10774498
the development of a facs-based strategy for the isolation of shigella flexneri mutants that are deficient in intercellular spread.	in the disease course of bacillary dysentery, pathogenic shigella flexneri invade colonic epithelial cells and spread both within and between host cells. the ability to spread intercellularly allows the organism to infect an entire epithelial layer without significant contact with the extracellular milieu. using fluorescence activated cell sorter (facs)-based technology, we developed a rapid and powerful selection strategy for the isolation of s. flexneri mutants that are unable to spread from c ...	2000	10712681
deltaguaba attenuated shigella flexneri 2a strain cvd 1204 as a shigella vaccine and as a live mucosal delivery system for fragment c of tetanus toxin.	the deltaguaba shigella flexneri 2a vaccine candidate, cvd 1204, was evaluated as a delivery system for the non-toxic c-terminal of tetanus toxin (fragment c), either as a polypeptide expressed in the bacteria or as a dna vaccine. cvd 1204 was transformed with plasmid ptetnir15 which encodes the fragment c gene (tetc) under the control of the inducible prokaryotic nir15 promoter or a dna vaccine plasmid pcdna3tetc which encodes tetc under the eukaryotic hcmv promoter. guinea pigs immunised intra ...	2000	10717338
construction of an efficient expression system for agrobacterium tumefaciens based on the coliphage t5 promoter.	a versatile expression vector utilizing a promoter of coliphage t5, p(n25) (gentz and bujard, 1985. j. bacteriol. 164, 70-77) and a derivative of the incw broad-host-range plasmid pjb20 (beaupré et al., 1997. j. bacteriol. 179, 78-89) has been developed. this vector successfully expresses virulence proteins of agrobacterium tumefaciens encoded by virg and a mutant allele of vira, vira (delta1-284, g665d) in escherichia coli as well as in a. tumefaciens. the signal transduction proteins vira (del ...	2000	10721702
the role of probiotic cultures in the control of gastrointestinal health.	the use of probiotics to enhance intestinal health has been proposed for many years. probiotics are traditionally defined as viable microorganisms that have a beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of specific pathologic conditions when they are ingested. there is a relatively large volume of literature that supports the use of probiotics to prevent or treat intestinal disorders. however, the scientific basis of probiotic use has been firmly established only recently, and sound clinic ...	2000	10721914
emergence of antimicrobial-resistant shigellosis in oregon.	ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) are currently considered acceptable empirical therapy for shigellosis in developed countries. however, there are few recently reported studies on antimicrobial resistance among shigellae isolated in the united states. we examined the epidemiology of shigellosis and the antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella species isolated in oregon from july 1995 through june 1998. of 430 isolates, 410 were identified to the species level: shigella sonne ...	2000	10722437
clostridium difficile recombinant toxin a repeating units as a carrier protein for conjugate vaccines: studies of pneumococcal type 14, escherichia coli k1, and shigella flexneri type 2a polysaccharides in mice.	unlike the native protein, a nontoxic peptide (repeating unit of the native toxin designated raru) from clostridium difficile toxin a (cdta) afforded an antigen that could be bound covalently to the surface polysaccharides of pneumococcus type 14, shigella flexneri type 2a, and escherichia coli k1. the yields of these polysaccharide-protein conjugates were significantly increased by prior treatment of raru with succinic anhydride. conjugates, prepared with raru or succinylated (rarusucc), were a ...	2000	10722615
nmr spectroscopy, molecular dynamics, and conformation of a synthetic octasaccharide fragment of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1.	a synthetic octasaccharide fragment (2) of the o-specific polysaccharide (1) of shigella dysenteriae type 1 has been studied as its methyl glycoside by one- and two-dimensional homo- and heteronuclear nmr spectroscopy. complete 1h and 13c nmr assignments have been generated, and the 13c spin-lattice relaxation times have been measured for the octasaccharide 2. a congener (6) of this octasaccharide containing one d-galactose residue with a specific 13c label at c-1 has been synthesized and used t ...	2000	10723612
outbreak of shigella sonnei infections associated with eating a nationally distributed dip--california, oregon, and washington, january 2000.		2000	10725973
bacterial, viral and parasitic aetiology of paediatric diarrhoea in the highlands of papua new guinea.	enteropathogens and clinical features associated with diarrhoea were investigated in 1526 children admitted over a 5-year period to the paediatric ward of a hospital in the highlands of papua new guinea. overall, a recognized pathogen was isolated from 39 per cent of the children admitted with diarrhoea. the most commonly isolated agents were rotavirus (23 per cent), shigella spp. (13 per cent), campylobacter spp. (12 per cent), cryptosporidium parvum (10 per cent) and enteropathogenic escherich ...	2000	10730034
blocking bacterial enterotoxins.		2000	10700222
a new biological agent for treatment of shiga toxigenic escherichia coli infections and dysentery in humans.	gastrointestinal disease caused by shiga toxin-producing bacteria (such as escherichia coli o157:h7 and shigella dysenteriae) is often complicated by life-threatening toxin-induced systemic sequelae, including hemolytic-uremic syndrome. such infections can now be diagnosed very early in the course of the disease, but at present no effective therapeutic intervention is possible. here, we constructed a recombinant bacterium that displayed a shiga toxin receptor mimic on its surface, and it adsorbe ...	2000	10700227
hdea, a periplasmic protein that supports acid resistance in pathogenic enteric bacteria.	the x-ray crystal structure of the escherichia coli stress response protein hdea has been determined at 2.0 a resolution. the single domain alpha-helical protein is found in the periplasmic space, where it supports an acid resistance phenotype essential for infectivity of enteric bacterial pathogens, such as shigella and e. coli. functional studies demonstrate that hdea is activated by a dimer-to-monomer transition at acidic ph, leading to suppression of aggregation by acid-denatured proteins. w ...	2000	10623550
synthesis of the repeating unit of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella sonnei and quantitation of its serologic activity.	the chemical synthesis of the zwitterionic disaccharide 2 is described that corresponds to the repeating unit of the o-specific polysaccharide (1) of the gram-negative human pathogen shigella sonnei. passive hemolysis inhibition tests using a hyperimmune rabbit serum raised against s. sonnei showed that the serologic activity of the disaccharide 2 is nearly 2- to 3-fold higher than those of its component monosaccharides. nmr data of 2 are in support of the proposed structure of the o-specific po ...	2000	10636234
serotype-converting bacteriophages and o-antigen modification in shigella flexneri.	o-antigen modification (serotype conversion) in shigella flexneri, which is an important virulence determinant, is conferred by temperate bacteriophages. several serotype-converting phages have been isolated and preliminary characterization has identified the genes involved in o-antigen modification, and has also provided insight into the molecular biology of these phages.	2000	10637639
phosphatases and kinases delivered to the host cell by bacterial pathogens.	the gram-negative type iii secretion pathway translocates bacterial proteins directly into eukaryotic host cells, thus allowing a pathogen to interfere directly with host signalling pathways. protein and inositol phosphatases and protein kinases have been identified as delivered effectors in three bacterial pathogens, salmonella, shigella and yersinia, and it is expected that several more such type iii effectors will be found.	2000	10637641
effect of erythromycin on shigella infection of caco-2 cells.	erythromycin (em), one of the macrolides, shows a dose-dependent effect on shigella flexneri invasion of caco-2 cells even at concentrations less than the minimum inhibitory concentration (submic). ls13, a strain of s. flexneri 1b, invaded caco-2 cells in vitro. when the strain was treated with submic of em, the invasion efficiency decreased. the carrier rate of the invasion plasmid containing virulence genes was reduced by em treatment, as determined by the colony pigmentation test on congo red ...	2000	10640609
surveillance of bacterial pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in lima, peru.	a study was conducted in lima, peru, from january to april 1995, to determine the bacterial pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in adults, their susceptibility to common antimicrobials, the risk factors involved in cholera transmission, and the best clinical predictors of cholera.	2000	10737846
shigella and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli causing bloody diarrhea in latin america.	in latin america, shigella and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli are the two leading agents in the cause of bloody diarrhea. the already high and increasing antimicrobial resistance of shigella also is a significant problem. shiga toxin-producing e. coli is an emerging disease with life-threatening complications: hemolytic uremic syndrome. although e. coli o157:h7 remains the most commonly recognized serotype, recently emerging, non-o157 bacteria may be the cause of a similar spectrum of di ...	2000	10738672
temperature-regulated expression of bacterial virulence genes.	virulence gene expression in most bacteria is a highly regulated phenomenon, affected by a variety of parameters including osmolarity, ph, ion concentration, iron levels, growth phase, and population density. virulence genes are also regulated by temperature, which acts as an 'on-off' switch in a manner distinct from the more general heat-shock response. here, we review temperature-responsive expression of virulence genes in four diverse pathogens.	2000	10742688
shigella actin-based motility in the presence of truncated vinculin.	mounting evidence supports the role of truncated vinculin in the intracellular actin-based motility of shigella flexneri. vinculin's role was recently questioned by goldberg [1997: cell motil cytoskeleton 37:44-53] who observed shigella motility in mouse embryonal carcinoma 5.51 cells, a genetically modified cell line that reputedly lacked vinculin. that challenge implicitly relied on the assumption that 5.51 cells had no detectable vinculin polypeptide and lacked full-length vinculin mrna. desp ...	2000	10744860
neonatal diarrhea in a diarrhea treatment center in bangladesh: clinical presentation, breastfeeding management and outcome.	to study the clinical presentation and outcome of neonates admitted with diarrhea, and effect of counseling their mothers for exclusive breastfeeding.	2000	10745387
[joint manifestations related to clostridium difficile].	reactional joint disease subsequent to digestive tract infections have been well studied for salmonella, shigella, yersinia and campylobacter. association with hla b27 is well documented. a review of the literature since 1976 disclosed 23 cases of articular and extra-articular inflammatory reactions following pseudomembranous clostridium difficile infection.	2000	10745937
antimicrobial resistance trends in shigella serogroups isolated in israel, 1990-1995.	from a total of 31319 shigella strains isolated in israel between 1990 and 1996, 17574 were sent to the national shigella reference center for typing. of these, 15287 were identified as shigella sonnei, 1833 as shigella flexneri, 327 as shigella boydii and 127 as shigella dysenteriae. in all, 4395 strains were tested for sensitivity to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and ofloxacin. all strains tested were sensitive to ofloxacin, and only t ...	2000	10746496
antagonistic effect of lactobacillus acidophilus, saccharomyces boulardii and escherichia coli combinations against experimental infections with shigella flexneri and salmonella enteritidis subsp. typhimurium in gnotobiotic mice.	lactobacillus acidophilus, saccharomyces boulardii and escherichia coli are probiotic strains used individually to protect against enteropathogenic agents. in order to determine if a synergistic effect of the individual protective mechanisms ordinarily attributed to each of these biotherapeutic agents is possible, we orally administered lact. acidophilus h2b20, s. boulardii and e. coli emo (lse) to germfree mice. ten days after colonization of the digestive tract, groups of animals associated (e ...	2000	10747216
[antimicrobial resistance of shigella spp. in córdoba, argentina, during the period 1990-1997].	this study analyzed the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in 771 isolates of shigella spp. obtained from a total of 9,195 feces cultures done between 1990 and 1997 in a children's hospital in córdoba, argentina. s. flexneri, which was responsible for 73% of the shigella infections, was the species with the greatest resistance. the frequency of s. flexneri resistance to the three antibiotics most used (ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol) increased from 10% in 1990 ...	2000	10748662
trends in antimicrobial resistance of shigella species isolated from children with acute diarrhea.		2000	10750086
corrigendum to "i-ceui fragment analysis of the shigella species: evidence for large-scale chromosome rearrangement in s. dysenteriae and s. flexneri".		2000	10754259
molecular analysis of shigella sonnei isolated from three well-documented outbreaks in school children.	fifty-eight isolates of shigella sonnei from three outbreaks in school children and eight control isolates from epidemiologically unrelated sporadic clinical infections in taiwan were compared by antibiotic susceptibility testing and molecular typing. antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that all strains except one sporadic isolate were multi-resistant. ribotyping after restriction endonuclease digestion with sali, pvuii and hindii generated the same ribosomal pattern in 65 of the 66 isolate ...	2000	10755630
[erythromycin sensitivity of shigella flexneri and s. sonnei].		2000	10756447
the stability region of the large virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri encodes an efficient postsegregational killing system.	the large virulence plasmid pmysh6000 of shigella flexneri contains a determinant that is highly effective in stabilizing otherwise unstable plasmids in escherichia coli. expression of two small contiguous genes, mvpa and mvpt (formerly termed stborf1 and stborf2), was shown to be sufficient for stability. mutations in mvpt abolished plasmid stability, and plasmids expressing only mvpt killed the cells unless mvpa was supplied from a separate plasmid or from the host chromosome. when replication ...	2000	10762240