Publications

efficiency of conditionally attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in bacterium-mediated tumor therapy.	increasing numbers of cancer cases generate a great urge for new treatment options. applying bacteria like salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium for cancer therapy represents an intensively explored option. these bacteria have been shown not only to colonize solid tumors but also to exhibit an intrinsic antitumor effect. in addition, they could serve as tumor-targeting vectors for therapeutic molecules. however, the pathogenic s. typhimurium strains used for tumor therapy need to be attenuated ...	2015	25873375
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium myophage mushroom.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide. over the past two decades, strains resistant to antibiotics have begun to emerge, highlighting the need for alternative treatment strategies such as bacteriophage therapy. here, we present the complete genome of mushroom, an s. typhimurium myophage.	2015	25858827
salmonella promotes virulence by repressing cellulose production.	cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on earth. in bacteria, cellulose confers protection against environmental insults and is a constituent of biofilms typically formed on abiotic surfaces. we report that, surprisingly, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium makes cellulose when inside macrophages. we determine that preventing cellulose synthesis increases virulence, whereas stimulation of cellulose synthesis inside macrophages decreases virulence. an attenuated mutant lacking the mgt ...	2015	25848006
bistable expression of csgd in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium connects virulence to persistence.	pathogenic bacteria often need to survive in the host and the environment, and it is not well understood how cells transition between these equally challenging situations. for the human and animal pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, biofilm formation is correlated with persistence outside a host, but the connection to virulence is unknown. in this study, we analyzed multicellular-aggregate and planktonic-cell subpopulations that coexist when s. typhimurium is grown under biofilm-in ...	2015	25824832
increased ferroportin-1 expression and rapid splenic iron loss occur with anemia caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in mice.	the gram-negative intracellular bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium causes persistent systemic inflammatory disease in immunocompetent mice. following oral inoculation with s. typhimurium, mice develop a hematopathological syndrome akin to typhoid fever with splenomegaly, microcytic anemia, extramedullary erythropoiesis, and increased hemophagocytic macrophages in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen. additionally, there is marked loss of iron from the spleen, an unanticipated result ...	2015	25824831
characterization of a large novel phage-like plasmid in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a food-borne pathogen and a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans. recently, we sequenced a phage-type dt108 strain (l945) and found reads with high similarity to both salmonella typhi strain ct18 plasmid phcm2 and bacteriophage ssu5. in this study, we completely sequenced the novel phage-like plasmid which was designated as pstm_φ. the presence of this phage-like plasmid was examined in a collection of 284 salmonella typhimurium isolates using pcr ...	2015	25795590
ceftriaxone-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium sequence type 313 from kenyan patients is associated with the blactx-m-15 gene on a novel inchi2 plasmid.	multidrug-resistant bacteria pose a major challenge to the clinical management of infections in resource-poor settings. although nontyphoidal salmonella (nts) bacteria cause predominantly enteric self-limiting illness in developed countries, nts is responsible for a huge burden of life-threatening bloodstream infections in sub-saharan africa. here, we characterized nine s. typhimurium isolates from an outbreak involving patients who initially failed to respond to ceftriaxone treatment at a refer ...	2015	25779570
extensive genetic variability linked to is26 insertions in the fljb promoter region of atypical monophasic variants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	fifty-nine monophasic salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates, collected in belgium during the period from 2008 to 2011, have been serotyped as 4,[5]:i:- and shown to harbor an fljb coding sequence. the genetic differences between these strains and phenotypically biphasic salmonella typhimurium were analyzed through pcr and dna sequencing. genetic alterations in the fljb promoter region affecting expression of the phase 2 flagellin were observed in 53 isolates. other genetic events in t ...	2015	25724958
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium siphophage shivani.	here, we describe the complete genome sequence of siphophage shivani, a t5-like constituent phage in the therapeutic phage cocktail intestiphage developed for bacterial gastroenteritis. shivani was isolated against a foodborne pathogen, salmonella enterica, which is one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis.	2015	25720685
whole genome sequencing for the retrospective investigation of an outbreak of salmonella typhimurium dt 8.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt8 is uncommon within the european union. an increase in this phage type was reported in the summer of 2013 in the states of jersey.	2015	25713745
extensive amplification of gi-vii-6, a multidrug resistance genomic island of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, increases resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins.	gi-vii-6 is a chromosomally integrated multidrug resistance genomic island harbored by a specific clone of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s.typhimurium). it contains a gene encoding cmy-2 β-lactamase (bla cmy-2), and therefore contributes to extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance. to elucidate the significance of gi-vii-6 on adaptive evolution, spontaneous mutants of s. typhimurium strain l-3553 were selected on plates containing cefotaxime (ctx). the concentrations of ctx were hig ...	2015	25713569
analysis of the salmonella regulatory network suggests involvement of ssrb and h-ns in σ(e)-regulated spi-2 gene expression.	the extracytoplasmic functioning sigma factor σ(e) is known to play an essential role for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to survive and proliferate in macrophages and mice. however, its regulatory network is not well-characterized, especially during infection. here we used microarray to identify genes regulated by σ(e) in salmonella grown in three conditions: a nutrient-rich condition and two others that mimic early and late intracellular infection. we found that in each condition σ(e) ...	2015	25713562
stress enhances the sensitivity of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to bacteriocins.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential application of bacteriocins against gram-negative bacteria when associated with others food preservation methods.	2015	25693498
diguanylate cyclase null mutant reveals that c-di-gmp pathway regulates the motility and adherence of the extremophile bacterium acidithiobacillus caldus.	an understanding of biofilm formation is relevant to the design of biological strategies to improve the efficiency of the bioleaching process and to prevent environmental damages caused by acid mine/rock drainage. for this reason, our laboratory is focused on the characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved in biofilm formation in different biomining bacteria. in many bacteria, the intracellular levels of c-di-gmp molecules regulate the transition from the motile planktonic state to ses ...	2015	25689133
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium exploits inflammation to modify swine intestinal microbiota.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is an important zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogen responsible for foodborne disease worldwide. it is a successful enteric pathogen because it has developed virulence strategies allowing it to survive in a highly inflamed intestinal environment exploiting inflammation to overcome colonization resistance provided by intestinal microbiota. in this study, we used piglets featuring an intact microbiota, which naturally develop gastroenteritis, as model for sal ...	2015	26835435
[epidemiological and laboratory investigations on an infant case with diarrhea caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium].		2015	26833017
elmo1 has an essential role in the internalization of salmonella typhimurium into enteric macrophages that impacts disease outcome.	4-6 million people die of enteric infections each year. after invading intestinal epithelial cells, enteric bacteria encounter phagocytes. however, little is known about how phagocytes internalize the bacteria to generate host responses. previously, we have shown that bai1 (brain angiogenesis inhibitor 1) binds and internalizes gram-negative bacteria through an elmo1 (engulfment and cell motility protein 1)/rac1-dependent mechanism. here we delineate the role of elmo1 in host inflammatory respon ...	2015	26878033
infiltration of matrix-non-producers weakens the salmonella biofilm and impairs its antimicrobial tolerance and pathogenicity.	bacterial biofilms display a collective lifestyle, wherein the cells secrete extracellular polymeric substances (eps) that helps in adhesion, aggregation, stability, and to protect the bacteria from antimicrobials. we asked whether the eps could act as a public good for the biofilm and observed that infiltration of cells that do not produce matrix components weakened the biofilm of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. eps production was costly for the producing cells, as indicated by a signi ...	2015	26779121
[molecular characterization of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains isolated from humans in turkey].	multidrug resistant (mdr) salmonella infections, especially infections due to salmonella typhimurium dt104 phage type strains are an important public health issue in many parts of the world. s.typhimurium is the most common serotype isolated from clinical samples in turkey but we have limited data about the phage types of these isolates. the aims of this study were to find out whether these mdr s.typhimurium isolates are dt104 phage type isolates and have class 1 integrons and to investigate the ...	2015	26649408
dissecting the cyclic di-guanylate monophosphate signalling network regulating motility in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.		2015	26634795
physiologic stresses reveal a salmonella persister state and ta family toxins modulate tolerance to these stresses.	bacterial persister cells are considered a basis for chronic infections and relapse caused by bacterial pathogens. persisters are phenotypic variants characterized by low metabolic activity and slow or no replication. this low metabolic state increases pathogen tolerance to antibiotics and host immune defenses that target actively growing cells. in this study we demonstrate that within a population of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium, a small percentage of bacteria are reversibly toleran ...	2015	26633172
re-engineering cellular physiology by rewiring high-level global regulatory genes.	knowledge of global regulatory networks has been exploited to rewire the gene control programmes of the model bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. the product is an organism with competitive fitness that is superior to that of the wild type but tuneable under specific growth conditions. the paralogous hns and stpa global regulatory genes are located in distinct regions of the chromosome and control hundreds of target genes, many of which contribute to stress resistance. the locatio ...	2015	26631971
effects of domestic storage and thawing practices on salmonella in poultry-based meat preparations.	among consumer food handling practices, time-temperature abuse has been reported as one of the most common contributory factors in salmonellosis outbreaks where the evidence is strong. the present study performed storage tests of burgers, sausages, and kebabs and investigated (i) the effect of refrigerator temperatures (4°c versus 8 or 12°c, which were the temperatures recorded in 33 and 3%, respectively, of domestic refrigerators in italy), with or without prior temperature abuse (25°c for 2 h, ...	2015	26613905
single passage in mouse organs enhances the survival and spread of salmonella enterica.	intravenous inoculation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium into mice is a prime experimental model of invasive salmonellosis. the use of wild-type isogenic tagged strains (wits) in this system has revealed that bacteria undergo independent bottlenecks in the liver and spleen before establishing a systemic infection. we recently showed that those bacteria that survived the bottleneck exhibited enhanced growth when transferred to naive mice. in this study, we set out to disentangle the com ...	2015	26701880
ethanolamine signaling promotes salmonella niche recognition and adaptation during infection.	chemical and nutrient signaling are fundamental for all cellular processes, including interactions between the mammalian host and the microbiota, which have a significant impact on health and disease. ethanolamine is an essential component of cell membranes and has profound signaling activity within mammalian cells by modulating inflammatory responses and intestinal physiology. here, we describe a virulence-regulating pathway in which the foodborne pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimuriu ...	2015	26565973
rna-seq brings new insights to the intra-macrophage transcriptome of salmonella typhimurium.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is arguably the world's best-understood bacterial pathogen. however, crucial details about the genetic programs used by the bacterium to survive and replicate in macrophages have remained obscure because of the challenge of studying gene expression of intracellular pathogens during infection. here, we report the use of deep sequencing (rna-seq) to reveal the transcriptional architecture and gene activity of salmonella during infection of murine macrophages ...	2015	26561851
deletion of invasion protein b in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium influences bacterial invasion and virulence.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) has a wide host range and causes infections ranging from severe gastroenteritis to systemic infections in human, as well as causing typhoid-like disease in murine models of infection. s. typhimurium translocates its effector proteins through the salmonella pathogenicity island-i (spi-i)-encoded t3ss-i needle complex. this study focuses on invasion protein b (sipb) of s. typhimurium, which plays an active role in spi-i invasion efficiency. ...	2015	26341924
lipocalin-2 ensures host defense against salmonella typhimurium by controlling macrophage iron homeostasis and immune response.	lipocalin-2 (lcn2) is an innate immune peptide with pleiotropic effects. lcn2 binds iron-laden bacterial siderophores, chemo-attracts neutrophils and has immunomodulatory and apoptosis-regulating effects. in this study, we show that upon infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, lcn2 promotes iron export from salmonella-infected macrophages, which reduces cellular iron content and enhances the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. lcn2 represses il-10 production while augmentin ...	2015	26332507
genomic variability of serial human isolates of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium associated with prolonged carriage.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is an important foodborne human pathogen that often causes self-limiting but severe gastroenteritis. prolonged excretion of s. typhimurium after the infection can lead to secondary transmissions. however, little is known about within-host genomic variation in bacteria associated with asymptomatic shedding. genomes of 35 longitudinal isolates of s. typhimurium recovered from 11 patients (children and adults) with culture-confirmed gastroenteritis were seque ...	2015	26311853
[structure and function of the bacterial flagellar type iii protein export system in salmonella ].	the bacterial flagellum is a filamentous organelle that propels the bacterial cell body in liquid media. for construction of the bacterial flagellum beyond the cytoplasmic membrane, flagellar component proteins are transported by its specific protein export apparatus from the cytoplasm to the distal end of the growing flagellar structure. the flagellar export apparatus consists of a transmembrane export gate complex and a cytoplasmic atpase ring complex. flagellar substrate-specific chaperones b ...	2015	26310179
draft genome sequences of 19 salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium [4,5:i:-] strains resistant to nalidixic acid from a long-term outbreak in italy.	here, we present the draft genome sequences of 19 salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium monophasic variant [4,5:i:-] strains involved in a long-term salmonellosis outbreak that occurred in central italy in 2013 to 2014.	2015	26294627
vasculature disruption enhances bacterial targeting of autochthonous tumors.	attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) has been developed as a vector to deliver therapeutic agents to tumors. the potential of s. typhimurium in cancer therapy is largely due to its reported propensity to accumulate at greater than 1,000-fold higher concentrations in tumors relative to healthy tissues. in this study, we compared bacterial colonization of tumors in a subcutaneous transplantation model with a more clinically relevant autochthonous tumor model. followi ...	2015	26284135
mdsabc-mediated pathway for pathogenicity in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	mdsabc is a salmonella-specific tripartite efflux pump that has been implicated in the virulence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium; however, little is known about the virulence factors associated with this pump. we observed mdsabc expression-dependent alterations in the degree of resistance to extracellular oxidative stress and macrophage-mediated killing. thin-layer chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry analyses revealed that overexpression of mdsabc led to increased secretion of ...	2015	26283336
inactivated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium monophasic variant (s. typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i-) in sows is effective to control infection in piglets under field condition.	the monophasic variant of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, namely salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i-, has been increasingly responsible for foodborne human cases of disease and is most frequently detected in pork, since the variant is widely spread in pig farms. the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of an autologous vaccine in decreasing the prevalence of salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i-, in pigs. the trial was performed in a multisite pig production system of northern italy. the autogenous vac ...	2015	26260858
biofilm formation ability of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium acrab mutants.	recent studies offer contradictory findings about the role of multidrug efflux pumps in bacterial biofilm development. thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of the acrab efflux pump in biofilm formation by investigating the ability of acrb and acrab null mutants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to produce biofilms. three models were used to compare the ability of s. typhimurium wild-type and its mutants to form biofilms: formation of biofilm on polystyrene surf ...	2015	26260191
streptomycin induced stress response in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium shows distinct colony scatter signature.	we investigated the streptomycin-induced stress response in salmonella enterica serovars with a laser optical sensor, bardot (bacterial rapid detection using optical scattering technology). initially, the top 20 s. enterica serovars were screened for their response to streptomycin at 100 μg/ml. all, but four s. enterica serovars were resistant to streptomycin. the mic of streptomycin-sensitive serovars (enteritidis, muenchen, mississippi, and schwarzengrund) varied from 12.5 to 50 μg/ml, while s ...	2015	26252374
regulation and function of the salmonella mgtc virulence protein.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium produces many virulence proteins to cause diseases. the salmonella mgtc protein is one of such virulence proteins specially required for intracellular proliferation inside macrophages and mouse virulence. in this review, we will cover how the mgtc gene is turned on or off and what the signals required for mgtc expression are. later in this review, we will discuss a recent understanding of mgtc function in salmonella pathogenesis by identifying its target p ...	2015	26231375
intestinal inflammation leads to a long-lasting increase in resistance to systemic salmonellosis that requires macrophages but not b or t lymphocytes at the time of pathogen challenge.	intestinal inflammation is associated with systemic translocation of commensal antigens and the consequent activation of b and t lymphocytes. the long-term consequences of such immune activation are not completely understood.	2015	26222341
exposure of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to three humectants used in the food industry induces different osmoadaptation systems.	common salt (nacl) is frequently used by the food industry to add flavor and to act as a humectant in order to reduce the water content of a food product. the improved health awareness of consumers is leading to a demand for food products with reduced salt content; thus, manufacturers require alternative water activity-reducing agents which elicit the same general effects as nacl. two examples include kcl and glycerol. these agents lower the water activity of a food matrix and also contribute to ...	2015	26209672
salmonella typhimurium co-opts the host type i ifn system to restrict macrophage innate immune transcriptional responses selectively.	innate immune inflammatory responses are subject to complex layers of negative regulation at intestinal mucosal surfaces. although the type i ifn system is critical for amplifying antiviral immunity, it has been shown to play a homeostatic role in some models of autoimmune inflammation. type i ifn is triggered in the gut by select bacterial pathogens, but whether and how the type i ifn might regulate innate immunity in the intestinal environment have not been investigated in the context of salmo ...	2015	26202980
rescuing chemotaxis of the anticancer agent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vnp20009.	the role of chemotaxis and motility in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium tumor colonization remains unclear. we determined through swim plate assays that the well-established anticancer agent s. typhimurium vnp20009 is deficient in chemotaxis, and that this phenotype is suppressible. through genome sequencing, we revealed that vnp20009 and four selected suppressor mutants had a single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) in chey causing a mutation in the conserved proline residue at position 110. ...	2015	26200833
identification of salmonella typhimurium deubiquitinase ssel substrates by immunoaffinity enrichment and quantitative proteomic analysis.	ubiquitination is a key protein post-translational modification that regulates many important cellular pathways and whose levels are regulated by equilibrium between the activities of ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases. here, we present a method to identify specific deubiquitinase substrates based on treatment of cell lysates with recombinant enzymes, immunoaffinity purification, and global quantitative proteomic analysis. as a model system to identify substrates, we used a virulence-related ...	2015	26147956
generating a metal-responsive transcriptional regulator to test what confers metal sensing in cells.	frmr from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (a csor/rcnr-like transcriptional de-repressor) is shown to repress the frmra operator-promoter, and repression is alleviated by formaldehyde but not manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, or zn(ii) within cells. in contrast, repression by a mutant frmre64h (which gains an rcnr metal ligand) is alleviated by cobalt and zn(ii). unexpectedly, frmr was found to already bind co(ii), zn(ii), and cu(i), and moreover metals, as well as formaldehyde, t ...	2015	26109070
a mannose family phosphotransferase system permease and associated enzymes are required for utilization of fructoselysine and glucoselysine in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	salmonella enteric serovar typhimurium, a major cause of food-borne illness, is capable of using a variety of carbon and nitrogen sources. fructoselysine and glucoselysine are maillard reaction products formed by the reaction of glucose or fructose, respectively, with the ε-amine group of lysine. we report here that s. typhimurium utilizes fructoselysine and glucoselysine as carbon and nitrogen sources via a mannose family phosphotransferase (pts) encoded by gfrabcd (glucoselysine/fructoselysine ...	2015	26100043
salmonella engages host micrornas to modulate sumoylation: a new arsenal for intracellular survival.	posttranslational modifications (ptms) can alter many fundamental properties of a protein. one or combinations of them have been known to regulate the dynamics of many cellular pathways and consequently regulate all vital processes. understandably, pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to subvert these mechanisms to achieve instantaneous control over host functions. here, we present the first report of modulation by intestinal pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhim ...	2015	26100020
fluoroquinolone induction of phage-mediated gene transfer in multidrug-resistant salmonella.	fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit bacterial dna gyrase and topoisomerase activity, which can cause dna damage and result in bacterial cell death. in response to dna damage, bacteria induce an sos response to stimulate dna repair. however, the sos response may also induce prophage with production of infectious virions. salmonella strains typically contain multiple prophages, and certain strains including phage types dt120 and dt104 contain prophage that upon induction a ...	2015	26078016
an enterobacterial common antigen mutant of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium as a vaccine candidate.	due to increasing rates of invasive salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection, there is a need for an effective vaccine to prevent this disease. previous studies showed that a mutation in the first gene of the enterobacterial common antigen biosynthetic pathway, weca, resulted in attenuation of s. typhimurium in a murine model of salmonellosis. furthermore, immunization with a weca(-) strain protected against lethal challenge with the parental wild type s. typhimurium strain. herein, we ...	2015	26070977
acetylation regulates survival of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium under acid stress.	the ability to acetylate lysine residues is conserved across organisms, and acetylation of lysine residues plays important roles in various cellular functions. maintaining intracellular ph homeostasis is crucial for the survival of enteric bacteria in the acidic gastric tract. it has been shown that eukaryotes can stabilize the intracellular ph by histone deacetylation. however, it remains unknown whether bacteria can utilize a reversible protein acetylation system to adapt to an acidic environm ...	2015	26070677
infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium leads to increased proportions of f4/80+ red pulp macrophages and decreased proportions of b and t lymphocytes in the spleen.	infection of mice with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (salmonella) causes systemic inflammatory disease and enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly). splenomegaly has been attributed to a general increase in the numbers of phagocytes, lymphocytes, as well as to the expansion of immature cd71+ter119+ reticulocytes. the spleen is important for recycling senescent red blood cells (rbcs) and for the capture and eradication of blood-borne pathogens. conservation of splenic tissue architectur ...	2015	26068006
diffusion and persistence of multidrug resistant salmonella typhimurium strains phage type dt120 in southern italy.	sixty-two multidrug resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains isolated from 255 clinical strains collected in southern italy in 2006-2008 were characterised for antimicrobial resistance genes, pulsotype, and phage type. most strains (83.9%) were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (acssut) encoded in 88.5% by the salmonella genomic island (sgi1) and in 11.5% by the inh-like integron (bla oxa-30-aada1) and cata1, sul1, and tet ...	2015	26060815
small molecules with big effects: cyclic di-gmp-mediated stimulation of cellulose production by the amino acid ʟ-arginine.	in this issue of science signaling, mills et al. show that the amino acid ʟ-arginine increases the concentration of the second messenger c-di-gmp in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium through a specific diguanylate cyclase, leading to increased production of the exopolysaccharide cellulose, which is an extracellular matrix component of environmental and host-associated biofilms.	2015	26060328
defining the core genome of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium for genomic surveillance and epidemiological typing.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is the most common salmonella serovar causing foodborne infections in australia and many other countries. twenty-one s. typhimurium strains from salmonella reference collection a (sara) were analyzed using illumina high-throughput genome sequencing. single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in 21 sara strains ranged from 46 to 11,916 snps, with an average of 1,577 snps per strain. together with 47 strains selected from publicly available s. typhimurium genome ...	2015	26019201
hamp domain rotation and tilting movements associated with signal transduction in the phoq sensor kinase.	hamp domains are α-helical coiled coils that often transduce signals from extracytoplasmic sensing domains to cytoplasmic domains. limited structural information has resulted in hypotheses that specific hamp helix movement changes downstream enzymatic activity. these hypotheses were tested by mutagenesis and cysteine cross-linking analysis of the phoq histidine kinase, essential for resistance to antimicrobial peptides in a variety of enteric pathogens. these results support a mechanistic model ...	2015	26015499
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium-infected pigs with different shedding levels exhibit distinct clinical, peripheral cytokine and transcriptomic immune response phenotypes.	foodborne salmonellosis costs the us $2.7 billion/year, including $100.0 million in annual losses to pork producers. pigs colonized with salmonella are usually asymptomatic with varied severity and duration of fecal shedding. thus, understanding the responses that result in less shedding may provide a mechanism for control. fifty-four pigs were inoculated with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) and clinical signs, fecal st shedding, growth performance, peripheral cytokines and whole bl ...	2015	24632525
dissecting the cyclic di-guanylate monophosphate signalling network regulating motility in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	flagella-mediated swimming and swarming motility in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is intercalated with the cyclic di-guanylate monophosphate (c-di-gmp) signalling network. in this study, we identified the ggdef domain proteins stm2672, stm4551 and stm1987 as key di-guanylate cyclases involved in regulation of motility in a δyhjh phosphodiesterase gene deletion mutant with elevated c-di-gmp levels inhibiting motility. surprisingly, these di-guanylate cyclases distinctively inhibited mot ...	2015	25059628
pathogenicity and phenotypic analysis of sopb, sopd and pipd virulence factors in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and salmonella enterica serovar agona.	salmonella is an important food-borne pathogen causing disease in humans and animals worldwide. salmonellosis may be caused by any one of over 2,500 serovars of salmonella. nonetheless, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and salmonella enterica serovar agona are the second most prevalent serovars isolated from humans and livestock products respectively. limited knowledge is available about the virulence mechanisms responsible for diarrheal disease caused by them. to investigate the contribu ...	2015	25312847
distinct innate responses are induced by attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium mutants.	upon bacterial infection the host cells generate a wide variety of cytokines. genetic attenuation of bacterial physiological pathogens can be accomplished not only by disruption of normal bacterial processes, but also by the loss of the ability to redirect the host immune system. we examined nine attenuated salmonella typhimurium mutants for their ability to replicate as well as the cytokines produced after infection of bone marrow derived macrophages (bmdm). infection of bmdm with attenuated sa ...	2016	26546408
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium growth is inhibited by the concomitant binding of zn(ii) and a pyrrolyl-hydroxamate to znua, the soluble component of the znuabc transporter.	under conditions of zn(ii) deficiency, the most relevant high affinity zn(ii) transport system synthesized by many gram-negative bacteria is the znuabc transporter. znuabc is absent in eukaryotes and plays an important role in bacterial virulence. consequently, znua, the periplasmic component of the transporter, appeared as a good target candidate to find new compounds able to contrast bacterial growth by interfering with zn(ii) uptake.	2016	26691136
transcription factor batf3 is important for development of cd8+ t-cell response against a phagosomal bacterium regardless of the location of antigen.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) is a virulent intracellular bacterium that conceals itself in the phagosomes of infected cells. although cd8(+) t cells promote protection against various intracellular pathogens, the role of cd8(+) t cells against virulent st has been unclear due to early fatality of susceptible (b6) mice. herein, we generated mhc i-deficient mice on the resistant (129svj) and susceptible (nramp1 transgenic b6) background to evaluate the role of cd8(+) t cells agains ...	2016	26567886
location, location, location. salmonella senses ethanolamine to gauge distinct host environments and coordinate gene expression.	chemical and nutrient signaling mediate all cellular processes, ensuring survival in response to changing environmental conditions. ethanolamine is a component of phosphatidylethanolamine, a major phospholipid of mammalian and bacterial cell membranes. ethanolamine is abundant in the gastrointestinal (gi) tract from dietary sources as well as from the normal turnover of intestinal epithelial and bacterial cells in the gut. additionally, mammalian cells maintain intracellular ethanolamine concent ...	2016	28357338
assessing salmonella typhimurium persistence in poultry carcasses under multiple thermal conditions consistent with composting and wet rendering.	mitigation of salmonella associated with poultry carcasses is primarily accomplished by rendering or carcass composting. while rendering temperatures and pressures are well established for pathogen inactivation in poultry carcasses, parameters controlling composting processes are less defined in part because multiple conditions and procedures are utilized. consequently, limited knowledge exists describing the impacts of composting with varying temperature and mixing protocols with respect to the ...	2016	26769271
salmonella plasmid virulence gene spvb enhances bacterial virulence by inhibiting autophagy in a zebrafish infection model.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can cause gastroenteritis and systemic infection in a wide range of hosts. salmonella plasmid virulence gene spvb is closely related to bacterial virulence in different cells and animal models, and the encoded protein acts as an intracellular toxin required for adp-ribosyl transferase activity. however, until now there is no report about the pathogenecity of spvb gene on zebrafish. due to the ou ...	2016	26723267
a multi-drug resistant salmonella typhimurium st213 human-invasive strain (33676) containing the bla cmy-2 gene on an incf plasmid is attenuated for virulence in balb/c mice.	classical strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (typhimurium) predominantly cause a self-limiting diarrheal illness in humans and a systemic disease in mice. in this study, we report the characterization of a strain isolated from a blood-culture taken from a 15-year old woman suffering from invasive severe salmonellosis, refractory to conventional therapy with extended-spectrum cephalosporin (esc).	2016	26862033
retinoic acid decreases the severity of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium mediated gastroenteritis in a mouse model.	gastroenteritis is a global burden; it's the major cause of morbidity and mortality both in adults and children of developing countries. salmonella is one of the leading causes of bacteria-mediated gastroenteritis and due to its increasing multidrug antibiotic resistance; salmonella-mediated gastroenteritis is difficult to control. retinoic acid, the biologically active agent of vitamin a has an anti-inflammatory effect on experimental colitis. in this study we have shown all trans retinoic acid ...	2016	26858186
novel small rna (srna) landscape of the starvation-stress response transcriptome of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	small rnas (srnas) are short (∼50-200 nucleotides) noncoding rnas that regulate cellular activities across bacteria. salmonella enterica starved of a carbon-energy (c) source experience a host of genetic and physiological changes broadly referred to as the starvation-stress response (ssr). in an attempt to identify novel srnas contributing to ssr control, we grew log-phase, 5-h c-starved and 24-h c-starved cultures of the virulent salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium strai ...	2016	26853797
antibacterial flavonoids from medicinal plants covalently inactivate type iii protein secretion substrates.	traditional chinese medicines (tcms) have been historically used to treat bacterial infections. however, the molecules responsible for these anti-infective properties and their potential mechanisms of action have remained elusive. using a high-throughput assay for type iii protein secretion in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, we discovered that several tcms can attenuate this key virulence pathway without affecting bacterial growth. among the active tcms, we discovered that baicalein, a ...	2016	26847396
a diva vaccine for cross-protection against salmonella.	swine are often asymptomatic carriers of salmonella spp., a leading cause of human bacterial foodborne disease. vaccination against salmonella is effective for protecting animal health and enhancing food safety. however, with >2500 salmonella serovars, current vaccines for swine offer limited cross-protection against heterologous serovars. also, existing vaccines can interfere with surveillance programs that monitor the salmonella status of swine herds. to overcome salmonella vaccine limitations ...	2016	26836212
molecular analysis of the adaptive response in salmonella typhimurium after starvation in salty conditions.	the pathogenic bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium elicits a variety of genetic programs to adapt to stress conditions encountered within hostile environments such as host phagocytes and preserved food.	2016	26829540
development of functional microfold (m) cells from intestinal stem cells in primary human enteroids.	intestinal microfold (m) cells are specialized epithelial cells that act as gatekeepers of luminal antigens in the intestinal tract. they play a critical role in the intestinal mucosal immune response through transport of viruses, bacteria and other particles and antigens across the epithelium to immune cells within peyer's patch regions and other mucosal sites. recent studies in mice have demonstrated that m cells are generated from lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (iscs), and that infection with sa ...	2016	26820624
protein acetylation is involved in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium virulence.	salmonella causes a range of diseases in different hosts, including enterocolitis and systemic infection. lysine acetylation regulates many eukaryotic cellular processes, but its function in bacteria is largely unexplored. the acetyltransferase pat and nad(+)-dependent deacetylase cobb are involved in the reversible protein acetylation in salmonella typhimurium. here, we used cell and animal models to evaluate the virulence of pat and cobb deletion mutants in s. typhimurium and found that pat is ...	2016	26810370
a conditionally lethal mutant of salmonella typhimurium induces a protective response in mice.	here we present the design of a conditionally lethal mutant of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) which growth depends on tetracycline (tet). four mutants of s. typhimurium, with tet-conditional growth, were created by inserting the tetra cassette. three of the mutants presented a conditional-lethal phenotype in vitro. one mutant in the yabb gene remained conditional inside cells and did not persisted after 24 h in cell cultures. the capacity of s. typhimurium yabb::tetra t ...	2016	26792728
dual rna-seq unveils noncoding rna functions in host-pathogen interactions.	bacteria express many small rnas for which the regulatory roles in pathogenesis have remained poorly understood due to a paucity of robust phenotypes in standard virulence assays. here we use a generic 'dual rna-seq' approach to profile rna expression simultaneously in pathogen and host during salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection and reveal the molecular impact of bacterial riboregulators. we identify a phop-activated small rna, pint, which upon bacterial internalization temporally ...	2016	26789254
genes required for the fitness of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium during infection of immunodeficient gp91-/- phox mice.	salmonella enterica causes systemic diseases (typhoid and paratyphoid fever), nontyphoidal septicemia (nts), and gastroenteritis in humans and other animals worldwide. an important but underrecognized emerging infectious disease problem in sub-saharan africa is nts in children and immunocompromised adults. a current goal is to identify salmonella mutants that are not pathogenic in the absence of key components of the immune system such as might be found in immunocompromised hosts. such attenuate ...	2016	26787719
modulating salmonella typhimurium's response to a changing environment through bacterial enhancer-binding proteins and the rpon regulon.	transcription sigma factors direct the selective binding of rna polymerase holoenzyme (eσ) to specific promoters. two families of sigma factors determine promoter specificity, the σ(70) (rpod) family and the σ(54) (rpon) family. in transcription controlled by σ(54), the eσ(54)-promoter closed complex requires atp hydrolysis by an associated bacterial enhancer-binding protein (bebp) for the transition to open complex and transcription initiation. given the wide host range of salmonella enterica s ...	2016	27583250
antimicrobial susceptibility and internalization of salmonella typhimurium in vacuum-tumbled marinated beef products.	as the incidence of multidrug resistance (mdr) salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium is increasing, data regarding the antimicrobial interventions and pathogen internalization in marinated meat products are important. this study evaluated the antimicrobial intervention and internalization of salm. typhimurium in marinated beef sirloin steaks. beef bottom sirloin flaps (imps #185a; usda select) inoculated (10(8) log10 cfu ml(-1) ) with salm. typhimurium were sprayed (lactic acid (4%) and buf ...	2016	27577863
single-cell analyses reveal an attenuated nf-κb response in the salmonella-infected fibroblast.	the eukaryotic transcriptional regulator nuclear factor kappa b (nf-κb) plays a central role in the defense to pathogens. despite this, few studies have analyzed nf-κb activity in single cells during infection. here, we investigated at the single cell level how nf-κb nuclear localization - a proxy for nf-κb activity - oscillates in infected and uninfected fibroblasts co-existing in cultures exposed to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. fibroblasts were used due to the capacity of s. typhim ...	2016	27575017
inchi2 plasmids are the key vectors responsible for oqxab transmission among salmonella species.	this study reported and analyzed the complete sequences of two oqxab-bearing inchi2 plasmids harbored by a clinical salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain and an s indiana strain of animal origin, respectively. in particular, pa3t recovered from s indiana comprised the resistance determinants oqxab, aac(6')ib-cr, fosa3, and blactx-m-14 further genetic screening of 63 oqxab-positive salmonella isolates revealed that the majority carried inchi2 plasmids, confirming that such plasmids play ...	2016	27572409
biosynthesis of salmonella enterica [nife]-hydrogenase-5: probing the roles of system-specific accessory proteins.	a subset of bacterial [nife]-hydrogenases have been shown to be capable of activating dihydrogen-catalysis under aerobic conditions; however, it remains relatively unclear how the assembly and activation of these enzymes is carried out in the presence of air. acquiring this knowledge is important if a generic method for achieving production of o2-resistant [nife]-hydrogenases within heterologous hosts is to be developed. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium synthesizes the [nife]-hydrogenase- ...	2016	27566174
bioactive extracts from berry byproducts on the pathogenicity of salmonella typhimurium.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic properties of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) in the presence of lethal and sublethal concentrations (slc2log) of blackberry (rubus fruticosus) and blueberry (vaccinium corymbosum) pomace extracts. antimicrobial susceptibility, physicochemical properties, motility, biofilm formation ability, virulence gene expression patterns, and the ability of st to colonize in chick cecum were evaluated in the presence of these bi ...	2016	27565525
the impact of 18 ancestral and horizontally-acquired regulatory proteins upon the transcriptome and srna landscape of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	we know a great deal about the genes used by the model pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to cause disease, but less about global gene regulation. new tools for studying transcripts at the single nucleotide level now offer an unparalleled opportunity to understand the bacterial transcriptome, and expression of the small rnas (srna) and coding genes responsible for the establishment of infection. here, we define the transcriptomes of 18 mutants lacking virulence-related global regul ...	2016	27564394
the occurrence of salmonella spp. in duck eggs on sale at retail or from catering in england.	since 2010, human salmonellosis outbreaks in the uk have been detected as associated with the consumption of duck eggs. little data are available on the rate of occurrence of salmonella in duck eggs. the aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of salmonella spp. in duck eggs on sale and from catering in england during 2011, particularly those from small-scale production. all samples were collected independently of human salmonellosis outbreak investigations. composite samples of 6-10 ...	2016	27561893
outer membrane vesicle biosynthesis in salmonella: is there more to gram-negative bacteria?	recent research has focused on the biological role of outer membrane vesicles (omvs), which are derived from the outer membranes (oms) of gram-negative bacteria, and their potential exploitation as therapeutics. omvs have been characterized in many ways and functions. until recently, research focused on hypothetical and empirical models that addressed the molecular mechanisms of omv biogenesis, such as vesicles bulging from the om in various ways. the recently reported study by elhenawy et al. ( ...	2016	27531914
efficacy of tumor-targeting salmonella a1-r on a melanoma patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (pdox) nude-mouse model.	tumor-targeting salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium a1-r (salmonella a1-r) had strong efficacy on a melanoma patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (pdox) nude-mouse model. gfp-expressing salmonella a1-r highly and selectively colonized the pdox melanoma and significantly suppressed tumor growth (p = 0.021). the combination of salmonella a1-r and cisplatinum (cddp), both at low-dose, also significantly suppressed the growth of the melanoma pdox (p = 0.001). salmonella a1-r has future clinical ...	2016	27500926
feeding a high dosage of zinc oxide affects suppressor of cytokine gene expression in salmonella typhimurium infected piglets.	suppressor of cytokine signaling (socs) proteins play an important role in the regulation of the immune response by inhibiting cytokines. here we investigated the effects of zinc oxide fed at three different dosages (lzn=57ppm, mzn=167ppm, hzn=2425ppm) to weaned piglets that were or were not orally infected with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt 104. we detected higher expression of socs3 six days after weaning for all analyzed piglets, regardless of the infection or the zinc feeding, s ...	2016	27496737
intracellular salmonella induces aggrephagy of host endomembranes in persistent infections.	xenophagy has been studied in epithelial cells infected with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium). distinct autophagy receptors target this pathogen to degradation after interacting with ubiquitin on the surface of cytosolic bacteria, and the phagophore- and autophagosome-associated protein map1lc3/lc3. glycans exposed in damaged phagosomal membranes and diacylglycerol accumulation in the phagosomal membrane also trigger s. typhimurium xenophagy. how these responses control i ...	2016	27485662
the salmonella effector sopb prevents ros-induced apoptosis of epithelial cells by retarding traf6 recruitment to mitochondria.	microbial pathogens enter host cells by injecting effector proteins of the type iii secretion system (t3ss), which facilitate pathogen translocation across the host cell membrane. these effector proteins exert their effects by modulating a variety of host innate immune responses, thereby facilitating bacterial replication and systemic infection. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s.typhimurium) is a clinically important pathogen that causes food poisoning and gastroenteritis. the sopb effe ...	2016	27473656
biosynthesis of selenate reductase in salmonella enterica: critical roles for the signal peptide and dmsd.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a gram-negative bacterium with a flexible respiratory capability. under anaerobic conditions, s. enterica can utilize a range of terminal electron acceptors, including selenate, to sustain respiratory electron transport. the s. enterica selenate reductase is a membrane-bound enzyme encoded by the ynfefgh-dmsd operon. the active enzyme is predicted to comprise at least three subunits where ynfe is a molybdenum-containing catalytic subunit. the ynfe prote ...	2016	27902441
the function of ile-x-ile motif in the oligomerization and chaperone-like activity of small heat shock protein agsa at room temperature.	small heat shock proteins assemble as large oligomers in vitro and exhibit atp-independent chaperone activities. ile-x-ile motif is essential in both the function and oligomer formation. agsa of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium has been demonstrated to adopt large oligomeric structure and possess strong chaperone activity. size exclusion chromatography, non-denaturing pore gradient page, and negatively stain electron microscopic analysis of the various c-terminal truncated mutants were pe ...	2016	27812886
stabilization of the virulence plasmid pslt of salmonella typhimurium by three maintenance systems and its evaluation by using a new stability test.	certain salmonella enterica serovars belonging to subspecies i carry low-copy-number virulence plasmids of variable size (50-90 kb). all of these plasmids share the spv operon, which is important for systemic infection. virulence plasmids are present at low copy numbers. few copies reduce metabolic burden but suppose a risk of plasmid loss during bacterial division. this drawback is counterbalanced by maintenance modules that ensure plasmid stability, including partition systems and toxin-antito ...	2016	27800482
outer membrane vesicle production facilitates lps remodeling and outer membrane maintenance in salmonella during environmental transitions.	the ability of gram-negative bacteria to carefully modulate outer membrane (om) composition is essential to their survival. however, the asymmetric and heterogeneous structure of the gram-negative om poses unique challenges to the cell's successful adaption to rapid environmental transitions. although mechanisms to recycle and degrade om phospholipid material exist, there is no known mechanism by which to remove unfavorable lipopolysaccharide (lps) glycoforms, except slow dilution through cell g ...	2016	27795394
role of yqic in the pathogenicity of salmonella and innate immune responses of human intestinal epithelium.	the yqic gene of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) regulates bacterial growth at different temperatures and mice survival after infection. however, the role of yqic in bacterial colonization and host immunity remains unknown. we infected human ls174t, caco-2, hela, and thp-1 cells with s. typhimurium wild-type sl1344, its yqic mutant, and its complemented strain. bacterial colonization and internalization in the four cell lines significantly reduced on yqic depletion. post ...	2016	27777572
[outbreak of salmonella typhimurium infections associated with consumption of chorizo in bizkaia].	a report is presented on an outbreak of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection that affected six people. the epidemiological and laboratory investigation associated the outbreak with the consumption of homemade chorizo purchased at a local street market. the vendor and producer were informed that the sale of meat products without sanitary authorization is prohibited, and the product was withdrawn from sale.	2016	26211840
salmonella spv locus suppresses host innate immune responses to bacterial infection.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is globally distributed and causes massive morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. s. typhimurium carries salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) locus, which is highly conserved and closely related to bacterial pathogenicity, while its exact role in host immune responses during infection remains to be elucidated. to counteract the invaders, the host has evolved numerous strategies, among which the innate immunity and autophagy act as th ...	2016	27666190
iron acquisition pathways and colonization of the inflamed intestine by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium is able to expand in the lumen of the inflamed intestine through mechanisms that have not been fully resolved. here we utilized streptomycin-pretreated mice and dextran sodium sulfate (dss)-treated mice to investigate how pathways for s. typhimurium iron acquisition contribute to pathogen expansion in the inflamed intestine. competitive infection with an iron uptake-proficient s. typhimurium strain and mutant strains lacking tonb feob, feob, tonb or iron ...	2016	27760693
complete genome sequence of nc983, a live attenuated strain of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	foodborne infections caused by salmonella enterica serovars are a significant problem worldwide. presented here is the genome sequence of the nontyphoidal s. enterica serovar typhimurium mutant strain nc983, a potential vaccine candidate.	2016	27738027
bone morphogenetic protein 9 facilitates osteocarcinoma cell apoptosis and inhibits in vivo tumor growth.	osteosarcoma (os) causes millions of death worldwide and, since there is no effective therapy, it is necessary to identify the molecular mechanism of os, which can direct the development of new therapies. this study investigated the role of bone morphogenetic protein 9 (bmp9), a member of the transforming growth factor (tgf)-β family, in os development. this study first examined bmp9 expression in tissue from os patients and normal subjects. the os cell line (mg63) and tumor cells from os patien ...	2016	27706722
genetic determinants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium proliferation in the cytosol of epithelial cells.	intestinal epithelial cells provide an important colonization niche for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium during gastrointestinal infections. in infected epithelial cells, a subpopulation of s typhimurium bacteria damage their internalization vacuole, leading to escape from the salmonella-containing vacuole (scv) and extensive proliferation in the cytosol. little is known about the bacterial determinants of nascent scv lysis and subsequent survival and replication of salmonella in the cyto ...	2016	27698022
card9 negatively regulates nlrp3-induced il-1β production on salmonella infection of macrophages.	interleukin-1β (il-1β) is a proinflammatory cytokine required for host control of bacterial infections, and its production must be tightly regulated to prevent excessive inflammation. here we show that caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (card9), a protein associated with induction of proinflammatory cytokines by fungi, has a negative role on il-1β production during bacterial infection. specifically, in response to activation of the nucleotide oligomerization domain receptor pyrin-do ...	2016	27670879
draft genome sequences of 40 salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains isolated from humans and food in brazil.	salmonellosis is an important health problem worldwide and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is one of the most common isolated serovars. here, we reported the draft genomes of 40 s typhimurium strains isolated from humans and food in brazil. these draft genomes will improve phylogenetic analysis and will help enhance our understanding of strains of this serovar isolated in brazil.	2016	27660768
evaluation of the immunogenicity of diphtheria toxoid conjugated to salmonella typhimurium-derived ops in a mouse model: a potential vaccine candidate against salmonellosis.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) causes gastroenteritis in humans and paratyphoid disease in some animals. given the emergence of antibiotic resistance, vaccines are more effective than chemotherapy in disease control.	2016	27660722