Publications

hallucinations as the initial presentation of shigellosis.		2000	10784212
the complete dna sequence of the o antigen gene region of plesiomonas shigelloides serotype o17 which is identical to shigella sonnei form i antigen.	we cloned and determined the sequence of a dna region of approximately 15-kb containing the cluster of genes required for o17 antigen expression in the escherichia coli k-12 strain from the chromosome of plesiomonas shigelloides serotype o17:h2 strain. the sequencing analysis revealed that the minimum essential region of the p. shigelloides o17 antigen gene cluster had a size of approximately 11.5-kb and contained 9 contiguous open reading frames (orfs), which were almost identical to the corres ...	2000	10789503
evaluation of the environmental impact of microbial aerosols generated by wastewater treatment plants utilizing different aeration systems.	using three sampler devices (sas, andersen six-stages and all glass impinger), the environmental impact of bacterial and fungal aerosols generated by municipal wastewater treatment plants operating with different methods of sludge oxygenation were evaluated. the highest microbial concentrations were recovered above the tanks (2247 cfu m-3) and in downwind positions (1425 cfu m-3), where a linear correlation (p < 0.05) was found between the quantity of sewage treated and the entities of microbial ...	2000	10792545
treatment of sanitary-important bacteria by bacteriocin substance v24 in cattle dung water.	quantification of sanitary-important bacteria (e.g. enterobacteriaceae), as well as indicators of environmental contamination, was assessed in samples of cattle dung from 25 cattle farms in 15 north-eastern slovakia districts. the inhibitory effect of crude bacteriocin extract cbe v24 from enterococcus faecalis v24 against listeria monocytogenes ohio and yersinia enterocolitica ye85 was examined in cattle dung water with the aim of finding a new way of eliminating the health risk of the animal s ...	2000	10792671
detection of pcr products of the ipah gene from shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.	pcr techniques applied to diarrheal stools reliably diagnose shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) infections. identification of pcr products using agarose gel electrophoresis (age) and hybridization with dna probes has several shortcomings. automated methods of identifying pcr products that process larger numbers of specimens can facilitate epidemiologic studies and standardize results. in this study, we used elisa following pcr to detect ipah gene sequences of shigella and eiec f ...	2000	10794934
a high incidence of shigella-induced arthritis in a primate species: major histocompatibility complex class i molecules associated with resistance and susceptibility, and their relationship to hla-b27.	the human major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i gene, hla-b27, is a strong risk factor for susceptibility to a group of disorders termed spondyloarthropathies. rodents that express hla-b27 develop spondyloarthropathies, implicating hla-b27 in the etiology of these disorders. to determine whether an hla-b27-like molecule was associated with spondyloarthropathies in nonhuman primates, we analyzed the mhc class i cdnas expressed in a cohort of rhesus macaques that developed reactive arthri ...	2000	10803844
invasion of epithelial cells by bacterial pathogens the paradigm of shigella.		2000	10804859
induction of mrna for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta in mice brain, spleen and liver in an animal model of shigella-related seizures.	the pathogenesis of neurological symptoms, the most common extraintestinal complication of childhood shigellosis, is unclear. to elucidate the mechanisms involved, we developed an animal model and demonstrated that tnf alpha and il-1 beta play a role.	2000	10804924
enteropathogens in adult patients with diarrhea and healthy control subjects: a 1-year prospective study in a swedish clinic for infectious diseases.	a 1-year prospective study was conducted to identify enteropathogens in adults with diarrhea (n=851) and in healthy control subjects (n=203) by use of conventional laboratory methods. virulence factor genes for diarrheagenic escherichia coli were detected by polymerase chain reaction. enteropathogens were identified in 56% of patients and 16% of control subjects. the isolation rate was 65% for patients with symptoms for <1 week and for travelers; >1 pathogen was found in 11% of patients. the mos ...	2000	10816147
shigella flexneri ipah(7.8) facilitates escape of virulent bacteria from the endocytic vacuoles of mouse and human macrophages.	the behavior of shigella flexneri ipah mutants was studied in human monocyte-derived macrophages (hmdm), in 1-day-old human monocytes, and in j774 mouse macrophage cell line. in hmdm, strain pwr700, an ipah(7.8) deletion mutant of s. flexneri 2a strain 2457t, behaved like the wild-type strain 2457t. this strain caused rapid host cell death by oncosis, and few bacterial cfu were recovered after incubation in the presence of gentamicin as previously described for 2457t-infected hmdm. however, anal ...	2000	10816519
innate immune responses in children and adults with shigellosis.	an array of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators of the innate immune system was analyzed in stool, urine, and rectal mucosa samples from adults and children with shigellosis to better understand their role in recovery from and in the immunopathogenesis of the disease. increased concentrations of lactoferrin (lf), myeloperoxidase (mpo), prostaglandin e(2), and leukotriene b(4) (ltb(4)) in stool during acute shigellosis in both children and adults indicated that activated cells of the innate defe ...	2000	10816520
interaction of shigella flexneri ipac with model membranes correlates with effects on cultured cells.	invasion of enterocytes by shigella flexneri requires the properly timed release of ipab and ipac at the host-pathogen interface; however, only ipac has been found to possess quantifiable activities in vitro. we demonstrate here that when added to cultured cells, purified ipac elicits cytoskeletal changes similar to those that occur during shigella invasion. this ipac effect may correlate with its ability to interact with model membranes at physiological ph and to promote entry by an ipac mutant ...	2000	10816532
curli loci of shigella spp.	an unstable chromosomal element encoding multiple antibiotic resistance in shigella flexneri serotype 2a was found to include sequences homologous to the csg genes encoding curli in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. as curli have been implicated in the virulence of serovar typhimurium, we investigated the csg loci in all four species of shigella. dna sequencing and pcr analysis showed that the csg loci of a wide range of shigella strains, of diverse serotypes and diff ...	2000	10816548
the siga gene which is borne on the she pathogenicity island of shigella flexneri 2a encodes an exported cytopathic protease involved in intestinal fluid accumulation.	in this study, the siga gene situated on the she pathogenicity island of shigella flexneri 2a was cloned and characterized. sequence analysis showed that siga encodes a 139.6-kda protein which belongs to the spate (serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae) subfamily of autotransporter proteins. the demonstration that siga is autonomously secreted from the cell to yield a 103-kda processed form and possesses a conserved c-terminal domain for export from the cell were consistent with ...	2000	10768931
the shda gene is restricted to serotypes of salmonella enterica subspecies i and contributes to efficient and prolonged fecal shedding.	little is known about factors which enable salmonella serotypes to circulate within populations of livestock and domestic fowl. we have identified a dna region which is present in salmonella serotypes commonly isolated from livestock and domestic fowl (s. enterica subspecies i) but absent from reptile-associated salmonella serotypes (s. bongori and s. enterica subspecies ii to vii). this dna region was cloned from salmonella serotype typhimurium and sequence analysis revealed the presence of a 6 ...	2000	10768965
antibiotic resistance trends in enteropathogenic bacteria isolated in 1985-1987 and 1995-1998 in barcelona.	trends in resistance to antimicrobial agents used for therapy have been evaluated with 3,797 enteropathogenic bacteria, campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, and yersinia, between 1985-1987 and 1995-1998. the greater increase in the rate of resistance was observed in campylobacter jejuni for quinolones (from 1 to 82%) and tetracycline (from 23 to 72%) and in gastroenteric salmonellae for ampicillin (from 8 to 44%), chloramphenicol (from 1.7 to 26%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and nalidixic ...	2000	10770742
[acute childhood gastroenteritis study at central university hospital of pointe-à-pitre/abymes, guadeloupe, from november 1997 to march 1998].	to determine the role of enteric pathogens in acute childhood diarrhoea in guadeloupe, 161 children (108 cases and 53 controls) from 0 to 2 years of age, admitted to pointe-à-pitre/abymes university hospital, were evaluated over a five-month period. a known enteric pathogen was identified in 40.8% of children. the most commonly identified aetiologic agents were salmonella (16.7% of cases), especially haddar serotype and rotavirus (20.5%). this virus was isolated more often in the dry season. ade ...	2000	10774498
corrigendum to "i-ceui fragment analysis of the shigella species: evidence for large-scale chromosome rearrangement in s. dysenteriae and s. flexneri".		2000	10754259
molecular analysis of shigella sonnei isolated from three well-documented outbreaks in school children.	fifty-eight isolates of shigella sonnei from three outbreaks in school children and eight control isolates from epidemiologically unrelated sporadic clinical infections in taiwan were compared by antibiotic susceptibility testing and molecular typing. antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that all strains except one sporadic isolate were multi-resistant. ribotyping after restriction endonuclease digestion with sali, pvuii and hindii generated the same ribosomal pattern in 65 of the 66 isolate ...	2000	10755630
[erythromycin sensitivity of shigella flexneri and s. sonnei].		2000	10756447
the stability region of the large virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri encodes an efficient postsegregational killing system.	the large virulence plasmid pmysh6000 of shigella flexneri contains a determinant that is highly effective in stabilizing otherwise unstable plasmids in escherichia coli. expression of two small contiguous genes, mvpa and mvpt (formerly termed stborf1 and stborf2), was shown to be sufficient for stability. mutations in mvpt abolished plasmid stability, and plasmids expressing only mvpt killed the cells unless mvpa was supplied from a separate plasmid or from the host chromosome. when replication ...	2000	10762240
prevalence of enteric pathogens among community based asymptomatic individuals.	the objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms in asymptomatic individuals in a community study in melbourne, australia.	2000	10764030
surveillance of bacterial pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in lima, peru.	a study was conducted in lima, peru, from january to april 1995, to determine the bacterial pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in adults, their susceptibility to common antimicrobials, the risk factors involved in cholera transmission, and the best clinical predictors of cholera.	2000	10737846
shigella and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli causing bloody diarrhea in latin america.	in latin america, shigella and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli are the two leading agents in the cause of bloody diarrhea. the already high and increasing antimicrobial resistance of shigella also is a significant problem. shiga toxin-producing e. coli is an emerging disease with life-threatening complications: hemolytic uremic syndrome. although e. coli o157:h7 remains the most commonly recognized serotype, recently emerging, non-o157 bacteria may be the cause of a similar spectrum of di ...	2000	10738672
temperature-regulated expression of bacterial virulence genes.	virulence gene expression in most bacteria is a highly regulated phenomenon, affected by a variety of parameters including osmolarity, ph, ion concentration, iron levels, growth phase, and population density. virulence genes are also regulated by temperature, which acts as an 'on-off' switch in a manner distinct from the more general heat-shock response. here, we review temperature-responsive expression of virulence genes in four diverse pathogens.	2000	10742688
shigella actin-based motility in the presence of truncated vinculin.	mounting evidence supports the role of truncated vinculin in the intracellular actin-based motility of shigella flexneri. vinculin's role was recently questioned by goldberg [1997: cell motil cytoskeleton 37:44-53] who observed shigella motility in mouse embryonal carcinoma 5.51 cells, a genetically modified cell line that reputedly lacked vinculin. that challenge implicitly relied on the assumption that 5.51 cells had no detectable vinculin polypeptide and lacked full-length vinculin mrna. desp ...	2000	10744860
neonatal diarrhea in a diarrhea treatment center in bangladesh: clinical presentation, breastfeeding management and outcome.	to study the clinical presentation and outcome of neonates admitted with diarrhea, and effect of counseling their mothers for exclusive breastfeeding.	2000	10745387
[joint manifestations related to clostridium difficile].	reactional joint disease subsequent to digestive tract infections have been well studied for salmonella, shigella, yersinia and campylobacter. association with hla b27 is well documented. a review of the literature since 1976 disclosed 23 cases of articular and extra-articular inflammatory reactions following pseudomembranous clostridium difficile infection.	2000	10745937
antimicrobial resistance trends in shigella serogroups isolated in israel, 1990-1995.	from a total of 31319 shigella strains isolated in israel between 1990 and 1996, 17574 were sent to the national shigella reference center for typing. of these, 15287 were identified as shigella sonnei, 1833 as shigella flexneri, 327 as shigella boydii and 127 as shigella dysenteriae. in all, 4395 strains were tested for sensitivity to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and ofloxacin. all strains tested were sensitive to ofloxacin, and only t ...	2000	10746496
antagonistic effect of lactobacillus acidophilus, saccharomyces boulardii and escherichia coli combinations against experimental infections with shigella flexneri and salmonella enteritidis subsp. typhimurium in gnotobiotic mice.	lactobacillus acidophilus, saccharomyces boulardii and escherichia coli are probiotic strains used individually to protect against enteropathogenic agents. in order to determine if a synergistic effect of the individual protective mechanisms ordinarily attributed to each of these biotherapeutic agents is possible, we orally administered lact. acidophilus h2b20, s. boulardii and e. coli emo (lse) to germfree mice. ten days after colonization of the digestive tract, groups of animals associated (e ...	2000	10747216
[antimicrobial resistance of shigella spp. in córdoba, argentina, during the period 1990-1997].	this study analyzed the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in 771 isolates of shigella spp. obtained from a total of 9,195 feces cultures done between 1990 and 1997 in a children's hospital in córdoba, argentina. s. flexneri, which was responsible for 73% of the shigella infections, was the species with the greatest resistance. the frequency of s. flexneri resistance to the three antibiotics most used (ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol) increased from 10% in 1990 ...	2000	10748662
trends in antimicrobial resistance of shigella species isolated from children with acute diarrhea.		2000	10750086
construction of an efficient expression system for agrobacterium tumefaciens based on the coliphage t5 promoter.	a versatile expression vector utilizing a promoter of coliphage t5, p(n25) (gentz and bujard, 1985. j. bacteriol. 164, 70-77) and a derivative of the incw broad-host-range plasmid pjb20 (beaupré et al., 1997. j. bacteriol. 179, 78-89) has been developed. this vector successfully expresses virulence proteins of agrobacterium tumefaciens encoded by virg and a mutant allele of vira, vira (delta1-284, g665d) in escherichia coli as well as in a. tumefaciens. the signal transduction proteins vira (del ...	2000	10721702
the role of probiotic cultures in the control of gastrointestinal health.	the use of probiotics to enhance intestinal health has been proposed for many years. probiotics are traditionally defined as viable microorganisms that have a beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of specific pathologic conditions when they are ingested. there is a relatively large volume of literature that supports the use of probiotics to prevent or treat intestinal disorders. however, the scientific basis of probiotic use has been firmly established only recently, and sound clinic ...	2000	10721914
emergence of antimicrobial-resistant shigellosis in oregon.	ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) are currently considered acceptable empirical therapy for shigellosis in developed countries. however, there are few recently reported studies on antimicrobial resistance among shigellae isolated in the united states. we examined the epidemiology of shigellosis and the antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella species isolated in oregon from july 1995 through june 1998. of 430 isolates, 410 were identified to the species level: shigella sonne ...	2000	10722437
clostridium difficile recombinant toxin a repeating units as a carrier protein for conjugate vaccines: studies of pneumococcal type 14, escherichia coli k1, and shigella flexneri type 2a polysaccharides in mice.	unlike the native protein, a nontoxic peptide (repeating unit of the native toxin designated raru) from clostridium difficile toxin a (cdta) afforded an antigen that could be bound covalently to the surface polysaccharides of pneumococcus type 14, shigella flexneri type 2a, and escherichia coli k1. the yields of these polysaccharide-protein conjugates were significantly increased by prior treatment of raru with succinic anhydride. conjugates, prepared with raru or succinylated (rarusucc), were a ...	2000	10722615
nmr spectroscopy, molecular dynamics, and conformation of a synthetic octasaccharide fragment of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1.	a synthetic octasaccharide fragment (2) of the o-specific polysaccharide (1) of shigella dysenteriae type 1 has been studied as its methyl glycoside by one- and two-dimensional homo- and heteronuclear nmr spectroscopy. complete 1h and 13c nmr assignments have been generated, and the 13c spin-lattice relaxation times have been measured for the octasaccharide 2. a congener (6) of this octasaccharide containing one d-galactose residue with a specific 13c label at c-1 has been synthesized and used t ...	2000	10723612
outbreak of shigella sonnei infections associated with eating a nationally distributed dip--california, oregon, and washington, january 2000.		2000	10725973
bacterial, viral and parasitic aetiology of paediatric diarrhoea in the highlands of papua new guinea.	enteropathogens and clinical features associated with diarrhoea were investigated in 1526 children admitted over a 5-year period to the paediatric ward of a hospital in the highlands of papua new guinea. overall, a recognized pathogen was isolated from 39 per cent of the children admitted with diarrhoea. the most commonly isolated agents were rotavirus (23 per cent), shigella spp. (13 per cent), campylobacter spp. (12 per cent), cryptosporidium parvum (10 per cent) and enteropathogenic escherich ...	2000	10730034
blockade of cd14 increases shigella-mediated invasion and tissue destruction.	shigella is a diarrheal pathogen that causes disease through invasion of the large intestinal mucosa. the endotoxin of the invading bacterium may play a key role in the disease process by causing inflammation and tissue injury during infection. earlier studies have shown that various animal species lacking functional cd14 were protected against endotoxin-mediated shock. rabbits experimentally infected with shigella were used to test the hypothesis that blockade of endotoxin-induced cell activati ...	2000	10706713
blocking bacterial enterotoxins.		2000	10700222
a new biological agent for treatment of shiga toxigenic escherichia coli infections and dysentery in humans.	gastrointestinal disease caused by shiga toxin-producing bacteria (such as escherichia coli o157:h7 and shigella dysenteriae) is often complicated by life-threatening toxin-induced systemic sequelae, including hemolytic-uremic syndrome. such infections can now be diagnosed very early in the course of the disease, but at present no effective therapeutic intervention is possible. here, we constructed a recombinant bacterium that displayed a shiga toxin receptor mimic on its surface, and it adsorbe ...	2000	10700227
synthesis of the repeating unit of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella sonnei and quantitation of its serologic activity.	the chemical synthesis of the zwitterionic disaccharide 2 is described that corresponds to the repeating unit of the o-specific polysaccharide (1) of the gram-negative human pathogen shigella sonnei. passive hemolysis inhibition tests using a hyperimmune rabbit serum raised against s. sonnei showed that the serologic activity of the disaccharide 2 is nearly 2- to 3-fold higher than those of its component monosaccharides. nmr data of 2 are in support of the proposed structure of the o-specific po ...	2000	10636234
serotype-converting bacteriophages and o-antigen modification in shigella flexneri.	o-antigen modification (serotype conversion) in shigella flexneri, which is an important virulence determinant, is conferred by temperate bacteriophages. several serotype-converting phages have been isolated and preliminary characterization has identified the genes involved in o-antigen modification, and has also provided insight into the molecular biology of these phages.	2000	10637639
phosphatases and kinases delivered to the host cell by bacterial pathogens.	the gram-negative type iii secretion pathway translocates bacterial proteins directly into eukaryotic host cells, thus allowing a pathogen to interfere directly with host signalling pathways. protein and inositol phosphatases and protein kinases have been identified as delivered effectors in three bacterial pathogens, salmonella, shigella and yersinia, and it is expected that several more such type iii effectors will be found.	2000	10637641
effect of erythromycin on shigella infection of caco-2 cells.	erythromycin (em), one of the macrolides, shows a dose-dependent effect on shigella flexneri invasion of caco-2 cells even at concentrations less than the minimum inhibitory concentration (submic). ls13, a strain of s. flexneri 1b, invaded caco-2 cells in vitro. when the strain was treated with submic of em, the invasion efficiency decreased. the carrier rate of the invasion plasmid containing virulence genes was reduced by em treatment, as determined by the colony pigmentation test on congo red ...	2000	10640609
identification of a novel genetic locus that is required for in vitro adhesion of a clinical isolate of enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli to epithelial cells.	enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) are food-borne intestinal pathogens with a low infectious dose. adhesion of some ehec strains to epithelial cells is attributed, in part, to intimin, but other factors may be required for the intestinal colonizing ability of these bacteria. in order to identify additional adherence factors of ehec, we generated transposon mutants of a clinical ehec isolate of serotype o111:h-, which displayed high levels of adherence to cultured chinese hamster ovary (c ...	2000	10652089
elastase in intestinal mucus enhances the cytotoxicity of shiga toxin type 2d.	shiga toxin variant type 2d (stx2d) produced by some strains of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli is composed of an enzymatically active a subunit and a b (binding) pentamer. the cytotoxicity of stx2d is increased (activated) 10-1000-fold for vero cells when the toxin is incubated with mucus obtained from the small intestine of mice. in this study we isolated an stx2d activator and identified it as a mouse elastase with strong homology to human elastase iiib. moreover, commercially availabl ...	2000	10652371
recent advances with recombinant bacterial vaccine vectors.	bacille calmette-guerin (bcg), listeria monocytogenes, salmonellae and shigellae have shown promise as vaccine vectors in experimental animal models. although disappointing results in humans and non-human primates stalled the development of this vaccination strategy, interest in this approach was reinvigorated recently by the development of bacterial dna-vaccine-vectors. the purpose of this review is to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of bacterial vaccine vectors, and to discuss the futur ...	2000	10652479
selective and sensitive method for pcr amplification of escherichia coli 16s rrna genes in soil.	a set of pcr primers targeting 16s rrna gene sequences was designed, and pcr parameters were optimized to develop a robust and reliable protocol for selective amplification of escherichia coli 16s rrna genes. the method was capable of discriminating e. coli from other enteric bacteria, including its closest relative, shigella. selective amplification of e. coli occurred only when the annealing temperature in the pcr was elevated to 72 degrees c, which is 10 degrees c higher than the optimum for ...	2000	10653763
production of ifn-gamma and il-10 to shigella invasins by mononuclear cells from volunteers orally inoculated with a shiga toxin-deleted shigella dysenteriae type 1 strain.	volunteers were orally administered invasive, non-shiga toxin-producing shigella dysenteriae 1 to establish a challenge model to assess vaccine efficacy. in stepwise fashion, four separate groups were given 3 x 10(2), 7 x 10(3), 5 x 10(4), or 7 x 10(5) cfu. using pbmc, proliferative responses and cytokine production were measured to s. dysenteriae whole-cell preparations and to purified recombinant invasion plasmid ags (ipa) c and ipad. anti-lps and anti-ipa abs and ab-secreting cells were also ...	2000	10657678
e. coli hemolysin e (hlye, clya, shea): x-ray crystal structure of the toxin and observation of membrane pores by electron microscopy.	hemolysin e (hlye) is a novel pore-forming toxin of escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, and shigella flexneri. here we report the x-ray crystal structure of the water-soluble form of e. coli hlye at 2.0 a resolution and the visualization of the lipid-associated form of the toxin in projection at low resolution by electron microscopy. the crystal structure reveals hlye to be the first member of a new family of toxin structures, consisting of an elaborated helical bundle some 100 a long. the elect ...	2000	10660049
screening of patients with acute infectious diarrhoea: evaluation of clinical features, faecal microscopy, and faecal occult blood testing.	for optimal management of acute infectious diarrhoeal diseases, it is necessary to utilize a screening process to distinguish between invasive and non-invasive diarrhoeas. the aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic utilities of clinical features, faecal microscopy (fm), and faecal occult blood testing (fobt) in distinguishing invasive diarrhoeas from non-invasive ones.	2000	10672835
effects of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid on growth and arylamine n-acetyltransferase activity in shigella sonnei (group d).	arylamine n-acetyltransferase (nat) activities with 2-aminofluorene (2-af) as substrates were determined in shigella sonnei (group d) collected from patients with diarrhoeal disease. the nat activity was determined using an acetyl coa recycling assay and high pressure liquid chromatography. inhibition of growth studies from s. sonnei (group d) demonstrated that caffeic acid (ca), chlorogenic acid (cga) and ferulic acid (fa) elicited a dose-dependent bactericidal effect in s. sonnei (group d) cul ...	2000	10677842
specificity of a conductance assay for enumeration of escherichia coli from broiler carcass rinse samples containing genetically similar species.	experiments were conducted to evaluate the specificity of a rapid method for enumeration of escherichia coli from fresh broiler chicken carcasses. in three separate trials, e. coli, citrobacter freundii, salmonella enteritidis, and shigella sonnei were serially diluted and then inoculated into identical broiler chicken carcass rinses. inoculated rinses were mixed with double-strength coliform medium supplemented with 2% dextrose. this mixture was placed in a bactometer module in duplicate, and c ...	2000	10678434
shigella flexneri 2a strain cvd 1207, with specific deletions in virg, sen, set, and guaba, is highly attenuated in humans.	a phase 1 clinical trial was conducted among 35 healthy adult volunteers to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and shedding of different doses of cvd 1207, a live attenuated shigella flexneri 2a vaccine candidate with specific deletion mutations in virg, sen, set, and guaba. cvd 1207 retains the ability to invade epithelial cells but cannot effectively spread intercellularly after invasion (deltavirg), does not produce enterotoxin (deltasen and deltaset), and has limited proliferation in vivo ...	2000	10678904
induction of necrosis in human neutrophils by shigella flexneri requires type iii secretion, ipab and ipac invasins, and actin polymerization.	infection by shigella flexneri is characterized by infiltration of neutrophils in the intestinal mucosa and by a strong inflammatory reaction. although neutrophils are constitutively programmed to die by apoptosis, we show that isolated human neutrophils undergo necrosis 2 h after infection with virulent s. flexneri strain m90t but not with the virulence plasmid-cured strain bs176. this was demonstrated by the release of azurophil granule proteins concomitant with the release of lactate dehydrog ...	2000	10678940
cellular routes of invasion by enteropathogens.	the cellular pathways of infection utilized by pathogenic enteric bacteria have important implications for their clinical manifestations. yersinia reaches peyer's patches via m cells and uses plasmid-encoded factors to resist phagocytic cells. shigella also translocates via m cells and incapacitates phagocytes, but subsequently re-enters the epithelium basolaterally to elicit an acute inflammatory response. salmonella has recently been shown to both colonize peyer's patches via m cells and indep ...	2000	10679413
evaluation of antibacterial activity of asparagus racemosus willd. root.	different concentrations (50, 100, 150 microg/ml) of the methanol extract of the roots of asparagus racemosus willd. showed considerable in vitro antibacterial efficacy against escherichia coli, shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, shigella flexneri, vibrio cholerae, salmonella typhi, salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas putida, bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus. the effects produced by the methanol extract were compared with chloramphenicol.	2000	10685109
etiology of travelers' diarrhea on a caribbean island.	between december 6, 1994 and march 10, 1996, a study of the etiology of diarrhea was carried out among 332 travelers to five all-inclusive hotels in negril, jamaica.	2000	10689233
transfer rna modification, temperature and dna superhelicity have a common target in the regulatory network of the virulence of shigella flexneri: the expression of the virf gene.	full expression of the virulence genes of shigella flexneri requires the presence of two modified nucleosides in the trna [queuosine, q34, present in the wobble position (position 34) and 2-methylthio-n6-isopentenyladenosine (ms2i6a37, adjacent to and 3' of the anticodon)]. the synthesis of these two nucleosides depends on the products of the tgt and miaa genes respectively. we have shown that the intracellular concentration of the virulence-related transcriptional regulator virf is reduced in t ...	2000	10692168
src tyrosine kinase activity down-regulates rho-dependent responses during shigella entry into epithelial cells and stress fibre formation.	invasion of epithelial cells by shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, is dependent upon the formation of characteristic membrane ruffles that engulf the bacteria in a macropinocytic-like process. we show here that cdc42 and rac gtpases, but not rho;, are critical for actin polymerisation, whereas rho; is necessary for the recruitment of ezrin and src at the site of entry. remarkably, cells expressing constitutively active src did not show ezrin recruitment at shigella entry foci. ...	2000	10591626
interaction of enteropathogenic or enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli with hela cells results in translocation of cortactin to the bacterial adherence site.	infection of cultured hela epithelial cells with enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) or enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) o157:h7 results in accumulation of cortactin under the adherent bacteria. tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin is not induced following hela cell infection with ehec or epec, contrary to what has been reported to occur with shigella flexneri.	2000	10603412
i-ceui fragment analysis of the shigella species: evidence for large-scale chromosome rearrangement in s. dysenteriae and s. flexneri.	i-ceui fragments of four shigella species were analyzed to investigate their taxonomic distance from escherichia coli and to collect substantiated evidence of their genetic relatedness because their ribosomal rna sequences and similarity values of their chromosomal dna/dna hybridization had proved their taxonomic identity. i-ceui digestion of genomic dnas yielded seven fragments in every species, indicating that all the shigella species contained seven sets of ribosome rna operons. to determine ...	2000	10612738
hdea, a periplasmic protein that supports acid resistance in pathogenic enteric bacteria.	the x-ray crystal structure of the escherichia coli stress response protein hdea has been determined at 2.0 a resolution. the single domain alpha-helical protein is found in the periplasmic space, where it supports an acid resistance phenotype essential for infectivity of enteric bacterial pathogens, such as shigella and e. coli. functional studies demonstrate that hdea is activated by a dimer-to-monomer transition at acidic ph, leading to suppression of aggregation by acid-denatured proteins. w ...	2000	10623550
[microbiological quality of street-vendor ice cream in dakar].	during a multicenter study initiated by the international network of pasteur institutes and associated institutes, microbiological quality of street-vended ice creams in dakar was evaluated. 313 samples of ice creams from 170 street-vendors were collected and tested for common foodborne pathogens and indicator organisms. results showed that microbiological quality of 45% of tested samples was unsatisfactory because of large populations of aerobic mesophilic organisms (36.7%), thermotolerant coli ...	2000	14666784
[role of shigella flexneri type-specific antigen in bacterial resistance to oxidative stressor].	lac+ type- s. flexneri 1298 1a and s. flexneri 1338 1b hybrids has been obtained in the crosses of shigella strains with escherichia coli k-12 hfr c. the detection of in vitro survive of the bacteria of genetically linked pair strains, differing in type specific antigen synthesis is presented. the more sensitive of lac+ type- hybrids to the treatment by hydrogen peroxide of concentration 205 mm in comparison with the parent s. flexneri strains possesses the type specific antigen synthesis was sh ...	2000	12712519
[effect of irradiation on the shelf-life of aquatic products].	the effect of irradiation at doses of 0-10 kgy on the shelf-life of aquatic products was determined. the results showed that irradiation could not prolong the shelf-life of aquatic products kept at 25 degrees c. while the aquatic products were kept at refrigerator (4 degrees c), the irradiation could prolong the shelf-life and effectively reduce the total aerobic plate count. irradiation could effectively reduce the number of coliform to less than 300/kg and eliminate shigella shigae, salmonella ...	2000	12725095
sensitivity of enterobacteriaceae strains to the third generation cephalosporins.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ceftibuten and aztreonam against the clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae. microorganisms: a total of 973 enterobacteria isolated from clinical material (urine and faeces) were tested. strains were collected during 1996-1998 period, in some centers of eastern romania. sensitivity study: mics were performed using the agar dilution method following standardized techniques (nccls, 1994). stock so ...	2000	12089977
differentiation of shigella strains by plasmid profile analysis, serotyping and phage typing.	ninety-one shigella flexneri and 29 shigella sonnei strains isolated during 1994 from sporadic cases of shigellosis and healthy carriers were analyzed for plasmid profile in order to compare the discriminating ability of this method with that of serotyping and phage typing. our study revealed 10 plasmid profiles (pp) among s. sonnei strains. a total of 26 out of 29 (89%) s. sonnei isolates could be placed into two phage types (type 1 and 20) comprising four pp for phage type 1 and seven pp for t ...	2000	11845469
an outbreak of dysentery in a rural district of zimbabwe: the role of personal hygiene at public gatherings.	to characterize the nature and extent of the outbreak; to determine the risk factors associated with contracting shigellosis; and to institute disease control and preventive measures.	2000	11235056
[value of antibiotype and bacteriocinotype for differentiating shigella strains isolated in argentina].	the aim of the present work was to analyse the phenotypical characteristics of shigella strains in order to evaluate their possible utilisation as epidemiological markers. for one year, we studied 95 strains of shigella obtained from stool specimens of patients with dysentery. bacteria came from various health care centres in the states of chaco and corrientes (argentina). bacteria were identified by using classical biochemical methods. all strains were serotyped and susceptibility patterns were ...	2000	11775312
[gena types of shigella enterotoxins of s. flexneri 2a].	to identify homogenous clones of s. flexneri 2a, using gene distribution polymorphism of shigella enterotoxin 1 (set 1) and shigella enterotoxin 2 (set 2) in a shigellosis outbreak caused by s. flexneri 2a.	2000	11860800
[outbreak of acute enteric infections in a children boarding-school: iceberg phenomenon (part 1)].		2000	11210619
[outbreak of acute enteric infections in a children boarding school: iceberg phenomenon (part 2). answers to questions and authors' commentary].		2000	11210621
[diagnostic value of a novel nutrient medium for isolation and cultivation of pathogens causing enteric yersiniosis and pseudotuberculosis].	a new nutrient medium for isolation and cultivation of the causative agents of enteric yersiniosis and pseudotuberculosis was found to have advantages over endo medium in its differentiating and inhibiting properties. this medium permitted the easy differentiation of yersinia pseudotuberculosis from y. enterocolitica, as well as from escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, klebsiella pneumoniae, k. rhinoscleromatis, hafnia, enterobacter and citrobacter by color; from proteus inconstans by swarming. ...	2000	11210625
[effect of hydroxylamine hydrochloride on lipopolysaccharide fatty acid composition in shigella dysenteriae 1].	changes in the fatty acid composition of s. dysenteriae 1 lipid a after the treatment of lipopolysaccharide (lps) with hydrosylamine hydrochloride (hh) and 4 degrees c, 37 degrees c and 56 degrees c were studied with the use of gas-liquid chromatographicmass-spectrometry. the treatment with hh led to a decrease in the toxicity of lps, but produced no changes in the content of the main fatty acid components of lipid a (lauric, myristic, oxymyristic and palmitic acids). at the same time the total ...	2000	11210628
[bactericidal properties of hemo-cytolysin from vibrio cholerae non o1 p-11702 strain in a panel of indicator cultures for detection of vibriocins].	the influence of the preparation of hemo-cytolysin, obtained from v. cholerae non o1 strain p-11702 and inducing lysis of both red blood cells and v. cholerae cultures using a panel of indicator cultures for the detection of vibriocins, was studied. the set of indicator cultures contained 2 shigella flexneri strains, 1 s. dysenteriae strain, 3 s. sonnei strains, 3 escherichia coli strains and 2 v. cholerae strains, one of them being atypical. hemo-cytolysin exhibited lytic activity with respect ...	2000	11210647
antimicrobial agent resistance in bacterial isolates from patients with diarrhea and urinary tract infection in the sudan.	antimicrobial sensitivity tests were performed on four-hundred and ninety-seven bacterial isolates from sudanese patients with diarrhea or urinary tract infections. shigella dysenteriae type i and enteropathogenic escherichia coli showed high resistance rates (percentage of isolates showing antibiotic resistance) against the commonly-used antimicrobial agents: ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, sulfonamide, and neomycin, and were completely sen ...	2000	11421374
management of reactive arthritis in a juvenile gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) with long-term sulfasalazine therapy.	a juvenile western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) experienced recurrent fever, lethargy, diarrhea, and/or arthritis starting at age 6 mo. during an episode at age 15 mo, shigella sp. was isolated from diarrheic feces. at age 41 mo, reactive arthritis was diagnosed. in addition, the gorilla's growth was retarded. all arthritic attacks were managed symptomatically prior to age 4 yr, at which time a severe episode precipitated the implementation of therapy with sulfasalazine, an arthriti ...	2000	11428403
low-level resistance to fluoroquinolones among salmonella and shigella.		2000	11284932
[immunosuppressive properties of virulent shigella strains].	the review presents data which show the existence of significant difference between the virulent and avirulent shigella species. this difference is displayed in the virulent shigella's ability to inhibit immune memory and secondary immune response. the existance of immunosuppressive activity in virulent shigella has been demonstrated in the case of experimental shigella infection in animals as well as natural infection in humans. the immunosuppressive property of shigella sonnei is determined by ...	2000	11300086
cd44 binds to the shigella ipab protein and participates in bacterial invasion of epithelial cells.	shigella entry into epithelial cells is characterized by a transient reorganization of the host cell cytoskeleton at the site of bacterial interaction with the cell membrane, which leads to bacterial engulfment in a macropinocytic process. using affinity chromatography on hela cell extracts, we show here that the hyaluronan receptor cd44 associates with ipab, a shigella protein that is secreted upon cell contact. overlay and solid-phase assays indicated that ipab binds directly to the extracellu ...	2000	11207560
bacterial signals and cell responses during shigella entry into epithelial cells.	shigella invades epithelial cells by inducing cytoskeletal reorganization localized at the site of bacterial-host cell interaction. during entry, the shigella type iii secretion apparatus allows the insertion of a pore that contains the ipab and ipac proteins into cell membranes. insertion of this complex is thought to allow translocation of the carboxy-terminus moiety of ipac, but also of other shigella effectors, such as ipaa, into the cell cytosol. ipac triggers actin polymerization and the f ...	2000	11207575
actin-based motility of pathogens: the arp2/3 complex is a central player.	bacterial actin-based motility has provided cell biologists with tools that led to the recent discovery that, in many forms of actin-based motilities, a key player is a protein complex named the arp2/3 complex. the arp2/3 complex is evolutionally conserved and made up of seven polypeptides involved in both actin filament nucleation and organization. interestingly, this complex is inactive by itself and recent work has highlighted the fact that its activation is achieved differently in the differ ...	2000	11207576
pathogen-induced apoptosis of macrophages: a common end for different pathogenic strategies.	microbe-macrophage interactions play a central role in the pathogenesis of many infections. several bacterial pathogens induce apoptosis specifically in macrophages, but the mechanisms by which it occurs differ, and the resulting pathology can take different courses. macrophage death caused by shigella flexneri and salmonella spp. has been shown to result in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. conversely, yersinia spp. induce apoptosis by suppressing the signalling pathways that lead to t ...	2000	11207583
the regulatory protein phop controls susceptibility to the host inflammatory response in shigella flexneri.	the phop/phoq two-component regulatory system controls transcription of several key virulence genes essential for salmonella survival in the host cell phagosome. here, we determine that the phop/phoq system also regulates virulence in the aetiological agent of bacillary dysentery, shigella flexneri, even though this pathogen escapes from the phagosome into the cytoplasm of the host cell. a phop mutant of shigella established infections and induced an acute inflammatory response in two different ...	2000	11207599
targeting of an enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) effector protein to host mitochondria.	many gram-negative pathogens use a type iii secretion apparatus to deliver effector molecules into host cells to subvert cellular processes in favour of the pathogen. enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) uses such a system to deliver the tir effector molecule into host cells. in this paper, we show that the gene upstream of tir, orf19, encodes an additional type iii secreted effector protein. orf19 is delivered into host cells by a mechanism independent of endocytosis, but dependent on espb. ...	2000	11207610
functional role for the class ix myosin myr5 in epithelial cell infection by shigella flexneri.	efficient control of shigella-induced, rho-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangements seems to be required to shape the delicate cellular structures associated with bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. we therefore studied a class ix myosin and rho antagonist, the gtpase-activating protein (gap) myr5, for a potential role in the bacterial entry process. we show that myr5 is recruited into bacterial entry spots. the recruitment pattern resembled that of rhoc or ezrin, but not rhoa, rac or cdc42, wh ...	2000	11207612
analysis of the beta-glucoside utilization (bgl) genes of shigella sonnei: evolutionary implications for their maintenance in a cryptic state.	the pattern of expression of the genes involved in the utilization of aryl beta-glucosides such as arbutin and salicin is different in the genus shigella compared to escherichia coli. the results presented here indicate that the homologue of the cryptic bgl operon of e. coli is conserved in shigella sonnei and is the primary system involved in beta-glucoside utilization in the organism. the organization of the bgl genes in s. sonnei is similar to that of e. coli; however there are three major di ...	2000	10931908
improved microbiological techniques using the polymerase chain reaction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for diagnosis and follow-up of enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli infection.	the aims of the present investigation were to evaluate the microbiological diagnostic procedures, especially polymerase chain reaction (pcr) versus culture and seroagglutination, in relation to the clinical features of enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) infection and to study the status of ehec in the western part of sweden. during 1997 and 1998, stool specimens from 3,948 patients were analysed by pcr for the presence of ehec with verotoxin (vt)1- and/or vt2-producing dna sequences. the ...	2000	11152309
production and characterization of a new monoclonal antibody against neisseria meningitidis: study of the cross-reactivity with different bacterial genera.	we have generated a hybridoma cell line which produces an 8c7br1 clone of the igm antibody isotype. it recognizes the 50-, 65-, and 60-kda antigens and is reactive with strains of n. meningitidis in the 98% of local neisseria genera by dot-elisa assays. two percent of the strains of n. meningitidis b do not present reactivity with the 8c7br1 monoclonal antibody (mab). the antibody reacted against n. meningitidis of serogroups a, b, c, x, y, z, and different serotypes and subtypes of n. meningiti ...	2000	11152396
changes in agent variability and time course of disease incidence during a year (as exemplified by dysentery).	the vulnerability of epidemic process during the period of minimum annual incidence of the disease is validated. biological properties of shigella sonnei are studied and their variability examined using the index for evaluation of the mean number of variations for a sign. minimum agent heterogeneity coincides with minimum incidence of disease and maximum heterogeneity with its seasonal rises.	2000	11182825
[a shigella sonnei outbreak in nagasaki].	we have experienced an outbreak of dysentery in nagasaki. shigella sonnei were positively cultured from 467 patients out of suspected 821 cases, and 346 patients were admitted. 121 patients were treated with oral antimicrobials in the outpatient clinic. five patients were diagnosed as secondary infection. we treated a total of 96 patients in nagasaki municipal medical center, and studied the clinical and bacterial features in these 96 patients. chief complaints included fever, abdominal pain and ...	2000	11193551
shigella sonnei peritonitis in a patient on capd.		2000	11216587
a community waterborne outbreak of gastro-enteritis attributed to shigella sonnei.	an outbreak of gastro-enteritis occurred in a community of 2213 persons located near the city of ioannina, in north-western greece. two hundreds and eighty-eight inhabitants of the village of eleoussa, suffered from gastro-enteritis between 11 and 22 october. the peak of the epidemic occurred during the first 3 days (11-13 october). the highest risk of developing gastro-enteritis was observed in the age group 0-14 years (41.4%) and decreased significantly with age (p < 0.01). patients over 65 ye ...	2000	11218200
bovine milk antibodies for health.	the immunoglobulins of bovine colostrum provide the major antimicrobial protection against microbial infections and confer a passive immunity to the newborn calf until its own immune system matures. the concentration in colostrum of specific antibodies against pathogens can be raised by immunising cows with these pathogens or their antigens. immune milk products are preparations made of such hyperimmune colostrum or antibodies enriched from it. these preparations can be used to give effective sp ...	2000	11242458
[role of the microbiology laboratory in the diagnosis of nosocomial diarrhea].	diarrhea that occurs in hospitalized patients is frequent and may be due to infectious or noninfectious causes. in adults with nosocomial diarrhea, the most commonly detected agent is clostridium difficile; in children, rotaviruses are predominant. various studies have shown that bacterial enteric pathogens (e.g. salmonella spp., shigella spp., campylobacter spp...) or parasites are common causes of community-acquired diarrhea but rarely cause nosocomial enteritis. stool cultures for these patho ...	2000	11244602
[nosocomial diarrhea in adults due to microorganisms other than clostridium difficile].	nosocomial diarrhea of the adult is to the largest extend caused by clostridium difficile. however, one must not underestimate the importance of other bacteria such as salmonella or shigella, which are most common in developing countries. other viruses and parasites can equally be responsible for causing such infections.	2000	11244604
[pediatric nosocomial diarrhea].	nosocomial diarrhea are an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. rotavirus has been recognized as the most important cause of nosocomial gastroenteritidis particularly in infants during winter months. nosocomial diarrhea are also, caused by bacterial pathogen like clostridium difficile, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter. clostridium difficile toxin assay should be considered for patients who are receiving antibiotics. modifications of hygiene procedures and preventive measures ...	2000	11244605