Publications

immune mediators of rotavirus antigenemia clearance in mice.	the immunological mediators that clear rotavirus antigenemia or viremia remain undefined. immunodeficient mice and antibody-transfer were used to test whether lymphocytes or rotavirus-specific serum antibodies are essential for resolving antigenemia. clearance of antigenemia required lymphocytes but neither t or b lymphocytes was absolutely required. transfer of convalescent or non-neutralizing rotavirus-specific serum antibodies to the systemic compartment of severe combined immunodeficient (sc ...	2011	21593155
use of fluoroscopy to study in vivo motility in mouse pups.	objectives:: few methods exist to noninvasively study in vivo gastrointestinal motility in animal models of enteric infections. none have been used on mouse pups, which often display more severe symptoms during enteric infections than adult mice. this study sought to determine whether digital fluoroscopy could be used to evaluate gastrointestinal motility in mouse pups as well as adult mice. materials and methods:: fluoroscopic imaging studies were performed on normal 6- to 8-week-old adult mice ...	2011	21593642
uniformity of rotavirus strain nomenclature proposed by the rotavirus classification working group (rcwg).	in april 2008, a nucleotide-sequence-based, complete genome classification system was developed for group a rotaviruses (rvs). this system assigns a specific genotype to each of the 11 genome segments of a particular rv strain according to established nucleotide percent cutoff values. using this approach, the genome of individual rv strains are given the complete descriptor of gx-p[x]-ix-rx-cx-mx-ax-nx-tx-ex-hx. the rotavirus classification working group (rcwg) was formed by scientists in the fi ...	2011	21597953
molecular and immunohistochemical detection of rotavirus in urinary sediment cells of children with rotavirus gastroenteritis.	clin microbiol infect abstract: this is the first report showing that rotavirus infects the urinary sediment cells in immunocompetent children with rotavirus gastroenteritis. we found that inclusion-bearing cells were frequently detected in the urine samples of patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis. these cells were positive for cytokeratin, which was sometimes coexpressed with rotavirus antigen, in our immunohistochemical analysis. moreover, in nested rt-pcr experiments, we detected rotavirus ...	2011	21599796
determination of the whole-genome consensus sequence of the prototype ds-1 rotavirus using sequence-independent genome amplification and 454(®) pyrosequencing.	the prototype ds-1 rotavirus strain, is characterised by a short electropherotype and g2p[4] serotype specificity. following sequence-independent genome amplification and 454(®) pyrosequencing of genomic cdna, differences between the newly determined consensus sequence and genbank sequences were observed in 10 of the 11 genome segments. only the consensus sequence of genome segment 1 was identical to sequences deposited in genbank. a novel isoleucine at position 397 in a hydrophobic region of vp ...	2011	21600242
rotavirus surveillance worldwide – 2009.		2011	21608199
multiple reassortment and interspecies transmission events contribute to the diversity of feline, canine and feline/canine-like human group a rotavirus strains.	rna-rna hybridization assays and complete genome sequence analyses have shown that feline rotavirus (frv) and canine rotavirus (crv) strains display at least two distinct genotype constellations (genogroups), represented by the frv strain rva/cat-tc/aus/cat97/1984/g3p[3] and the human rotavirus (hrv) strain rva/human-tc/jpn/au-1/1982/g3p3[9], respectively. g3p[3] and g3p[9] strains have been detected sporadically in humans. the complete genomes of two crv strains (rva/dog-tc/ita/rv198-95/1995/g3 ...	2011	21609783
rotavirus rearranged genomic rna segments are preferentially packaged into viruses despite not conferring selective growth advantage to viruses.	the rotavirus (rv) genome consists of 11 double-stranded rna segments. sometimes, partial sequence duplication of an rna segment leads to a rearranged rna segment. to specify the impact of rearrangement, the replication efficiencies of human rv with rearranged segments 7, 11 or both were compared to these of the homologous human wild-type rv (wt-rv) and of the bovine wt-rv strain rf. as judged by viral growth curves, rotaviruses with a rearranged genome (r-rv) had no selective growth advantage o ...	2011	21611152
scope for rotavirus vaccination in india: revisiting the scientific evidence.	rotavirus vaccines have been developed to prevent deaths resulting from severe diarrhea of rotavirus origin. the use of vaccines as an intervention at scale to prevent and control the burden of rotavirus diarrhea is supported by the argument that prevailing public health measures such as hygiene and sanitation, breast feeding and use of ors have failed to prevent severe dehydration resulting from diarrhea. the article reviews the existing evidence on the rationale of using rotavirus vaccine as a ...	2011	21611712
babies and bearded dragons: sudden increase in reptile-associated salmonella enterica serovar tennessee infections, germany 2008.	abstract introduction: in 2008 a marked increase in salmonella enterica serovar tennessee infections in infants occurred in germany. in march and april 2008, eight cases were notified compared to a median of 0-1 cases in 2001-2006. materials and methods: we carried out an investigation including a case-control study to identify the source of infection. a patient was a child <3 years of age with salmonella tennessee isolated from stool from september 1, 2007, through december 31, 2008, identified ...	2011	21612527
standardized positive controls for detection of norovirus by reverse transcription pcr.	abstract: background: norovirus is one of the most common causes of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. rapid spread by contaminated food and person-to-person transmission through the fecal-oral route are characteristics of norovirus and result in high morbidity in vulnerable patient populations. therefore, detection of norovirus is a major public health concern. currently, the most common method for detecting and differentiating among noroviruses in clinical and environmental samples is rev ...	2011	21612660
re: four cases of postrenal renal failure induced by renal stones associated with rotavirus infection.		2011	21612763
viroplasm matrix protein pns9 from rice gall dwarf virus forms an octameric cylindrical structure.	the nonstructural pns9 protein of rice gall dwarf virus (rgdv) accumulates in viroplasm (vp) inclusions, which are structures that appear to play an important role in viral morphogenesis and are commonly found in host cells infected by viruses in the family reoviridae. immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy of rgdv-infected vector cells in monolayers (vcms), using antibodies against pns9 of rgdv and expression of pns9 in spodoptera frugiperda cells demonstrated that pns9 is the minimal ...	2011	21613445
whole genomic analysis reveals the complex evolutionary dynamics of kenyan g2p[4] human rotavirus strains.	although g2p[4] rotaviruses are common causes of acute childhood diarrhoea in africa, to date, there are no reports on whole genomic analysis of african g2p[4] strains. in this study, the nearly complete genome sequences of two kenyan g2p[4] strains, ak26 and d205, detected in 1982 and 1989, respectively, were analyzed. strain d205 exhibited a ds-1-like genotype constellation, whilst strain ak26 appeared to be an intergenogroup reassortant with a wa-like nsp2 genotype on the ds-1-like genotype c ...	2011	21613446
genotypes of rotavirus strains circulating in amman, jordan, in 2006/07 and their significance for the potential effectiveness of future rotavirus vaccination.	the prevalence, seasonality and genotypes of rotavirus circulating in jordan were determined to provide data useful for the implementation of a rotavirus vaccine in the national childhood vaccination program. during 2006/07, rotavirus was detected in 35% of hospitalized children, and 88% of the cases occurred in children aged between 6 and 23 months. rotavirus infection persisted throughout the year and peaked in winter. seven genotypes were identified by rt-pcr and sequencing: g1p[8], g9p[8], g ...	2011	21614437
detection of group a rotavirus rna and antigens in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from two children with clinically mild encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion.	we report on two children with mild encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion associated with group a rotavirus (garv) infection. we examined stool, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid samples to determine the presence of the garv vp7 gene and garv antigen by reverse-transcription pcr and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. garv antigen was detected in stool samples from both patients. the garv g genotype was g9 in one child and g3 in the other. garv antigens were also found in bo ...	2011	21617303
symptomatic and asymptomatic infections of rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus among hospitalized children in xi'an, china.	rotavirus (rv), norovirus (nov), and adenovirus (adv) have been reported as the common viral pathogens of acute gastroenteritis in children. to determine the prevalence of rv, nov, and adv infections among hospitalized children with and without symptoms of acute gastroenteritis, fecal specimens, and data on clinical symptoms were collected from 201 children with diarrhea and 53 children without diarrhea admitted to the xi'an children's hospital in xi'an, china between march 2009 and may 2010. rv ...	2011	21618552
specific, simple and rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2 using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method.	porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns). it has caused heavy losses in global agriculture in recent decades. rapid detection of pcv2 is very important for the effective prophylaxis and treatment of pmws.	2011	21414233
intussusception: incidence and treatment-insights from the nationwide german surveillance.	intussusception (is) is one of the most common paediatric emergencies, and the best mode of conservative reduction and its exact incidence remains unclear. for different reasons, availability of reliable incidence data are useful and additionally may be fundamental to monitor potential effects of recently introduced rotavirus (rv) vaccines.	2011	21415671
neonatal immunization: where do we stand?	recognition of the high burden of disease in early life and advances in the understanding of neonatal immunology have resulted in renewed interest in maternal and neonatal vaccination. this article reviews existing information and recent advances in neonatal human immunization.	2011	21415741
[transport and storage of privately purchased vaccines].	describe the transport and storage of privately purchased vaccines.	2011	21420341
burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the pediatric population in central and eastern europe: serotype distribution and burden of illness.	rotaviral gastroenteritis (rvge) is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children under five years of age worldwide. this comprehensive review aims to estimate the burden of rvge among children in central and eastern europe.	2011	21422818
projecting the effectiveness of rotateq® against rotavirus-related hospitalizations and deaths in six asian countries.	rotateq is an oral pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (rv5) that has shown high and consistent efficacy in preventing rotavirus gastroenteritis (rge) in randomized clinical trials conducted mostly in industrialized countries. we projected the effectiveness of rv5 against rge-related hospitalizations and deaths in 6 asian countries by using a simple mathematical model. model inputs included rotavirus surveillance data collected 2006-2007 in china, 2001-2002 in hong kong, 2005-2007 in india, 2005-2007 ...	2011	21422820
tylosema esculentum (marama) tuber and bean extracts are strong antiviral agents against rotavirus infection.	tylosema esculentum (marama) beans and tubers are used as food, and traditional medicine against diarrhoea in southern africa. rotaviruses (rvs) are a major cause of diarrhoea among infants, young children, immunocompromised people, and domesticated animals. our work is first to determine anti-rv activity of marama bean and tuber ethanol and water extracts; in this case on intestinal enterocyte cells of human infant (h4), adult pig (clab) and adult bovine (cieb) origin. marama cotyledon ethanoli ...	2011	21423688
severe gastroenteritis associated with g3p[9] rotavirus in taiwan.		2011	21424852
[detection of rotavirus in 2745 children with diarrhea].		2011	21426650
replacing traditional diagnostics of fecal viral pathogens by a comprehensive panel of real-time pcrs.	molecular dna-based diagnostics are increasingly being used for diagnosis of viral infections. for enteric viruses, pcr assays have also been developed. the aims of this study were to compile and evaluate a comprehensive panel of pcr assays for diagnosis of viruses causing diarrheal disease and to evaluate its use in a largely pediatric population in a 750-bed university medical center. the pcr panel was designed to include assays for detection of adenovirus, astrovirus, enterovirus, norovirus, ...	2011	21430103
development, clinical evaluation, and post-licensure impact of rotateq, a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine.	rotavirus gastroenteritis (rvge) is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children worldwide. this paper provides an overview of the development, clinical evaluation, and postlicensure impact of rotateqôäó(rotavirus vaccine, live, oral, pentavalent, merck & co., inc.). rotateq, an oral vaccine, is uniquely designed to contain five human-bovine reassortant rotavirus strains expressing the human serotypes g1, g2, g3, g4, and p1a[8], which represent the most common human rotavirus serotypes respo ...	2011	21434938
recurrent intussusception in infants.	aim:ôçâ clinical features to identify infants at increased risk of recurrence after a primary episode of intussusception (is) are poorly defined. methods:ôçâ prospective study of the clinical presentation, treatment and outcome in infants <2ôçâyears presenting with acute is to the national hospital of pediatrics, hanoi, over a 14-month period (1 november 2002 to 31 december 2003). a retrospective review of medical records was performed to verify complete patient ascertainment. results:ôçâ five h ...	2011	21435072
hospital-based, prospective, multicentre surveillance to determine the incidence of intussusception in children aged below 15 years in germany.	a new vaccine against rotavirus (rv) gastroenteritis was introduced in germany in 2006. in 1997 the first rv vaccine was withdrawn due to an increased incidence in intussusception (is). thus, an accurate estimation of the incidence of is is important for post-licensure surveillance.	2011	21435207
childhood intussusception in uzbekistan: analysis of retrospective surveillance data.	estimates of baseline incidence of childhood intussusception could help safety monitoring after the introduction of rotavirus vaccines. we studied the incidence of intussusception in uzbekistan, a gavi-fund eligible state in central asia.	2011	21435218
reduction in pediatric rotavirus-related hospitalizations after universal rotavirus vaccination in belgium.	this study investigated the effect of pediatric vaccination against rotavirus on the number of rotavirus-related hospitalizations of children in belgium.	2011	21436757
g2 as an emerging rotavirus strain in pediatric gastroenteritis in southern italy.	human rotaviruses (hrvs) represent a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. it is estimated that they are responsible for a large number of diarrhea-associated hospitalizations in childhood each year. in italy, limited data are available on the patterns of distribution of hrv g and p types. we report here the results of 2 years of rotavirus strain surveillance among children with severe gastroenteritis diagnosed in the town of portici, campania, southern italy.	2011	21437737
burden of disease and costs of treating rotavirus diarrhea in mexican children for the period 2001-2006.	to estimate the health impact and the costs of treatment associated with rotavirus diarrhea in six yearly cohorts (2001-2006) of mexican infants.	2011	21439316
[isolation precautions in a tertiary paediatric hospital].	isolation is one of the measures to prevent the spread of nosocomial infections. however, in children's hospitals, given the type of patients and infections, and the architectural features of hospital wards, isolation precautions are sometimes difficult to implement and enforce.	2011	21439920
efficacy of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, rotateq® (rv5), between doses of a 3-dose series and with less than 3 doses (incomplete regimen).	post-hoc analyses of the rotavirus efficacy and safety trial (rest) were conducted to determine whether the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (rv5) confers early protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis (rvge) before completion of the 3-dose regimen. to evaluate the efficacy of rv5 between doses in reducing the rates of rvge-related hospitalizations and emergency department (ed) visits in infants who ultimately received all 3 doses of rv5/placebo, events occurring from 2 weeks after the first an ...	2011	21441783
impact of rotavirus vaccination on hospitalizations for rotavirus diarrhea: the ivanhoe study.	the aim of the ivanhoe study was to determine the real-world impact of the rotavirus vaccine, controlling for epidemic-to-epidemic variation in disease burden. a population-based prospective cohort study was conducted in brest city and 7 suburban districts (cub area), north-western brittany, france (210,000 inhabitants; 5500 births per year). the vaccination program started in may 2007 for a 2-year period for all infants born in the brest birth zone through pediatricians, public outpatient clini ...	2011	21443962
scaling up diarrhea prevention and treatment interventions: a lives saved tool analysis.	diarrhea remains a leading cause of mortality among young children in low- and middle-income countries. although the evidence for individual diarrhea prevention and treatment interventions is solid, the effect a comprehensive scale-up effort would have on diarrhea mortality has not been estimated.	2011	21445330
noroviruses in children seen in a hospital for acute gastroenteritis in finland.	noroviruses (novs) are second only to rotaviruses (rvs) as causative agents of acute gastroenteritis (age) in children. the proportional role of novs is likely to increase after control of rv by vaccination. we investigated novs in children seen in tampere university hospital either treated as outpatients or hospitalized because of age before universal rv vaccination was implemented in finland. this prospective study was conducted from september 2006 to august 2008. a total of 1,128 children <15 ...	2011	21465124
fighting child mortality.		2011	21465702
diarrheagenic pathogens in polymicrobial infections.	during systematic active surveillance of the causes of diarrhea in patients admitted to the infectious diseases and beliaghata general hospital in kolkata, india, we looked for 26 known gastrointestinal pathogens in fecal samples from 2,748 patients. samples from about one-third (29%) of the patients contained multiple pathogens. polymicrobial infections frequently contained vibrio cholerae o1 and rotavirus. when these agents were present, some co-infecting agents were found significantly less o ...	2011	21470448
strategies for the purification and characterization of protein scaffolds for the production of hybrid nanobiomaterials.	rotavirus vp6 self-assembles into high order macrostructures useful as novel scaffolds for the construction of multifunctional hybrid nanobiomaterials. this application requires large quantities of high quality pure material with strict structural consistency. strategies for obtaining high quality recombinant vp6 and different characterization techniques are explored and compared in this work. vp6 was expressed in the insect cell-baculovirus system. vp6 assemblies were selectively purified utili ...	2011	21474396
detection of fecal shedding of rotavirus vaccine in infants following their first dose of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine.	studies on rotavirus vaccine shedding and its potential transmission within households including immunocompromised individuals are needed to better define the potential risks and benefits of vaccination. we examined fecal shedding of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (rv5) for 9 days following the first dose of vaccine in infants between 6 and 12 weeks of age. rotavirus antigen was detected by enzyme immunoassay (eia), and vaccine-type rotavirus was identified by nucleotide sequencing based on genet ...	2011	21477676
picobirnavirus detection in bovine and buffalo calves from foothills of himalaya and central india.	the present study describes detection of picobirnavirus (pbv) in faecal samples from bovine and buffalo calves employing the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page). a total of 136 faecal samples from buffalo (n = 122) and cow calves (n = 14) exhibiting clinical signs of diarrhoea and from healthy calves were collected during 2007-2010 from subtropical (central india) and tarai area of western temperate himalayan foothills (uttarakhand). the dsrna nature of the virus was confirmed by nuclease ...	2011	21479844
rotavirus gastroenteritis and strain diversity in saudi arabia. current status and future prospects.		2011	21484010
norovirus genotypes in endemic acute gastroenteritis of infants and children in finland between 1994 and 2007.	summarynoroviruses are, after rotaviruses, the second most common causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in young children. we studied norovirus genotypes in faecal specimens collected from finnish children followed-up prospectively in rotavirus vaccine trials. almost 5000 faecal specimens collected from cases of acute gastroenteritis were examined using reverse transcriptase-pcr. a total of 1172 cases (25% of all acute gastroenteritis) were associated with noroviruses. of these, 96% were gen ...	2011	21489338
development of γδ t cell subset responses in gnotobiotic pigs infected with human rotaviruses and colonized with probiotic lactobacilli.	γδ t cell responses are induced by various viral and bacterial infections. different γδ t cells contribute to activation and regulation of the inflammatory response and to epithelial repair. how γδ t cells respond to rotavirus infection and how the colonization of probiotics influences the γδ t cell response were unknown. in this study, we evaluated by multicolor flow cytometry the frequencies and distribution of total γδ t cells and three major subsets (cd2-cd8-, cd2+cd8- and cd2+cd8+) in ileum ...	2011	21489639
[current events in vaccination.]	the annual meeting of the infectious disease society of america (idsa); which brought together nearly 5000 participants from over 80 countries in vancouver, canada, october 21 to 24, 2010; provided a review of the influenza (h1n1) 2009 pandemic, evaluated vaccination programmes and presented new vaccines under development. with 12 500 deaths in the united states in 2009-2010, the influenza (h1n1) 2009 pandemic was actually less deadly than the seasonal flu. but it essentially hit the young, and ...	2011	21489733
gastroenteritis in childhood: a retrospective study of 650 hospitalized pediatric patients.	background: acute diarrhea continues to be an important cause of hospitalization in young children, and deaths still occur as a result. we reviewed a large cohort of hospitalized children affected by gastroenteritis. the hypothesis of our study was that clinical characteristics and a limited set of laboratory data can differentiate between the different causative pathogens of diarrhea. methods: a chart review was performed of 650 patients with pathogen-proven diarrhea treated between april 2005 ...	2011	21489842
active participation of cellular chaperone hsp90 in regulating the function of rotavirus nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3).	heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) has been reported to positively regulate rotavirus replication by modulating virus induced pi3k/akt and nfκb activation. here, we report the active association of hsp90 in the folding and stabilization of rotavirus nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3). in pcd-nsp3-transfected cells, treatment with hsp90 inhibitor (17-n,n-dimethylethylenediamine-geldanamycin (17dmag)) resulted in the proteasomal degradation of nsp3. sequence analysis and deletion mutations revealed that th ...	2011	21489987
outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis in a nursing home, slovenia, december 2010.	a gastroenteritis outbreak affected 45 people (40 residents and five staff) in a nursing home for the elderly in the celje region, north-east slovenia, between 17 december and 31 december 2010. rotavirus group a was laboratory confirmed in the stools of five ill individuals. the outbreak was identified when the number of affected persons was high but was successfully controlled after implementing preventive measures.	2011	21492527
cost analysis of care for children admitted to kenyatta national hospital with rotavirus gastroenteritis.	rotavirus infection is the single most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children under five years of age. the costs of care and treatment for rotavirus gastroenteritis are high. the objective was to compute average cost of care for children admitted with rotavirus gastroenteritis. a survey was conducted in children admitted with a diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis in nairobi, kenya. these were recruited and followed up till discharge or death. the costs they incurred were collected and ...	2011	21492742
prevalence of major enteric pathogens in australian dairy calves with diarrhoea.	determine the prevalence of the major enteric pathogens in dairy and dairy beef calves with diarrhoea in australia.	2011	21495987
economic burden of rotavirus disease in children under 5 years in kazakhstan.	we aimed to estimate the societal costs of rotavirus cases among children less than 5 years in kazakhstan, an upper-middle income country in central asia.	2011	21496473
prospective study of the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in danish children and their families.	this was the first study to characterize the total burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis (rvge) at both hospital and general physician (gp) clinics in denmark, and also the first to confirm rotavirus (rv) as the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (ge) among children <5 years in gp clinics nationwide. several aspects of rvge were reported, including the impact of rvge on family life by changes in hrqol and by the number of days absent from day care. rv was detected in 225 (63.6%) children, and ...	2011	21499690
monitoring of group a rotaviruses in wild-living birds in hungary.	rotavirus is a common pathogen causing gastroenteritis in humans and domesticated animals. the incidence of rotavirus in wild-living animals, particularly in avian species, has not been systematically investigated. in this study 1220 fecal samples and cloacal swabs collected from wild-living birds during 2008 in hungary were tested for the presence of group a rotaviruses by a vp6 gene-specific reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain-reaction assay. of the 1220 samples, 276 and 944 were processed ...	2011	21500648
rotavirus encephalitis and cerebellitis with reversible magnetic resonance signal changes.		2011	21501312
rotavirus vaccine and diarrhea mortality: quantifying regional variation in effect size.	diarrhea mortality remains a leading cause of child death and rotavirus vaccine an effective tool for preventing severe rotavirus diarrhea. new data suggest vaccine efficacy may vary by region.	2011	21501433
immunization safety in us print media, 1995-2005.	to identify and describe vaccine safety in us newspaper articles.	2011	21502237
detection and molecular characterisation of rotavirus and norovirus infections in jordanian children with acute gastroenteritis.	rotavirus and norovirus are globally important causes of paediatric gastroenteritis, but no studies of viral genotypes have been reported from jordan. we undertook a molecular epidemiological study in children hospitalised with acute gastroenteritis in jordan between january 2006 and december 2007. among 368 children, rotavirus and norovirus infections were detected in 49.5% and 11.4% of children, respectively. rotavirus genotypes p[8],g1 (56%), p[4],g2 (14%) and p[8],g9 (13%) were most commonly ...	2011	21503643
rotavirus a genotype p[4]g2: genetic diversity and reassortment events among strains circulating in brazil between 2005 and 2009.	group a rotaviruses (rv-a) are the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. due to the epidemiologic complexity of rv-a, especially in developing countries, it is important to determine which genotypes are circulating, principally after the introduction in march 2006 of the monovalent (p[8]g1) rotarix® vaccine in brazil by the national immunization program. in phase iii trials with rotarix®, the prevalence of genotype p[4]g2 was extremely low, and therefor ...	2011	21503926
rotavirus vaccine rix4414 (rotarix™): a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in developed countries.	the most common cause of severe diarrhoea in infants and young children is rotavirus gastroenteritis (rvge), which is associated with significant morbidity, healthcare resource use and direct and indirect costs in industrialized nations. the monovalent rotavirus vaccine rix4414 (rotarix™) is administered as a two-dose oral series in infants and has demonstrated protective efficacy against rvge in clinical trials conducted in developed countries. in addition, various naturalistic studies have dem ...	2011	21504245
influence of birth rates and transmission rates on the global seasonality of rotavirus incidence.	rotavirus is a major cause of mortality in developing countries, and yet the dynamics of rotavirus in such settings are poorly understood. rotavirus is typically less seasonal in the tropics, although recent observational studies have challenged the universality of this pattern. while numerous studies have examined the association between environmental factors and rotavirus incidence, here we explore the role of intrinsic factors. by fitting a mathematical model of rotavirus transmission dynamic ...	2011	21508015
[safe drinking water supply to the vologda region's population using risk assessment methodology].	to supply the population with qualitative potable water is a priority problem in the provision of sanitary-and-epidemiologic well-being and in the prevention of disease in the vologda region. the monitoring of the results of laboratory control over the quality of drinking-water and the assessment of health risk enabled a package of measures to be proposed to optimize the conditions of drinking water supply in the vologda region. the risk assessment technology used by a state agency for sanitary- ...	2011	21513060
racecadotril for childhood gastroenteritis: an individual patient data meta-analysis.	background: racecadotril is an antidiarrhoeal drug with intestinal antisecretory mechanism of action. aim: to assess racecadotril efficacy as an adjunct to oral rehydration solution, against oral rehydration solution alone or with placebo in childhood acute gastroenteritis. methods: individual patient data meta-analysis following multilevel mixed models testing the significance of the treatment effect adjusted for baseline covariates. results: nine randomised clinical trials (n=1384) were identi ...	2011	21514257
ifn-{lambda} determines the intestinal epithelial antiviral host defense.	type i and type iii ifns bind to different cell-surface receptors but induce identical signal transduction pathways, leading to the expression of antiviral host effector molecules. despite the fact that type iii ifn (ifn-λ) has been shown to predominantly act on mucosal organs, in vivo infection studies have failed to attribute a specific, nonredundant function. instead, a predominant role of type i ifn was observed, which was explained by the ubiquitous expression of the type i ifn receptor. he ...	2011	21518880
immune responses to rotavirus infection and vaccination and associated correlates of protection.		2011	21288818
projected impact and cost-effectiveness of a rotavirus vaccination program in india, 2008.	to assess the value of rotavirus vaccination in india, we determined the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of a national rotavirus vaccination program.	2011	21288839
reaching mdg 4 in india: a role for rotavirus vaccine?		2011	21288840
case-control evaluation of the effectiveness of the g1p[8] human rotavirus vaccine during an outbreak of rotavirus g2p[4] infection in central australia.	the human rotavirus vaccine was evaluated during an outbreak of rotavirus g2p[4] infection in central australia. no overall protective effect against hospitalization was demonstrated, raising concerns over the durability of vaccine protection against heterotypic strains.	2011	21288843
economic impact of dengue illness in the americas.	the growing burden of dengue in endemic countries and outbreaks in previously unaffected countries stress the need to assess the economic impact of this disease. this paper synthesizes existing studies to calculate the economic burden of dengue illness in the americas from a societal perspective. major data sources include national case reporting data from 2000 to 2007, prospective cost of illness studies, and analyses quantifying underreporting in national routine surveillance systems. dengue i ...	2011	21292885
burden of rotavirus infections in liguria, northern italy: hospitalisations and potential savings by vaccination.	we evaluated the rates of gastroenteritis admissions to the emergency department and of rotavirus-related hospitalisations in children =5 years of age in 2006 at an italian paediatric hospital. we calculated the number of rotavirus cases avoidable through the universal vaccination of children. epidemiological data were extracted from the data elaboration centre. to calculate the hospitalisation rate due to rotavirus, the virus was sought in the faeces of children hospitalised for acute gastroent ...	2011	21293899
paediatric hospital admissions for rotavirus gastroenteritis and infectious gastroenteritis of all causes in england: an analysis of correlation with deprivation.	infectious intestinal diseases cause substantial morbidity and economic loss in the uk. rotavirus gastroenteritis (rvge), a form of gastroenteritis, is the primary cause of severe diarrhoea in children. the primary objective of this study was to examine whether hospitalisation for gastroenteritis, and particularly rvge, is linked to social deprivation.	2011	21294699
evaluation of the rida(®)quick immunochromatographic norovirus detection assay using specimens from australian gastroenteritis incidents.	a range of laboratory methods is now available for the detection of norovirus, a major cause of gastroenteritis. recently, a commercial immunochromatographic assay for norovirus detection, the rida(®)quick assay, has become available, but there is still only limited information on its efficacy. this study examined the sensitivity and specificity of the rida(®)quick assay, using faecal material received for testing in a major diagnostic/reference laboratory in australia. the sensitivity of the as ...	2011	21295607
modeling protein structure at near atomic resolutions with gorgon.	electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-em) has played an increasingly important role in elucidating the structure and function of macromolecular assemblies in near native solution conditions. typically, however, only non-atomic resolution reconstructions have been obtained for these large complexes, necessitating computational tools for integrating and extracting structural details. with recent advances in cryo-em, maps at near-atomic resolutions have been achieved for several macromolecular assemblies ...	2011	21296162
meeting of the global advisory committee on vaccine safety, december 2010.		2011	21299033
gavi takes steps to address funding woes.		2011	21300591
oral immunization of mice with lactococcus lactis expressing the rotavirus vp8* protein.	the efficacy of recombinant lactococcus lactis as a delivery vehicle for a rotavirus antigen was evaluated in a mouse model. the rotavirus vp8* protein was expressed intracellularly and extracellularly in l. lactis wild type and in an alr mutant deficient in alanine racemase activity, necessary for the synthesis of the cell-wall component d: -alanine. when the mucosal immune response was evaluated by measuring vp8*-specific iga antibody in faeces, wild-type l. lactis triggered a low iga synthesi ...	2011	21302132
impact of rotavirus vaccination on hospital-acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis in children.	data show that after the implementation of routine rotavirus vaccination for infants in the united states, community-acquired (ca) rotavirus cases declined substantially in the 2007-2008 season. the impact of community-based rotavirus vaccination on the substantial burden of hospital-acquired (ha) rotavirus has not been documented.	2011	21262887
evaluation of potential medical and economic benefits of universal rotavirus vaccination in greece.	to evaluate the potential benefits of introducing universal rotavirus (rv) vaccination in greece.	2011	21223372
development of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.	in this study, a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) was developed for detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). six primers were designed to amplify the nucleocapsid (n) gene of pedv. the optimization, sensitivity, and specificity of the rt-lamp were investigated. the results showed that the optimal reaction condition for rt-lamp amplifying pedv n gene was achieved at 63°c for 50 min. the rt-lamp assay was more sensitive than gel-based rt-pcr and en ...	2011	21286798
detection of human bocavirus 3 in china.	since its first identification in 2005, four species of human bocavirus (hbov1-4) have been documented. hbov1 and hbov2 have been shown to be associated with respiratory tract illnesses, as well as with acute gastroenteritis (age), worldwide. however, reports on the prevalence, clinical significance, and molecular characteristics of the two most newly identified hbov species, hbov3 and hbov4, are very limited. to detect and characterize hbov3 and hbov4 infections in children with age in china, s ...	2011	21286929
rotavirus vp2 core shell regions critical for viral polymerase activation.	the innermost vp2 core shell of the triple-layered, icosahedral rotavirus particle surrounds the viral genome and rna processing enzymes, including the rna-dependent rna polymerase (vp1). in addition to anchoring vp1 within the core, vp2 is also an essential cofactor that triggers the polymerase to initiate double-stranded rna (dsrna) synthesis using packaged plus-strand rna templates. the vp2 requirement effectively couples packaging with genome replication and ensures that vp1 makes dsrna only ...	2011	21248043
analysis of human p[4]g2 rotavirus strains isolated in brazil reveals codon usage bias and strong compositional constraints.	the rotavirus genus belongs to the family reoviridae and its genome consist of 11 segments of double-stranded rna. group a rotaviruses (rv-a) are the main etiological agent of acute viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. understanding the extent and causes of biases in codon usage is essential to the understanding of viral evolution. however, the factors shaping synonymous codon usage bias and nucleotide composition in human rv-a are currently unknown. in order to gain in ...	2011	21255687
multiplex reverse transcription pcr luminex assay for detection and quantitation of viral agents of gastroenteritis.	several viruses can cause diarrheal disease, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. existing diagnostic methods include elisa and nucleic acid amplification, usually performed individually.	2011	21256076
full genomic analysis of indian g1p[8] rotavirus strains.	rotavirus g1p[8] strains are the most predominant cause of rotavirus diarrhea, worldwide and are an important component of currently licensed rotateq and rotarix vaccines. despite a significant contribution of these strains in causing diarrhea in indian children, none of them has been characterized completely, to date. this issue was addressed in the present study by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of complete genomes of 3 indian rotavirus strains (06361, 0613158 and 061060) of g1p[8] speci ...	2011	21256248
immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of the human rotavirus vaccine rix4414 (rotarix™) oral suspension (liquid formulation) when co-administered with expanded program on immunization (epi) vaccines in vietnam and the philippines in 2006-2007.	evaluation of immunogenicity and safety of a 2-dose liquid formulation of human rotavirus vaccine, rix4414 following who's expanded program on immunization (epi) schedule (0, 1, and 2 months; month 0 indicates day of enrollment) in vietnam and the philippines. infants aged 6-10 (mean=8.7 ± 1.07 weeks vietnam) and 5-10 weeks (mean=6.6 ± 1.03 weeks philippines) received two doses of rix4414 vaccine (v) and one dose of placebo (pl) or three placebo doses concomitantly with commercially available di ...	2011	21256876
development of a combined immunomagnetic separation and quantitative reverse transcription-pcr assay for sensitive detection of infectious rotavirus in water samples.	a quantitative and rapid detection method for rotavirus in water samples was developed using immunomagnetic separation combined with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (ims-rt-qpcr). magnetic beads coated with antibodies against representative group a rotavirus were used to capture and purify intact rotavirus particles in both artificial and real environmental water sample matrix. compared to extracting rna using commercial kits and rt-qpcr assay, the developed ims-rt-q ...	2011	21256895
integrative expression system for delivery of antibody fragments by lactobacilli.	a series of expression cassettes which mediate secretion or surface display of antibody fragments was stably integrated in the chromosome of lactobacillus paracasei. l. paracasei producing surface-anchored variable domain of llama heavy chain (vhh) (arp1) directed against rotavirus showed efficient binding to rotavirus and protection in the mouse model of rotavirus infection.	2011	21257814
increasing rates of gastroenteritis hospital discharges in us adults and the contribution of norovirus, 1996-2007.	diarrhea remains an important cause of morbidity, but until the mid 1990s, hospital admissions for diarrhea in the us adult population were declining. we aimed to describe recent trends in gastroenteritis hospitalizations and to determine the contribution of norovirus.	2011	21258098
probiotic, zinc and lactose free formula in children with rotavirus diarrhea: are they effective?	background: this study aim to evaluate the effectiveness of zinc, probiotic bacteria, lactose-free formula and their different combinations in the treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in young children. methods: eight different treatment groups were formed: group 1: 60 patients receiving saccharomyces boulardii; group 2: 60 patients receiving zinc; group 3: 60 patients receiving lactose-free formula; group 4: 60 patients receiving s. boulardii plus zinc; group 5: 60 patients receiving s. boulardii pl ...	2011	21261786
prevalence of norovirus gii-4 antibodies in finnish children.	noroviruses (novs) are the second most common cause of viral gastroenteritis after rotavirus in children. nov genotype gii-4 has emerged as the major type not only in outbreaks of nov gastroenteritis but also endemic gastroenteritis among infants and young children worldwide. using baculovirus-insect cell system virus-like particles (vlps) of nov genotype gii-4 and an uncommon genotype gii-12 were produced. these vlps were used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) for detection of nov-s ...	2011	21264875
sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the coding region of six common rotavirus strains: evidence for intragenogroup reassortment among co-circulating g1p[8] and g2p[4] strains from the united states.	the segmented genome of rotaviruses provides an opportunity for rotavirus strains to generate a large genetic diversity through reassortment; however, this mechanism is considered to play little role in the generation of mosaic gene constellations between wa-like and ds-1-like strains in genes other than the neutralization antigens. a pilot study was undertaken to analyze these two epidemiologically important strains at the genomic level in order to (i) identify intergenogroup reassortment and ( ...	2011	21264876
a first report on the characterization of rotavirus strains in sierra leone.	in an effort to reduce the high mortalities associated with rotavirus infections, a number of african countries are considering introducing human rotavirus vaccines. the demonstrated safety and efficacy of the live-attenuate human rotavirus vaccines in several clinical trials worldwide has accelerated such initiatives. although the percentage-mortality rates for sierra leone are top of the list for rotavirus-associated deaths in africa, no study has reported the prevalent strains circulating wit ...	2011	21264877
recognition of the gm3 ganglioside glycan by rhesus rotavirus particles.		2011	21268193
full genomic analyses of two human g2p[4] rotavirus strains detected in 2005: identification of a caprine-like vp3 gene.	although g2p[4] rotaviruses are common causes of infantile diarrhoea, to date only the full genomes of the prototype (strain ds-1) and another old strain, tb-chen, have been analysed. we report here the full genomic analyses of two bangladeshi g2p[4] strains, mmc6 and mmc88, detected in 2005. both the strains exhibited a ds-1-like genotype constellation. excluding the vp4 and vp7 genes, and except for vp3 of mmc88, the mmc strains were genetically more closely related to the contemporary g2p[4] ...	2011	21270285
monitoring and evaluation of infectious rotaviruses in various wastewater effluents and receiving waters revealed correlation and seasonal pattern of occurrences.	sewage systems are important nodes to monitor enteric pathogens transmitted via water. the aim of this study was to assess the presence of rotaviruses in effluents from wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) and receiving streams in beijing, china, to evaluate the reductions of rotaviruses in wwtps and to provide viral fate and transport data for further epidemiological studies.	2011	21276144
environmental survey to assess viral contamination of air and surfaces in hospital settings.	the presence of pathogenic viruses in healthcare settings represents a serious risk for both staff and patients. direct viral detection in the environment poses significant technical problems and the indirect indicators currently in use suffer from serious limitations. the aim of this study was to monitor surfaces and air in hospital settings to reveal the presence of hepatitis c virus, human adenovirus, norovirus, human rotavirus and torque teno virus by nucleic acid assays, in parallel with me ...	2011	21277649
complete genomic characterization of cell culture adapted human g12p[6] rotaviruses isolated from south korea.	two unusual human rotavirus g12 strains, cau195 and cau214, were isolated from female pediatric diarrhea patients under 12 months of age in 2006 using a cell culture system and their full genome sequences were analyzed. the 11 gene segments of both korean g12 strains were classified as g12-p[6]-r1-c1-m1-i1-a1-n1-t1-e1-h1 genotypes. notably, the korean strains were of the same genotypes as previously reported strains isolated from bangladesh in 2003 (dhaka12-03), from the united states in 2005-20 ...	2011	21279677
reconciliation of rotavirus temperature-sensitive mutant collections and assignment of reassortment groups d, j, and k to genome segments.	four rotavirus sa11 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants and seven rotavirus rrv ts mutants, isolated at the national institutes of health (nih) and not genetically characterized, were assigned to reassortment groups by pairwise crosses with the sa11 mutant group prototypes isolated and characterized at baylor college of medicine (bcm). among the nih mutants, three of the rrv mutants and all four sa11 mutants contained mutations in single reassortment groups, and four rrv mutants contained mutatio ...	2011	21367894