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distribution and virulence of vibrio cholerae belonging to serogroups other than o1 and o139: a nationwide survey.the distribution and virulence of vibrio cholerae serogroups other than o1 and o139 in india before, during and after the advent of o139 serogroup was investigated. a total of 68 strains belonging to 31 different 'o' serogroups were identified during the study period. with the exception of o53, there was no spatial or temporal clustering of any particular non-o1 non-o139 serogroup at any given place. two of the 68 strains examined produced cholera toxin (ct) which could only be partially absorbe ...19957867744
vibrio cholerae o139 in thailand in 1994.vibrio cholerae o139 first appeared in india and bangladesh in 1992. surveillance for o139 was started at three hospitals in thailand in 1993. by 1994 all three hospitals surveyed in thailand had experienced an increase in vibrio cholerae o139 infections.19957867745
the periplasmic endonuclease i of escherichia coli has amino-acid sequence homology to the extracellular dnases of vibrio cholerae and aeromonas hydrophila.the gene enda, encoding the periplasmic endonuclease i (endoi) of escherichia coli, was identified on a cloned chromosomal 1.5-kb hindiii fragment. the nucleotide sequence of the fragment revealed an open reading frame (orf) coding for a polypeptide of 235 amino acids (aa). the orf preceeded by a region with two possible promoter sites displays promoter activity when cloned into an expression vector. on the c-terminal side, two sequences with putative transcription termination function are prese ...19957867949
emerging diseases and ecosystem instability: new threats to public health.ecologists have begun to describe an environmental distress syndrome, whereby widespread loss of top predators and harsh environmental conditions are encouraging the selection of opportunistic pests and pathogens across a wide taxonomic range of plants and animals. environmental change and pollutants stress individuals and populations, and this may be reflected in the global resurgence of infectious disease as these stresses cascade through the community assemblages of species. in 1993, the sudd ...19957856775
[is vibrio cholerae serotype 0139 a potential cause of a new pandemic?].vibrio cholerae o139, a new v. cholerae serotype that does not react with the 138 so far known antisera, was first isolated in 1992 in madras, india. although a v. cholerae non-o1, it behaved quite differently from this particular group of organisms by its clinical appearance in causing epidemic cholera-like disease. the organism possessed the same register of virulence factors as v. cholerae o1. biochemical and genetic analyses have shown that v. cholerae o139 was closely related to the el tor ...19957846774
[the effect of pectin on the viability of vibrio cholerae]. 19958553731
synthesis of the 2-deoxy analogue of the methyl alpha-glycoside of the monosaccharide repeating unit of the o-polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o:1. 19958556740
biotype traits and antibiotic susceptibility of vibrio cholerae serogroup o1 before, during and after the emergence of the o139 serogroup.sixty-nine strains of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated at different times were analysed to investigate if there were any differences among the o1 strains isolated before, during and after the advent of the o139 serogroup. of the 69 o1 strains examined, 68 belonged to the ogawa serotype while one belonged to the inaba serotype. with the exception of one strain all other strains of v. cholerae o1 belonged to the eltor biotype. a single o1 strain isolated before the emergence of the o139 serogroup could ...19958557074
an epidemiological study of vibrio cholerae o1 in the australian environment based on rrna gene polymorphisms.since 1977, vibrio cholerae o1 has been isolated from the australian aquatic environment and periodically cholera cases have occurred following exposure to these environments. to study the relationships between clinical isolates and environmental isolates from rivers and aquatic life, widely distributed throughout the country, a wide range of molecular typing methods were employed. in this paper we report the analysis of the 180 australian isolates (10 clinical and 170 environmental) using ribot ...19958557075
thymine auxotrophy as an attenuating marker in vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae cvd102 is a thymine-dependent auxotroph of cvd101, a cholera toxin a-b+ candidate live oral cholera vaccine. previous clinical experience with these strains suggested that, by restricting intestinal growth, thymine auxotrophy is attenuating for v. cholerae. studies in the infant mouse cholera model cast doubt upon this conclusion however. stable thya mutants selected from each of three pathogenic strains showed unimpaired gut colonization in mixed-infection competition experiment ...19958559036
immunological response to vibrio cholerae o1 infection and an oral cholera vaccine among peruvians.a 'double-blind', randomized, placebo controlled study of an oral inactivated whole cell plus recombinant b subunit (wc/rbs) cholera vaccine was conducted during february-march 1992 in peru in 346 military recruits, 307 (89%) of whom received 2 oral doses of vaccine or escherichia coli k12 placebo, 2 weeks apart. paired serum samples were obtained from 155 (50%) of the recipients of 2 doses. an epidemic of cholera took place between doses. no difference in cholera attack rates was detected betwe ...19958560536
[genetic analysis of vibrio cholerae chromosomal regions containing the tox-2 mutation, affecting production of cholera toxin].conjugational-mating experiments showed mrh genes coding for the synthesis of mannose and fucose resistant hemagglutinin/adhesin and vibrio motility gene mot to be localized in the chromosome of v. cholerae dacca strain 35 close to tox-2 mutation providing a high level of toxin production and rfb locus which controls 01 antigen synthesis. the results indicate the presence of a block of virulence genes within ura-pur chromosomal region of v. cholerae.19958604230
safety and immunogenicity of oral killed whole cell recombinant b subunit cholera vaccine in barranquilla, colombia.in january and february 1992, an assessment was conducted of the safety and immunogenicity of two doses of a new oral cholera vaccine prepared from the recombinant b subunit of the toxin and from killed whole cells (rbs/wc) in 1,165 individuals between the ages of 12 months and 64 years in barranquilla, colombia. this was a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. participants received two doses of either the vaccine or a placebo (killed escherichia coli k12) over a two-week interval. ...19958605522
a secretion expression system using promoter and signal peptide of cholera toxin b subunit gene.a secretion expression plasmid vector pmc05s was constructed taking advantage of the promoter, signal peptide, and transcriptional terminator of cholera toxin b subunit gene and beta-galactosidase was overexpressed in e. coli and most of the expressed enzyme was secreted into periplasma when the lacz gene was inserted downstream of the signal peptide sequence of pmc05s. the yield of beta-galactosidase by engineered e. coli reached 30 mg/l and most of the beta-galactosidase retained the activity ...19958562852
aberrant gene for e1 tor hemolysin from vibrio cholerae non-o1, n037.vibrio cholerae non-o1 strain n037 produced a hemolysin (no37-hly) which was antigenically similar to e1 tor hemolysin (e1 tor-hly) but different in molecular size, hemolytic activity, and glucose binding capacity. in the gene encoding no37-hly, a 4-bp insertion into the structural gene for e1 tor-hly (hlya) was found. the insertion in a shift of codon frames generating a new stop codon in the downstream region. no37-hly was a truncated product of e1 tor-hly sharing 90% of the n terminal region. ...19958566700
characterization of vibrio cgolerae non-o1 serogroups obtained from an outbreak of diarrhea in lima, peru.in february 1994, an outbreak of diarrhea caused by non-o1 vibrio cholerae occurred among volunteers in a vaccine trial study area in lima, peru. clinically, 95% of the patients presented with liquid diarrhea with either no or mild dehydration. serogrouping of 58 isolates recovered from diarrheal patients affected in the outbreak revealed seven different serogroups, with serogroups o10 (21%) and o12 (65%) being predominant. most of these isolates were susceptible to a variety of antimicrobial ag ...19958567912
vibrio cholerae non-o1 as a causal pathogen in cholera patients in yangon, myanmar.vibrio cholerae non-o1 was studied in patients with rice watery diarrhoea admitted to the infectious diseases hospital, yangon. the study was conducted during 1993-1994 to determine the association of the pathogen with the disease. altogether 771 rectal swabs were collected and examined. v. cholerae were isolated by the standard methods. the seasonal, age and sex distribution, serotyping and susceptibility of these isolates to antibiotics were investigated, v. cholerae were isolated from 233 (3o ...19958568194
[recent food poisoning and molecular biology]. 19958568396
studies on bacteriocinogenic lactobacillus isolates from selected nigerian fermented foods.ten bacteriocin-producing (bacteriocinogenic) lactobacillus isolates obtained from three nigerian fermented foods namely: kenkey, ogi and wara were tested against the following indicator organisms: lactobacillus plantarum and food borne pathogens comprising enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli, serratia, pseudomonas, vibrio cholerae, aeromonas sobria, aeromonas cavice, salmonella typhimurium, plesiomonas shigelloides and staphylococcus aureus. all the bacteriocin ...19958568643
the first prokaryotic lipocalins. 19958571450
studies on plasmid stability and ltb production by recombinant vibrio cholerae in batch and chemostat cultures: a lesson for optimizing conditions for chemical induction.plasmid content, its stability and the expression of b-subunit of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (ltb) in vibrio cholerae/r-pmmb68 system have been studied in batch as well as in chemostat cultures. upon induction with isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside (iptg), cultures secreted ltb into the extracellular milieu. highest specific ltb production rate of 7.3 mg mg-1h-1 was achieved in batch culture induced at the late exponential growth phase. the plasmid pmmb68 was fairly stable up ...19958573322
adherence of helicobacter pylori to cultured human gastric carcinoma cells.to examine the binding activity of helicobacter pylori to cultured gastric epithelial cells using flow cytometry.19958574746
comparison of the vibriocidal antibody response in cholera due to vibrio cholerae o139 bengal with the response in cholera due to vibrio cholerae o1.vibrio cholerae serogroup o139, now considered to be the second organism capable of causing epidemic severe dehydrating cholera, contains a capsular polysaccharide which makes it difficult for it to be used in the conventional vibriocidal antibody assay optimized for v. cholerae o1. after modification of the procedure, which involved the use of specific bacterial strains, a lower bacterial inoculum, and increased amounts of complement, the vibriocidal antibody responses to v. cholerae o139 were ...19958574829
molecular epidemiology of toxigenic vibrio cholerae in bangladesh studied by numerical analysis of rrna gene restriction patterns.cholera is endemic in bangladesh, and a regular seasonal pattern of cholera epidemics occurs. we examined the clonal relationships among 103 clinical and environmental vibrio cholerae isolates belonging to o1, o139, or non-o1 non-o139 serogroups isolated during epidemic and interepidemic periods in bangladesh and compared them with those of 51 v. cholerae isolates from four countries in asia and africa. these studies were done by a computer-assisted numerical analysis of the restriction endonucl ...19958576328
development and testing of monoclonal antibody-based rapid immunodiagnostic test kits for direct detection of vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal.we report on the development and testing of two monoclonal antibody-based rapid immunodiagnostic test kits, bengalscreen, a coagglutination test, and bengal dfa, a direct fluorescent-antibody test, for direct detection of vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal in clinical and environmental specimens. the bengalscreen test requires less than 5 min to complete and can be used in the field. bengal dfa, being more sensitive than bengalscreen, requires only one reagent and less than 20 min for detection ...19958576349
construction and characterization of recombinant vibrio cholerae strains carrying heterologous genes encoding non-01 antigen or cholera enterotoxin.in an attempt to study the effect of heterologous genes on the virulence of vibrio cholerae 01 and non-01, rfb genes encoding biosynthesis of non-01 antigens were introduced by homologous recombination into the chromosome of v. cholerae 01 strain 569b (serotype inaba, biotype classical). recombinant strains were obtained which were not agglutinated with the diagnostic cholera 01 antiserum and were not sensitive to the cholera diagnostic bacteriophage, but produced as much cholera toxin as 569b a ...19958577236
the measurement of swimming velocity of vibrio cholerae and pseudomonas aeruginosa using the video tracking methods.the swimming velocities of two monotrichous flagellated bacteria were measured by a computer-assisted video tracking method. tracing the moving path of the individual bacterium revealed that the bacterial cell did not swim continuously in a straight direction, but frequently changed swimming direction and velocity. the average swimming velocities calculated from the 3-sec path were 75.4 +/- 9.4 microns/sec in four strains of vibrio cholerae and 51.3 +/- 8.4 microns/sec in five strains of pseudom ...19958577263
septicemia due to vibrio cholerae 0139 bengal.we describe septicemia due to vibrio cholerae 0139 bengal, the newly described causative agent of cholera, in a child who also had simultaneous intestinal infection with shigella boydii. because v. cholerae 0139 is capsulated, its propensity to cause extraintestinal infection is stressed.19958582139
the distinction of pathogenic vibrio cholerae groups using arbitrarily primed pcr fingerprints.pathogenic vibrio cholerae strains were compared by fingerprinting with arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-pcr). they were o1 classical and el tor strains and recent non-o1 bengal strains. ten oligonucleotides from a total of fifty-two tested gave distinctive patterns, and these strains were separated into four groups. a second technique, amplification of 16s/23s rrna spacers with a pair of oligonucleotides, was also used. various bands were obtained, and the result can be treated ...19958584790
characterization of aeromonas trota strains that cross-react with vibrio cholerae o139 bengal.it has previously been shown that vibrio cholerae o139 bengal shares antigens with v. cholerae serogroups o22 and o155. we detected six surface water isolates of aeromonas trota that agglutinated in polyclonal antisera to v. cholerae o139 and v. cholerae o22 but not in antiserum to v. cholerae o155. on the basis of agglutinin-absorption studies, the antigenic relationship between the cross-reacting bacteria were found to be in an a,b-a,c fashion, where a is the common antigenic epitope and b and ...19958586685
primary septicemia caused by vibrio cholerae non-o1 acquired on cape cod, massachusetts.we describe a patient with non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae septicemia associated with hemorrhagic bullous skin lesions of the lower extremities. the patient had underlying liver disease, and he probably acquired the organism through ingestion of raw clams. although his condition rapidly improved during appropriate therapy, the patient's cellulitis and skin lesions persisted and he developed a fluid collection of the lower extremity that required drainage. molecular methods were used to examine ...19958589171
[flow cytometry detection of erythrocyte antigens and antibodies. technical aspects and new clinical applications].although hemagglutination techniques have proved worthwhile since many years in immunohematology, they also have several disadvantages. they are manual and subjective visual methods, which make it difficult to quantitate red cell antibodies or surface antigens. flow cytometric analysis overcomes these limitations because of its ability to analyze individual populations of cells by sensitive, reproducible, and objective methods.19958589594
attachment of non-culturable toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 and non-o1 and aeromonas spp. to the aquatic arthropod gerris spinolae and plants in the river ganga, varanasi.non-cultivable, pathogenic o1 and non-o1 vibrio cholerae and aeromonas spp. were resuscitated from aquatic arthropods and plant homogenate respectively, by rabbit ileal loop (ril) assay. these organisms adhered to the aquatic arthropod gerris spinolae and various species of phytoplankton in the river ganga, but failed to grow after direct inoculation on artificial media except for only 10 homogenates of the arthropod. the number of non-o1 v. cholerae and aeromonas recovered on direct inoculation ...19958589660
serogroup conversion of vibrio cholerae.vibrio cholerae serogroup o1 can be detected in the environment in a viable but nonculturable form, whereas v. cholerae non-o1 cells can be readily cultured during interepidemic periods in geographical regions where cholera is endemic. in the present study, pure cultures of v. cholerae non-o1 cells contained o1 cells when examined by immune-fluorescence microscopy. laboratory microcosms were used to examine the outgrowth of the o1 cells in cultures of non-o1 v. cholerae. one o1 cell per 10(6) no ...19958590409
the three domains of a bacterial sialidase: a beta-propeller, an immunoglobulin module and a galactose-binding jelly-roll.sialidases, or neuraminidases, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, but are also produced by many non-pathogenic bacteria. bacterial sialidases are very variable in size, often possessing domains in addition to the catalytic domain. the sialidase from the non-pathogenic soil bacterium micromonospora viridifaciens is secreted in two forms with molecular weights of 41 kda or 68 kda, depending on the nature of the carbohydrate used to induce expression.19958591030
synthesis of the methyl alpha-glycoside of a trisaccharide mimicking the terminus of the o antigen of vibrio cholerae o:1, serotype inaba.coupling of methyl 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-2-o-4-methoxybenzyl-alpha-d-mannopyranoside, obtained from the corresponding 4-azido derivative by treatment with h2s, with 3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronolactone gave the crystalline methyl 4-(3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronamido)-4,6-dideoxy-2-o-4-methoxybenzyl- alpha-d- mannopyranoside (7). subsequent acetylation of 7, followed by o-demethoxybenzylation of the 8 formed gave the crystalline methyl 3-o-acetyl-4,6-dideoxy-4-(2,4-di-o-acetyl-3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronami d ...19958593618
vibrio spp. secrete proaerolysin as a folded dimer without the need for disulphide bond formation.proaerolysin is an extracellular dimeric protein that is secreted across the inner and outer membranes of aeromonas spp. in separate steps. to investigate the role of protein folding in the second step, one or more cysteine residues were introduced and the mutant proaerolysins were expressed in aeromonas hydrophila and aeromonas salmonicida, as well as vibrio cholerae. replacing met-41 with cys resulted in expression of a protein that could form a dimer in which the monomers were linked together ...19958594324
single amino acid substitutions in the n-terminus of vibrio cholerae tcpa affect colonization, autoagglutination, and serum resistance.the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) of vibrio cholerae o1 is required for successful infection of the host. tcpa, the structural subunit of tcp, belongs to the type iv family of pilins, which includes the pile pilin of neisseria gonorrhoeae. recently, single amino acid changes in the n-terminus of pile were found to abolish autoagglutination in gonococci. as type iv pilins demonstrate some similarities in function and amino acid sequence, site-directed mutagenesis and allelic exchanges were used t ...19958594332
protective effect of saccharomyces boulardii against the cholera toxin in rats.the effect of orogastric administration of saccharomyces boulardii on the anatomopathological aspect of the jejunal villi was studied in male fischer rats (weighing about 40 g) orogastrically infected with a culture of vibrio cholerae. experimental and control groups received lyophilized s. boulardii (25 mg suspended in 0.5 ml saline) or 0.5 ml saline, respectively, three times a day for 10 days by gastric intubation. on day 5 of treatment, 0.5 ml of a culture of v. cholerae containing 10(8) via ...19958520525
characterization of an internal permissive site in the cholera toxin b-subunit and insertion of epitopes from human immunodeficiency virus-1, hepatitis b virus and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli.we previously described the construction of novel hybrid proteins based on the b-subunit of cholera toxin (ctb) [bäckström et al., gene 149 (1994) 211-217], in which a neutralizing b-cell epitope from the third variable (v3) loop in the envelope glycoprotein gp120 from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) was inserted within a surface-exposed region between amino acids (aa) 55 and 64. the resulting protein retained properties of native ctb and could induce strong anti-ctb antibody (ab) re ...19958522171
epidemiology of vibrio cholerae o139 with special reference to intrafamilial transmission in calcutta.a total of 27 families of hospitalised patients (index case families) suffering from acute watery diarrhoea caused by vibrio cholerae o139, and 14 neighbourhood families were bacteriologically screened for 4 consecutive days to determine the extent of v. cholerae o139 infection amongst healthy contacts and other suspected vehicles of transmission at the intrafamilial level. v. cholerae o139 was isolated from faeces of 14.6% of healthy contacts in index case families as compared to none in neighb ...19958522831
cell wall antigens in vibrio cholerae o139 bengal, a causative agent of new epidemics. 19958524919
immunochemical aspects of lipopolysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal, a new epidemic strain for recent, fast-spreading cholera in the indian subcontinent. 19958524922
genital-associated lymphoid tissue in female non-human primates.we investigated genital-associated lymphoid tissue (genalt) in non-human primates (macaques), by augmenting vaginal with oral immunization. the vaccine was a recombinant particulate siv antigen (p27:ty-vlp), linked to ct-b, and administered into the vagina by a paediatric naso-gastric tube and into the stomach by a gastric tube. oro-vaginal or vagino-oral sequence of immunization elicited specific cd4+ t cell proliferative responses to p27 antigen in the genital lymph nodes and the spleen but no ...19958525944
alterations of galt due to malnutrition and decrease in the secretory immune response to cholera toxin. 19958525978
a putative pathway for biosynthesis of the o-antigen component, 3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronic acid, based on the sequence of the vibrio cholerae o1 rfb region.the nucleotide sequence of a region of the rfb genes, encoding biosynthesis of the vibrio cholerae (vc) o1 o-antigen, was determined. analysis of the open reading frames (orfs) within this region has revealed similarities with a number of different classes of biosynthetic proteins and enzymes. the orfs have been designated rfbk, rfbl, rfbm, rfbn and rfbo. rfbk is a small, acidic protein which has similarity to the family of proteins known as acyl-carrier proteins (acp). the rfbl protein has simi ...19958529890
a putative pathway for perosamine biosynthesis is the first function encoded within the rfb region of vibrio cholerae o1.the first four genes (rfba,b,d,e) of the rfb region of vibrio cholerae o1 are predicted to encode the enzymes required for the biosynthesis of perosamine, which constitutes the backbone structure of the o-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide. based on homology to known proteins/protein families, the following functions are predicted: rfba, phosphomannose isomerase-guanosine diphosphomannose pyrophosphorylase; rfbb, phosphomanno-mutase; rfbd, oxido reductase and rfbe, perosamine synthetase (amino-tr ...19958529891
regulation of tcp genes in classical and el tor strains of vibrio cholerae o1.expression of genes encoding the toxin-co-regulated pilus (tcp) varies between the two biotypes of vibrio cholerae o1. sequence analysis of the tcp locus from the classical and el tor strains has revealed differences in the intergenic regions between tcpi and tcpp, and tcph and tcpa, which may be involved in regulation. to investigate this possibility, transcription of tcpa, and the predicted upstream promoters for tcpi and tcpp, has been analysed in the classical and el tor strains using promot ...19958529892
characterization of vibrio cholerae el tor cytolysin as an oligomerizing pore-forming toxin.v. cholerae el tor cytolysin is a secreted, water-soluble protein of m(r) 60,000 that may be relevant to the pathogenesis of acute diarrhea. in this communication, we demonstrate that the toxin binds to and oligomerizes in target membranes to form sds-stable aggregates of m(r) 200,000-250,000 that generate small transmembrane pores. pores formed in erythrocytes were approximately 0.7 nm in size, as demonstrated by osmotic protection experiments. binding was shown to occur in a temperature-indepe ...19958538577
rapid detection of vibrio cholerae contamination of seafood by polymerase chain reaction.the possibility of detecting vibrio cholerae contamination of seafood using a technique based on polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was studied. direct pcr on lysate prepared from fish homogenates containing 10(3) v. cholerae/ml gave a positive reaction. when combined with alkaline peptone water (apw) enrichment, homogenates containing 1.4 cells/ml gave amplification signal. the technique could also detect v. cholerae o139, the recent epidemic serotype in the indian subcontinent. an environmental i ...19958541985
epidemic cholera in latin america: spread and routes of transmission.in the most recent epidemic of cholera in latin america, nearly a million cases were reported and almost 9000 people died between january 1991 and december 1993. the epidemic spread rapidly from country to country, affecting in three years all the countries of latin america except uruguay and the caribbean. case-control studies carried out in peru showed a significant association between drinking water and risk of disease. cholera was associated with the consumption of unwashed fruit and vegetab ...19958544225
[epidemic of cholera due to a new serogroup vibrio cholerae o139 bengal]. 19958544342
cholera in the united states.cholera remains a threat to human health in many parts of the world, including the united states. the epidemiology of cholera is reviewed to prepare for identification and prevention of the disease in appropriate clinical settings. the clinical manifestations of cholera and the pathophysiology of the toxin-induced diarrhea are reviewed to introduce and to clarify appropriate therapeutic and preventive interventions.19958548982
antimicrobial treatment of adults with cholera due to vibrio cholerae 0139 (synonym bengal). 19958549400
antimicrobial treatment of cholera. 19958549402
[bacteriological aspects of cholera in chad (1991 and 1994 epidemics)]. 19958640086
widespread emergence of vibrio cholerae 0139 in india.the national institute of communicable diseases (nicd) has been monitoring the incidence of laboratory confirmed cases of cholera in delhi in collaboration with infectious diseases hospital (idh) since 1965. cholera and cholera-like cases from all hospitals in delhi are admitted in idh and the rectal swabs of all such cases are processed for isolation of vibrio cholerae at nicd laboratory. since april 1993, there has been isolation of vibrio cholerae serotype 0139, in increasing numbers (831 out ...19958629072
[acute renal failure as a complication of cholera].we present a 72-year-old man who had episodes of severe, acute renal failure during severe attacks of diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae. patterns of acute tubular necrosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis developed following hypotension and decrease in renal blood flow, causing secondary renal ischemia. there was severe dehydration with profound hypovolemia and infection. the clinical picture included fever, weakness, arthralgia, pedal edema, mild bilateral pleural effusions, anemia, leukocytos ...19958682355
restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflp) of cholera toxin genes in vibrio cholerae o139 recovered from patients in thailand, india and bangladesh.since its first appearance in 1992, vibrio cholerae o139 has caused large epidemics of a cholera-like disease in india and bangladesh and has subsequently spread to several neighboring countries. we characterized and compared 56 v. cholerae o139 isolates recovered from patients in thailand, india and bangladesh by analyzing restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflp) of their ctx genes. the strains comprised 9 different bgli cleavage patterns of ctx genes (ct genotypes) and contained 1-4 ge ...19958685638
[vibrios pathogenic to humans and laboratory diagnosis of diseases caused by them].present-day taxonomic status of vibrios pathogenic for humans is discussed, as are the phenotypical characteristics of some species, factors of virulence, and clinical manifestations of diseases caused by these agents. a scheme of isolation and identification of vibrios pathogenic for humans is offered.19958689064
major enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from diarrheal patients in bolivia: a hospital-based study.a total of 1,234 fecal samples from diarrhea cases were examined for etiological bacterial agents at medical facilities in la paz and sucre, bolivia. eighty strains of shigella spp., 39 strains of salmonella spp., 29 strains of vibrio cholerae, and 222 strains of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (139 epec, 55 etec, 29 eiec, and 1 ehec) were isolated. with regard to the serovars of shigella, s. flexneri 2a, 3a, and 1b were predominant. in the case of salmonella, s. enteritidis was the most commo ...19958657011
flow cytometric analysis using lipophilic dye pkh-2 for adhesion of vibrio cholerae to intestine 407 cells.a comparative study of indirect and direct flow cytometric analysis for adherence of vibrio cholerae to intestine 407 cells was performed. the direct flow cytometric analysis employed the lipophilic dye pkh-2. it was concluded that direct flow cytometry using the lipophilic dye pkh-2 is useful and convenient for analyzing bacterium-host cell interactions, since it does not require any specific antibody as the first antibody.19958657016
short-term quinolones for successful eradication of multiply resistant vibrio cholerae in adult patients.there has been an increasing multiple drug resistance problem in vibrio cholerae biotype eltor, the causative agent of 7th pandemic. the aim of this study was to show in vitro and in vivo susceptibility and effectiveness of quinolones in the treatment of endemic cholera cases. excellent results were obtained in 53 bacteriologically confirmed cholera patients treated with short-term ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. to our knowledge, there has been no previous report on this subject in the internation ...19958658086
atypical infection due to vibrio cholerae in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 19958749654
prevalence of vibrio cholerae and salmonella in a major shrimp production area in thailand.in 1992 and 1993, a 7 months study carried out in a major shrimp-producing area in southern thailand to study the prevalence of vibrio cholerae and salmonella. a total of 158 samples were examined including water, sediment, shrimp, pelleted feed, shrimp gut, and chicken manure. salmonella was not recovered from any sample type studied. v. cholerae o1 was isolated from 2 (2%) and v. cholerae non-o1 was isolated from 35 (33%) of 107 samples examined. the occurrence of v. cholerae was not significa ...19958751094
a natural vaccine candidate strain against cholera.e1 tor vibrio cholerae (evc) strains may be classified into two kinds-epidemigenic (eevc) strains and non-epidemigenic (neevc) strains-based on a phage-biotyping system. a large number of eevc strains have been screened for toxigenic and putative colonization attributes. one such naturally occurring strains (designated iem101) has been found which is devoid of genes encoding cholera toxin (ct), accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace), zonula occludens toxin (zot), but possesses rs1 sequences and tox ...19958719177
vibrio cholerae 0139 diarrhea and acute renal failure in a three-day-old infant. 19958786900
use of recombinase gene fusions to identify vibrio cholerae genes induced during infection.a complete understanding of host-parasite interactions must necessarily include the identification and characterization of gene products expressed by both parties during the infectious process. we have developed a new screen to identify bacterial genes that are transcriptionally induced during infection of a host animal. the method is based on pre-selection of strains carrying tnpr operon fusions (encoding resolvase, a site-specific dna recombinase) which are not expressed in vitro, followed by ...19958817490
characterization of vibrio cholerae bacteriophage k139 and use of a novel mini-transposon to identify a phage-encoded virulence factor.temperate bacteriophage k139 was isolated from a vibrio cholerae o139 isolate and characterized in this study. the phage genome consists of a 35 kbp, double-stranded, linear dna molecule that circularizes and integrates into the chromosome in a site-specific manner. dna sequences that cross-hybridize with k139 phage dna are present in all strains of v. cholerae serogroup o1 of the classical biotype examined and in some strains of the el tor biotype. phage k139 produces plaques on el tor o1 strai ...19958817491
clinical features of infantile diarrhea associated with single or multiple enteric pathogens.clinical features of infantile diarrhea were studied among 603 infants from birth to 12 months of age to determine the predominant clinical feature(s) seen in infantile diarrhea associated with a specific enteric pathogen. among the major clinical features, fever was most often seen in diarrhea due to yersinia spp. (61.5%) followed by that in rotavirus (26.1%). vomiting was mostly associated with vibrio cholerae infection (90.9%) and shigellosis (64.6%). dehydration was predominant in vibrio cho ...19958714622
[antibiotic sensitivity to epidemic strains of vibrio cholerae and shigella dysenteriae 1 isolated in rwandan refugee camps in zaire].multiresistance or epidemic enteric bacteria to antibiotics greatly complicates treatment, and in some cases prophylaxis, of severe invasive gastroenteritis. during the summer of 1994, two epidemics of diarrhea, one due to vibrio cholerae and the other to shigella dysenteriae 1 isolated from the goma and bukavu camps was determined by measurement of the agar minimal inhibitory concentration. multiresistance to tetracyclins, aminopenicillins, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, and nifuroxazide was obs ...19958830219
prescribing pattern by doctors for acute diarrhoea in children in delhi, india.parents (mostly mothers) of 264 children aged less than 5 years with acute watery diarrhoea were interviewed about their treatment profile before hospitalization in delhi, india in 1993. only 22% of the cases were given prescriptions for oral rehydration solutions (ors), whereas a very high proportion (64%) of them were given drugs, including antibiotics and antidiarrhoeals and 40% were given intravenous fluids. the differences among the treatment groups were highly significant. the government a ...19958838825
[water disinfection: comparative activities of ozone and chlorine on a wide spectrum of bacteria].ozone and chlorine are agents that disinfect by destroying, neutralizing or inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. the treatment of drinking water with ozone has shown to be more efficient against spores of bacillus subtilis. it was observed that the ozone already in dose of 0.35 mg/l produced the reduction of at least 5 log in populations of approximately 1 x 10(6) cells/ml of escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, salmonella typhi, yersinia enterocolitica, pseudomonas aeruginosa, aero ...19958850129
[determination of bactericidal antibodies directed against vibrio cholerae in an adult population in montevideo].uruguay is the only latinoamerican country that remains free of cholera. thus, to obtain a baseline for future diagnosis vibriocidal antibodies were investigated in 100 sera from blood donors serogroup "o". the reaction was carried out in microplates with live antigen ogawa vc 12. in 95% of sera, titers were below 160, suggesting a high degree of susceptibility to v. cholerae in the population.19958850130
an imported cholera case infected with both o139 synonym bengal and o1 vibrio cholerae in japan. 19958861860
enterotoxigenic enteric bacteria causing secretory diarrhoea.two hundred and fifty enteric bacteria isolated from cases of secretory diarrhoea of all age groups were studied for their enterotoxigenicity and prevalence of drug resistance. the principal pathogens were escherichia coli 44.4%, vibrio cholerae 28.8%, salmonella typhimurium 19.2% and campylobacter jejuni 2.4%. 104 (42.6%) strains were enterotoxigenic; v. cholerae (100%), escherichia coli (25.2%) and non-e. coli enterobacteria (6.5%). while 89.3% and 100% enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and sal ...19958919105
in vitro growth of vibrio cholerae in cholera stool fluid leads to differential expression of virulence factors.we report on the physiological response of vibrio cholerae upon growth on bacteria-free intestinal fluids prepared from feces of individuals in the acute phase of cholera. sterilized stool fluids supported growth of v. cholerae to reach 0.3-0.4 o.d. units (600 nm) at 37 degrees c. scanning electron microscopy showed vibrios to be slender and elongated as compared to bacteria in synthetic media. growth in stool fluid apparently induced expression of several immunoreactive proteins using cholera c ...19958845658
a transferable multiple drug resistance plasmid from vibrio cholerae o1.ten multiple antimicrobial-resistant isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated from patients in uganda were characterized, and the transferability of resistance to bacteria of diverse origins was investigated. the isolates were toxigenic and belonged to biotype e1 tor, serotype ogawa, and ribotype 8, and possessed a 130-mda plasmid of incompatibility group 6-c. this plasmid, designated prvc1, was shown to confer resistance to trimethoprim (mediated by a dhfri gene), sulfonamides (a suii gene), tet ...19959158776
viability of vibrio vulnificus in association with hemocytes of the american oyster (crassostrea virginica).certain indigenous estuarine bacteria, such as vibrio vulnificus, may cause opportunistic human infections after consumption of raw oysters or exposure of tissues to seawater. v. vulnificus is known to be closely associated with oyster (crassostrea virginica) tissues and is not removed by controlled purification methods, such as uv light-assisted depuration. in fact, when live shellfish are subjected to controlled purification, the number of v. vulnificus cells can markedly increase. a review of ...199516534922
cell surface sialylation plays a role in modulating sensitivity towards apo-1-mediated apoptotic cell death.apo-1/fas(cd95), a member of the tumour necrosis factor (tnf)/nerve growth factor (ngf) receptor superfamily transduces apoptotic signals into apoptosis sensitive cells. in metabolic labelling experiments using the highly apo-1 positive cell lines hut78 (adultt cell leukemia) and skw6.4 (blymphoblastoid cell line) apo-1 was characterised as a long living protein with a complex glycosylation pattern involving terminal sialic acid groups which account for 8-kda of its apparent molecular weight on ...199517180039
high cell density fermentation of recombinant vibrio cholerae for the production of b subunit of escherichia coli enterotoxin.high cell density fermentation studies were performed to produce the b subunit of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (ltb) from a vibrio cholerae culture that carries a recombinant plasmid with an ampicillin resistance gene, tac promoter, and the gene encoding ltb. upon induction with isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside (iptg) the culture secreted the protein into the extracellular milieu. fed-batch fermentation with stepwise addition of a total of 5 mm of iptg during the active growth ...199518623144
immunochemistry and comparative insect (neuro) endocrinology. 19952200010
size and distribution of sv 40 dna sequences covalently linked with the dna of permissive mammalian cells.cv-1 cells productively infected with sv 40 contain viral dna which is covalently linked with the host cell dna. these linear duplex viral-host dna molecules are replicated during the infectious cycle. they can be selectively isolated and purified by two successive cycles of dna-dna hybridization and elution steps using first cv-1 cell and then sv 40-dna immobilized on filters. in an attempt to clarify the nature of the host dna sequences neighbouring the viral dna it was found that reiterated h ...1995167530
cofactor recycling in liquid membrane-enzyme systems. 1995177010
a chemical approach for the localization of membrane sites involved in lymphocyte activation. 1995177007
pain suppression after pulpectomy with preoperative flurbiprofen. 19953327906
on the usefulness of pas reaction for the prognosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 1995173631
pupillary dysfunction in myasthenia gravis.the constriction-dilation cycles of pupils exposed to a stationary, discrete slit-lamp beam were significantly prolonged in 25 myasthenic patients (1,060.4 +/- 45.8 msec) undergoing therapy with steroids, anticholinesterases, or both, compared to normal controls (801.9 +/- 8.6 msec) or subjects receiving steroids for nonneurological disease (860.9 +/- 14.9 msec). the duration of myasthenia correlated with the slowing of the cycle time. myasthenia gravis may affect ectodermally derived smooth mus ...1995228589
modification of involuntary movements by centrally acting drugs. 1995167567
clonidine reverses the amnesia induced by dopamine beta hydroxylase inhibition.the role of noradrenergic (ne) mechanisms in amnesia induced by the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (dbh) inhibitor, diethyldithiocarbamate (dedtc) was examined by studying the antiamnestic characteristics of the alpha-ne receptor stimulator clonidine. dedtc (250 mg/kg) administered 3 hr prior to training to c57bl/6j mice resulted in marked deficits when retention of a multiple trial food motivated spatial discrimination task was measured 24 hr after learning. investigation of the temporal aspects of ...1995228318
carrier detection of the x-linked primary immunodeficiency diseases using x-chromosome inactivation analysis.carrier detection of three of the x-linked primary immunodeficiency diseases (x-linked agammaglobulinemia, x-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease, and the wiskott-aldrich syndrome) is possible by analyzing patterns of x-chromosome inactivation in those cells affected by the disorder. normal women have balanced patterns of x-chromosome inactivation; that is, in a given population of cells, approximately half of their active x chromosomes are of paternal origin and half of their active ...19952191994
state-contracted study shows little pbb residue. 1995228158
[surface and wetting properties of etched and fluoridated dental enamel]. 1995398259
[intracranial pressure and changes in the level of wakefulness]. 1995167418
tolerance of mice to nitrous oxide.mice continuously exposed to a subanesthetic dose of nitrous oxide (n2o) become tolerant to nitrous oxide, as measured by an increase in their ed50 (dose required to abolish the righting reflex in 50% of animals) for n2o. the maximum increase in ed50 is approximately 0.25 atm for mice exposed to 40, 50 or 70% n2o for 2 to 3 weeks. mice exposed to 25% n2o for 3 weeks do not develop tolerance. mice exhibit a withdrawal syndrome when removed from the subanesthetic environment after exposure to 40 t ...1995228023
time of occurrence, duration, and ventricular rate of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: the effect of digoxin. 19952271354
[university news from tromsø. full degree study in nursing science]. 19952271332
accumulation of copper, lead, manganese and iron by field populations of hydrodictyon reticulatum (linn.) lagerheim.the potential of 'water-net' hydrodictyon reticulatum to accumulate copper, lead, manganese and iron was determined in seven polluted water bodies having different physicochemical characteristics. the lead accumulation was linearly related with ambient concentration whereas in case of copper, manganese and iron it was maximum at lowest ambient level of metals. investigations on response of alga to various concentrations of test metals under single metal treatments revealed that the algal cells a ...19951615306
zollinger-ellison syndrome. 1995176667
[the development of the concept of perversion]. 1995398072
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