Publications

detection of shigella spp. in food with a nested pcr method-sensitivity and performance compared with a conventional culture method.	a nested pcr method was developed and its performance evaluated by detection of shigella flexneri in food. the nested pcr amplifies sequences within an invasion-associated locus (ial) on the invasion plasmid specific for shigella and enteroinvasive eschrichia coli (eiec). the nested pcr detected sh. flexneri in lettuce inoculated with 2, 20 and 200 cfu g-1 after 1, 7 and 18 d of storage, respectively. in comparison, a culture method (nmkl no. 151) detected 10(5) cfu g-1 after 1 but not after 7 d ...	1999	10438226
the shigella flexneri bacteriophage sf6 tailspike protein (tsp)/endorhamnosidase is related to the bacteriophage p22 tsp and has a motif common to exo- and endoglycanases, and c-5 epimerases.	the temperate bacteriophage sf6 infects shigella flexneri strains of serotype x or y, converting them into serotypes 3a or 3b, respectively. the tailspike protein (tsp) of sf6 possesses endo-1,3-alpha-l-rhamnosidase (endorhamnosidase) activity which results in cleavage of the lipopolysaccharide o-antigen receptor during the adsorption of the phage to the cell surface. when used in southern hybridization, a p22 gene 9 (encoding p22 tsp) dna probe hybridized with restriction fragment pstl-7 of sf6 ...	1999	10439404
an evaluation of susceptibility testing methods for ampicillin-sulbactam using a panel of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria.	bacteria possessing tem-1-like beta-lactamases are generally regarded as susceptible to ampicillin-sulbactam (sam), while those harboring oxa-1 enzymes are considered resistant. the current study was undertaken to compare susceptibility testing using various combinations of ampicillin and sulbactam to improve clinical correlation. members of the enterobacteriaceae family harboring tem-1, shv-1 or oxa-1-like beta-lactamases were tested using the agar dilution method. a substantial proportion of s ...	1999	10440070
antimicrobial activity of elaeocarpus sphaericus.	antibacterial activity of petroleum ether (pe), benzene (be), chloroform (ce), acetone (ae) and ethanol (ee) extracts of dried elaeocarpus sphaericus fruit was investigated against 28 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria using the disc diffusion and plate dilution methods. the ae fraction showed marked antimicrobial activity against ten organisms. be was active against salmonella typhimurium and morganella morganii, and ee against plesiomonas shigelloides, shigella flexnerii and sh. sonneii. ...	1999	10441793
novel self-sampling culture method to monitor excretion of live, oral shigella flexneri 2a vaccine sc602 during a community-based phase 1 trial.	a culture technique for assessing the excretion of live enteric vaccines was developed and verified during an outpatient safety trial of the shigella flexneri 2a sc602 vaccine. preliminary studies showed that sc602 could be recovered on hektoen enteric (he) agar plates that had been inoculated with seeded stools in one quadrant, held for up to 48 hours, streaked for isolation, and incubated for 24 +/- 6 hours. recovery results on he plates held at 4 degrees c and 25 degrees c were comparable; ho ...	1999	10444027
risk factors for death in hospitalized dysentery patients in rwanda.	to evaluate the management of severe dysentery cases in in-patient facilities during an epidemic of shigella dysenteriae type 1 (sd1), and to identify the factors associated with the risk of death, we conducted a prospective cohort study in 10 rwandese hospitals between september and december 1994. data were obtained from 849 cases admitted to hospitals with diarrhoea and visible blood in stools. the proportion of patients with persistent bloody diarrhoea was 51.0% at treatment day 3 and 27.9% a ...	1999	10444318
identification of bacterial proteins observed in maldi tof mass spectra from whole cells.	characteristic ions in the maldi tof mass spectra from bacterial cells have been associated with four known proteins. the proteins, observed both from cells and in filtered cellular suspensions, were isolated by hplc and identified on the basis of their mass spectra and their partial amino acid sequence, determined using the edman method (10-15 residues). the acid resistance proteins hdea and hdeb give rise to ions near m/z 9735 and 9060 in maldi tof mass spectra from cells and from extracts of ...	1999	10450164
evaluation of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing of shigella dysenteriae type 1.	pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) has been used successfully to discriminate between strains of many different bacterial species. in this study, digestion of bacterial dna with the restriction endonuclease noti and pfge were evaluated for the typing of isolates of shigella dysenteriae type 1, an important cause of epidemic dysentery. there were 27 isolates from four outbreaks of dysentery, and 44 isolates from endemic dysentery cases and a laboratory culture collection. the epidemic isolat ...	1999	10451002
invasive ability of an escherichia coli strain isolated from the ileal mucosa of a patient with crohn's disease.	crohn's disease (cd) is an inflammatory bowel disease in which escherichia coli strains have been suspected of being involved. we demonstrated previously that ileal lesions of cd are colonized by e. coli strains able to adhere to intestinal caco-2 cells but devoid of the virulence genes so far described in the pathogenic e. coli strains involved in gastrointestinal infections. in the present study we compared the invasive ability of one of these strains isolated from an ileal biopsy of a patient ...	1999	10456892
immune response to rotavirus vp4 expressed in an attenuated strain of shigella flexneri.	an attenuated strain of shigella flexneri was utilised to express viral protein (vp) 4 of rotavirus and the immunogenicity of the recombinant constructs was studied in balb/c mice. vp4 was expressed as a fusion with maltose binding protein (mbp) in both the cytoplasm and periplasm, with a much higher level of expression occurring in the former. while all constructs induced a shigella-specific response in mice, only the construct expressing mbp-vp4 in the cytoplasm of shigella stimulated an immun ...	1999	10459583
isolation of salmonella organisms from the mesenteric lymph nodes of horses at necropsy.	to determine the prevalence of salmonella infections in horses at necropsy.	1999	10461635
quantitative analysis of igg class and subclass and iga serum response to shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri 2a polysaccharides following vaccination with shigella conjugate vaccines.	it has been recently reported that a conjugate vaccine composed of the o-specific polysaccharide of s. sonnei bound to pseudomonas aeruginosa recombinant exoprotein a (repa) conferred 74% protection against s. sonnei shigellosis. in the present study affinity purified shigella antibodies were used as standards to quantify and characterize the serum antibody response to vaccination with shigella sonnei or shigella flexneri 2a polysaccharide conjugated to repa. the geometric mean concentrations of ...	1999	10462247
membrane vesicles derived from pseudomonas aeruginosa and shigella flexneri can be integrated into the surfaces of other gram-negative bacteria.	incubation of intact salmonella typhi ty21a, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (salmonella typhimurium) aroa or escherichia coli dh5 alpha with membrane vesicles (mvs) derived from either shigella flexneri m90t or pseudomonas aeruginosa dsp89 resulted in a significant incorporation of vesicle antigens into the outer membrane of the bacteria; each recipient strain possessed a surface mosaic of new shigella and pseudomonas antigens intermixed with the native antigens of the salmonella or esc ...	1999	10463171
antibacterial activity of ocimum gratissimum l. essential oil.	the essential oil (eo) of ocimum gratissimum inhibited staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 0.75 mg/ml. the minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) for shigella flexineri, salmonella enteritidis, escherichia coli, klebsiella sp., and proteus mirabilis were at concentrations ranging from 3 to 12 microg/ml. the endpoint was not reached for pseudomonas aeruginosa (>=24 mg/ml). the mics of the reference drugs used in this study were similar to those presented in other reports. the minimum ba ...	1999	10464416
reactive arthritis (reiter's syndrome).	reactive arthritis, also called reiter's syndrome, is the most common type of inflammatory polyarthritis in young men. it is sometimes the first manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. an hla-b27 genotype is a predisposing factor in over two thirds of patients with reactive arthritis. the syndrome most frequently follows genitourinary infection with chlamydia trachomatis, but other organisms have also been implicated. treatment with doxycycline or its analogs sometimes shortens ...	1999	10465225
verocytotoxins (shiga-like toxins) produced by escherichia coli: a minireview of their classification, clinical presentations and management of a heterogeneous family of cytotoxins.	bacterial virulence usually requires the interaction of multiple factors in order to cause disease. the enterotoxins produced by certain strains of bacteria are proteins which vary in their mode of action, but do fall into two general groups; the cytotoxic and the cytotonic enterotoxins. while cytotoxic enterotoxins typically kill eucaryotic cells (eg. by inhibiting protein synthesis), cytotonic enterotoxins derange cell metabolism in specific ways (eg. by elevating cyclic nucleotide levels). so ...	1999	10465326
shiga toxin 2 promotes the stem cell differentiation into granulocytes in the bone marrow causing marked granulocytosis in the peripheral blood.		1999	10468138
emerging and re-emerging diseases--epidemic enterohaemorrhagic infections 100 years after shiga.		1999	10470309
[kaopectate in the combined treatment of patients with intestinal infections].	the paper presents results of multiple-modality treatment of patients with acute intestinal infections with making use of the drug preparation kaopectate incorporating activated attapulgite which is a natural mixture of hydrates of magnesium silicate and silicate of alumina. the above drug has been shown to be endowed with a antidiarrheal and detoxifying activities.	1999	10474963
comparative value of colonic biopsy and intraluminal fluid culture for diagnosis of bacterial acute colitis in immunocompetent patients. infectious colitis study group.	we compared the yield of intraluminal fluid culture to that of biopsy specimens obtained during colonoscopy for the diagnosis of bacterial colitis in 93 immunocompetent patients with a recent episode of diarrhea and macroscopic lesions of colitis. stool culture findings were also available for 68 patients. at least one bacterial pathogen was isolated from the biopsy specimen, intraluminal fluid, or stool from 48 patients (51.6%). salmonella species, clostridium difficile, klebsiella oxytoca, shi ...	1999	10476742
bacterial populations associated with a sorghum-based fermented weaning cereal.	microbiological surveys, to determine the quality and safety, were conducted on 45 sorghum samples comprising dry powders (n = 15) and corresponding fermented (n = 15) and cooked fermented porridge (n = 15) samples collected from households in an informal settlement of the gauteng province of south africa. mean aerobic plate counts, gram-negative counts and bacterial spore counts of sorghum powder samples decreased in fermented and cooked fermented porridge samples. however, mean lactic acid bac ...	1999	10477073
interaction of shiga toxins with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: cytokines as sensitizing agents.	neurologic abnormalities are among the most serious extraintestinal complications of infection with shiga toxin (stx)-producing bacteria. histopathologic examination of tissues from patients with extraintestinal sequelae suggested that stxs damage endothelial cells. it is shown here that human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hbmecs) are relatively resistant to purified stxs (50% cytotoxic doses [cd50s] >/=10 microgram/ml). pretreatment of hbmecs with tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha, int ...	1999	10479149
[outbreak of shigellosis in a lower-class district].	the outbreaks of shigella sonnei in our environment frequently involve day care centers and elementary schools. an outbreak of shigellosis in a lower-class district is reported. the purpose of this study is that of pinpointing the center of infection, the means of contagion, the characteristics of those infected and of assessing the suitability of the measures taken.	1999	10479961
infectious diarrhea.	infectious diarrhea is an extremely common illness that affects millions of americans annually. for most patients, the illness is a self-limited one. its major risk is dehydration. however, for some patients, diarrhea can lead to severe dehydration or be associated with bacteremia and metastatic infection. patients with these conditions require prompt treatment. a large number of organisms have been associated with diarrhea in humans, and most laboratories routinely screen for salmonella, shigel ...	1999	10480543
apoptosis of murine peritoneal macrophages induced by an avian pathogenic strain of escherichia coli.	the mechanisms used by avian strains of escherichia coli to invade the respiratory epithelia, leading to septicemia in poultry, are not well-established. in this work, we show that resident murine peritoneal macrophages infected in vitro with an avian strain of e. coli underwent apoptosis 4 h after infection (55.6% of apoptosis in infected cells versus 3.5% in non-infected cells). heat-inactivated bacteria did not induce apoptosis and the inhibition of phagocytosis by pretreatment of cells with ...	1999	10481089
[atypical shigella sonnei strains isolated overseas travelers].		1999	10481408
[recovery and its evaluation of shigella bacilli or salmonella from healthy food handlers in tokyo (1961-1997)].	since 1961, recovery of shigella bachilli from healthy food handlers in tokyo has been carrying out, and detection of salmonella carriers has also been adding from 1980. recovery rate of shigella has decreased from 0.28% (589 cases) in 1961 to 0.01% (9 cases) in 1969, and 7 cases between 1971 and 1975 and only 3 carriers since 1976 have been detected. on the other hand, salmonella has been detected from about 9,000 cases (0.07%) during 18 years. the isolates were typed into 150 serovars, in whic ...	1999	10487021
typing and characterization of mechanisms of resistance of shigella spp. isolated from feces of children under 5 years of age from ifakara, tanzania.	eighty-six strains of shigella spp. were isolated during the dry season from stool samples of children under 5 years of age in ifakara, tanzania. the epidemiological relationship as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole were investigated. four different epidemiological tools, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), repetitive extragenic palindromic (rep)-pcr, plasmid analysis, and antibiogram, were compared for t ...	1999	10488163
activation of the cdc42 effector n-wasp by the shigella flexneri icsa protein promotes actin nucleation by arp2/3 complex and bacterial actin-based motility.	to propel itself in infected cells, the pathogen shigella flexneri subverts the cdc42-controlled machinery responsible for actin assembly during filopodia formation. using a combination of bacterial motility assays in platelet extracts with escherichia coli expressing the shigella icsa protein and in vitro analysis of reconstituted systems from purified proteins, we show here that the bacterial protein icsa binds n-wasp and activates it in a cdc42-like fashion. dramatic stimulation of actin asse ...	1999	10491394
sequence analysis of stx2-converting phage vt2-sa shows a great divergence in early regulation and replication regions.	in enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, shiga toxin is produced by lysogenic prophages. we have isolated the prophage vt2-sa that is responsible for production of shiga toxin type 2 protein, and determined the complete nucleotide sequence of this phage dna. the entire dna sequence consisted of 60,942 bp, exhibiting marked similarity to the 933w phage genome. however, several differences were observed in the immunity and replication regions, where ci, cii, ciii, n, cro, o, and p genes were present ...	1999	10492170
treatment with succinic anhydride improves the immunogenicity of shigella flexneri type 2a o-specific polysaccharide-protein conjugates in mice.	seroepidemiological data and a clinical trial with a shigella sonnei o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp)-pseudomonas aeruginosa recombinant exoprotein a (repa) conjugate provide evidence that a critical level of immunoglobulin g (igg) lipopolysaccharide (lps) antibodies in serum confers protection against shigellosis. we evaluated the immunogenicity of conjugates whose carrier proteins and o-sps were treated with succinic anhydride (sa), which reacts with amino groups at neutral ph to form amide-li ...	1999	10496944
effect of shiga toxin on nacl transport in rat distal colon.	shiga toxin causes net fluid secretion in rabbit jejunum by selectively targeting, and inhibiting protein synthesis in, absorptive villous cells. the effect of shiga toxin on the colon, where it is presumably produced, is not known. this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of shiga toxin on the rat distal colon.	1999	10499478
preincubation of recombinant ipa proteins of shigella sonnei promotes entry of non-invasive escherichia coli into hela cells.	invasion plasmid antigens of shigella sonnei, ipab, c, d, were expressed as fusion proteins either with maltose-binding protein (mbp) or strept-tag sequence. affinity-purified ipab and ipad were separated from mbp by digestion with factor xa. recombinant ipac having strept-tag sequence at its c-terminal was also purified by avidin affinity column chromatography. these recombinant proteins showed the ability to cause non-invasive escherichia coli k-12 to internalize hela cell only when all of the ...	1999	10502463
[the assessment of the course of an infectious process by the membrane status of the peripheral blood lymphocytes].	lipid peroxidation in lymphocyte membranes is studied in patients with acute viral hepatitis b and b + c and in chronic alcoholics with flexner's dysentery and with uneventful premorbid history. the intensity of lipid peroxidation in lymphocytes was increased, corresponding to the severity and period of infection. the premorbid background and therapy influenced the lymphocyte membrane status, which can serve as an integral indicator of immunological reactivity of the organism.	1999	10502924
mucoid presentation of acute enterocolitis in children: a hospital-based case-control study.	a hospital-based case-control study was carried out to clarify the characteristics of mucoid presentation of acute enterocolitis in children. one hundred sixty-eight cases of acute mucoid enterocolitis (study population) were compared with 200 cases of watery diarrhoea and 118 cases of blood dysentery (control groups) on the basis of clinical characteristics and findings on stool examination. study and control groups were comparable with respect to age, body weight and nutritional status. there ...	1999	10503679
energetics of nucleotide hydrolysis in polymer assembly/disassembly: the cases of actin and tubulin.		1999	10507002
identification of cest, a chaperone for the type iii secretion of tir in enteropathogenic escherichia coli.	the locus of enterocyte effacement of enteropathogenic escherichia coli encodes a type iii secretion system, an outer membrane protein adhesin (intimin, the product of eae ) and tir, a translocated protein that becomes a host cell receptor for intimin. many type iii secreted proteins require chaperones, which function to stabilize proteins, prevent inappropriate protein-protein interactions and aid in secretion. an open reading frame located between tir and eae, previously named orfu, was predic ...	1999	10510232
[association of patterns of escherichia coli adherence to hep-2 cells with acute and persistent diarrhea].	in brazil diarrhea is the cause of approximately 15% of death among infants. enteropathogenic e coli is the most important bacterial agent causing acute diarrhea, which is defined as less than 14 days of duration. about 30% of these cases may evolve to persistent diarrhea, defined as lasting more than 14 days. in this work it was carried out a case-control study including 34 children under 2 years of age, and admitted to hospital facilities in são paulo for rehydration therapy. thirty-four age m ...	1999	10511881
global burden of shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies.	few studies provide data on the global morbidity and mortality caused by infection with shigella spp.; such estimates are needed, however, to plan strategies of prevention and treatment. here we report the results of a review of the literature published between 1966 and 1997 on shigella infection. the data obtained permit calculation of the number of cases of shigella infection and the associated mortality occurring worldwide each year, by age, and (as a proxy for disease severity) by clinical c ...	1999	10516787
potentiality of tricyclic compound thioridazine as an effective antibacterial and antiplasmid agent.	thioridazine (th), which is therapeutically used in psychiatric patients, was found to possess conspicuous antimicrobial activity when tested against 316 strains belonging to a number of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. although staphylococcus aureus, vibrio chloerae and v. parahaemolyticus were found to be most sensitive, th was highly bactericidal against s. aureus and bacteriostatic for vibrios and other gram negative organisms. in the study of antiplasmid/curing effect of th on twel ...	1999	10522156
purification and characterization of klebsiella pneumoniae cytotoxins.	isolation, purification and characterization of 3 new cytotoxins of a k. pneumoniae strain isolated from ready to eat pork sausage are reported. purification process involved extraction of cytotoxins with polymyxin b sulphate, salt precipitation, gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. klebsiella cytotoxin (kct) i, a glycoprotein of about 65 kda was verocytotoxic, enterotoxic and dermonerotic. kct ii was erythemogenic, verocytotoxic and enterotoxic protein of co 55 kda, while kct iii w ...	1999	10522158
case-control study of enteropathogens associated with childhood diarrhea in dhaka, bangladesh.	the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh, is a major center for research into diarrheal diseases. the center treats more than 100,000 patients a year. to obtain useful information representative of all patients, a surveillance system in which a 4% systematic sample of all patients is studied in detail, including etiological agents of diarrhea, was installed in october 1979. the first paper on etiology for the surveillance patients was published in 1982, which identifi ...	1999	10523534
prevalence of shigella enterotoxins 1 and 2 among shigella strains isolated from patients with traveler's diarrhea.	shigella spp. are known primarily as a cause of bacillary dysentery. however, in an initial phase, numerous patients exhibit watery diarrhea that may or may not be followed by dysentery. new virulence factors associated with the species of shigella have recently been described. these are enterotoxins 1 and 2 of shigella (shet-1 and shet-2, respectively). the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of shet-1 and shet-2 in species of shigella isolated from patients with traveler's ...	1999	10523561
reconstitution of actin-based motility of listeria and shigella using pure proteins.	actin polymerization is essential for cell locomotion and is thought to generate the force responsible for cellular protrusions. the arp2/3 complex is required to stimulate actin assembly at the leading edge in response to signalling. the bacteria listeria and shigella bypass the signalling pathway and harness the arp2/3 complex to induce actin assembly and to propel themselves in living cells. however, the arp2/3 complex alone is insufficient to promote movement. here we have used pure componen ...	1999	10524632
dr. kiyoshi shiga: discoverer of the dysentery bacillus.	the clinical manifestations of dysentery have been described for centuries, and the prototypic bacterial agent, shigella dysenteriae, was identified 100 years ago. in the english language there has been remarkably little written about dr. kiyoshi shiga, discoverer of the dysentery bacillus. we submit a brief biography of dr. shiga and the circumstances leading to his discovery, which proved the bacterial etiology of nonamebic dysentery.	1999	10524979
persistent high risk of diarrhea among foreigners in nepal during the first 2 years of residence.	although numerous studies have shown that diarrhea is the most common illness occurring during the first few weeks of travel, systematic studies of the incidence of diarrhea during long-term residence in developing countries have not been performed. we conducted a cohort study of the incidence and etiology of diarrhea among 77 expatriate adults who had lived in nepal for <2 years. persons were followed prospectively for up to 1 year (mean, 9 months). the incidence of diarrhea during the surveill ...	1999	10530456
characterization of pic, a secreted protease of shigella flexneri and enteroaggregative escherichia coli.	we have identified and characterized a secreted protein, designated pic, which is encoded on the chromosomes of enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec) 042 and shigella flexneri 2457t. the product of the pic gene is synthesized as a 146.5-kda precursor molecule which is processed at the n and c termini during secretion, allowing the release of a mature protein (109.8 kda) into the culture supernatant. the deduced amino acid sequence of pic shows high homology to autotransporter proteins, parti ...	1999	10531204
native and mutant forms of cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin effectively enhance protective efficacy of live attenuated and heat-killed shigella vaccines.	both native and mutant forms of cholera toxin (ct) and heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) are effective adjuvants for antigens and killed whole-cell preparations. to determine whether these toxin molecules could also boost the immunogenicity and efficacy of live attenuated vaccines directed against shigellosis, the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model was used to evaluate the adjuvant effect of these toxin molecules on ecsf2a-3, a deltavirg deltaarod escherichia coli-shigella flexneri 2a hybrid vacci ...	1999	10531238
increased interleukin-1 (il-1) and imbalance between il-1 and il-1 receptor antagonist during acute inflammation in experimental shigellosis.	infection by the enteric bacterial pathogen shigella results in intense mucosal inflammation and destruction of the colonic and rectal epithelium in infected humans. initial bacterial translocation occurs through the follicle-associated epithelium. previous experiments suggest that interleukin-1 (il-1) is crucial to trigger inflammation, particularly in the follicular zones. during the first 4 hours of infection in a rabbit ligated-loop model of intestinal invasion, there are two salient charact ...	1999	10531267
[bacteriological survey of diarrheal epidemics in the 1998 bangladesh floods].	in 1998, the worst flood disaster in bangladesh ravaged more than half of its land and diarrheal epidemics broke out. we examined fecal specimens of diarrheal patients at rural hospitals in chandpor district located 140 km southeast of dhaka to analyze the enteric bacterial pathogens in post-flood period october. of the 76 patients stools examined, vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor, serotype ogawa, and vibrio cholerae o139 bengal were detected in 25 (33%) and in 14 (18%) respectively. other ente ...	1999	10535267
[the molecular epidemiological analysis of shigella sonnei isolates from outbreak cases in yokohama].	we conducted a molecular epidemiological analysis to evaluate the epidemiologic patterns of shigella sonnei isolates from outbreak cases in yokohama to clarify the epidemiologic linkages by contact tracing and sources of infection. in the first case (case a), all of the 6 isolates were the colicin 0 type and resistant to both streptomycin (sm) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (st). the 5 isolates have plasmid of 230 kb. by rapd analysis with 2 kinds of primers specific for shigella, every 6 iso ...	1999	10535268
analysis of shigella flexneri wzz (rol) function by mutagenesis and cross-linking: wzz is able to oligomerize.	the modal length or degree of polymerization (dp) of the shigella flexneri o-antigen is determined in an unknown manner by the wzz/rol protein. the wzz protein is anchored into the cytoplasmic membrane by two transmembrane domains (tm1 amino acids 32-52; tm2 amino acids 295-315) with the central loop of the protein located in the periplasm. plasmids were constructed encoding hybrid wzz proteins consisting of regions of s. flexneri wzz (wzzsf) and salmonella typhimurium wzz (wzzst). these imparte ...	1999	10540296
structural studies utilizing 13c-enrichment of the o-antigen polysaccharide from the enterotoxigenic escherichia coli o159 cross-reacting with shigella dysenteriae type 4.	the structure of the o-antigen polysaccharide from escherichia coli o159 has been determined using primarily nmr spectroscopy of the 13c-enriched polysaccharide. the sequence of the sugar residues could be determined by heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity nmr experiments. the polysaccharide is composed of a pentasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure: [sequence: see text] matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry was performed on intact lipopolysaccharide ...	1999	10542072
binding of the shigella protein ipaa to vinculin induces f-actin depolymerization.	shigella flexneri, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, enters into epithelial cells by a macropinocytic process. ipaa, a shigella protein secreted upon cell contact, binds to the focal adhesion protein vinculin and is required for efficient bacterial uptake. ipaa was shown here to bind with high affinity to the n-terminal residues 1-265 of vinculin. using co-sedimentation and solid-phase assays, we demonstrated that binding of ipaa to vinculin strongly increases the association of vincul ...	1999	10545097
the tripartite type iii secreton of shigella flexneri inserts ipab and ipac into host membranes.	bacterial type iii secretion systems serve to translocate proteins into eukaryotic cells, requiring a secreton and a translocator for proteins to pass the bacterial and host membranes. we used the contact hemolytic activity of shigella flexneri to investigate its putative translocator. hemolysis was caused by formation of a 25-a pore within the red blood cell (rbc) membrane. of the five proteins secreted by shigella upon activation of its type iii secretion system, only the hydrophobic ipab and ...	1999	10545510
prophylactic lactobacillus gg reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children with respiratory infections: a randomized study.	antimicrobial treatment may disturb the colonization resistance of gastrointestinal microflora, which may induce clinical symptoms, most commonly diarrhea. the severity of antibiotic-associated diarrhea may range from a brief, self-limiting disease to devastating diarrhea with electrolyte disturbances, dehydration, crampy abdominal pain, pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, or even death. the incidence of diarrhea in children receiving a single antimicrobial treatment is unclear. in additi ...	1999	10545590
[evolution of shigella antibiotic resistance in djibouti].		1999	10546199
extraintestinal dissemination of salmonella by cd18-expressing phagocytes.	specialized epithelia known as m cells overlying the lymphoid follicles of peyer's patches are important in the mucosal immune system, but also provide a portal of entry for pathogens such as salmonella typhimurium, mycobacterium bovis, shigella flexneri, yersinia enterocolitica and reoviruses. penetration of intestinal m cells and epithelial cells by salmonella typhimurium requires the invasion genes of salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1). spi1-deficient s. typhimurium strains gain access ...	1999	10548107
salmonella and shigella species.	salmonella and shigella are the second and third most common causes of bacterial food-borne disease in the united states and are a major global health problem. the prevention and treatment of disease caused by these organisms are complicated by the increase in multidrug-resistant strains and the lack of an effective vaccine. this article discusses the epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnostic techniques for both enteric pathogens.	1999	10549421
actin-based motility of vaccinia virus mimics receptor tyrosine kinase signalling.	studies of the actin-based motility of the intracellular pathogens listeria monocytogenes and shigella flexneri have provided important insight into the events occurring at the leading edges of motile cells. like the bacteria listeria and shigella, vaccinia virus, a relative of the causative agent of smallpox, uses actin-based motility to spread between cells. in contrast to listeria or shigella, the actin-based motility of vaccinia is dependent on an unknown phosphotyrosine protein, but the und ...	1999	10553910
government-owned inventions; availability for licensing. national institutes of health, public health service, dhhs. notice.	the inventions listed below are owned by agencies of the u.s. government and are available for licensing in the u.s. in accordance with 35 u.s.c. 207 to achieve expeditious commercialization of results of federally-funded research and development. foreign patent applications are filed on selected inventions to extend market coverage for companies and may also be available for licensing.	1999	10557611
structural studies of the o-antigen polysaccharide from the enteroinvasive escherichia coli o164 cross-reacting with shigella dysenteriae type 3.	the structure of the o-antigen polysaccharide from escherichia coli o164 has been determined. nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy together with component and methylation analyses of lipid free polysaccharide were the principal methods used. the sequence of the sugar residues could be determined by noesy and heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity nmr experiments. it is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of a pentasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure: [structure: ...	1999	10561586
a system for identifying post-invasion functions of invasion genes: requirements for the mxi-spa type iii secretion pathway of shigella flexneri in intercellular dissemination.	invasion and intercellular spread are hallmarks of shigella pathogenicity. invasion of the eukaryotic cell cytosol requires a type iii secretion system (mxi-spa) and its cognate set of secreted ipa invasins. once intracellular, the icsa protein directs a form of actin-based motility that helps to drive intracellular bacterial movement, formation of cellular protrusions and cell-to-cell spread. work in our laboratory has focused on identifying additional factors required for this intercellular fo ...	1999	10564508
salmonella typhimurium leucine-rich repeat proteins are targeted to the spi1 and spi2 type iii secretion systems.	salmonellae encode two virulence-associated type iii secretion systems (ttss) within salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (spi1 and spi2). two salmonella typhimurium genes, ssph1 and ssph2, that encode proteins similar to the shigella flexneri and yersinia species ttss substrates, ipah and yopm, were identified. ssph1 and ssph2 are proteins containing leucine-rich repeats that are differentially targeted to the spi1 and spi2 ttss. ssph2 transcription was induced within raw264.7 macrophages, ...	1999	10564523
[the immunobiological properties of the lipopolysaccharides of bacteria in the genus shigella with contrasting virulence and their chemically modified analogs].	the antibody formation and expression of delayed type hypersensitivity (dth) of several antigens under the conditions of their injection together with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) in mice have been studied. water-phenol lps extract from s. sonnei was used. the lps was treated with the redox system (lps-r) or not (lps-pw). besides, lps was obtained by immunoaffinity method from avirulent (lps-a) or virulent (lps-v) s. sonnei. it had been found that the mice reacted by more intensive increas ...	1999	10565153
detection of endotoxins and other pyrogens using human whole blood.	when cells of the immune system, i.e. primarily blood monocytes and macrophages, come into contact with pyrogens (fever-inducing contaminations) they release mediators transmitting the fever reaction through the organism to the thermoregulatory centres of the brain. the new test discussed here exploits this reaction for the detection of pyrogens: human whole blood taken from healthy volunteers is incubated in the presence of the test sample. if there is pyrogen contamination, the endogenous pyro ...	1999	10566786
role of nitric oxide in the enhancement of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures caused by shigella dysenteriae.	convulsions and encephalopathy are frequent complications of childhood shigellosis. we studied the role of nitric oxide (no) in shigella-related seizures in an animal model. pretreatment of mice with shigella dysenteriae 60r sonicate elevated serum no levels and enhanced the convulsive response to pentylenetetrazole (ptz), as indicated by a higher mean convulsion score and a higher number of mice responding with seizures. treatment of the mice with s-methylisothiourea sulfate (smt), a potent inh ...	1999	10569751
identification of a putative salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium host range factor with homology to ipah and yopm by signature-tagged mutagenesis.	the genetic basis for the host adaptation of salmonella serotypes is currently unknown. we have explored a new strategy to identify salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (s. typhimurium) genes involved in host adaptation, by comparing the virulence of 260 randomly generated signature-tagged mutants during the oral infection of mice and calves. this screen identified four mutants, which were defective for colonization of only one of the two host species tested. one mutant, which only displayed ...	1999	10569754
ikappabepsilon-deficient mice: reduction of one t cell precursor subspecies and enhanced ig isotype switching and cytokine synthesis.	three major inhibitors of the nf-kappab/rel family of transcription factors, ikappabalpha, ikappabbeta, and ikappabepsilon, have been described. to examine the in vivo role of the most recently discovered member of the ikappab family, ikappabepsilon, we generated a null allele of the murine ikappabepsilon gene by replacement of all coding sequences with nlslacz. unlike ikappabalpha nullizygous mice, mice lacking ikappabepsilon are viable, fertile, and indistinguishable from wild-type animals in ...	1999	10570287
[differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis].	important points during differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis from other inflammatory disorders are endoscopic examination and microbial studies of stools. in acute phase of enterocolitis in which waterly diarrhea with bloody stool and abdominal pain appeared, infectious enterocolitis by shigella, salmonella, campylobacter and yersinia, which sometimes causes mucosal edema, hyperemia, erosions and ulceration should be distinguished carefully. microbial studies of stool would bring helpful ...	1999	10572412
[monitoring antibiotic resistance in argentina. the whonet program, 1995-1996].	the world health organization has implemented a surveillance program for antimicrobial resistance that is known as whonet. in argentina the program was developed through a network of 23 public and private hospitals that participate in national and international quality-control programs. between january 1995 and december 1996, the antimicrobial susceptibility of 16,073 consecutive clinical isolates was determined, using the recommended standards of the national committee for clinical laboratory s ...	1999	10572473
activation of src family kinase yes induced by shiga toxin binding to globotriaosyl ceramide (gb3/cd77) in low density, detergent-insoluble microdomains.	shiga toxin (stx) is an enterotoxin produced by shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, which binds specifically to globotriaosylceramide, gb3, on the cell surface and causes cell death. we previously demonstrated that stx induced apoptosis in human renal tubular cell line achn cells (taguchi, t., uchida, h., kiyokawa, n., mori, t., sato, n., horie, h., takeda, t and fujimoto, j. (1998) kidney int. 53, 1681-1688). to study the early signal transduction after stx a ...	1999	10575015
shigellosis in a squirrel monkey: a clinical history.		1999	10576630
mechanisms of quinolone resistance in clinical isolates of shigella dysenteriae.		1999	10577351
identification of shigella serotypes by restriction of amplified o-antigen gene cluster.	due to the scarcity of distinctive biochemical reactions for differentiation of shigella-escherichia coli, antigenic analysis has long been used for identification and typing of shigella isolates. nevertheless, several intra- and interspecific cross-reactions have been reported to disturb serotyping assays. shigella serotyping is also occasionally affected by the transition from the smooth (s) form to the rough (r) form. thus, there is a need for the development of novel robust and discriminatin ...	1999	10577487
intracellular niches for extracellular bacteria: lessons from helicobacter pylori.	helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric epithelium of humans and plays a causative role in peptic ulcer disease and perhaps gastric cancer. h. pylori proliferates in the mucus layer over the epithelium and is not cleared by the host immune response. although the mucus layer is the major reservoir of h. pylori in vivo, a growing body of evidence suggests that h. pylori can persist in multiple intracellular locales. clinical isolates of h. pylori invade epithelial monolayers at least as well as ...	1999	10577505
dsba: a protein-folding catalyst contributing to bacterial virulence.	dsba, a periplasmic thiol:disulphide oxidoreductase, catalyses the folding of various factors, among which are virulence determinants or the components of type iii secretory machinery. it is also necessary for intracellular survival and cell-to-cell spread of the intracellular pathogen shigella flexneri.	1999	10580278
isolation, identification and analysis of antibacterial activity of soil streptomycetes isolates from north jordan.	a total of 90 different streptomyces isolates were recovered from 36 soil samples and assessed for their antibacterial activity. nine isolates were identified by the absence of an aerial mycelium. the rest were grouped into six colour series, namely grey, white, yellow, green, red and polymorphic colours (pink, orange or violet) with total numbers of 29, 18, 14, 8, 3 and 9, respectively. the isolates (68%) showed a reverse side culture pigmentation, 30% produced melanin and 25% produced other so ...	1999	10582379
adhesion and invasion of a mutant shigella flexneri to an eukaryotic cell line in absence of the 220-kb virulence plasmid.	a shigella flexneri strain, cured of the large 220-kb virulence plasmid, expresses adhering and invading ability in confluent monolayers of hela cells similar to its parent strain. invasion by both the parent and the cured strains resulted in alteration of the monomeric actin (g) in the total actin pool of hela cells. other indicators of invasive characteristics of virulent shigella strains such as production of keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pig eye in vivo, congo red binding and expression of ...	1999	10585548
cell density dependent acid sensitivity in stationary phase cultures of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7.	escherichia coli o157:h7, the causative agent of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, can survive in a highly acidic environment. the acid resistance of this organism, as measured by its ability to survive in low ph, depended on the density of the cells present during the assay. at low cell densities (</=2 x 10(7) ml(-1)), about 100% of the stationary phase cells survived in luria broth ph 2.5 at 37 degrees c for at least 7 h. the same cultures at high cell densities (2-5 x 10(9) m ...	1999	10585551
shigella boydii as cause of malacoplakia in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient.		1999	10585840
use of quantitative microbial risk assessment for evaluation of the benefits of laundry sanitation.	the goal of this study was to evaluate the risk assessment process for quantifying the contribution of contamination in the home to microbial infections. whereas risks of enteric pathogens spread through food has been assessed, the spread of fecal-oral pathogens through surfaces likely at low rates would be difficult to address through epidemiologic studies. an alternative is quantitative risk assessment. the 4-step process of hazard identification, dose-response, exposure assessment, and risk c ...	1999	10586144
a novel serotype of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) as a major pathogen in an outbreak of infantile diarrhoea.	an outbreak of infantile diarrhoea was investigated in 32 children, all <2 years old, in the tropical north of australia. rotavirus (63%) and enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) (59%) were the most common pathogens identified. of the 19 epec isolates, 14 (74%) were of serotype o126:h12, hitherto unreported as an epec serotype. other pathogens isolated included salmonella spp. (16%), campylobacter spp. (3%), giardia (3%) and shigella spp. (3%). epec-related gastro-enteritis is an uncommon bu ...	1999	10591168
shigella sonnei vaccine.		1999	10641235
[relatedness of shigella sonnei isolates from six outbreaks in tao-yuan area, taiwan].	between november 1995 and january 1996, one larger-scale outbreak of shigella sonnei infection occurred in the area of tao-yuan, taiwan. subsequently, five outbreaks of s. sonnei infection occurred in the same area during the period from october 1998 to february 1999. fifty-five isolates obtained from these six outbreaks were differentiated by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, plasmid profile analysis (ppa) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). they were classified into two and three ...	1999	10650493
[outbreak case caused by different colicin type of shigella sonnei in a day nursery in tokyo (1998)].	from october through december, 1998, person to person infection caused by shigella sonnei had occurred in the day nursery in hachioji-city tokyo, and a total of 41 patients including 3 suspected cases and 3 carriers had been confirmed. although one case was imported case which is one-year-old kindergarten child, the remaining was domestic case. of patients, 33 cases (80.5%) were a three-year-old kindergarten children and their families, accounting for 20 and 13 cases, respectively. from the data ...	1999	10624093
[functional heterogeneity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes population in peripheral blood of patients with acute dysentery].	to study chemiluminescence (cl) of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmnl) in peripheral blood of patients with acute mild and moderate dysentery caused by shig. flexneri in response to re- and s-chemotype lipopolysaccharide (lps) sh. flexneri and agonists fmlp, pma and oz.	1999	10626327
cell adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of and host defence against microbial infection.	eukaryotic cell adhesion molecules (cams) are used by various cells and extracellular molecules in host defence against infection. they are involved in many processes including recognition by circulating phagocytes of a site of inflammation, transmigration through the endothelial barrier, diapedesis through basement membrane and extracellular matrix, and release of effector mechanisms at the infected site. cams involved in leucocyte-endothelial cell interaction include the selectins, integrins, ...	1999	10694943
[acquired antibiotic resistance in madagascar: first evaluation].	the purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of acquired resistance to antibiotics in madagascar. testing was carried out on total of 1267 strains of medically significant bacteria isolated from specimens sent to the pasteur institute of madagascar in antananarivo between october 1997 and october 1998. antibiograms were performed using the diffusion technique on gel media with antibiotic disks. results were read according to the criteria of the antibiogram committee of the french soci ...	1999	10701204
survival of some species of salmonella and shigella in mukumbi, a traditional zimbabwean wine.	mukumbi is a traditional zimbabwean wine prepared from a fruit called mapfura by the shona people of zimbabwe and amaganu by the ndebele. the majority of people in africa call the tree marula (sclerocarya birrea subspecies caffra). the survival of salmonella group b, salmonella enteritidis, shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri in unfermented and fermented mapfura (marula) juice (mukumbi) was investigated. it was found that within 30 min of inoculation, there were no longer any viable pathogens ...	1999	10719586
perforated appendicitis in shigellosis.		1999	10731314
intrafamilial person-to-person spread of bacillary dysentery due to shigella dysenteriae in southwestern saudi arabia.	to identify the factors that influence transmission of bacillary dysentry (bd) within families during a propagated outbreak of bacillary dysentery.	1999	10750504
comparison of six dose-response models for use with food-borne pathogens.	food-related illness in the united states is estimated to affect over six million people per year and cost the economy several billion dollars. these illnesses and costs could be reduced if minimum infectious doses were established and used as the basis of regulations and monitoring. however, standard methodologies for dose-response assessment are not yet formulated for microbial risk assessment. the objective of this study was to compare dose-response models for food-borne pathogens and determi ...	1999	10765449
the seasonal variation in the microbial agents implicated in the etiology of diarrheal diseases among children in lao people's democratic republic.	during 1994-1995, the etiological structure of children's diarrhea was monitored in outpatients at mahosot hospital, vientiane, lao pdr. of the 191 children studied, 42% had stool specimens positive for enteropathogens; 22% had rotavirus, 21.5% enteropathogenic e. coli, 4.7% shigella flexneri, 2.9% campylobacter jejuni, 2.1% shigella sonnei, and 0.5% each of giardia intestinalis and entamoeba histolytica. no vibrio cholerae and salmonella spp. was detected in this monitoring. in children under f ...	1999	10774703
functional analysis of a rickettsial ompa homology domain of shigella flexneri icsa.	shigella flexneri is a gram-negative bacterium that causes diarrhea and dysentery by invasion and spread through the colonic epithelium. bacteria spread by assembling actin and other cytoskeletal proteins of the host into "actin tails" at the bacterial pole; actin tail assembly provides the force required to move bacteria through the cell cytoplasm and into adjacent cells. the 120-kda s. flexneri outer membrane protein icsa is essential for actin assembly. icsa is anchored in the outer membrane ...	1999	9922250
effect of wzx (rfbx) mutations on a-band and b-band lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in pseudomonas aeruginosa o5.	the wbp cluster of pseudomonas aeruginosa o5 encodes a number of proteins involved in biosynthesis of the heteropolymeric and wzy-dependent b-band o antigen, including wzy, the o-antigen polymerase, and wzz, the regulator of o-antigen chain length. a gene (formerly wbpf), contiguous with wzy in the wbp cluster, is predicted to encode a highly hydrophobic protein with multiple membrane-spanning domains. this secondary structure is consistent with that of wzx (rfbx), the putative o-antigen unit tr ...	1999	9922263
the spi-3 pathogenicity island of salmonella enterica.	pathogenicity islands are chromosomal clusters of pathogen-specific virulence genes often found at trna loci. we have determined the molecular genetic structure of spi-3, a 17-kb pathogenicity island located at the selc trna locus of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. the g+c content of spi-3 (47.5%) differs from that of the salmonella genome (52%), consistent with the notion that these sequences have been horizontally acquired. spi-3 harbors 10 open reading frames organized in six transcr ...	1999	9922266
short-chain fatty acids improve clinical, pathologic, and microbiologic features of experimental shigellosis.	because of the metabolic and antibacterial actions of short-chain fatty acids (scfa), their roles in modifying the clinicopathologic features of shigellosis were evaluated in a rabbit model of shigellosis. acute colitis was induced in adult rabbits by intracolonic administration of shigella flexneri 2a. after 24 h, rabbits were given 6-h colonic infusions of scfa (acetate, propionate, n-butyrate; 60:30:40 mm) or scfa-free solution (control); groups of rabbits were killed in batches of 2 or 3 ani ...	1999	9878023
bacterial epithelial cell cross talk.		1999	9893359
bacterial mucosal vaccines: vibrio cholerae as a live attenuated vaccine/vector paradigm.		1999	9893363