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evolution of enzymatic activities in the enolase superfamily: galactarate dehydratase iii from agrobacterium tumefaciens c58.the genome of agrobacterium tumefaciens c58 encodes 12 members of the enolase superfamily (ens), eight of which are members of the mandelate racemase (mr) subgroup and, therefore, likely to be acid sugar dehydratases. using a library of 77 acid sugars for high-throughput screening, one protein (uniprot entry a9cg74; locus tag atu4196) showed activity with both m-galactarate and d-galacturonate. two families of galactarate dehydratases had been discovered previously in the ens, galrd/talrd [yew, ...201424926996
stable expression of mtld gene imparts multiple stress tolerance in finger millet.finger millet is susceptible to abiotic stresses, especially drought and salinity stress, in the field during seed germination and early stages of seedling development. therefore developing stress tolerant finger millet plants combating drought, salinity and associated oxidative stress in these two growth stages is important. cellular protection through osmotic adjustment and efficient free radical scavenging ability during abiotic stress are important components of stress tolerance mechanisms i ...201424922513
gene targeting using the agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated crispr-cas system in rice.the type ii clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (crispr)/ crispr-associated protein 9 (cas9) system is a novel molecular tool for site-specific genome modification. the crispr-cas9 system was recently introduced into plants by transient or stable transformation.201424920971
protozoan alkbh8 oxygenases display both dna repair and trna modification activities.the alkbh family of fe(ii) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenases comprises enzymes that display sequence homology to alkb from e. coli, a dna repair enzyme that uses an oxidative mechanism to dealkylate methyl and etheno adducts on the nucleobases. humans have nine different alkbh proteins, alkbh1-8 and fto. mammalian and plant alkbh8 are trna hydroxylases targeting 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-modified uridine (mcm5u) at the wobble position of trnagly(ucc). in contrast, the genomes of some bacteri ...201424914785
optimization of genetic transformation of artemisia annua l. using agrobacterium for artemisinin production.artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated from the medicinal plant artemisia annua l., is a choice and effective drug for malaria treatment. due to the low yield of artemisinin in plants, there is a need to enhance the production of artemisinin from a. annua and biotechnological technique may be one of the methods that can be used for the purpose.201424914301
mutational analysis of the ve1 immune receptor that mediates verticillium resistance in tomato.pathogenic verticillium species are economically important plant pathogens that cause vascular wilt diseases in hundreds of plant species. the ve1 gene of tomato confers resistance against race 1 strains of verticillium dahliae and v. albo-atrum. ve1 encodes an extracellular leucine-rich repeat (elrr) receptor-like protein (rlp) that serves as a cell surface receptor for recognition of the recently identified secreted verticillium effector ave1. to investigate recognition of ave1 by ve1, alanine ...201424911915
construction and functional analysis of trichoderma harzianum mutants that modulate maize resistance to the pathogen curvularia lunata.agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) was used to generate an insertional mutant library of the mycelial fungus trichoderma harzianum. from a total of 450 mutants, six mutants that showed significant influence on maize resistance to c. lunata were analyzed in detail. maize coated with these mutants was more susceptible to c. lunata compared with those coated with a wild-type (wt) strain. similar to other fungal atmt libraries, all six mutants were single copy integrations, whi ...201424901960
psim24 is a novel versatile gene expression vector for transient assays as well as stable expression of foreign genes in plants.we have constructed a small and highly efficient binary ti vector psim24 for plant transformation with maximum efficacy. in the psim24 vector, the size of the backbone of the early binary vector pkylxm24 (genbank accession no. hm036220; a derivative of pkylx71) was reduced from 12.8 kb to 7.1 kb. the binary vector psim24 is composed of the following genetic elements: left and right t-dna borders, a modified full-length transcript promoter (m24) of mirabilis mosaic virus with duplicated enhancer ...201424897541
functional characterization of pmt2, encoding a protein-o-mannosyltransferase, in the human pathogen cryptococcus neoformans.diazobenzoic acid b (dbb), also known as diazonium blue b or fast blue b, can be used to distinguish basidiomycetous yeasts from ascomycetes. this chemical has long been used for the taxonomic study of yeast species at the phylum level, but the mechanism underlying the dbb staining remains unknown. to identify molecular targets of dbb staining, we isolated agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated insertional mutants of cryptococcus neoformans, a basidiomycetous pathogenic yeast, which were negative to ...201424892554
hemoglobin uptake by paracoccidioides spp. is receptor-mediated.iron is essential for the proliferation of fungal pathogens during infection. the availability of iron is limited due to its association with host proteins. fungal pathogens have evolved different mechanisms to acquire iron from host; however, little is known regarding how paracoccidioides species incorporate and metabolize this ion. in this work, host iron sources that are used by paracoccidioides spp. were investigated. robust fungal growth in the presence of the iron-containing molecules hemi ...201424831516
a betasatellite-dependent begomovirus infects ornamental rose: characterization of begomovirus infecting rose in pakistan.the begomovirus genus of the family geminiviridae comprises the largest group of geminiviruses. the list of begomoviruses is continuously increasing as a result of improvement in the methods for identification. ornamental rose plants (rosa chinensis) with highly stunted growth and leaf curling were found in faisalabad, pakistan. plants were analyzed for begomovirus infection, through rolling circle amplification and pcr methods. based on complete genome sequence homologies with other begomovirus ...201424781196
expression, characterization, and improvement of a newly cloned halohydrin dehalogenase from agrobacterium tumefaciens and its application in production of epichlorohydrin.a gene encoding halohydrin dehalogenase (hhdh) from agrobacterium tumefaciens cctcc m 87071 was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. to increase activity and stability of hhdh, 14 amino acid residues around the active site and substrate-binding pocket based on the structural analysis and molecular docking were selected as targets for site-directed mutagenesis. the studies showed that the mutant hhdh (mut-hhdh) enzyme had a more accessible substrate-binding pocket than the wild-type hhdh (wt ...201424777710
modifying fatty acid profiles through a new cytokinin-based plastid transformation system.the widespread use of herbicides and antibiotics for selection of transgenic plants has not been very successful with regard to commercialization and public acceptance. hence, alternative selection systems are required. in this study, we describe the use of ipt, the bacterial gene encoding the enzyme isopentenyl transferase from agrobacterium tumefaciens, as a positive selectable marker for plastid transformation. a comparison between the traditional spectinomycin-based aada selection system and ...201425280363
new developments of rnai in paracoccidioides brasiliensis: prospects for high-throughput, genome-wide, functional genomics.the fungal genome initiative of the broad institute, in partnership with the paracoccidioides research community, has recently sequenced the genome of representative isolates of this human-pathogen dimorphic fungus: pb18 (s1), pb03 (ps2) and pb01. the accomplishment of future high-throughput, genome-wide, functional genomics will rely upon appropriate molecular tools and straightforward techniques to streamline the generation of stable loss-of-function phenotypes. in the past decades, rnai has e ...201425275433
ras gtpase activating protein coira1 is involved in infection-related morphogenesis by regulating camp and mapk signaling pathways through coras2 in colletotrichum orbiculare.colletotrichum orbiculare is the causative agent of anthracnose disease on cucurbitaceous plants. several signaling pathways, including camp-pka and mitogen-activating protein kinase (mapk) pathways are involved in the infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenicity of c. orbiculare. however, upstream regulators of these pathways for this species remain unidentified. in this study, coira1, encoding ras gtpase activating protein, was identified by screening the agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediate ...201425275394
development of a transformation system for aspergillus sojae based on the agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated approach.aspergillus sojae has been an important filamentous fungus in biotechnology due to its use in diverse fermentative processes for the production of various food products. furthermore, this fungus is a common expression system for the production of enzymes and other metabolites. the availability of molecular genetic tools to explore its biology is thus of big interest. in this study, an agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) system for a. sojae was developed and its applicability ...201425253558
bioactive spirobisnaphthalenes from the endophytic fungus berkleasmium sp.nine new spirobisnaphthalenes, palmarumycins b1-b9 (1-9), along with 13 known compounds (10-22), were isolated from cultures of the fungus berkleasmium sp., an endophyte isolated from the medicinal plant dioscorea zingiberensis c. h. wright. the structures of the new compounds were elucidated by analysis of the 1d and 2d nmr and hresims spectra and by comparison with known compounds. compounds 7-9 contain an uncommon 2,3-dihydro-1h-inden-1-one unit. all isolated compounds were evaluated for thei ...201425237727
control of zinc homeostasis in agrobacterium tumefaciens via zur and the zinc uptake genes znuabc and zint.the agrobacterium tumefaciens zinc uptake regulator (zur) was shown to negatively regulate the zinc uptake genes znuabc, encoding a zinc transport system belonging to the atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter family, and zint, which encodes a periplasmic zinc-binding protein. the expression of znuabc and zint was inducible when cells were grown in medium containing a metal chelator (edta), and this induction was shown to be specific for zinc depletion. the expression of znuabc was reduced in re ...201425227896
over-expression of osptr6 in rice increased plant growth at different nitrogen supplies but decreased nitrogen use efficiency at high ammonium supply.nitrogen (n) plays a critical role in plant growth and productivity and ptr/nrt1 transporters are critical for rice growth. in this study, osptr6, a ptr/nrt1 transporter, was over-expressed in the nipponbare rice cultivar by agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation using the ubiquitin (ubi) promoter. three single-copy t2 generation transgenic lines, named oe1, oe5 and oe6, were produced and subjected to hydroponic growth experiments in different nitrogen treatments. the results showed the plant ...201425219300
beyond my wildest expectations.with support from my parents, i fulfilled their and my expectations of graduating from college and becoming a scientist. my scientific career has focused on two organisms, bacillus subtilis and agrobacterium tumefaciens, and two experimental systems, aromatic amino acid synthesis and dna transfer in bacteria and plants. studies on b. subtilis emphasized the genetics and biochemistry of aromatic amino acid synthesis and the characterization of competence in dna transformation. i carried out both ...201425208299
[hair roots induction and culture of withania somnifera and its withanolide a synthesis].withanolide a is a biologically active secondary metabolite occuring in roots and leaves of withania somnifera. in the present study, adventitious roots from leaf explants of w. somnifera were induced for the production of withanolide-a by agrobacterium tumefaciens strain c58c1 to obtain hair roots. hair roots induction rate reached 30%. the withanolide a was determined by hplc in different hair roots lines and different parts of w. somnifera. the average content of withanolide a in all hair roo ...201425204166
native mitral valve endocarditis due to rhizobium radiobacter - first case report.rhizobium radiobacter (rr) has rarely been associated with human infection, mainly sepsis or bacteremia, and an unique case of prosthetic aortic endocarditis has been reported. we present a case of native mitral valve endocarditis to rr, to our knowledge the first clinical report of such infection.201425202754
[construction of transgenic tobacco expressing popw and analysis of its biological phenotype].in a previous study, we cloned popw from ralstonia solanacearum strain zj3721, coding popw, a new harpin protein. the procaryotically expressed popw can induce resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), enhance growth and improve quality of tobacco, when sprayed onto tobacco leaves. here, we constructed an expression vector pb- popw by cloning popw into the bionary vector pbi121 and transformed it into agrobacterium tumefaciens strain eha105 via freeze-thaw method. tobacco (nicotiana tobacum cv. ...201425195247
overexpression of atdreb1d transcription factor improves drought tolerance in soybean.drought is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect productivity in soybean (glycine max l.) several genes induced by drought stress include functional genes and regulatory transcription factors. the arabidopsis thaliana dreb1d transcription factor driven by the constitutive and aba-inducible promoters was introduced into soybean through agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. several transgenic lines were generated and molecular analysis was performed to confirm transgene integra ...201425192890
application of rna interference methodology to investigate and develop scmv resistance in maize.specific fragments of the sugarcane mosaic virus (scmv) coat protein gene (cp) were amplified by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and used to construct a marker free small interfering rna complex expression vector against scmv. in planta transformation was performed on maize (zea mays) inbred line 8112 mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens. pcr and southern blot analyses demonstrated successful integration of the cp segment into the 8112 genome. the in planta transformation frequen ...201425189224
molecular characterization of ku70 and ku80 homologues and exploitation of a ku70-deficient mutant for improving gene deletion frequency in rhodosporidium toruloides.rhodosporidium toruloides is a β-carotenoid accumulating, oleaginous yeast that has great biotechnological potential. the lack of reliable and efficient genetic manipulation tools have been a major hurdle blocking its adoption as a biotechnology platform.201425188820
agrobacterium uses a unique ligand-binding mode for trapping opines and acquiring a competitive advantage in the niche construction on plant host.by modifying the nuclear genome of its host, the plant pathogen agrobacterium tumefaciens induces the development of plant tumours in which it proliferates. the transformed plant tissues accumulate uncommon low molecular weight compounds called opines that are growth substrates for a. tumefaciens. in the pathogen-induced niche (the plant tumour), a selective advantage conferred by opine assimilation has been hypothesized, but not experimentally demonstrated. here, using genetics and structural b ...201425299655
tccys4, a cystatin from cocoa, reduces necrosis triggered by mpnep2 in tobacco plants.in brazil, most cocoa bean production occurs in southern bahia. witches' broom disease arrived in this area in 1989 and has since caused heavy losses in production. the disease is caused by the basidiomycete fungus moniliophthora perniciosa, a hemibiotrophic fungus that produces the necrosis and ethylene-inducting protein (mpnep2) during infection; this protein can activate cysteine proteases and induce programmed cell death. cysteine proteases can be modulated by cystatin. in this study, we ove ...201425299077
genetic transformation of metroxylon sagu (rottb.) cultures via agrobacterium-mediated and particle bombardment.sago palm (metroxylon sagu) is a perennial plant native to southeast asia and exploited mainly for the starch content in its trunk. genetic improvement of sago palm is extremely slow when compared to other annual starch crops. urgent attention is needed to improve the sago palm planting material and can be achieved through nonconventional methods. we have previously developed a tissue culture method for sago palm, which is used to provide the planting materials and to develop a genetic transform ...201425295258
microsymbionts of phaseolus vulgaris in acid and alkaline soils of mexico.in order to investigate bean-nodulating rhizobia in different types of soil, 41 nodule isolates from acid and alkaline soils in mexico were characterized. based upon the phylogenetic studies of 16s rrna, atpd, glnii, reca, rpob, gyrb, nifh and nodc genes, the isolates originating from acid soils were identified as the phaseoli symbiovar of the rhizobium leguminosarum-like group and rhizobium grahamii, whereas the isolates from alkaline soils were defined as ensifer americanum sv. mediterranense ...201425294010
temperature effects on bacterial phytochrome.bacteriophytochromes (bphps) are light-sensing regulatory proteins encoded in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic bacteria. this protein class incorporate bilin as their chromophore, with majority of them bearing a light- regulated his kinase or his kinase related module in the c-terminal. we studied the his kinase actives in the temperature range of 5°c to 40°c on two bphps, agp1 from agrobacterium tumefaciens and cph1 from cyanobacterium synechocystis pcc 6803. as reported, the phosphorylati ...201425289638
agrobacterium radiobacter (beijerinck and van delden 1902) conn 1942 has priority over agrobacterium tumefaciens (smith and townsend 1907) conn 1942 when the two are treated as members of the same species based on the principle of priority and rule 23a, note 1 as applied to the corresponding specific epithets. opinion 94. judicial commission of the international committee on systematics of prokaryotes.the judicial commission affirms that, according to the rules of the international code of nomenclature of bacteria (including changes made to the wording), the combination agrobacterium radiobacter (beijerinck and van delden 1902) conn 1942 has priority over the combination agrobacterium tumefaciens (smith and townsend 1907) conn 1942 when the two are treated as members of the same species based on the principle of priority as applied to the corresponding specific epithets. the type species of t ...201425288664
synthesis of methylerythritol phosphate analogues and their evaluation as alternate substrates for ispdf and ispe from agrobacterium tumefaciens.the methylerythritol phosphate biosynthetic pathway, found in most bacteria, some parasitic protists, and plant chloroplasts, converts d-glyceraldehyde phosphate and pyruvate to isopentenyl diphosphate (ipp) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (dmapp), where it intersects with the mevalonate pathway found in some bacteria, archaea, and eukarya, including the cytosol of plants. d-3-methylerythritol-4-phosphate (mep), the first pathway-specific intermediate in the pathway, is converted to ipp and dmapp ...201425184438
agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transient expression of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in detached sunflower leaves.for biofuel applications, synthetic endoglucanase e1 and xylanase (xyn10a) derived from acidothermus cellulolyticus were transiently expressed in detached whole sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) leaves using vacuum infiltration. three different expression systems were tested, including the constitutive camv 35s-driven, cmvar (cucumber mosaic virus advanced replicating), and trbo (tobacco mosaic virus rna-based overexpression vector) systems. for 6-day leaf incubations, codon-optimized e1 and xyla ...201425180328
cre reporter assay for translocation (craft): a tool for the study of protein translocation into host cells.many pathogenic bacteria introduce virulence proteins, also called effector proteins, into host cells to accomplish infection. such effector proteins are often translocated into host cells by bacterial type iii (t3ss) or type iv secretion systems (t4ss). to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying virulence, it is essential to identify the effector proteins and determine their functions. several reporter assays have been established to identify translocated effector proteins and ver ...201425172277
in vitro screening for anti-acetylcholiesterase, anti-oxidant, anti-glucosidase, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effect of three traditional medicinal plants.in this study we investigated the phytoconstituents calluna vulgaris, ferula hermonis and tribulus terrestris, and then assessed their possible biological activities by using standard methods. a preliminary phytochemical investigation of the three extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, lipids, phenolic compounds, saponins, sterols and amino acids. three extracts showed anti-oxidant effect as they inhibited the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (dpph) oxidation and produc ...201426740784
historical account on gaining insights on the mechanism of crown gall tumorigenesis induced by agrobacterium tumefaciens.the plant tumor disease known as crown gall was not called by that name until more recent times. galls on plants were described by malpighi (1679) who believed that these extraordinary growth are spontaneously produced. agrobacterium was first isolated from tumors in 1897 by fridiano cavara in napoli, italy. after this bacterium was recognized to be the cause of crown gall disease, questions were raised on the mechanism by which it caused tumors on a variety of plants. numerous very detailed stu ...201425147542
sri lankan cassava mosaic virus replication associated protein (rep) triggers transposition of is426 in agrobacterium.we report a high rate of is426 transposition in agrobacterium tumefaciens in the presence of the sri lankan cassava mosaic virus (slcmv) replication associated protein gene (rep). upon conjugal transfer of the binary plasmid pcam-slcmv-rep with the slcmv rep gene in the sense orientation under the transcriptional control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) 35s promoter into the a. tumefaciens vir helper strain eha105, the binary plasmid size increased in all 15 transconjugants studied. southe ...201425135797
viral and chloroplastic signals essential for initiation and efficiency of translation in agrobacterium tumefaciens.the construction of high-level protein expression vectors using the camv 35s promoter in concert with highly efficient translation initiation signals for agrobacterium tumefaciens is a relatively less explored field compared to that of escherichia coli. in the current study, we experimentally investigated the capacity of the camv 35s promoter to direct gfp gene expression in a. tumefaciens in the context of different viral and chloroplastic translation initiation signals. gfp expression and conc ...201425117444
successful agrobacterium mediated transformation of thielaviopsis basicola by optimizing multiple conditions.thielaviopsis basicola is a hemibiotrophic root pathogen causing black root rot in a wide range of economically important crops. our initial attempts to transform t. basicola using standard agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) protocols were unsuccessful. successful transformation required the addition of v8 juice (to induce germination of t. basicola chlamydospores) and higher concentrations of acetosyringone in the co-cultivation medium, and of chlamydospores/endoconidia, a ...201425110130
early-flowering sweet orange mutant 'x11' as a model for functional genomic studies of citrus.there had been many reports on genetic transformation of citrus for functional genomic studies but few included genes associated with flower or fruit traits. a major reason for this might derive from the extensive juvenile stage of citrus plants when regenerated from juvenile explants (epicotyls, cotyledon or calli), which delays the observation of the resulting phenotype. alternatives include the use of explants from adult tissues, which sometimes may be recalcitrant to regeneration or transfor ...201425108567
agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation in the entomopathogenic fungus lecanicillium lecanii and development of benzimidazole fungicide resistant strains.lecanicillium lecanii has been used in the biological control of several insects in agricultural practice. since the gene manipulation tools for this entomopathogenic fungus have not been sufficiently developed, agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) in l. lecanii was investigated in this study, using the wild-type isolate fz9906 as a progenitor strain and the hygromycin b resistance (hph) gene as a selection marker. furthermore, a field carbendazim-resistant (mrt) gene from bo ...201425107375
impact of cagpai and t4ss on the inflammatory response of human neutrophils to helicobacter pylori infection.helicobacter pylori contains a pathogenicity island, cagpai, with genes homologous to components of the type iv secretion system (t4ss) of agrobacterium tumefaciens. the t4ss components assemble a structure that transfers caga protein and peptidoglycan into host epithelial cells, causing the increased release of interleukin 8 (il8) from the cells. the toll-like receptors on neutrophils recognize h. pylori, initiating signaling pathways that enhance the activation of nf-κb. however, the roles of ...201423755130
homoserine catabolism by rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 requires a plasmid-borne gene cluster that also affects competitiveness for nodulation.homoserine represents a substantial component of pea root exudate that may be important for plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere. we identified a gene cluster on plasmid prl8ji that is required for homoserine utilization by rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae. the genes are arranged as two divergently expressed predicted operons that were induced by l-homoserine, pea root exudate, and were expressed on pea roots. a mutation in gene prl80083 that prevented utilization of homoserine as a s ...201423859230
metalloprotease genes of trichophyton mentagrophytes are important for pathogenicity.metalloproteases (mep) of the m36 family are important virulence factors for the host invasion by the dermatophyte trichophyton mentagrophytes. dermatophytes secrete keratinase to degrade human and animal keratin and invade the skin. in previous studies, primers designed from the mep gene sequences of aspergillus fumigatus and a. oryzae were used to amplify the mep genes from t. mentagrophytes, and the five mep genes (mep1-mep5) were expressed. differences in the expression of these five mep gen ...201423859078
inducible expression of p50 from tmv for increased resistance to bacterial crown gall disease in tobacco.the dominant tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) resistance gene n induces a hypersensitive response upon tmv infection and protects tobacco against systemic spread of the virus. it has been proposed to change disease resistance specificity by reprogramming the expression of resistance genes or their corresponding avirulence genes. to reprogramme the resistance response of n towards bacterial pathogens, the helicase domain (p50) of the tmv replicase, the avirulence gene of n, was linked to synthetic prom ...201423955710
diverse profiles of n-acyl-homoserine lactone molecules found in cnidarians.many marine habitats, such as the surface and tissues of marine invertebrates, including corals, harbour diverse populations of microorganisms, which are thought to play a role in the health of their hosts and influence mutualistic and competitive interactions. investigating the presence and stability of quorum sensing (qs) in these ecosystems may shed light on the roles and control of these bacterial communities. samples of 13 cnidarian species were screened for the presence and diversity of n- ...201424117852
secondary peritonitis due to rhizobium radiobacter.rhizobium radiobacter rarely causes human infections, most of which develop in immunocompromised patients, and especially those with intravenous catheters. although r. radiobacter has been reported in association with peritonitis, all such reported cases have been due to intra-peritoneal devices in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. herein we report the first case of a perforated ulcer complicated by peritonitis caused by r. radiobacter in a healthy adult, which was treated successfully wi ...201424116854
high throughput agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated germline transformation of mechanically isolated meristem explants of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).agrobacterium tumefaciens mediates high frequency of germline transformation of cotton meristem explants. the meristem transformation system we developed is rapid, high throughput and genotype-flexible. we have developed a high throughput cotton transformation system based on direct agrobacterium inoculation of mechanically isolated meristem explants of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.). the explants were inoculated with a disarmed a. tumefaciens strain, ab33 harboring a 2 t-dna binary vector pmon1 ...201424129847
differences in differential gene expression between young and mature arabidopsis c58 tumours.tumorigenesis of plants triggered by agrobacterium tumefaciens has been investigated for over a century, but a global study on changes in gene expression in plant tumours during growth and development has received little attention so far due to technical difficulties. recently a great advance in 'omic' technologies, e.g. microarray, proteome and transcriptome analyses, has allowed differential expression profiling of genes for metabolic regulation during plant tumour growth and development. deek ...201424119138
paracoccidioides brasiliensis pbp27 gene: knockdown procedures and functional characterization.paracoccidioides brasiliensis pbp27 gene encodes a protein localized in both the fungal cytoplasm and cell wall. the parasitic infectious form produces this protein preferentially with the gene's expression varying between the fungus phylogenetic species. the biological function of the native p27 has yet to be determined during either growth of the yeast or host infection. therefore, in this study, through the use of antisense rna technology and agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, ...201424118983
development of transgenic sweet potato with multiple virus resistance in south africa (sa).multiple infections of sweet potato feathery mottle virus (spfmv), sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (spcsv), sweet potato virus g (spvg) and sweet potato mild mottle virus (spmmv) cause a devastating synergistic disease complex of sweet potato (ipomoea batatas lam.) in kwazulu-natal, south africa. in order to address the problem of multiple virus infections and synergism, this study aimed to develop transgenic sweet potato (cv. blesbok) plants with broad virus resistance. coat protein gene seg ...201424158330
agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transgenic plant and somaclone production through direct and indirect regeneration from leaves in stevia rebaudiana with their glycoside profile.agrobacterium tumefaciens (eha-105 harboring pcambia 1304)-mediated transgenic plant production via direct regeneration from leaf and elite somaclones generation through indirect regeneration in stevia rebaudiana is reported. optimum direct regeneration frequency along with highest transformation frequency was found on ms + 1 mg/l bap + 1 mg/l naa, while indirect regeneration from callus was obtained on ms + 1 mg/l bap + 2 mg/l naa. successful transfer of gus-positive (gus assay and pcr-based co ...201424154495
production of human tissue plasminogen activator (tpa) in cucumis sativus.tissue plasminogen activator (tpa) as a serine protease with 72 kd molecular mass and 527 amino acids plays an important role in the fibrinolytic system and the dissolution of fibrin clots in human body. the collective production of this drug in plants such as cucumber, one of the most important vegetables in the world, could reduce its production costs. in this study, after scrutiny of the appropriate regeneration of cucumber plant (isfahan variety) on ms medium with naphthalene acetic acid hor ...201424152103
insertional mutagenesis and cloning of the gene required for the biosynthesis of the non-host-specific toxin in cochliobolus lunatus that causes maize leaf spot.the maize pathotype cochliobolus lunatus causes curvularia leaf spot by producing a non-host-specific toxin known as methyl 5-(hydroxymethyl) furan-2-carboxylate (m5hf2c). however, related research that explores the genes that control the production of this toxin is rare. in the current work, agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) was employed to tag the gene required for the biosynthesis of the toxin. of the 3,000 atmt transformants recovered, 4 showed a significant decline in ...201424134718
bacteremia caused by rhizobium radiobacter in a preterm neonate.the authors report a case of bacteremia due to rhizobium radiobacter in a preterm neonate. although the baby recovered from the septic episode following therapy with appropriate antibiotics he succumbed to complications, mainly associated with prematurity. this case highlights a rare manifestation of r.radiobacter infection in a neonate in whom the source of the organism remained undiscovered.201423539251
biodegradation of nicotine by a novel nicotine-degrading bacterium, pseudomonas plecoglossicida tnd35 and its new biotransformation intermediates.tobacco wastes that contain nicotine alkaloids are harmful to human health and the environment. in the investigation, a novel nicotine-biodegrading bacterium tnd35 was isolated and identified as pseudomonas plecoglossicida on the basis of phenotypic, biochemical characteristics and 16s rrna sequence homology. we have studied the nicotine biodegradation potential of strain tnd35 by detecting the intermediate metabolites using an array of approaches such as hplc, gc-ms, nmr and ft-ir. biotransform ...201423604517
generation and characterization of arabidopsis t-dna insertion mutants.transfer dna (t-dna) insertion mutants are often used in forward and reverse genetics to reveal the molecular mechanisms of a particular biological process in plants. to generate t-dna insertion mutants, t-dna must be inserted randomly in the genome through transformation mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens. during generation of a t-dna insertion mutant, agrobacterium competent cells are first prepared and plasmids containing the t-dna introduced into agrobacterium cells. agrobacterium contain ...201424057370
agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient transformation of arabidopsis thaliana leaves.transient assays provide a convenient alternative to stable transformation. compared to the generation of stably transformed plants, agroinfiltration is more rapid, and samples can be analyzed a few days after inoculation. nevertheless, at difference of tobacco and other plant species, arabidopsis thaliana remains recalcitrant to routine transient assays. in this chapter, we describe a transient expression assay using simple infiltration of intact arabidopsis leaves with agrobacterium tumefacien ...201424057365
antitumour and antioxidant potential of some selected pakistani honeys.antitumour potential of honey is attributed to its excellent antioxidant activity which in turn depends on the geographical origin. the present study focuses on exploration of antioxidant and antitumour potential as well as total phenolic contents (tpc) of 58 pakistani honeys involving spectrochemical techniques and potato disk assay. agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to induce tumours in potato disks. all analysed honey samples exhibited 1.33±0.00-155.16±0.98mg/100g of tpc, 50% 2,2-diphenyl pi ...201424054252
[overexpression of laea enhances mevastatin production and reduces sporulation of penicillium citrinum].to study the regulation of laea overexpression on mevastatin production and sporulation in penicillium citrinum.201425876329
plant cell death caused by fungal, bacterial, and viral elicitors: protective effect of mitochondria-targeted quinones.chitosan (partially deacetylated chitin), a component of fungal cell walls, caused epidermal cell (ec) death in the leaves of pea (pisum sativum l.) and tobacco nicotiana tabacum or nicotiana benthamiana detected by destruction of cell nuclei. the mitochondria-targeted quinone skq1 prevented the destruction of ec nuclei induced by chitosan. chitosan increased and skq1 suppressed the activity of protein kinases in n. benthamiana and p. sativum and eliminated the effect of chitosan. chitosan induc ...201425716725
enhanced-transient expression of hepatitis c virus core protein in nicotiana tabacum, a protein with potential clinical applications.hepatitis c virus (hcv) is major cause of liver cirrhosis in humans. hcv capsid (core) protein (hcvcp) is a highly demanded antigen for various diagnostic, immunization and pathogenesis studies. plants are considered as an expression system for producing safe and inexpensive biopharmaceutical proteins. although invention of transgenic (stable) tobacco plants expressing hcvcp with proper antigenic properties was recently reported, no data for "transient-expression" that is currently the method of ...201425598788
progress of cereal transformation technology mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens.monocotyledonous plants were believed to be not transformable by the soil bacterium agrobacterium tumefaciens until two decades ago, although convenient protocols for infection of leaf disks and subsequent regeneration of transgenic plants had been well established in a number of dicotyledonous species by then. this belief was reinforced by the fact that monocotyledons are mostly outside the host range of crown gall disease caused by the bacterium and by the failures in trials in monocotyledons ...201425426132
phylogenetic multilocus sequence analysis of native rhizobia nodulating faba bean (vicia faba l.) in egypt.the taxonomic diversity of forty-two rhizobium strains, isolated from nodules of faba bean grown in egypt, was studied using 16s rrna sequencing, multilocus sequence analyses (mlsa) of three chromosomal housekeeping loci and one nodulation gene (noda). based on the 16s rrna gene sequences, most of the strains were related to rhizobium leguminosarum, rhizobium etli, and rhizobium radiobacter (syn. agrobacterium tumefaciens). a maximum likelihood (ml) tree built from the concatenated sequences of ...201425458609
structure and function of a decarboxylating agrobacterium tumefaciens keto-deoxy-d-galactarate dehydratase.agrobacterium tumefaciens (at) strain c58 contains an oxidative enzyme pathway that can function on both d-glucuronic and d-galacturonic acid. the corresponding gene coding for at keto-deoxy-d-galactarate (kdg) dehydratase is located in the same gene cluster as those coding for uronate dehydrogenase (at udh) and galactarolactone cycloisomerase (at gci) which we have previously characterized. here, we present the kinetic characterization and crystal structure of at kdg dehydratase, which catalyze ...201425454257
development and validation of a p-35s, t-nos, t-35s and p-fmv tetraplex real-time pcr screening method to detect regulatory genes of genetically modified organisms in food.in routine analysis screening methods based on real-time pcr (polymerase chain reaction) are most commonly used for the detection of genetically modified (gm) plant material in food and feed. screening tests are based on sequences frequently used for gm development, allowing the detection of a large number of gmos (genetically modified organisms). here, we describe the development and validation of a tetraplex real-time pcr screening assay comprising detection systems for the regulatory genes ca ...201425437161
overexpression of bacterial mtld gene in peanut improves drought tolerance through accumulation of mannitol.in the changing global environmental scenarios, water scarcity and recurrent drought impose huge reductions to the peanut (arachis hypogaea l.) crop yield. in plants, osmotic adjustments associated with efficient free radical scavenging ability during abiotic stress are important components of stress tolerance mechanisms. mannitol, a compatible solute, is known to scavenge hydroxyl radicals generated during various abiotic stresses, thereby conferring tolerance to water-deficit stress in many pl ...201425436223
cloning of insertion site flanking sequence and construction of transfer dna insert mutant library in stylosanthes colletotrichum.stylosanthes sp. is the most important forage legume in tropical areas worldwide. stylosanthes anthracnose, which is mainly caused by colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a globally severe disease in stylo production. little progress has been made in anthracnose molecular pathogenesis research. in this study, agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation was used to transform stylosanthes colletotrichum strain ch008. the major factors of the genetic transformation system of s. colletotrichum w ...201425361073
multiple enzymatic activities of parb/srx superfamily mediate sexual conflict among conjugative plasmids.conjugative plasmids are typically locked in intergenomic and sexual conflicts with co-resident rivals, whose translocation they block using fertility inhibition factors (fins). we describe here the first crystal structure of an enigmatic fin osa deployed by the proteobacterial plasmid psa. osa contains a catalytically active version of the parb/sulfiredoxin fold with both atpase and dnase activity, the latter being regulated by an atp-dependent switch. using the agrobacterium tumefaciens virb/d ...201425358815
agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of yam (dioscorea rotundata): an important tool for functional study of genes and crop improvement.although genetic transformation of clonally propagated crops has been widely studied as a tool for crop improvement and as a vital part of the development of functional genomics resources, there has been no report of any existing agrobacterium-mediated transformation of yam (dioscorea spp.) with evidence of stable integration of t-dna. yam is an important crop in the tropics and subtropics providing food security and income to over 300 million people. however, yam production remains constrained ...201425309562
overexpression of the pumpkin (cucurbita maxima) 16 kda phloem protein cmpp16 increases tolerance to water deficit.the phloem plays an important role in the delivery of nutrients and signals between photosynthetic to heterotrophic tissues. proteins and rnas in the phloem translocation stream may have an important role in maintaining the integrity of the sieve tube system, as well as in long-distance signaling. cmpp16 is a pumpkin phloem protein, which has been shown to bind rna in a non-sequence specific manner, and move it cell-to-cell and conceivably, long-distance. the protein and rna are found in both co ...201425482781
multiplex pcr assay for identification of commonly used disarmed agrobacterium tumefaciens strains.the success of agrobacterium mediated plant transformation depends to a certain extent on appropriate selection of the a. tumefaciens strain for a particular plant species. many stages in a plant transformation procedure are prone to bacterial contamination with similar antibiotic resistance that may compromise the identity of the a. tumefaciens strain used, in turn adversely affecting success of a transformation experiment. different primer sets were designed to exploit genetic differences amon ...201425089249
expression and functional characterization of the agrobacterium virb2 amino acid substitution variants in t-pilus biogenesis, virulence, and transient transformation efficiency.agrobacterium tumefaciens is a phytopathogenic bacterium that causes crown gall disease by transferring transferred dna (t-dna) into the plant genome. the translocation process is mediated by the type iv secretion system (t4ss) consisting of the vird4 coupling protein and 11 virb proteins (virb1 to virb11). all virb proteins are required for the production of t-pilus, which consists of processed virb2 (t-pilin) and virb5 as major and minor subunits, respectively. virb2 is an essential component ...201424971727
hairy root transformation using agrobacterium rhizogenes as a tool for exploring cell type-specific gene expression and function using tomato as a model.agrobacterium rhizogenes (or rhizobium rhizogenes) is able to transform plant genomes and induce the production of hairy roots. we describe the use of a. rhizogenes in tomato (solanum spp.) to rapidly assess gene expression and function. gene expression of reporters is indistinguishable in plants transformed by agrobacterium tumefaciens as compared with a. rhizogenes. a root cell type- and tissue-specific promoter resource has been generated for domesticated and wild tomato (solanum lycopersicum ...201424868032
agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tomato with rolb gene results in enhancement of fruit quality and foliar resistance against fungal pathogens.tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) is the second most important cultivated crop next to potato, worldwide. tomato serves as an important source of antioxidants in human diet. alternaria solani and fusarium oxysporum cause early blight and vascular wilt of tomato, respectively, resulting in severe crop losses. the foremost objective of the present study was to generate transgenic tomato plants with rolb gene and evaluate its effect on plant morphology, nutritional contents, yield and resistance aga ...201424817272
genome sequence of ensifer adhaerens ov14 provides insights into its ability as a novel vector for the genetic transformation of plant genomes.recently it has been shown that ensifer adhaerens can be used as a plant transformation technology, transferring genes into several plant genomes when equipped with a ti plasmid. for this study, we have sequenced the genome of ensifer adhaerens ov14 (ov14) and compared it with those of agrobacterium tumefaciens c58 (c58) and sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 (1021); the latter of which has also demonstrated a capacity to genetically transform crop genomes, albeit at significantly reduced frequencies.201424708309
quorum-dependent mannopine-inducible conjugative transfer of an agrobacterium opine-catabolic plasmid.the ti plasmid in agrobacterium tumefaciens strain 15955 carries two alleles of trar that regulate conjugative transfer. the first is a functional allele, called trar, that is transcriptionally induced by the opine octopine. the second, trlr, is a nonfunctional, dominant-negative mutant located in an operon that is inducible by the opine mannopine (mop). based on these findings, we predicted that there exist wild-type agrobacterial strains harboring plasmids in which mop induces a functional tra ...201424363349
genomic analysis of agrobacterium radiobacter dsm 30147(t) and emended description of a. radiobacter (beijerinck and van delden 1902) conn 1942 (approved lists 1980) emend. sawada et al. 1993.agrobacterium radiobacter is the only known non-phytopathogenic species in agrobacterium genus. in this study, the whole-genome sequence of a. radiobacter type strain dsm 30147(t) was described and compared to the other available agrobacterium genomes. this bacterium has a genome size of 7,122,065 bp distributed in 612 contigs, including 6,834 protein-coding genes and 41 rna genes. it harbors a circular chromosome and a linear chromosome but not a tumor-inducing (ti) plasmid. to the best of our ...201425197445
efficient method for agrobacterium mediated transformation of artemisia annua l.artemisinin, a potent antimalarial natural products isolated from aerial parts of artemisia annua l. many patents have been reported that the demand for artemisinin is exponentially increasing year after year due to increased incidences of drug resistant malaria throughout the world. leaf explants were used frequently as target tissue to generate transgenic of artemisia. annua l. however, obtaining a large number of transgenic lines through out the year is a laborious and delicate process. to ci ...201422642822
the myosin motor domain-containing chitin synthase pdchsvii is required for development, cell wall integrity and virulence in the citrus postharvest pathogen penicillium digitatum.chitin is an essential component of the fungal cell wall and a potential target in the development of new antifungal compounds, due to its presence in fungi and not in plants or vertebrates. chitin synthase genes (chs) constitute a complex family in filamentous fungi and are involved in fungal development, morphogenesis, pathogenesis and virulence. in this study, additional chs genes in the citrus postharvest pathogen penicillium digitatum have been identified. comparative analyses included each ...201424727399
dc-analyzer-facilitated combinatorial strategy for rapid directed evolution of functional enzymes with multiple mutagenesis sites.iterative saturation mutagenesis (ism) has been shown to be a powerful method for directed evolution. in this study, the approach was modified (termed m-ism) by combining the single-site saturation mutagenesis method with a dc-analyzer-facilitated combinatorial strategy, aiming to evolve novel biocatalysts efficiently in the case where multiple sites are targeted simultaneously. initially, all target sites were explored individually by constructing single-site saturation mutagenesis libraries. n ...201425449543
rhizobium radiobacter peritonitis: the first case report from india and review.rhizobium radiobacter is an opportunistic human pathogen in debilitated patients with foreign plastic intravascular devices and peritoneal dialysis (pd) catheters. we performed a medline search of the english-language literature on r. radiobacter continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd) peritonitis in end-stage renal disease (esrd) and reviewed 13 cases.201428663815
use of opda, an organophosphorus (op) hydrolase, prevents lethality in an african green monkey model of acute op poisoning.organophosphorus (op) pesticides are a diverse class of acetylcholinesterase (ache) inhibitors that are responsible for tremendous morbidity and mortality worldwide, killing approximately 300,000 people annually. enzymatic hydrolysis of ops is a potential therapy for acute poisoning. opda, an op hydrolase isolated from agrobacterium radiobacter, has been shown to decrease lethality in rodent models of op poisoning. this study investigated the effects of opda on ache activity, plasma concentratio ...201424447378
immobilized synthetic pathway for biodegradation of toxic recalcitrant pollutant 1,2,3-trichloropropane.the anthropogenic compound 1,2,3-trichloropropane (tcp) has recently drawn attention as an emerging groundwater contaminant. no living organism, natural or engineered, is capable of the efficient aerobic utilization of this toxic industrial waste product. we describe a novel biotechnology for transforming tcp based on an immobilized synthetic pathway. the pathway is composed of three enzymes from two different microorganisms: engineered haloalkane dehalogenase from rhodococcus rhodochrous ncimb ...201424787668
spectroscopic and mechanistic studies of dinuclear metallohydrolases and their biomimetic complexes.an enhanced understanding of the metal ion binding and active site structural features of phosphoesterases such as the glycerophosphodiesterase from enterobacter aerogenes (gpdq), and the organophosphate degrading agent from agrobacterium radiobacter (opda) have important consequences for potential applications. coupled with investigations of the metalloenzymes, programs of study to synthesise and characterise model complexes based on these metalloenzymes can add to our understanding of structur ...201424135968
comparative investigation of the reaction mechanisms of the organophosphate-degrading phosphotriesterases from agrobacterium radiobacter (opda) and pseudomonas diminuta (oph).metal ion-dependent, organophosphate-degrading enzymes have acquired increasing attention due to their ability to degrade and thus detoxify commonly used pesticides and nerve agents such as sarin. the best characterized of these enzymes are from pseudomonas diminuta (oph) and agrobacterium radiobacter (opda). despite high sequence homology (>90 % identity) and conserved metal ion coordination these enzymes display considerable variations in substrate specificity, metal ion affinity/preference an ...201425104333
optimization of translation profiles enhances protein expression and solubility.mrna is translated with a non-uniform speed that actively coordinates co-translational folding of protein domains. using structure-based homology we identified the structural domains in epoxide hydrolases (ehs) and introduced slow-translating codons to delineate the translation of single domains. these changes in translation speed dramatically improved the solubility of two ehs of metagenomic origin in escherichia coli. conversely, the importance of transient attenuation for the folding, and con ...201525965266
improvement of the thermostability and activity of halohydrin dehalogenase from agrobacterium radiobacter ad1 by engineering c-terminal amino acids.in the current study, a three-tiered mutagenesis strategy was employed to simultaneously improve the thermostability and activity of halohydrin dehalogenase from agrobacterium radiobacter ad1 (hhec) by engineering the last ten amino acids (met245∼glu254) of its c-terminal region. initially, truncated mutagenesis results displayed that c-terminal deletions decreased the thermostability and/or activity of hhec. then ten residues were subjected to single-site saturation mutagenesis, resulting in 20 ...201526302840
mdc-analyzer-facilitated combinatorial strategy for improving the activity and stability of halohydrin dehalogenase from agrobacterium radiobacter ad1.halohydrin dehalogenase from agrobacterium radiobacter ad1 (hhec) displays a broad substrate range with high regio- and enantioselectivity of both ring-closure and ring-opening reactions, making the enzyme a useful catalyst for the production of optically pure epoxides and β-substituted alcohols. in this study, we report a novel method using an mdc-analyzer-facilitated combinatorial strategy to improve the activity and stability of hhec by simultaneously randomizing multiple contiguous residues. ...201525896949
exploring the enantioselective mechanism of halohydrin dehalogenase from agrobacterium radiobacter ad1 by iterative saturation mutagenesis.halohydrin dehalogenase from agrobacterium radiobacter ad1 (hhec) shows great potential in producing valuable chiral epoxides and β-substituted alcohols. the wild-type (wt) enzyme displays a high r-enantiopreference toward most aromatic substrates, whereas no s-selective hhec has been reported to date. to obtain more enantioselective enzymes, seven noncatalytic active-site residues were subjected to iterative saturation mutagenesis (ism). after two rounds of screening aspects of both activity an ...201525681194
a single point mutation enhances hydroxynitrile synthesis by halohydrin dehalogenase.the cyanide-mediated ring opening of epoxides catalyzed by halohydrin dehalogenases yields β-hydroxynitriles that are of high interest for synthetic chemistry. the best studied halohydrin dehalogenase to date is the enzyme from agrobacterium radiobacter, but this enzyme (hhec) exhibits only low cyanolysis activities. sequence comparison between a pair of related halohydrin dehalogenases from corynebacterium and mycobacterium suggested that substitution of a threonine that interacts with the acti ...201525659632
triesterase and promiscuous diesterase activities of a di-co(ii)-containing organophosphate degrading enzyme reaction mechanisms.the reaction mechanism for the hydrolysis of trimethyl phosphate and of the obtained phosphodiester by the di-co(ii) derivative of organophosphate degrading enzyme from agrobacterium radiobacter p230(opda), have been investigated at density functional level of theory in the framework of the cluster model approach. both mechanisms proceed by a multistep sequence and each catalytic cycle begins with the nucleophilic attack by a metal-bound hydroxide on the phosphorus atom of the substrate, leading ...201525582757
multiplex, construct-specific, and real-time pcr-based analytical methods for bt rice with cry1ac gene.qualitative and quantitative analytical methods based on pcr for bacillus thuringiensis (bt) rice hybrid, namely, mrp 5401 bt expressing a modified version of the bt cry1ac gene, are reported here. multiplex pcr assays were developed to target the cry1ac transgene, cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) 35s promoter, agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase (nos) terminator, the neomycin phosphotransferase ii (nptll) marker gene, and an endogenous a-tubulin (tuba) gene in bt rice. the 3.178 kb regio ...201522468358
enhanced artemisinin yield by expression of rol genes in artemisia annua.despite of many advances in the treatment of malaria, it is still the fifth most prevalent disease worldwide and is one of the major causes of death in the developing countries which accounted for 584,000 deaths in 2013, as estimated by world health organization. artemisinin from artemisia annua is still one of the most effective treatments for malaria. increasing the artemisinin content of a. annua plants by genetic engineering would improve the availability of this much-needed drug.201526510528
primary bacteremia caused by rhizobium radiobacter in neonate: a rare case report.rhizobium radiobacter is a gram-negative tumourigenic plant pathogen that rarely causes infections in humans. rhizobium radiobacter has a strong predilection to cause infection particularly in those patients who have long standing indwelling foreign devices. herewith we report a rare case of rhizobium radiobacter bacteremia in a new born baby without other risk factors. the patient was successfully treated with gentamicin and imipenem. to the best of our knowledge this is the first documented ca ...201526557521
the genome of cultivated sweet potato contains agrobacterium t-dnas with expressed genes: an example of a naturally transgenic food crop.agrobacterium rhizogenes and agrobacterium tumefaciens are plant pathogenic bacteria capable of transferring dna fragments [transfer dna (t-dna)] bearing functional genes into the host plant genome. this naturally occurring mechanism has been adapted by plant biotechnologists to develop genetically modified crops that today are grown on more than 10% of the world's arable land, although their use can result in considerable controversy. while assembling small interfering rnas, or sirnas, of sweet ...201525902487
synthesis and quantitative structure activity relationship (qsar) of arylidene (benzimidazol-1-yl)acetohydrazones as potential antibacterial agents.ethyl (benzimidazol-1-yl)acetate was subjected to hydrazinolysis with hydrazine hydrate to give (benzimidazol-1-yl)acetohydrazide. the latter was reacted with various aromatic aldehydes to give the respective arylidene (1h-benzimidazol-1-yl)acetohydrazones. solutions of the prepared hydrazones were found to contain two geometric isomers. similarly (2-methyl-benzimidazol-1-yl)acetohydrazide was reacted with various aldehydes to give the corresponding hydrazones. the antibacterial activity was eva ...201525304024
the fungal cell-wall integrity mapk cascade is crucial for hyphal network formation and maintenance of restrictive growth of epichloë festucae in symbiosis with lolium perenne.epichloë festucae is a mutualistic symbiont that systemically colonizes the intercellular spaces of lolium perenne leaves to form a highly structured and interconnected hyphal network. in an agrobacterium tumefaciens t-dna forward genetic screen, we identified a mutant tm1066 that had a severe host interaction phenotype, causing stunting and premature senescence of the host. molecular analysis revealed that the mutation responsible for this phenotype was in the cell-wall integrity (cwi) mitogen- ...201525303335
pepper, sweet (capsicum annuum).capsicum (pepper) species are economically important crops that are recalcitrant to genetic transformation by agrobacterium (agrobacterium tumefaciens). a number of protocols for pepper transformation have been described but are not routinely applicable. the main bottleneck in pepper transformation is the low frequency of cells that are both susceptible for agrobacterium infection and have the ability to regenerate. here, we describe a protocol for the efficient regeneration of transgenic sweet ...201525300852
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