Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| on lactococcus lactis ul719 competitivity and nisin (nisaplin(®)) capacity to inhibit clostridium difficile in a model of human colon. | clostridium difficile is the most frequently identified enteric pathogen in patients with nosocomially acquired, antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. although metronidazole and vancomycin were effective, an increasing number of treatment failures and recurrence of c. difficile infection are being reported. use of probiotics, particularly metabolically active lactic acid bacteria, was recently proposed as an alternative for the medical community. the aim of this study was ... | 2015 | 26441942 |
| isolation and characterization of clostridium difficile in farm animals from slaughterhouse to retail stage in isfahan, iran. | to determine the prevalence of clostridium difficile in farm animals from slaughterhouse through to retail stage, a total of 750 samples of feces, posteviscerated and washed carcass were collected from cattle, camels, goats, and sheep in isfahan, iran. the overall prevalence of c. difficile in feces, posteviscerated and washed carcass were 20 (13.3%), 23 (15.3%), and 11 (7.3%), respectively; while c. difficile was isolated from 79 (26.3%) retail samples. twenty-nine (3.8%) isolates were toxigeni ... | 2015 | 26440207 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with liver disease: a review. | over the past two decades, there has been a dramatic worldwide increase in both the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). paralleling the increased incidence of cdi in the general population, there has been increased interest in cdi among patients with liver disease, particularly in those with liver cirrhosis and post liver transplantation. medline and several other electronic databases from january 1995 to december 2014 were searched in order to identify potentially r ... | 2015 | 26440041 |
| clostridium difficile recurrent infection: possible implication of ta systems. | clostridium difficile is an important nosocomial pathogen associated with antibiotic treatments. c. difficile's ability to survive antimicrobial therapy and transition from inert colonization to active infection is one of the most perplexing aspects of c. difficile infections and suggests that additional mechanisms are involved in persistence. in this regard, novel mechanisms linked with pathogenesis and persistence of c. difficile such as toxin-antitoxin systems might significantly contribute t ... | 2015 | 26439907 |
| monitoring in real time the cytotoxic effect of clostridium difficile upon the intestinal epithelial cell line ht29. | the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) has been increased not only among hospitalized patients, but also in healthy individuals traditionally considered as low risk population. current treatment of cdi involves the use of antibiotics to eliminate the pathogen, although recurrent relapses have also been reported. for this reason, the search of new antimicrobials is a very active area of research. the strategy to use inhibitors of toxin's activity has however been les ... | 2015 | 26436983 |
| hand hygiene: knowledge and attitudes of fourth-year clerkship medical students at alfaisal university, college of medicine, riyadh, saudi arabia. | little is known about the clerkship (clinical) medical students' knowledge of hand hygiene as the single most important precautionary measure to reduce nosocomial healthcare-associated infections. the aim of this study is to explore the knowledge of, and attitudes towards, hand hygiene practices among fourth-year clerkship medical students at alfaisal university, college of medicine, riyadh, saudi arabia. | 2015 | 26430584 |
| recombinant bacterial lipoproteins as vaccine candidates. | recombinant bacterial lipoproteins (rlp) with built-in immuno-stimulating properties for novel subunit vaccine development are reviewed. this platform technology offers the following advantages: easily converts antigens into highly immunogenic rlp using a fusion sequence containing lipobox; the lipid moiety of rlp is recognized as the danger signals in the immune system through the toll-like receptor 2, so both innate and adaptive immune responses can be induced by rlp; serves as an efficient an ... | 2015 | 26420467 |
| minimal systemic and high faecal exposure to cadazolid in patients with severe clostridium difficile infection. | cadazolid is under development as an oral treatment for clostridium difficile infection (cdi), which is the most common infectious cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. low systemic cadazolid exposures were previously reported in healthy subjects following both single and multiple oral dosing. the main objective of this study was to investigate systemic cadazolid exposure in patients with severe cdi with potential disrupted lining of the gastrointestinal tract. a single 3000 mg oral dose of ... | 2015 | 26419191 |
| effect of geographic region and seasonality on clostridium difficile incidence and hospital mortality. | 2015 | 26416527 | |
| necrotizing fasciitis and the diabetic foot. | necrotizing fasciitis (nf) represents a rapidly progressive, life-threatening infection involving skin, soft tissue, and deep fascia. an early diagnosis is crucial to treat nf effectively. the disease is generally due to an external trauma that occurs in predisposed patients: the most important risk factor is represented by diabetes mellitus. nf is classified into 3 different subtypes according to bacterial strains responsible: type 1 associated to polymicrobial infection, type 2 nf, generally a ... | 2015 | 26415868 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in gastrointestinal disease: 2015 update and the road ahead. | at its height, the clostridium difficile infection epidemic caused approximately 7000 infections and 300 deaths per day in the usa. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has demonstrated extraordinary clinical resolution, c. difficile infection cure rates of over 90%, and low recurrence. in tandem with the rise of fmt, the gastrointestinal microbiome has emerged as a 'vital' organ armed with a wealth of microbe 'soldiers' more powerful than known antibiotics. fmts' reputation has diffused into ... | 2015 | 26414076 |
| healthcare-associated clostridium difficile infections and strain diversity in pediatric hospitals in the canadian nosocomial infection surveillance program, 2007-2011. | children with healthcare-associated clostridium difficile infection were identified. the incidence increased from 3.2/10,000 patient days in 2007 to 5.2/10,000 patient days in 2011 (p < 0.001). of 169 isolates, the most common north american pulsed-field (nap) types were nap4 (n = 43; (25.4%), and nap1 (n = 25;14.8%) while 55 (32.6%) were non-assigned nap types. | 2015 | 26407250 |
| dentists, antibiotics and clostridium difficile-associated disease. | dentists prescribe significant volumes of antimicrobial drugs within primary care settings. there is good evidence that many of the prescriptions are not justified by current clinical guidance and that that there is considerable misuse of these drugs in dentistry. one of the risks associated with antibiotic administration is clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), an entity of which many healthcare workers, including dentists, have little knowledge or understanding. this review seeks to ... | 2015 | 26404991 |
| clostridium difficile infection in the pediatric transplant patient. | cdis are on the rise in both hospital and community settings in adults and children. children with cancer or a history of hsct or sot appear to be at higher risk for primary disease, recurrent disease, and severe outcomes when compared to children with other comorbidities. the reasons for this are not clear and no studies to date have analyzed risk factors for cdi in pediatric transplant patients. colonization rates in children with cancer and a transplant history are also high. determining whic ... | 2015 | 26403484 |
| outcome of relapsing clostridium difficile infections do not correlate with virulence-, spore- and vegetative cell-associated phenotypes. | one of the main clinical challenges of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) is the high rate of relapse episodes. the main determinants involved in relapse of cdi include the presence of antibiotic-resistant c. difficile spores in the colonic environment and a permanent state of dysbiosis of the microbiota caused by antibiotic therapy. a possible scenario is that phenotypes related to the persistence of c. difficile spores might contribute to relapsing infections. in this study, 8 c. difficile ... | 2015 | 26403333 |
| gastro-hepatic fistula with liver abscess: a rare complication of a common procedure. | percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (peg) is a procedure used most commonly for enteral access for nutrition and continuation of treatment in patients when oral nutrition is not possible. it is a safe, cost-effective procedure; however, has its own complications and adverse effects that can be life threatening. | 2015 | 26402902 |
| a small-molecule antivirulence agent for treating clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a worldwide health threat that is typically triggered by the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which disrupt the natural gut microbiota and allow this gram-positive anaerobic pathogen to thrive. the increased incidence and severity of disease coupled with decreased response, high recurrence rates, and emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant strains have created an urgent need for new therapies. we describe pharmacological targeting of the cysteine pro ... | 2015 | 26400909 |
| a bedside test for clostridium difficile infection: an emergency department use. preliminary results. | clostridium difficile (cd) infection is a severe cause of diarrhea in patients with prolonged hospitalization and/or previously treated with antibiotics. cd's a and b toxins are responsible for either diarrhea or septical status as well as other complications including toxic megacolon. toxins isolation, usually performed by a central microbiological laboratory (cml), is mandatory for the final diagnosis of the disease. the clinical suspect of cd infection (cdi) results in the isolation of the pa ... | 2015 | 26400518 |
| using a novel lysin to help control clostridium difficile infections. | as a consequence of excessive antibiotic therapies in hospitalized patients, clostridium difficile, a gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming intestinal pathogen, is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea and colitis. drug treatments for these diseases are often complicated by antibiotic-resistant strains and a high frequency of treatment failures and relapse; therefore, novel nonantibiotic approaches may prove to be more effective. in this study, we recombinantly expressed a prophage lys ... | 2015 | 26392484 |
| bilateral cellulitis. | we present a case of bilateral lesions in a 50-year-old man, which were on first impression mistaken for and initially treated as bilateral cellulitis. we propose that bilateral cellulitis, as opposed to unilateral, is rare and that other aetiologies should be considered in evaluating a patient with bilateral lesions. the differential diagnosis includes stasis-dermatitis, lipodermatosclerosis, lymphoedema and vascular lesions such as kaposi sarcoma, as was identified in this case. early consulta ... | 2015 | 26392449 |
| [multidrug-resistant organisms and c. difficile in munich acute-care clinics: results from a point prevalence study of clinical routine data]. | to combat multidrug resistant organisms (mrdos), networks have been established all over germany. here we show here how those networks can survey the prevalence of mrdos and c. difficile (cd), as well as structure data (e.g. staffing with hygiene control personnel), with reasonable efforts. we conducted a questionnaire-based point prevalence survey in may 2012. the prevalence (colonisation or infection) of inpatient cases with methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa), vancomycin resistant s. aureu ... | 2015 | 26391097 |
| a comprehensive assessment across the healthcare continuum: risk of hospital-associated clostridium difficile infection due to outpatient and inpatient antibiotic exposure. | limitations in sample size, overly inclusive antibiotic classes, lack of adjustment of key risk variables, and inadequate assessment of cases contribute to widely ranging estimates of risk factors for clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2015 | 26387888 |
| quantifying the exposure to antibiotic-resistant pathogens among patients discharged from a single hospital across all california healthcare facilities. | to assess the time-dependent exposure of california healthcare facilities to patients harboring methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-producing escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae, and clostridium difficile infection (cdi) upon discharge from 1 hospital. | 2015 | 26387690 |
| in vitro augmented photodynamic bactericidal activity of tetracycline and chitosan against clostridium difficile kctc5009 in the planktonic cultures. | infection with clostridium difficile (c. difficile) causes a severe colitis with high recurrence. treatment of c. difficile infection (cdi) is based on antibiotics in spite of the increase of resistance. to interrupt the vicious cycles such as new antibiotics treatment and appearance of resistance strains, photodynamic therapy (pdt) might be a possible alternative therapy for cdi. tetracycline (tc) has been used as a broad spectrum antibiotic with low risk of cdi and a photosensitizer (ps) in pd ... | 2015 | 26386640 |
| clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in children due to hypervirulent strains pcr-ribotype 027: an emblematic report of two cases. | in this report, the first two cases of pediatric clostridium difficile infection (cdi) due to the hypervirulent pcr-ribotype 027 in italy are described as emblematic of the role of both the infecting c. difficile strain and patient status in the occurrence and clinical manifestation of cdi in children. | 2015 | 26385433 |
| successful treatment of peritoneal dialysis catheter-related polymicrobial peritonitis involving clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is one of the most common nosocomial pathogens and the cause of pseudomembranous colitis in cases of prior antimicrobial exposure. extraintestinal manifestations of c. difficile are uncommon and rarely reported. we report the first successfully treated case of catheter-related c. difficile peritonitis in a patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis. | 2015 | 26378285 |
| diagnostic yield of repeat sampling with immunoassay, real-time pcr, and toxigenic culture for the detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in an epidemic and a non-epidemic setting. | current international guidelines lack definite conclusions regarding repeat stool sampling for the detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile. we assessed the value of repeat sampling and compared the diagnostic yield in an epidemic to a non-epidemic setting. consecutive fecal samples obtained during two time frames were analyzed using direct stool immunoassay toxin testing (enzyme immunoassay [eia]), direct stool real-time pcr toxin gene testing, and toxigenic culture. samples collected withi ... | 2015 | 26377204 |
| faecal microbiota characterisation of horses using 16 rdna barcoded pyrosequencing, and carriage rate of clostridium difficile at hospital admission. | the equine faecal microbiota is very complex and remains largely unknown, while interspecies interactions have an important contribution to animal health. clostridium difficile has been identified as an important cause of diarrhoea in horses. this study provides further information on the nature of the bacterial communities present in horses developing an episode of diarrhoea. the prevalence of c. difficile in hospitalised horses at the time of admission is also reported. | 2015 | 26377067 |
| letter: faecal microbiota transplantation in combination with fidaxomicin to treat severe complicated recurrent clostridium difficile infection--authors' reply. | 2015 | 26374259 | |
| letter: faecal microbiota transplantation in combination with fidaxomicin to treat severe complicated recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26374258 | |
| correction: defined nutrient diets alter susceptibility to clostridium difficile associated disease in a murine model. | 2015 | 26372249 | |
| decrease in surgery for clostridium difficile infection after starting a program to transplant fecal microbiota. | 2015 | 26370022 | |
| comparative effectiveness of single versus combination antibiotic prophylaxis for infections after transrectal prostate biopsy. | an increase in fluoroquinolone resistance and transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate (trus) biopsy infections has prompted the need for alternative effective antibiotic prophylaxis. we aimed to compare ciprofloxacin and other single-agent therapies to combination therapy for efficacy and adverse effects. men who underwent a trus biopsy within the va boston health care system with documented receipt of prophylactic antibiotics periprocedure were eligible for inclusion. postprocedure infections wi ... | 2015 | 26369958 |
| [toxic megacolon]. | toxic megacolon constitutes a feared, life-threatening complication of severe intestinal inflammation and is a challenge for interdisciplinary medical care. | 2015 | 26369529 |
| management of mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. | managing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis on the first view appears to be a simple task. however, real life often proofs the opposite and creates a challenging situation. in theory, mild-to-moderate disease should be sufficiently treated by mesalamine or alternatively by a probiotic. insufficient treatment comprises the danger of leading to a flare, and hence, an exacerbation of the entire disease, with risk of progressing to severe disease. what are the considerations with regard to patient ... | 2015 | 26368795 |
| diarrhea with clostridium difficile-positive stool-trick or treat: a teachable moment. | 2015 | 26368062 | |
| risk of organism acquisition from prior room occupants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the risk of pathogen acquisition for patients associated with prior room occupancy. the analysis was also broadened to examine any differences in acquisition risk between gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. a search using medline/pubmed, cochrane and cinhal yielded 2577 citations between 1984 and 2014. reviews were assessed in accordance with the international prospective register of systematic reviews (prospero). just seven ... | 2015 | 26365827 |
| [clostridium difficile infection - an update]. | clostridium difficile infection represents a severe illness which very often results in emergency surgery, intensive care unit stay or death. although standard treatment procedures are well known and seem to be sufficient at the first glance, there is need for improvement of therapy guidelines due to high rates of recurrences or treatment failures. this article suggests some adjustments so far without claiming to be a complete review of all new development in this area. on the one hand, the rece ... | 2015 | 26364372 |
| utilization and impact of a pulsed-xenon ultraviolet room disinfection system and multidisciplinary care team on clostridium difficile in a long-term acute care facility. | health care-associated transmission of clostridium difficile has been well documented in long-term acute care facilities. this article reports on 2 interventions aimed at reducing the transmission risk: multidisciplinary care teams and no-touch pulsed-xenon disinfection. c difficile transmission rates were tracked over a 39-month period while these 2 interventions were implemented. after a baseline period of 1 year, multidisciplinary teams were implemented for an additional 1-year period with a ... | 2015 | 26362699 |
| antimicrobial stewardship from policy to practice: experiences from uk antimicrobial pharmacists. | antimicrobial stewardship in the uk has evolved dramatically in the last 15 years. factors driving this include initial central funding for specialist pharmacists and mandatory reductions in healthcare-associated infections (particularly clostridium difficile infection). more recently, the introduction of national stewardship guidelines, and an increased focus on stewardship as part of the uk five-year antimicrobial resistance strategy, have accelerated and embedded developments. antimicrobial p ... | 2015 | 26362295 |
| prevalence and molecular types of clostridium difficile isolates from faecal specimens of patients in a tertiary care centre. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) leads to considerable morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. faecal specimens from 1110 hospitalized patients suspected for cdi were cultured for isolation of c. difficile and characterization of virulence genes. pcr was carried out for toxigenic genes tcda, tcdb, cdta and cdtb and pcr-rflp for flic and slpa genes. of 174 (15.7%) c. difficile isolates, 121 (69.5%) were toxigenic, amongst which 68 (56.2%) also had both tcda and tcdb genes. the r ... | 2015 | 26361995 |
| association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | 2015 | 26359624 | |
| errata: vol. 61, no. 9. | in the report, "vital signs: preventing clostridium difficile infections," published in 2012, several errors occurred in the text and in a figure title and alternate text. a notice to readers about this report has been published in this issue of mmwr. | 2015 | 26355734 |
| notice to readers: the effect of falsified clostridium difficile infections surveillance data on results reported in mmwr. | in 2012, mmwr published the report, "vital signs: preventing clostridium difficile infections," which examined clostridium difficile infection (cdi) surveillance data. this report contained several errors pertaining to emerging infections program (eip) data. these errors occurred as a result of scientific misconduct by a former employee of the oregon health authority. the public health service office of research integrity has determined that the former employee falsified or fabricated data for 5 ... | 2015 | 26355659 |
| usefulness of adjunctive fecal calprotectin and serum procalcitonin in individuals positive for clostridium difficile toxin gene by pcr assay. | in 54/64 subjects with nosocomial diarrhea, fecal calprotectin levels correlated with the results of stool samples tested for clostridium difficile toxin gene by pcr. fecal calprotectin levels can be used as an adjunctive measure to pcr to support the diagnosis of c. difficile infection. | 2015 | 26354814 |
| infection with toxin a-negative, toxin b-negative, binary toxin-positive clostridium difficile in a young patient with ulcerative colitis. | large clostridial toxin-negative, binary toxin-positive (a(-) b(-) cdt(+)) strains of clostridium difficile are almost never associated with clinically significant c. difficile infection (cdi), possibly because such strains are not detected by most diagnostic methods. we report the isolation of an a(-) b(-) cdt(+) ribotype 033 (rt033) strain of c. difficile from a young patient with ulcerative colitis and severe diarrhea. | 2015 | 26354812 |
| molecular and culture-based diagnosis of clostridium difficile isolates from côte d'ivoire after prolonged storage at disrupted cold chain conditions. | although clostridium difficile is a major cause of diarrhoea, its epidemiology in tropical settings is poorly understood. strain characterisation requires work-up in specialised laboratories, often after prolonged storage without properly maintained cold chain. | 2015 | 26354793 |
| optimising gut colonisation resistance against clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is the dominant cause of pseudomembranous colitis in nosocomial environments. c. difficile infection (cdi) generally affects elderly (≥65 years of age) hospital inpatients who have received broad-spectrum antimicrobial treatment. cdi has a 30 % risk of re-infection and a subsequent 60 % risk of relapse thereafter, leading to a high economic burden of over 7 billion pounds sterling and over 900,000 cases in the usa and europe per annum. with the long-term consequences of fae ... | 2015 | 26354525 |
| association of clostridium difficile ribotype 078 with detectable toxin in human stool specimens. | using a clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) immunoassay and a sensitive c. difficile toxin a/b immunoassay, human stool specimens from patients with diarrhoea (n = 1085) were classified as either gdh positive/toxin negative, or gdh positive/toxin positive. overall, 528/725 (73%) of the gdh-positive/toxin-negative specimens contained viable c. difficile, and 433/528 (82%) of these c. difficile isolates were pcr positive for the toxin gene pathogenicity locus. overall, 867/1078 (80 ... | 2015 | 26354090 |
| follow-up of pseudomembranous colitis in children using colonoscopy: a case report. | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) occurs mainly in adults and is believed to be caused almost exclusively by toxins produced by clostridium difficile. colonoscopy found that pmc occurs mainly in the colon, sigmoid colon and rectum in up to 80% ~ 100% of cases. colonoscopy is simple and fast. it has the significance of making a definite diagnosis and can be used as the main examination method of diagnosis. reports of children suffering from pmc are rare. herein, we report a case of pmc in a child. t ... | 2015 | 26624602 |
| a review of clostridium difficile infection at the university hospital of the west indies, jamaica. | this study examined the frequency of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among hospital admission and diarrhoeal stool samples over a six-year period. | 2015 | 26624597 |
| mortality benefits of antibiotic computerised decision support system: modifying effects of age. | antibiotic computerised decision support systems (cdsss) are shown to improve antibiotic prescribing, but evidence of beneficial patient outcomes is limited. we conducted a prospective cohort study in a 1500-bed tertiary-care hospital in singapore, to evaluate the effectiveness of the hospital's antibiotic cdss on patients' clinical outcomes, and the modification of these effects by patient factors. to account for clustering, we used multilevel logistic regression models. one-quarter of 1886 eli ... | 2015 | 26617195 |
| the or environment--hand hygiene, cleaning, and clostridium difficile. | 2015 | 26616318 | |
| fecal transplantation successfully treats recurrent d-lactic acidosis in a child with short bowel syndrome. | d-lactic acidosis can occur in patients with short bowel syndrome (sbs) when excessive malabsorbed carbohydrate (cho) enters the colon and is metabolized by colonic bacteria to d-lactate. d-lactate can be absorbed systemically, and increased serum levels are associated with central nervous system toxicity manifested by confusion, ataxia, and slurred speech. current therapy, usually directed toward suppressing intestinal bacterial overgrowth and limiting ingested cho, is not always successful. fe ... | 2015 | 26616138 |
| the challenge of clostridium difficile infection: overview of clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools and therapeutic options. | the most important infectious cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and colitis is clostridium difficile, which is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming, toxin-producing bacillus. in this overview we will discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients presenting with suspected or proven c. difficile infection (cdi). the clinical spectrum varies from asymptomatic c. difficile carriers to fulminant colitis with multi-organ failure. the onset of symptoms is usually within 2 we ... | 2015 | 26612229 |
| the first report of a previously undescribed ebv-negative nk-cell lymphoma of the gi tract presenting as chronic diarrhoea with eosinophilia. | a 74-year-old man presented with a 2-month history of watery diarrhoea. his complete blood count showed lymphopaenia and marked eosinophilia. investigations for common infectious causes including clostridium difficile toxin, stool culture, ova and parasites were negative. endoscopy revealed extensive colitis and a ct of the abdomen identified numerous large abdominal lymph nodes suspicious for lymphoma. multiple tissue samples were obtained; colon, mesenteric lymph node and bone marrow biopsy, a ... | 2015 | 26611482 |
| economic burden of clostridium difficile in five hospitals of the florence health care system in italy. | despite the awareness about the increasing rates of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and the economic burden arising from its management (prolonged hospitalization, laboratory tests, visits, surgical treatment, environmental sanitation), few studies are available in italy on the economic costs directly attributable to the cdi. the florence health care system has designed a study with the aim of describing the costs attributable to the cdi and defines the incremental economic burden associat ... | 2015 | 26604846 |
| memory of germinant stimuli in bacterial spores. | bacterial spores, despite being metabolically dormant, possess the remarkable capacity to detect nutrients and other molecules in their environment through a biochemical sensory apparatus that can trigger spore germination, allowing the return to vegetative growth within minutes of exposure of germinants. we demonstrate here that bacterial spores of multiple species retain memory of transient exposures to germinant stimuli that can result in altered responses to subsequent exposure. the magnitud ... | 2015 | 26604257 |
| the aged gut in inflammatory bowel diseases. | senescence is accompanied by various anatomical and functional alterations starting from mastication and deglutition and consequent modifications of nutrition. in addition, the widespread use of proton pump inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in aged subjects weakens the gastric barrier, thus contributing to easier entry of microbes into the gastrointestinal tract. the microbiota of the elderly is less stable than that of younger adults, therefore, gut dysbiosis is more frequent ... | 2015 | 26603728 |
| binding and entry of clostridium difficile toxin b is mediated by multiple domains. | clostridium difficile is responsible for a number of serious gastrointestinal diseases caused primarily by two exotoxins, tcda and tcdb. these toxins enter host cells by binding unique receptors, at least partially via their combined repetitive oligopeptides (crops) domains. our study investigated structural determinants necessary for binding and entry of tcdb. deletion analyses identified tcdb residues 1372-1493 as essential for cytotoxicity in three cell lines. consistent with this observation ... | 2015 | 26602083 |
| amoebiasis masquerading as inflammatory bowel disease. | a 60-year-old japanese man presented with bloody diarrhoea. he stated that he had been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis (uc) 3 years prior, but discontinued follow-up care as treatment was ineffective. one year later, he came to our hospital with anorexia and weight loss. the abdomen was soft and flat without tenderness. laboratory tests were unremarkable; faecal culture and clostridium difficile toxin were negative. findings and biopsy from a subsequent colonoscopy reconfirmed his diagnosis of ... | 2015 | 26607188 |
| cost-effectiveness in clostridium difficile treatment decision-making. | to develop a framework for the clinical and health economic assessment for management of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2015 | 26601096 |
| regulation of type iv pili contributes to surface behaviors of historical and epidemic strains of clostridium difficile. | the intestinal pathogen clostridium difficile is an urgent public health threat that causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is a leading cause of fatal nosocomial infections in the united states. c. difficile rates of recurrence and mortality have increased in recent years due to the emergence of so-called "hypervirulent" epidemic strains. a great deal of the basic biology of c. difficile has not been characterized. recent findings that flagellar motility, toxin synthesis, and type iv pilus ( ... | 2015 | 26598364 |
| making a case for pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs. | although antimicrobials are commonly used in children, it is important to remember that they can have a profound impact on this unique patient population. inadvertent consequences of antiinfective use in children include antimicrobial resistance, infection caused by clostridium difficile, increased risk of obesity, and adverse drug events. in addition, compared with adults, children have different dosing requirements, antimicrobial formulation needs, pharmacokinetics, and antimicrobial susceptib ... | 2015 | 26598095 |
| probiotics and fecal microbiota transplant for primary and secondary prevention of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea and is associated with an increased risk of mortality. the use of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has been studied to reduce the incidence and severity of this infection, but variable efficacy and safety data have been reported. probiotics are hypothesized to be effective in the management of cdi through a number of mechanisms that include maintenance of normal gastrointestinal flora, anti ... | 2015 | 26598094 |
| clarifying the management of clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26584845 | |
| quantitative lipoproteomics in clostridium difficile reveals a role for lipoproteins in sporulation. | bacterial lipoproteins are surface exposed, anchored to the membrane by s-diacylglyceryl modification of the n-terminal cysteine thiol. they play important roles in many essential cellular processes and in bacterial pathogenesis. for example, clostridium difficile is a gram-positive anaerobe that causes severe gastrointestinal disease; however, its lipoproteome remains poorly characterized. here we describe the application of metabolic tagging with alkyne-tagged lipid analogs, in combination wit ... | 2015 | 26584780 |
| [recent antibiotic use in german acute care hospitals - from benchmarking to improved prescribing and quality care]. | in view of increasing rates of bacterial resistance and clostridium difficile infections efforts to enhance appropriate and intelligent antibiotic prescribing have become important. a prerequisite is the availability of reliable antibiotic use data. so far antibiotic consumption data in this country had only a very limited coverage of acute care hospitals. | 2015 | 26583825 |
| concomitant medical conditions and therapies preclude accurate classification of children with severe or severe complicated clostridium difficile infection. | severe and severe complicated clostridium difficile infections (scdi/sccdi) were retrospectively assessed in a pediatric cohort. underlying medical conditions and concomitant medical therapy preclude accurate classification of children with scdi/sccdi, using current cdi severity definitions. revised cdi definitions in children should focus on more objective, age-appropriate, and cdi-specific markers of severity. | 2015 | 26582882 |
| effectiveness of probiotic in preventing and treating antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and/or clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in patients with spinal cord injury: a protocol of systematic review of randomised controlled trials. | probiotics may prevent antibiotic-associated and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (aad/cdad). many spinal cord injury centre (scic) practitioners consider probiotics generically and may not realise that efficacy can be strain-, dose- and disease-specific. in order to confirm these effects and fully evaluate the extent of probiotic effectiveness in these patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis is indicated. | 2015 | 26596269 |
| application of density gradient for the isolation of the fecal microbial stool component and the potential use thereof. | the idea of considering the gut microbiota as a virtual human organ has led to the concept of fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt), which has recently been extremely successful in the treatment of cases of recurrent clostridium difficile infection. administration of safe, viable, and representative fecal microbiota is crucial for fmt. to our knowledge, suitable techniques and systematic conditions for separating the fecal microbiota from stool samples have not been thoroughly investigated. in ... | 2015 | 26581409 |
| reexamining the germination phenotypes of several clostridium difficile strains suggests another role for the cspc germinant receptor. | clostridium difficile spore germination is essential for colonization and disease. the signals that initiate c. difficile spore germination are a combination of taurocholic acid (a bile acid) and glycine. interestingly, the chenodeoxycholic acid class (cdca) bile acids competitively inhibit taurocholic acid-mediated germination, suggesting that compounds that inhibit spore germination could be developed into drugs that prophylactically prevent c. difficile infection or reduce recurring disease. ... | 2015 | 26668265 |
| diagnostic yield of routine enteropathogenic stool tests in pediatric ulcerative colitis. | it can be important to exclude infectious etiologies prior to adjusting immunosuppressive therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) exacerbation. we sought to determine the diagnostic yield of routine infectious stool studies in pediatric uc patients. | 2015 | 26663793 |
| clostridium difficile ribotypes in humans and animals in brazil. | clostridium difficile is an emerging enteropathogen responsible for pseudomembranous colitis in humans and diarrhoea in several domestic and wild animal species. despite its known importance, there are few studies about c. difficile polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotypes in brazil and the actual knowledge is restricted to studies on human isolates. the aim of the study was therefore to compare c. difficile ribotypes isolated from humans and animals in brazil. seventy-six c. difficile strains ... | 2015 | 26676318 |
| optimal screening and donor management in a public stool bank. | fecal microbiota transplantation is an effective treatment for recurrent clostridium difficile infection and is being investigated as a treatment for other microbiota-associated diseases. to facilitate these activities, an international public stool bank has been created, which screens donors and processes stools in a standardized manner. the goal of this research is to use mathematical modeling and analysis to optimize screening and donor management at the stool bank. | 2015 | 26675010 |
| the susceptibility of celiac disease intestinal microbiota to clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26673511 | |
| the role of glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) testing assay in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile infections: a high sensitive screening test and an essential step in the proposed laboratory diagnosis workflow for developing countries like china. | the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in north america and europe has increased significantly since the 2000s. however, cdi is not widely recognized in china and other developing countries due to limited laboratory diagnostic capacity and low awareness. most published studies on laboratory workflows for cdi diagnosis are from developed countries, and thus may not be suitable for most developing countries. therefore, an alternative strategy for developing countries i ... | 2015 | 26659011 |
| probiotics in digestive diseases: focus on lactobacillus gg. | probiotics are becoming increasingly important in basic and clinical research, but they are also a subject of considerable economic interest due to their expanding popularity. they are live micro-organisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host. from this very well-known definition, it is clear that, unlike drugs, probiotics might be useful in healthy subjects to reduce the risk of developing certain diseases or to optimise some physiological functions. ... | 2015 | 26657927 |
| an intervention to reduce health care personnel hand contamination during care of patients with clostridium difficile infection. | in a quasi-experimental study, an educational intervention to improve the technique for personal protective equipment (ppe) removal in conjunction with disinfection of gloves before removal of ppe reduced acquisition of clostridium difficile spores on the hands of health care personnel caring for patients with c difficile infection. | 2015 | 26654239 |
| hydrogen peroxide vapor room disinfection and hand hygiene improvements reduce clostridium difficile infection, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase. | we report a statistically significant reduction in clostridium difficile infection (from 1.38 to 0.90 cases per 1,000 patient days), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (from 0.21 to 0.01 cases per 1,000 patient days), and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacteria (from 0.16 to 0.01 cases per 1,000 patient days) associated with the introduction of hydrogen peroxide vapor for terminal decontamination of patient rooms and improvements in hand hygiene compliance. | 2015 | 26654237 |
| association of clostridium difficile infection in hospital mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether clostridium difficile infection (cdi) contributed to hospital mortality and whether the correlation between intensive care units (icus) and surgical wards in hospital cdi risk still remain controversial. | 2015 | 26654234 |
| clostridium difficile infections among adults and children in mwanza/tanzania: is it an underappreciated pathogen among immunocompromised patients in sub-saharan africa? | little is known regarding the epidemiology clostridium difficile in developing countries. fresh stool samples from patients with diarrhoea were cultured anaerobically. c. difficile was detected in nine (6.4%) of 141 (95% confidence interval 4.2-13.1), of which seven (77.8%) were from children. hiv infection, prolonged hospitalization and antibiotic use were independent factors associated with the occurrence of c. difficile in the gastrointestinal tract. two of the toxigenic isolates were typed a ... | 2015 | 26649183 |
| [microbiological diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection]. | the clinical microbiology laboratory plays an essential role in the management of clostri- dium difficile infections, showing an increase in frequency and severity. many tests (culture, eia, pcr), detecting bacteria or their antigens, toxin genes or free toxins, allow the microbio- logist to provide the clinician and the infection control specialist with a reliable diagnosis as- sistance, which meet essential criteria for ra- pidity, sensitivity and specificity. this review presents the diagnost ... | 2015 | 26638514 |
| implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program targeting residents with urinary tract infections in three community long-term care facilities: a quasi-experimental study using time-series analysis. | asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly commonly results in antibiotic administration and, in turn, contributes to antimicrobial resistance, adverse drug events, and increased costs. this is a major problem in the long-term care facility (ltcf) setting, where residents frequently transition to and from the acute-care setting, often transporting drug-resistant organisms across the continuum of care. the goal of this study was to assess the feasibility and efficacy of antimicrobial stewardship pro ... | 2015 | 26634119 |
| the role of rho gtpases in toxicity of clostridium difficile toxins. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is the main cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea prevailing in hospital settings. in the past decade, the morbidity and mortality of c. difficile infection (cdi) has increased significantly due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains. toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb), the two exotoxins of c. difficile, are the major virulence factors of cdi. the common mode of action of tcda and tcdb is elicited by specific glucosylation of rho-gtpase proteins in the ho ... | 2015 | 26633511 |
| [clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in children]. | clostridium difficile is the most commonly isolated organism in antimicrobial and health care-associated diarrhea and is growing in relevance in community-acquired infections. it is a gram-positive bacillus acquired via the fecal-oral route in the community and in hospital setting. | 2015 | 26633112 |
| [clinic and epidemiologic description of clostridium difficile infection in a pediatric population]. | clostridium difficile (cuj-associated disease (cdad) and the role of the hypervirulent strain nap1 have not been well characterized in pediatrics. | 2015 | 26633108 |
| good's syndrome patients hospitalized for infections: a single-center retrospective study. | good's syndrome (gs) is a rare combination of thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia, resulting in immunodeficiency. patients with gs are highly susceptible to bacterial infection, particularly encapsulated bacterial infection in upper and lower respiratory tracts. good's syndrome patients with moderate-to- severe infection are often hospitalized. clinical features of gs patients remain to be characterized.patients with the discharge diagnosis of gs and simultaneous infection from peking union medica ... | 2015 | 26632723 |
| [clinical characteristics of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: a report of two cases and a review of 32 japanese cases in the literature]. | metronidazole is an antibiotic classically used against most anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. because an intravenous form of metronidazole has recently entered the market, the use of this antibiotic is attracting renewed interest in many clinical settings in japan. however, neurotoxicity is a major adverse event: in the central nervous system metronidazole-induced encephalopathy is a rare but serious condition. we performed a literature review of 34 cases including 2 of our cases, 25 from domest ... | 2015 | 26630786 |
| asymptomatic clostridium difficile colonization: epidemiology and clinical implications. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has changed over the past decades with the emergence of highly virulent strains. the role of asymptomatic c. difficile colonization as part of the clinical spectrum of cdi is complex because many risk factors are common to both disease and asymptomatic states. in this article, we review the role of asymptomatic c. difficile colonization in the progression to symptomatic cdi, describe the epidemiology of asymptomatic c. difficile colonizat ... | 2015 | 26573915 |
| neutralization of clostridium difficile toxin b mediated by engineered lactobacilli that produce single-domain antibodies. | clostridium difficile is the primary cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the western world. the major virulence factors of c. difficile are two exotoxins, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb), which cause extensive colonic inflammation and epithelial damage manifested by episodes of diarrhea. in this study, we explored the basis for an oral antitoxin strategy based on engineered lactobacillus strains expressing tcdb-neutralizing antibody fragments in the gastrointestinal tract. va ... | 2015 | 26573738 |
| [diagnostic workup and therapy of infectious diarrhea. current standards]. | infectious diarrhea is very common; its severity ranges from uncomplicated, self-limiting courses to potentially life-threatening disease. a rapid diagnostic workup providing detailed information on the suspected pathogen should be performed only in patients at risk, analyzing one single stool sample for salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and norovirus. in the presence of risk factors, such as a history of antibiotic exposure within the last 3 months, testing for clostridium difficile should b ... | 2015 | 26573083 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile infection in mice with vancomycin alone is as effective as treatment with vancomycin and metronidazole in combination. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhoea. treatment of c. difficile infection (cdi) depends on disease severity. a combination of vancomycin and metronidazole is often recommended in severe cases. the aim of this study was to examine, in a murine model of cdi, if mice treated with a combination of vancomycin and metronidazole had a better clinical outcome than mice treated with vancomycin or metronidazole alone. | 2015 | 26568840 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation: current clinical efficacy and future prospects. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has gained mainstream attention with its remarkable efficacy in treating recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) when there are no other effective therapies. methods of selecting donors and routes of administration vary among studies, but there are now randomized controlled trials showing efficacy of fmt in treating rcdi. ongoing trials of fmt for other disease such as inflammatory bowel disease are underway; this therapy should not be used for the ... | 2015 | 26566371 |
| correction for zhang et al., toxin-mediated paracellular transport of antitoxin antibodies facilitates protection against clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 26556881 | |
| inhibitory effect of epigallocatechin gallate on the virulence of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most prevalent cause of health-care-associated infections. cdi-related health-care costs and deaths are both increasing annually on a global scale. c. difficile have been reported in food products in canada, europe, and the united states; however, the systematic transmission of c. difficile between humans and animals is yet to be understood. because of the limitations of current therapeutic options, there is a need for the development of new patient t ... | 2015 | 26556797 |
| clostridium difficile infection and intestinal microbiota interactions. | clostridium difficile remains the leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhoea and outbreaks continue to occur worldwide. aside from nosocomial c. difficile infection, the bacterium is also increasingly important as a community pathogen. furthermore, asymptomatic carriage of c. difficile in neonates, adults and animals is also well recognised. the investigation of the gut's microbial communities, in both healthy subjects and patients suffering c. difficile infection (cdi), provides findings ... | 2015 | 26549493 |
| [utility of a simultaneous detection kit for glutamate dehydrogenase and toxin a/b with toxigenic culture in the diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile infection]. | we examined how doctors evaluate the results of c. diff quik chek complete (complete) in the diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). a total of 887 stool samples submitted from 2012 to 2013 were examined with complete. requested specimens among samples with discrepant results were inoculated onto ccma plates and incubated under anaerobic conditions for 48 h, then retested by complete if positive culture results were obtained. of the 887 specimens, 198 (22.3%) were gluta ... | 2015 | 26548233 |
| evaluation of a clostridium difficile infection management policy with clinical pharmacy and medical microbiology involvement at a major canadian teaching hospital. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) represents a spectrum of disease and is a significant concern for healthcare institutions. our study objective was to assess whether implementation of a regional cdi management policy with clinical pharmacy and medical microbiology and infection control involvement would lead to an improvement in concordance in prescribing practices to an evidence-based cdi disease severity assessment and pharmacological treatment algorithm. | 2015 | 26547905 |
| small molecules take a big step against clostridium difficile. | effective treatment of clostridium difficile infections demands a shift away from antibiotics towards toxin-neutralizing agents. work by bender et al., using a drug that attenuates toxin action in vivo without affecting bacterial survival, demonstrates the exciting potential of small molecules as a new modality in the fight against c. difficile. | 2015 | 26547239 |