Publications

carbohydrate receptor-mediated gene transfer to human t leukaemic cells.	the mucin-type carbohydrate tn cryptantigen (galnac alpha 1-o-ser/thr, where galnac is n-acetyl-d-galactosamine) is expressed in many carcinomas, in haemopoietic disorders including the tn syndrome, and on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) coat glycoproteins, but is not expressed on normal, differentiated cells because of the expression of a tn-processing galactosyltransferase. using jurkat t leukaemic cells which express high levels of tn antigen due to deficient tn galactosylation, we have es ...	1994	7827404
recombinant cholera toxin b subunit in escherichia coli: high-level secretion, purification, and characterization.	the gene coding for cholera toxin subunit b (ct-b) was fused to a modified ompa signal sequence and subsequently cloned into a high expression vector based on the regulatory signals of the arabinose operon of salmonella typhimurium. upon induction of gene expression in escherichia coli, a product of the expected size for ct-b monomer was detected at a level of approximately 60% of total periplasmic protein. at pilot scale, batch cultivation in a 20-liter bioreactor allowed a production level of ...	1994	7827509
[seroepidemiological survey of el tor cholera in an endemic region of algeria].	between the 26th of april and the 8th of july 1987 a seroepidemiological survey was conducted in the district of chlef located in an endemic cholera area of algeria. the purpose of this work was to evaluate the seroprevalence of vibriocidal antibodies and to study some epidemiological characteristics of cholera. this survey concerns the representative samples of patients and asymptomatic carriers such as they were declared during the epidemic periods of 1982 and 1986 and a sample of contacts of ...	1994	7827512
binding of serum autoantibodies to sialidase-treated tracheal epithelial cells. determination of autoantibodies isotypes in normal and influenza virus infected guinea pig sera.	cultured epithelial cells isolated from guinea pig trachea were treated with vibrio cholerae sialidase. the treatment was not cytotoxic and resulted in membrane desialylation as assessed by measurement of sialic acids released, along with an increased fixation of the galactose-specific lectin peanut agglutinin. after incubation in serum from normal guinea pigs, membrane-bound immunoglobulins were detected using peroxidase-labelled antibodies. sialidase-treated cells bound significantly more igm ...	1994	7829132
epidemic of vibrio cholerae 0139 in calcutta.	as one of large outbreaks of cholera-like illness in the indian subcontinent, calcutta and its neighbouring areas experienced an unprecedented epidemic due to a new strain of v. cholerae non-01, designated as v. cholerae 0139 bengal, since january 1993. this epidemic predominantly affected the adult population of calcutta as evidenced by the hospitalization of more adults at the infectious disease hospital, calcutta (idh), which bore the main brunt of the epidemic in and around calcutta. during ...	1994	7829152
outbreak of cholera due to vibrio cholerae 01 in orissa state.	during may-june 1993, an outbreak of acute diarrhoea resulting in deaths primarily in adults was reported in two districts of orissa state. epidemiological and microbiological investigations revealed that this outbreak was caused by v. cholerae 01 biotype eitor. v. cholerae 01 strains were uniformly resistant to furazolidone.	1994	7829153
evaluation of potency of inactivated cholera vaccine by mouse protection assay & antibody induction method.	twenty one batches of whole cell inactivated cholera vaccine manufactured at central research institute, kasauli were evaluated for potency by mouse protection assay (mpa) and antibody induction method. in the antibody induction method the sera of immunized mice were screened for the presence of antibodies against vibrio cholerae by microagglutination (ma) test and igg elisa. the number of organisms estimated by mpa were correlated with agglutinating and neutralizing antibodies against individua ...	1994	7829163
[bacterial adherence and infections in the human intestines: histological and bacteriological basis for oral vaccine development].		1994	7830311
transcriptional control of toxt, a regulatory gene in the toxr regulon of vibrio cholerae.	co-ordinate expression of many virulence genes in vibrio cholerae is under the control of the toxr and toxt proteins. these proteins function in a regulatory cascade in which toxr is required to activate toxt, and toxt activates virulence genes. the precise mechanism for toxr activation of toxt is unknown, but data presented in this report suggest a direct involvement of toxr. primer extension and gene fusion analyses identified a toxr-regulated promoter directly upstream of toxt, immediately fo ...	1994	7830555
enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhoeal diseases.	five types of escherichia coli are responsible for as much as 25% of all diarrheal diseases in developing countries. they tend to be transmitted via contaminated foods, particularly weaning foods, and water. they include enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteroadherent, enteroinvasive, and enterohemorrhagic e. coli. shigella species are responsible for 10-15% of acute diarrheas in children less than 5 years old and the most common etiologic agents of childhood dysentery. shigellosis is common i ...	1994	7835992
vibrio cholerae o139 bengal: the eighth pandemic strain of cholera.		1994	7835993
characterization of ganglioside associated with the thyrotrophin receptor.	the receptor protein for thyrotrophin (thyroid-stimulating hormone; tsh) is associated with a glycosphingolipid moiety. the protein belongs to the family of receptors that couple to guanine nucleotide binding proteins; the glycosphingolipid contains sialic acid and belongs to the family of gangliosides. this report defines the structure of the receptor ganglioside in the fisher rat thyroid cell line (frtl-5). receptor protein was purified by tsh affinity chromatography from frtl-5 cells, biosynt ...	1994	7734842
probable role of blue-green algae in maintaining endemicity and seasonality of cholera in bangladesh: a hypothesis.		1994	7751564
non 0-1 vibrio cholerae septicemia and culture negative neutrocytic ascites in a patient with chronic liver disease.	non 0-1 vibrio cholerae infection is often associated with ingestion of contaminated seafood and its common presentation is gastroenteritis. septicemia may be found in immunocompromised hosts resulting in mortality approaching 50%. a case is reported of non 0-1 vibrio cholerae infection presenting with septicemia in a patient with neutrocytic ascites suggestive of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.	1994	7798872
morphologic evaluation of the pathogenesis of bacterial enteric infections.	current advances in the understanding of the pathogenicity of the agents of diarrheal infections, vibrio cholerae, diarrheagenic e. coli, shigella, salmonella, and enteropathogenic yersinia, have, to a great extent, become possible due to morphological studies of host-pathogen interactions in natural and experimental infections. despite a multigenic nature and a diversity of pathogenic features in the bacterial species and even in serogroups of the same species, it is now possible to delineate f ...	1994	7802956
septicemia due to non-o:1 vibrio cholerae in a patient with aids.		1994	7803670
identification and characterization of the sda beta 1,4,n-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase from pig large intestine.	the high occurrence in large intestine epithelial cells from pig of a beta-n-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase with a substrate specificity very similar to that of the sda beta 1,4-n-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase from other tissues is reported. the enzyme strictly recognized the neuac alpha 2,3gal beta terminal sequence of n- and o-linked oligosaccharides bound to glycoproteins. the transferase activity required mn2+ and an optimum ph of 7.4. in contrast to the kidney sda-enzyme from humans and ...	1994	7804011
an improved method for the measurement of total lipid-bound sialic acids after cleavage of alpha 2,8 sialic acid linkage with vibrio cholerae sialidase in the presence of cholic acid, sds and ca2+.	in the measurement of total lipid-bound sialic acids involving periodic acid oxidation, as in the periodate-resorcinol assay, the inner sialic acids of disialoglycolipids (such as gd3 and gd2) are not involved because their alpha 2,8 ketosidic linkages are resistant to periodic acid oxidation, even after acid/enzyme hydrolysis or alkali pretreatment. however, the sialic acids from these glycolipids can be recovered completely after cleavage of alpha 2,8 linkages by v. cholerae sialidase in the p ...	1994	7804012
vibrio cholerae o1 vibriocidal and anti-cholera toxin antibodies in o139 bengal cholera patients.		1994	7806891
vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal in hong kong.		1994	7811886
epidemiology and spectrum of vibrio diarrheas in the lower cross river basin of nigeria.	in 1991 a cholera epidemic occurred in nigeria. the features of this cholera outbreak in a single hospital in cross river, nigeria, were examined. microbiologic techniques included the use of thiosulphate citrate bile-salts sucrose (tcbs) medium for culture of all stool specimens. vibrio isolates from diarrheic patients included v. cholerae-o1 (75), v. cholerae non-o1 (10) and v. parahaemolyticus (21). the illnesses were diverse, ranging from mild to severe, and in most instances requiring hospi ...	1994	7812244
cholera epidemic in goa.	two hundred and fifty stool samples were studied during an outbreak of cholera in goa during the months of july to september, 1988. 80 strains of vibrio were isolated with an isolation rate of 32%. 72.5% of those affected were adults. all strains of vibrio cholerae isolated belonged to eltor biotype, fifty three (66.25%) of them being ogawa serotype while 21 (26.25%) were inaba. nag vibrios accounted for 6 (7.5%) strains. antimicrobial sensitivity pattern showed high degree of sensitivity to chl ...	1994	7814060
vibrio cholerae o139 bengal.		1994	7814463
a monoclonal antibody-based dot-blot elisa diagnostic kit for the detection of vibrio cholerae 01 in stools of diarrheic patients and household contacts.	a "cholera diagnostic kit" was developed for sensitive, specific, rapid, and inexpensive detection of vibrio cholerae 01. the monoclonal antibody specific to antigen a of vibrio cholerae 01 was used as an antigen detection reagent and the principle of dot-blot elisa was adopted. the kits were used in seven regional medical sciences centres, ministry of public health, located at various regions of thailand where diarrhea occurs frequently. diagnostic efficiency of the kits in the detection of vib ...	1994	7612110
[environmental isolation of vibrio cholerae 01 in continental waters of the province of seville].	many bibliographical references suggest reserves of vibrio cholerae in the aquatic world, strains of both the serovariety no 01 and 01 having been isolated in different parts of the globe in fresh and extensive salt waters.	1994	7716408
epidemic cholera during refugee resettlement in malawi.	in june 1988 a cholera epidemic occurred in a mozambican refugee population resettling in southern malawi.	1994	7721533
[characterization of a multiresistant strain of vibrio cholerae o1, isolated from a case of cholera in chile].	this report characterizes a multiresistant vibrio cholerae o1 strain, isolated from a patient with cholera, and investigates the mechanism of resistance. the analyzed strain was resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. the resistance was mediated by a 101 megadalton plasmid that was transferred to the resultant of a conjugation assay between the multiresistant v. cholerae strain and e. coli c-600 used as receptor strain, that acquired the triple resistance of ...	1994	7597345
expression and mutagenesis of recombinant cholera toxin a subunit.	adp-ribosylating protein exotoxins from vibrio cholerae (ct) and escherichia coli (lt-i) share two short regions of sequence similarity with bordetella pertussis toxin (pt). previous studies have indicated that substitution of arginine for lysine 7 within the first region of ct drastically decreases adp ribosyltransferase activity. we have more closely defined the role of other amino acids in this region by generating modified proteins in which arginine 7 was replaced with lysine (r7k), aspartat ...	1994	7723660
first isolation of vibrio cholerae 0139 (bengal strain) from a sri lankan patient.		1994	7728923
[non-production of indole: an epidemiological marker for vibrio cholerae].		1994	7746117
[diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, new frontiers?].		1994	7746137
construction of an engineered bivalent vaccine strain consisting of vibrio cholerae ct-b and lps-o antigens.	in this study, the engineered e. coli strain 1046 containing v. cholerae lps-o and ctb bivalent antigen genes has been successfully obtained by using dna recombinant techniques. e. coli 1046 (pmg305) could not only express ct-b antigen but also secret ctb into medium as shown by gm1-elisa. meanwhile, whole cell o-antigen-elisa, bacterial agglutination test and hemagglutination inhibition assay demonstrated that lps-o antigen could be expressed on the cell surface by e. coli 1046 (pmg305) and sho ...	1994	7780018
recombinant microbial adp-ribosylating toxins of bordetella pertussis, vibrio cholerae, and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli: structure, function, and toxoid vaccine development.		1994	7764758
live bacterial vaccines: environmental aspects.	recombinant dna technology has greatly accelerated the development of live attenuated bacterial vaccines for cholera, typhoid, and shigellosis. significant attenuation has been achieved by deleting genes for various virulence determinants, biosynthetic genes, and regulatory genes. as these vaccine candidates move from closed-ward clinical studies to outpatient and field trials, a variety of concerns needs to be addressed about the safety of these vaccines, not only for the vaccinee, but also for ...	1994	7765009
diarrheal disease. established pathogens, new pathogens, and progress in vaccine development.	although much progress has been made in reducing the morbidity and mortality of infectious diarrhea through the use of oral rehydration, progress in preventive measures, such as vaccine development, has been slow. despite the plethora of candidate vaccines developed, there has not been an effective vaccine ready for general use, particularly in developing countries, during the past decade, perhaps in part because of the as-yet-undefined pathophysiology of many of these pathogens, as well as the ...	1994	7698825
susceptibility of the bacterium vibrio cholerae to acid ph in salad vegetables: an ultrastructural view.		1994	7701087
[phenotypic and genotypic characterization of vibrio cholerae o1].	we made 52180 tests for isolation and identification of toxigenic v. cholerae o1 from rectal swabs and reference strains. we isolated 17.6% v. cholerae o1 strains in 1991, 43.5% in 1992 and 38.9% in 1993. the main serovar in 1991 was inaba, whereas in 1993 a similar percentage was serovar ogawa. the phenotype of v. cholerae strains was determined by hemolysis test, voges-proskauer test, polymyxin b resistance and phages 4 and 5 resistance. all of the mexican strains were el tor. there were 2.9-0 ...	1994	7701133
[seroepidemiology of cholera in mexico].	antibodies against vibrio cholerae were determined in 2352 serum samples obtained from patients with clinical diagnosis of cholera. samples from their contacts and from healthy people living in the same communities were also analyzed. vibriocidal antibodies with titers 1:160 or higher were observed in 25% of the samples. an increase of vibriocidal and antitoxin antibody titers were observed in 56 to 60% of the patients in which paired samples were available, one obtained in the acute phase of th ...	1994	7701134
[antibiotic resistance pattern of 24, 526 strains of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated in mexico from 1991 to 1993].	profile of antimicrobial resistance by kirby-bauer method was performed on 24526 vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated in méxico (1991-1993) from fecal swabs in cholera cases and from asymptomatic carriers. minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) tests for tetracycline (te) and doxycycline (d) were done on selected strains. single antibiotic discs were used at concentrations of: te, 30 micrograms; d, 30 micrograms; erythromycin (e), 15 micrograms; chloramphenicol (cm), 30 micrograms; ampicillin (am ...	1994	7701135
[cytotonic and cytotoxic effect of cholera toxin on vero cells and its relation to pcr].	we studied 40 vibrio cholerae strains: 16 from stool, 16 from sewage and 8 from food. the serotypes were inaba in 21 strains, 8 ogawa strains and 11 v. cholerae non-o1. pcr was made with ctx2 and ctx3 primers with 25 cycles of temperature: 1 min at 94 degrees c, 1 min at 60 degrees c and 1 min at 72 degrees c. 24 v. cholerae strains were positive: 18/24 inaba y 6/24 ogawa. pcr was negative for 16 strains: 3 inaba serotype, 2 ogawa y 11 v. cholerae non-o1. in vero culture cells 18 strains were cy ...	1994	7701136
[evaluation of the elisa method for cholera toxin determination in vibrio cholerae cultures].	elisa test was evaluated in 503 cultures of vibrio cholerae o1 y 303 non-o1. the cultures were isolated from sewage from different states of méxico between june 1991 and october 1992. the sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 96%. only 12 strains of v. cholerae non-o1 were positive for ct toxin. when these cultures were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for cholera toxin, the results were negative. elisa test is a good alternative to be used for toxin production in cultures of v. c ...	1994	7701137
[cytotoxic effect of vibrio cholerae non-o1 on vero cells].	at the present time there is still in mexico a diarrhoeal outbreak due to vibrio cholerae o1. in indre we have isolated from the same outbreak last year (jan-apr), 70 strains of vibrio cholerae non-o1. these were isolated from patients with a diarrhoeal illness different from cholera. patients were of different ages and sex, and from various geographic areas. the isolated strains were confirmed by serological agglutination test with polyclonal antisera, and they neither belong to o1 serogroup or ...	1994	7701138
[identification of vibrio cholerae o1 by flow cytometry].	a total of 72 peptonated water samples suspected of carrying vibrio cholerae were assessed by laser flow cytometry (lfc) and compared with positive culture. we used a direct fluorescence technique using polyclonal (polab) and monoclonal antibodies (moab) conjugated to fluorescein. the polab were able to detect 33 positive samples. a clear difference among the 20 positive samples was found with only three v. cholerae o1 false negatives when moab were used whereas all 13 v. cholerae non o1 samples ...	1994	7701139
[polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the identification of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 in oysters].	pcr was made with ctx2 (cgg gca gat tct aga cct cct g) y ctx3 (cga tga tct tgg agc att ccc ac) primers for subunit a of cholera toxin, 30 cycles of temperature on samples of 50 g of oysters added in 450 ml of peptone alcaline water that were inoculated with 15 x 10(6), 0.75 x 10(6) and 0.15 x 10(6) cfu/ml of toxigenic 6707 v. cholerae o1 reference strain. the samples were tested by three microbiological methods: indre's method uses 1 x 10(-1) dilution of sample, two fold pass to peptone alcaline ...	1994	7701140
improved synthesis and the crystal structure of methyl 4,6-dideoxy-4-(3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronamido)-alpha-d-mannopyrano side, the methyl alpha-glycoside of the intracatenary repeating unit of the o-polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o:1.	the crude product of deamination of the commercially available l-homoserine was acetylated and the 2-o-acetyl-3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronolactone (18) formed was used to n-acylate methyl perosaminide (methyl 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-d-mannopyranoside, 12) and its 2,3-o-isopropylidene derivative. the major product isolated from the reaction was the crystalline methyl 4-(4-o-acetyl-3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronamido)-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-d-+ ++mannopyranoside (1, 70-75%) resulting from acetyl group migratio ...	1994	7520833
unusual in vivo turnover of transfer rna in vibrio cholerae.	two lines of evidence suggest that, unlike in other organisms, the transfer rnas of vibrio cholerae undergo rapid turnover in vivo. firstly, the trna content of v. cholerae cells treated with rifampicin (an inhibitor of initiation of rna synthesis) decreased rapidly and continuously. secondly, the newly synthesized trnas were rapidly degraded even under normal conditions of growth; the average half life of trna was 11.8 min. the degradation is mediated by an enzyme(s), present in v. cholerae cyt ...	1994	7521249
identification of a toxr-activated gene, tage, that lies within the accessory colonization factor gene cluster of vibrio cholerae o395.	the nucleotide (nt) sequence has been determined for a vibrio cholerae toxr-activated gene designated tage that is located within a cluster of genes required for efficient intestinal colonization. the tage gene encompasses 909 nt and is predicted to encode a 303-amino-acid (aa) protein with an estimated molecular mass of 34,468 da. computer-assisted similarity searches revealed that tage possesses aa sequence similarity with escherichia coli orfu and staphylococcus simulans lysostaphin, two prot ...	1994	7523253
identification of a vibrio cholerae toxr-activated gene (tagd) that is physically linked to the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) gene cluster.	the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp)-encoding gene cluster (tcp) specifies a type-iv pilus that is a major colonization determinant of vibrio cholerae. we have identified a gene 200 bp upstream from the tcp cluster that requires toxr for expression. we have designated this gene tagd (toxr-activated gene) and have shown that tagd is encoded on a 600-nt transcript. the deduced tagd product is a 164-amino-acid polypeptide (20 kda). interestingly, tagd shares a high degree of similarity to a protein of ...	1994	7523254
[vibrio cholerae strains resistant to vibriostatic factor 0/129 isolated from a patient with cholera in poland].	the vibrio cholerae strain of biotype el tor and serotype ol ogawa was isolated from a 45-year old man after his return from india, hospitalized in głogów (wsse legnica) with symptoms of food poisoning and considerable dehydration. from culture on alkaline agar, the vibrio cholerae strain was isolated and manifested typical biochemical and serological properties except for resistance to the vibriostatic factor 0/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropyl-pteridine). in addition, the strain was resistant t ...	1994	7603133
production of vibrio cholerae ghosts (vcg) by expression of a cloned phage lysis gene: potential for vaccine development.	the protein e-specific lysis mechanism of the escherichia coli-specific bacteriophage phix174 was employed to produce vibrio cholerae ghosts (vcg). vcg consist of both rounded and collapsed cells that have lost their cytoplasmic contents through an e-specific hole in the cell envelope. these ghosts are proposed as non-living material for immunization against cholera. a specific membrane anchor sequence was used to insert the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt) ...	1994	7530888
cholera: current epidemiology.	cholera remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. its epidemiology has changed in the 1990s, with the spread of the seventh pandemic to the western hemisphere and the emergence of a new serogroup, vibrio cholerae o139. the spread of cholera may be rapid and unpredictable because of aeroplane travel, international shipping, and the migration of people due to war or political unrest. increasing amounts of largely untreated faeces from growing human populations favour cholera ...	1994	7531564
bivalent vaccines against bacterial enteropathogens: construction of live attenuated vaccine strains with two o-serotype specificities.	a considerable interest exists worldwide in the development of live attenuated oral vaccines against diarrhoeal diseases. in addition to vaccination against the corresponding pathogens, such vaccine strains can be used as carriers for the expression of protective antigens from other organisms. the antigenic repertoire of a given vaccine strain may thereby be extended, potentially leading to a bivalent vaccine. the lipopolysaccharide is known to be a major antigenic surface component of bacterial ...	1994	7540016
specificity of cholera screen test during an epidemic of cholera-like disease due to vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal.		1994	7570828
the clinical pattern of diarrhoeal illness caused by the new epidemic variant of non-o1 vibrio cholerae.		1994	7570835
studies of infection with vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal in family contacts of index cases.		1994	7570836
isolation and structural analysis of oligosaccharide phosphates containing the complete carbohydrate chain of the lipopolysaccharide from vibrio cholerae strain h11 (non-o1).	for the first time, an oligosaccharide has been prepared comprising the lipid a backbone, the core oligosaccharide and one repeating unit of the o-specific polysaccharide (o-chain) of a lipopolysaccharide. lipopolysaccharide from vibrio cholerae strain h11 (non-o1) was deacylated and the products were separated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. major fractions were a hexadecasaccharide trisphosphate 1, representing the core-lipid a oligosaccharide substituted by one modified rep ...	1994	7525284
insertion of a hiv-1-neutralizing epitope in a surface-exposed internal region of the cholera toxin b-subunit.	the non-toxic b-subunit of cholera toxin (ctb) is a powerful immunogen and has been investigated as a carrier for foreign peptide epitopes, with peptides genetically fused to either the n- or c terminus of ctb. in the present study, we have constructed a plasmid encoding a novel intrachain ctb fusion protein with a peptide epitope inserted into an internal region of ctb: eight amino acids (aa) in ctb (56-63) were substituted with a 10-aa peptide from the third variable (v3) loop of the hiv-1 env ...	1994	7525413
delineation and comparison of ganglioside-binding epitopes for the toxins of vibrio cholerae, escherichia coli, and clostridium tetani: evidence for overlapping epitopes.	binding studies of various glycolipids, mainly belonging to the ganglio series, to the toxins isolated from vibrio cholerae, escherichia coli, and clostridium tetani have been performed, using the microtiter well assay. by using the found binding preferences in conjunction with minimum-energy conformations obtained from molecular modeling of the various ligands, binding epitopes on the natural receptor glycolipids for the toxins have been defined. the binding preferences for the cholera toxin an ...	1994	7527546
induction of adaptive response by nitrofurantoin against oxidative dna damage in some bacterial cells.	pretreatment with a sublethal dose of nitrofurantoin did not give any protection to vibrio cholerae ogawa 154 (wild-type) cells against subsequent treatment with challenging doses of mnng and vice versa. however, pretreatment with a sublethal dose of nitrofurantoin offered significant protection to the bacterial cells against subsequent treatment with challenging doses of h2o2 and vice versa. further, sublethal doses of nitrofurantoin or h2o2 produced almost the same degree of protection against ...	1994	7513062
neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to an extracellular pseudomonas cepacia protease.	pseudomonas cepacia produces at least two extracellular proteases with apparent molecular masses of 36,000 and 40,000 da. the 36-kda protease has high proteolytic activity and the 40-kda protease has low proteolytic activity with hide powder azure as a substrate. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were raised against the purified 36- and 40-kda proteases. several mabs directed against the 36-kda protease were found to recognize the 40-kda protease by western immunoblot analysis. similarly, a mab direc ...	1994	7516312
involvement of the galactosyl-1-phosphate transferase encoded by the salmonella enterica rfbp gene in o-antigen subunit processing.	rfbt of salmonella enterica lt2 was previously thought, together with rfal, to be involved in the ligation of polymerized o antigen to core-lipid a, and three mutants were known. we report the mapping of the mutations to rfbp, the galactosyl-1-phosphate transferase gene, which is now shown to encode a bifunctional protein. the mutations which have the former rfbt phenotype are referred to as rfbp(t). we also show that rfbp(t) mutants are not blocked in the ligation step as previously believed bu ...	1994	7517393
molecular analysis of rrna and cholera toxin genes carried by the new epidemic strain of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal.	vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal recently caused large epidemics of cholera-like disease in bangladesh and india. we compared the restriction fragment length polymorphisms of ctxa and rrna genes (ribotypes) in 27 isolates of v. cholerae o139 from patients in bangladesh and india with those of 48 isolates of v. cholerae o1 from patients and 21 v. cholerae isolates from surface waters in bangladesh, which included 2 o139 and 19 other non-o1 isolates. ribotyping of the isolates with bgli reveale ...	1994	7517950
production, characterization, and application of monoclonal antibodies to vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal.	mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were derived against acetone-treated whole cells of the newly recognized vibrio cholerae o139 serogroup which is causing epidemics of cholera-like disease in india and bangladesh. four mabs specifically recognized the lipopolysaccharide antigens of v. cholerae o139. mabs icl9 and icl13 were of the immunoglobulin m (igm) isotype, icl11 was of the igg3 isotype, and icl12 was of the ig2b isotype. a fifth mab, icl10, of the igg2b isotype cross-reacted with v. chole ...	1994	7496922
extinction of vibrio cholerae in acidic substrata: contaminated fish marinated with lime juice (ceviche).	millions of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor were rapidly eliminated when added to commercial ceviche prepared by marination of mahi-mahi fish in lime juice. likewise, large masses of viable vibrios present in laboratory contaminated fish, were readily eliminated after immersion in lime juice, during the preparation of ceviche. the killing effect was evident within 5 min of exposure of vibrios to lime juice, with reductions of more than 99.9% of the initial bacterial mass. after 2 h of marination of fi ...	1994	7501869
extinction of vibrio cholerae in acidic substrata: contaminated cabbage and lettuce treated with lime juice.	lime juice killed millions of vibrio cholerae o1, el tor, inaba, present on cabbage and lettuce contaminated in the laboratory. the lethal effect was evident within 5 min of exposure to lime juice. no vibrios could be recovered at dilution 1:10 using alkaline peptone water (apw) and thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-saccharose agar (tcbs). more than 99.9% of the initial inoculum was effectively destroyed. the number of vibrios killed by lime juice was 2 to 6 logarithms greater than the maximum infe ...	1994	7501870
modified camp test for biogrouping vibrio cholerae o1 strains and distinguishing them from strains of v. cholerae non-o1.	a modified camp test was used to identify 973 vibrio cholerae isolates by phenotype. eltor and non-o1 strains were camp positive; classical strains were camp negative. sausage-shaped zones of hemolysis of eltor strains were easily distinguished from narrower bands of non-o1 isolates. for o1 isolates, there was 100% agreement between the camp test and inhibition by polymyxin b.	1994	7510310
comparison of vibrio cholerae o139 with v. cholerae o1 classical and el tor biotypes.	vibrio cholerae o139 is a recently identified non-o1 v. cholerae strain responsible for outbreaks of epidemic cholera in india, bangladesh, and thailand in the past 2 years. other workers have demonstrated the presence of the cholera toxin genetic element in v. cholerae o139, unlike the situation for other non-o1 v. cholerae strains. we sought to compare further this strain with strains of v. cholerae o1, classical and el tor biotypes, by classic microbiologic methods, southern blot analysis for ...	1994	7510671
a microplate assay for sialidase activity using plant lectin binding to n-acetyllactosamine.	this paper presents a sensitive assay for sialidase activity based on the specific binding of lecting to n-acetyllactosamine. the substrate used for sialidase assay is fetuin (30-100 ng/50 microliters) with sialylated oligosaccharides, which was then coated on a 96-well microtiterplate. after removing sialic acids from the terminal positions of the glycoconjugate glycans by sialidase, it was subjected to biotin-labeled lectin (ricinus communis agglutinin 120), which binds specifically to n-acety ...	1994	7511958
[the immunology of cholera and the molecular biology of cholera toxin. recent progress and future perspectives].	vibrio cholerae has recently called the attention of researchers due to its strong immunogenicity and also because it serves as coadjunct immunomodulator of the immune response of the intestinal mucosae for the mixed added antigens as well as for those covalently linked to the toxin. the immunopathogeny of cholera is a complex phenomenon. this article presents the preliminary results of experiments conducted with laboratory rats in order to find the iga intestinal response of rodents and humans.	1994	9377108
transfer of multiple drug resistance plasmids between bacteria of diverse origins in natural microenvironments.	plasmids harboring multiple antimicrobial-resistance determinants (r plasmids) were transferred in simulated natural microenvironments from various bacterial pathogens of human, animal, or fish origin to susceptible strains isolated from a different ecological niche. r plasmids in a strain of the human pathogen vibrio cholerae o1 e1 tor and a bovine escherichia coli strain were conjugated to a susceptible strain of the fish pathogenic bacterium aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in marine ...	1994	11865872
cholera epidemic among rwandan refugees: experience of icddr,b in goma, zaire.	in july 1994, one of the worst cholera epidemics broke out among the nearly a million rwandan refugees in goma, eastern zaire. the united nations high commission for refugees estimated that nearly 12,000 people died during the epidemic. the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh (icddr,b) sent an eight-member medical team to goma headed by dr ak siddique, a senior scientist of the center and head of the epidemic control preparedness program, dacca, bangladesh. during th ...	1994	12288419
posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica) aneurysm presenting with sah and contralateral crural monoparesis: a case report.	a patient with contralateral monoparesis of the leg due to subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah) from an aneurysm of the first posterior inferior cerebellar artery (pica) segment is reported. the monoparesis may well be associated with the close anatomical relationships between the site of the aneurysm and the pica blood supply of the corticospinal fibers to the contralateral leg.	1994	1615373
[adenoma of the duodenal glands as a source of intestinal hemorrhaging].		1994	303311
nucleotide sequence of trnaphe from the seeds of lupin (lupinus luteus). comparison of the major species with wheat germ trnaphe.	the nucleotide sequence of trnaphe of yellow lupin seeds (lupinus luteus) is deduced from the composition of pancreatic and t1 ribonuclease digestion products and compared with trnaphe of wheat germ. major lupin trnaphe, unlike pea trnaphe, differs from wheat germ trnaphe in the first base pair of stem tpsic ("e").	1994	264239
education and professional training of biomedical engineers in west germany.	the health service and educational systems, together with industry and research centres, are the primary institutions involved in the development of the bio-engineering profession in west germany. since industry and research institutions in west germany are similar in structure to those in other countries, for the purposes of international comparison only the health service and educational systems are described. the questions "how many bioengineers are needed?" and "how many should be trained?", ...	1994	264210
the pna--a potent force in public health.		1994	45236
drug and non-drug factors influencing adverse reaction to pyrazoles.	some of the factors influencing the likelihood of the appearance of adverse drug reactions in patients are identified and discussed. ways of quantifying some of the risks of adverse reactions in different patients are demonstrated. it is pointed out that adverse reaction data can give valuable guidance for both day-to-day patient management and for the initiation or guidance of research projects. in this latter connection, this study highlights the difference in time of onset between aplastic an ...	1994	303187
new introducer for subcutaneous placement of cerebrospinal fluid shunts: technical note.	a new introducer system for subcutaneous placement of shunt tubings is described. the advantages of this system over previous introducers are discussed.	1994	264158
therapeutic options in meniere's disease.	emphasis on treatment in meniere's disease has recently shifted from a concentration on the vertiginous component alone to include conservation or improvement of hearing as well. this presentation tabulates the current otological literature's reports of both the medical and surgical options available in the treatment of meniere's disease. the authors conclude that these more recent reports deemphasize the importance of the vertiginous component, while emphasizing the importance of the hearing co ...	1994	303093
in vitro studies of frog mucous glands.	the ionic outflow, mainly consisting of na+ and cl-, from the mucous glands in an excised nerve-skin preparation of frog has been determined by recording the conductance changes occurring in a fluid layer covering a small area of the skin surface. in the main series of experiments the glands were activated by stimulation of sympathetic nerve fibers in the skin nerve. the relationship between the ionic outflow and the number of nerve volleys was studied over a wide range. the outflow per impulse ...	1994	303041
elastosis and other stromal reactions in benign and malignant breast tissue: an ultrastructural study.	the stroma and stromal reaction in normal breast, benign, and malignant breast tissue was studied by electron microscopy. elastosis is the main stromal response in infiltrating duct and lobular carcinomas. medullary carcinoma elicits no significant elastosis but intraductal carcinoma has significant local elastosis. benign conditions such as fibroadenoma and sclerosing adenosis produced no significant elastosis. the high number of elastic fibers and the high microfibril:elastin ratio indicate th ...	1994	196733
[discrimination of ischemic- and glycoside-conditioned st-t segment changes in stress ecg].		1994	1029953
[spatial deployments of morphogenetic movements as elements of the oral field in anuran amphibians. i. structurally stable morphogenetic movements].	the movements of cells in the oral field of anuran embryos were followed by means of orto- and heterotopic transplantations of the ectoderm fragments. to mark individual ectoderm regions, the embryos were used which differed from each other by colour. the cells polarize along the apical-basal layer axis and the polarization spreads along the layer as a waver embracing consecutively new and new cells. the waves of morphogenetic rearrangements from the spatial deploiments of morphogenetic movement ...	1994	302926
sexual aspects of the female diabetic.		1994	302897
psychological needs of the spinal cord injured person.		1994	263762
letitia a. westgate, m.d. (1866-1941?): feminist, idealist, healer, maverick, and heretic.		1994	201689
inhibition of chymotrypsin by peptidyl trifluoromethyl ketones: determinants of slow-binding kinetics.	a series of seven peptidyl trifluoromethyl ketone (tfk) inhibitors of chymotrypsin have been prepared which differ at the p1 and p2 subsites. inhibition equilibria and kinetics of association and dissociation with chymotrypsin have been measured. the association rate of ac-phe-cf3 was measured at enzyme concentrations between 8 nm and 117 microm in order to examine the relation between the ketone/hydrate equilibrium of trifluoromethyl ketones and the "slow binding" by these inhibitors. the assoc ...	1994	2271521
college age lesbianism as a developmental phenomenon.		1994	264045
comparison of [125i]somatomedin a and [125i]somatomedin c radioreceptor assays for somatomedin peptide content in whole and acid-chromatographed plasma.	the placental membrane radioreceptor assay was used to measure the levels of somatomedin (sm) peptides in plasma. displacement of both [125i]somatomedin a ([125i]sm-a) and [125i]somatomedin c ([125i]sm-c) by normal whole plasma, the peptide fraction of acid-chromatographed plasma, and a partially purified, insulin-free sm preparation were compared. the peptide fraction of plasma was isolated by acid chromatography over sephadex g-50 in 0.25 m formic acid with a yield of greater than or equal to ...	1994	263658
unusual form of tuberculosis of lips.		1994	267179
depression, cancer, and guilt--what is the connection?		1994	263143
defect in the integrity of an epidural catheter.		1994	2271476
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.		1994	2486571
rehabilitation medicine in sweden. part 2 - education and research.		1994	263010
recovery curves: uses and limitations.		1994	263006
mechanism of quenching of fluorescein by anti-fluorescein igg antibodies.		1994	303233
[dementia disorders among older people; description of disease conditions and odontologic consequences].		1994	2142599
[carcinoma of the male breast; considerations based on 5 cases].		1994	302958
[neurologic manifestations of classical collagenoses].		1994	205497
molecular characterization of a human group a rotavirus isolated from an adult with severe dehydrating diarrhea and its relationship to strains concurrently circulating among children.	while group a rotavirus is widely accepted as an important etiology of acute gastroenteritis in children, this agent rarely causes severe diarrhea in adults and, thus, is not considered by physicians to be an etiological agent for such diseases.	1994	15566782