Publications

genome assembly of shigella flexneri atcc 12022, a quality control reference strain.	shigella flexneri causes shigellosis, severe and potentially life-threatening diarrhea, and accounts for 18% of shigellosis cases in the united states. here, we present the 4.51-mbp genome assembly of s. flexneri atcc 12022, a quality control and reference strain, in 10 scaffolds.	2014	25359907
genetic and structural identification of an o-acyltransferase gene (oacc) responsible for the 3/4-o-acetylation on rhamnose iii in shigella flexneri serotype 6.	o-antigen (o-polysaccharide) of the lipopolysaccharide is a highly variable cell component of the outer membrane in shigella flexneri. it defines the serospecificity and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of shigellosis. there are two distinct o-antigen forms for the 19 serotypes of s. flexneri: one for serotypes 1-5, x, y, 7 (and their subtypes), and the other for serotype 6. although having different basal o-polysaccharide structures, the two forms share a common disaccharide fragment ...	2014	25327486
outer membrane protein a (ompa) of shigella flexneri 2a induces tlr2-mediated activation of b cells: involvement of protein tyrosine kinase, erk and nf-κb.	b cells are critically important in combating bacterial infections and their differentiation into plasma cells and memory cells aids bacterial clearance and long-lasting immunity conferred by essentially all vaccines. outer membrane protein a (ompa) of shigella flexneri 2a has been demonstrated to induce the production of igg and iga in vivo following immunization of mice through intranasal route, but the direct involvement of b cells in ompa-mediated immune regulation was not determined. conseq ...	2014	25286253
high-resolution structure of the shigella type-iii secretion needle by solid-state nmr and cryo-electron microscopy.	we introduce a general hybrid approach for determining the structures of supramolecular assemblies. cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-em) data define the overall envelope of the assembly and rigid-body orientation of the subunits while solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssnmr) chemical shifts and distance constraints define the local secondary structure, protein fold and inter-subunit interactions. finally, rosetta structure calculations provide a general framework to integrate the different s ...	2014	25264107
[shigella flexneri bacteremia, one adult case and review of the literature].		2014	25229381
use of shigella flexneri to study autophagy-cytoskeleton interactions.	shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote its motility and dissemination. new work has shown that proteins involved in actin-based motility are also linked to autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for cell autonomous immunity. strikingly, host cells may prevent actin-based motility of s. flexneri by compartmentalizing bacteria inside 'septin cages' and targeting them ...	2014	25226510
an optofluidic imaging system to measure the biophysical signature of single waterborne bacteria.	in this paper, for the first time, an on-chip optofluidic imaging system is innovated to measure the biophysical signatures of single waterborne bacteria, including both their refractive indices and morphologies (size and shape), based on immersion refractometry. the key features of the proposed optofluidic imaging platform include (1) multiple sites for single-bacterium trapping, which enable parallel measurements to achieve higher throughput, and (2) a chaotic micromixer, which enables efficie ...	2014	25205636
shigella flexneri enteritis in risk-taking hiv-infected msm.		2014	24055803
spa13 of shigella flexneri has a dual role: chaperone escort and export gate-activator switch of the type iii secretion system.	the type iii secretion apparatus (t3sa) is used by numerous gram-negative pathogens to inject virulence factors into eukaryotic cells. the shigella flexneri t3sa spans the bacterial envelope and its assembly requires the products of ~20 mxi and spa genes. despite progress made in understanding how the t3sa is assembled, the role of several predicted soluble components, such as spa13, remains elusive. here, we show that the secretion defect of the spa13 mutant is associated with lack of t3sa asse ...	2014	24126350
shigella flexneri infection in caenorhabditis elegans: cytopathological examination and identification of host responses.	the gram-negative bacterium shigella flexneri is the causative agent of shigellosis, a diarrhoeal disease also known as bacillary dysentery. s. flexneri infects the colonic and rectal epithelia of its primate host and induces a cascade of inflammatory responses that culminates in the destruction of the host intestinal lining. molecular characterization of host-pathogen interactions in this infection has been challenging due to the host specificity of s. flexneri strains, as it strictly infects h ...	2014	25187942
effect of sodium chloride on the survival of shigella flexneri in acidified laboratory media and cucumber puree.	this study investigated the effects of sodium chloride (nacl) and various acids, alone or in combination, on shigella flexneri growth in laboratory medium and cucumber puree.	2014	25178712
serotype-conversion in shigella flexneri: identification of a novel bacteriophage, sf101, from a serotype 7a strain.	shigella flexneri is the major cause of bacillary dysentery in the developing countries. the lipopolysaccharide (lps) o-antigen of s. flexneri plays an important role in its pathogenesis and also divides s. flexneri into 19 serotypes. all the serotypes with an exception for serotype 6 share a common o-antigen backbone comprising of n-acetylglucosamine and three rhamnose residues. different serotypes result from modification of the basic backbone conferred by phage-encoded glucosyltransferase and ...	2014	25174528
linear synthesis of the branched pentasaccharide repeats of o-antigens from shigella flexneri 1a and 1b demonstrating the major steric hindrance associated with type-specific glucosylation.	shigella flexneri serotypes 1b and 1a are gram-negative enteroinvasive bacteria causing shigellosis in humans. the o-antigen from s. flexneri 1b is a { → 2)-[3ac/4ac]-α-l-rhap-(1 → 2)-α-l-rhap-(1 → 3)-[2ac]-α-l-rhap-(1 → 3)-[α-d-glcp-(1 → 4)]-β-d-glcpnac-(1 → }n branched polysaccharide ({(ac)ab(ac)c(e)d}n). it is identical to that from s. flexneri 1a, except for the 2c-acetate. a concise synthesis of the disaccharide ed, trisaccharides (ac)c(e)d and c(e)d, tetrasaccharides b(ac)c(e)d and bc(e)d, ...	2014	25141906
multidrug resistant shigella flexneri : a rare case of septicemia in an infant.	shigellosis is still an important public health problem in developing and under-developed countries. it may lead to rare but potentially fatal various extra intestinal complications like septicemia, involvement of cns, urinary tract and liver especially in young malnourished children. the disease is difficult to prevent as only few bacteria are required for causing infection and there is increasing infection with multi drug resistant strains. a 6-month-old infant developed septicemia caused by m ...	2014	25120984
the serine/threonine kinase stk11 promotes shigella flexneri dissemination through establishment of cell-cell contacts competent for tyrosine kinase signaling.	shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that disseminates in the intestinal epithelium by displaying actin-based motility. we found that although s. flexneri displayed comparable actin-based motilities in the cytosols of hela229 and ht-29 epithelial cell lines, the overall dissemination process was much more efficient in ht-29 cells. time-lapse microscopy demonstrated that as motile bacteria reached the cell cortex in ht-29 cells, they formed membrane protrusions that resolved into vacuol ...	2014	25114112
influence of oligomerization state on the structural properties of invasion plasmid antigen b from shigella flexneri in the presence and absence of phospholipid membranes.	shigella flexneri causes bacillary dysentery, an important cause of mortality among children in the developing world. shigella secretes effector proteins via its type iii secretion system (t3ss) to promote bacterial uptake into human colonic epithelial cells. the t3ss basal body spans the bacterial cell envelope anchoring a surface-exposed needle. a pentamer of invasion plasmid antigen d lies at the nascent needle tip and invasion plasmid antigen b (ipab) is recruited into the needle tip complex ...	2014	25103195
sumoylation controls host anti-bacterial response to the gut invasive pathogen shigella flexneri.	shigella flexneri, the etiological agent of bacillary dysentery, invades the human colonic epithelium and causes its massive inflammatory destruction. little is known about the post-translational modifications implicated in regulating the host defense pathway against shigella. here, we show that sumo-2 impairs shigella invasion of epithelial cells in vitro. using mice haploinsufficient for the sumo e2 enzyme, we found that sumoylation regulates intestinal permeability and is required to restrict ...	2014	25097252
bid-dependent release of mitochondrial smac dampens xiap-mediated immunity against shigella.	the x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (xiap) is a potent caspase inhibitor, best known for its anti-apoptotic function in cancer. during apoptosis, xiap is antagonized by smac, which is released from the mitochondria upon caspase-mediated activation of bid. recent studies suggest that xiap is involved in immune signaling. here, we explore xiap as an important mediator of an immune response against the enteroinvasive bacterium shigella flexneri, both in vitro and in vivo. our data demonstra ...	2014	25056906
draft genome sequence of a new shigella flexneri subserotype, 4s bj10610.	shigella flexneri is of great concern in the prevalence of shigellosis and resistance to many antibiotics in developing countries. here, we report the draft genome sequence of a new s. flexneri subserotype, 4s bj10610, isolated from the stool specimens of a patient in beijing, china.	2014	25035336
fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms of shigella flexneri isolated in bangladesh.	to investigate the prevalence and mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in shigella species isolated in bangladesh and to compare with similar strains isolated in china.	2014	25028972
middle-down mass spectrometry enables characterization of branched ubiquitin chains.	protein ubiquitylation, one of the most prevalent post-translational modifications in eukaryotes, is involved in regulating nearly every cellular signaling pathway. the vast functional range of ubiquitylation has largely been attributed to the formation of a diverse array of polymeric ubiquitin (polyub) chains. methods that enable the characterization of these diverse chains are necessary to fully understand how differences in structure relate to function. here, we describe a method for the dete ...	2014	25023374
transfer patterns of integron-associated and antibiotic resistance genes in s. flexneri during different time intervals in tianjin, china.	shigella is one of the common genera of pathogens responsible for bacterial diarrhoea in humans. according to world health organisation (who), 800,000-1,700,000 patients in china were infected with shigella spp. in 2000, and shigella flexneri is the most common serotype (86%).	2014	25008817
structural basis for lipopolysaccharide insertion in the bacterial outer membrane.	one of the fundamental properties of biological membranes is the asymmetric distribution of membrane lipids. in gram-negative bacteria, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane is composed predominantly of lipopolysaccharides (lps). the export of lps requires seven essential lipopolysaccharide transport (lpt) proteins to move lps from the inner membrane, through the periplasm to the surface. of the seven lpt proteins, the lptd-lpte complex is responsible for inserting lps into the external leafle ...	2014	24990751
myosin iia is essential for shigella flexneri cell-to-cell spread.	a key feature of shigella pathogenesis is the ability to spread from cell-to-cell post-invasion. this is dependent on the bacteria's ability to initiate de novo f-actin tail polymerisation, followed by protrusion formation, uptake of bacteria-containing protrusion and finally, lysis of the double membrane vacuole in the adjacent cell. in epithelial cells, cytoskeletal tension is maintained by the actin-myosin ii networks. in this study, the role of myosin ii and its specific kinase, myosin light ...	2014	24989342
shigella reroutes host cell central metabolism to obtain high-flux nutrient supply for vigorous intracellular growth.	shigella flexneri proliferate in infected human epithelial cells at exceptionally high rates. this vigorous growth has important consequences for rapid progression to life-threatening bloody diarrhea, but the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain poorly understood. here, we used metabolomics, proteomics, and genetic experiments to determine host and shigella metabolism during infection in a cell culture model. the data suggest that infected host cells maintain largely normal fluxes through glyc ...	2014	24958876
reconstituted human polyclonal plasma-derived secretory-like igm and iga maintain the barrier function of epithelial cells infected with an enteropathogen.	intravenous administration of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies has proven to be a clinically valid approach in the treatment, or at least relief, of many acute and chronic pathologies, such as infection, immunodeficiency, and a broad range of autoimmune conditions. plasma-derived igg or recombinant igg are most frequently used for intravenous or subcutaneous administration, whereas a few igm-based products are available as well. we have established recently that secretory-like iga and igm ca ...	2014	24951593
atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with a cd46 mutation triggered by shigella flexneri.	we present a case of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) triggered by shigella flexneri. of the shigella species, only s. dysenteriae type 1 is said to produce shiga toxin and consequently cause hus. investigation of the complement system in this patient revealed a cd46 mutation. in individuals with mutations in complement genes incomplete penetrance of atypical hus (ahus) is seen, suggesting that a trigger, such as infection, is required for disease to manifest. in an era of complement modulatory ...	2014	24944786
elongation factor p and modifying enzyme poxa are necessary for virulence of shigella flexneri.	elongation factor p (ef-p) is a universally conserved bacterial translation factor. in many bacteria, ef-p is posttranslationally modified by poxa, which covalently attaches a β-lysine to a conserved lysine residue of ef-p. here we show that both ef-p and poxa are necessary for virulence of the human diarrheal pathogen shigella flexneri. loss of either ef-p or poxa leads to an impaired ability of s. flexneri to invade epithelial cells and form plaques in an epithelial cell monolayer. proteomic a ...	2014	24935977
shigella flexneri inhibits intestinal inflammation by modulation of host sphingosine-1-phosphate in mice.	infection with invasive shigella species results in intestinal inflammation in humans but no symptoms in adult mice. to investigate why adult mice are resistant to invasive shigellae, 6~8-week-old mice were infected orally with s. flexneri 5a. shigellae successfully colonized the small and large intestines. mild cell death was seen but no inflammation. the infected bacteria were cleared 24 hours later. microarray analysis of infected intestinal tissue showed that several genes that are involved ...	2014	24851099
non-stoichiometric o-acetylation of shigella flexneri 2a o-specific polysaccharide: synthesis and antigenicity.	synthetic functional mimics of the o-antigen from shigella flexneri 2a are seen as promising vaccine components against endemic shigellosis. herein, the influence of the polysaccharide non-stoichiometric di-o-acetylation on antigenicity is addressed for the first time. three decasaccharides, representing relevant internal mono- and di-o-acetylation profiles of the o-antigen, were synthesized from a pivotal protected decasaccharide designed to tailor late stage site-selective o-acetylation. the l ...	2014	24836582
genetic characterization of shigella spp. isolated from diarrhoeal and asymptomatic children.	phenotypic and genetic characteristics of shigella spp. isolated from diarrhoeal and asymptomatic children aged up to 5 years were analysed in this study. in total, 91 and 17 isolates were identified from diarrhoeal (case) and asymptomatic (control) children, respectively. all the isolates were tested for antimicrobial resistance, the presence of integrons, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (pmqr), virulence-associated genes and shigella pathogenicity island (sh-pai). the majority of the shi ...	2014	24790083
dynamin-related protein drp1 and mitochondria are important for shigella flexneri infection.	shigella infection in epithelial cells induces cell death which is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction. in this study the role of the mitochondrial fission protein, drp1 during shigella infection in hela cells was examined. significant lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) release was detected in the culture supernatant when hela cells were infected with shigella at a high multiplicity of infection. drp1 inhibition with mdivi-1 and sirna knockdown significantly reduced ldh release. hela cell death wa ...	2014	24755420
role of intracellular carbon metabolism pathways in shigella flexneri virulence.	shigella flexneri, which replicates in the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells, can use the embden-meyerhof-parnas, entner-doudoroff, or pentose phosphate pathway for glycolytic carbon metabolism. to determine which of these pathways is used by intracellular s. flexneri, mutants were constructed and tested in a plaque assay for the ability to invade, replicate intracellularly, and spread to adjacent epithelial cells. mutants blocked in the embden-meyerhof-parnas pathway (pfkab and pykaf mut ...	2014	24733092
icsa is a shigella flexneri adhesin regulated by the type iii secretion system and required for pathogenesis.	following contact with the epithelium, the enteric intracellular bacterial pathogen shigella flexneri invades epithelial cells and escapes intracellular phagosomal destruction using its type iii secretion system (t3ss). the bacterium replicates within the host cell cytosol and spreads between cells using actin-based motility, which is mediated by the virulence factor icsa (virg). whereas s. flexneri invasion is well characterized, adhesion mechanisms of the bacterium remain elusive. we found tha ...	2014	24721572
draft genome sequences of the type strains of shigella flexneri held at public health england: comparison of classical phenotypic and novel molecular assays with whole genome sequence.	public health england (phe) holds a collection of shigella flexneri type strains isolated between 1949 and 1972 representing 15 established serotypes and one provisional type, e1037. in this study, the genomes of all 16 phe type strains were sequenced using the illumina hiseq platform. the relationship between core genome phylogeny and serotype was examined.	2014	24684748
ompa and ompc are critical host factors for bacteriophage sf6 entry in shigella.	despite being essential for successful infection, the molecular cues involved in host recognition and genome transfer of viruses are not completely understood. bacterial outer membrane proteins a and c co-purify in lipid vesicles with bacteriophage sf6, implicating both outer membrane proteins as potential host receptors. we determined that outer membrane proteins a and c mediate sf6 infection by dramatically increasing its rate and efficiency. we performed a combination of in vivo studies with ...	2014	24673644
serological identification and prevalence of a novel o-antigen epitope linked to 3- and 4-o-acetylated rhamnose iii of lipopolysaccharide in shigella flexneri.	shigella flexneri is the major cause of shigellosis in developing countries. all serotypes except for serotype 6 share an o-antigen backbone composed of a → 2)-α-l-rhap(iii)-(1 → 2)-α-l-rhap(ii)-(1 → 3)-α-l-rhap(i)-(1 → 3)-β-d-glcpnac-(1 → tetrasaccharide repeat. it can be modified by the addition of a glucosyl group to one or more sugar residues and/or an o-acetyl group to rha(i) and/or a phosphoethanolamine to rha(ii) and/or rha(iii). these modifications give rise to type i-, ic-, ii-, iv-, an ...	2014	24671799
new insights into the crosstalk between shigella and t lymphocytes.	subversion of host immune responses is the key infection strategy employed by most, if not all, human pathogens. modulation of the host innate response by pathogens has been vastly documented. yet, especially for bacterial infections, it was only recently that cells of the adaptive immune response were recognized as targets of bacterial weapons such as the type iii secretion system (t3ss) and its effector proteins. in this review, we focus on the recent advances made in the understanding of how ...	2014	24613405
conformational diversity of o-antigen polysaccharides of the gram-negative bacterium shigella flexneri serotype y.	o-antigen polysaccharides constitute the outer protective layer of most gram-negative bacteria, important for the bacterium's survival and adaption within its host. although important for many functions, the three-dimensional structure of the dense polysaccharide coat remains to be elucidated. in this study, we present a systematic numerical investigation of o-antigen polysaccharide chains of shigella flexneri serotype y composed of one up to four tetrasaccharide repeat units. to bridge the gap ...	2014	24559142
potential novel antibiotics from hts targeting the virulence-regulating transcription factor, virf, from shigella flexneri.	virf is an arac-type transcriptional regulator responsible for activating the transcription of virulence genes required for the intracellular invasion and cell-to-cell spread of shigella flexneri. gene disruption studies have validated virf as a potential target for an anti-virulence therapy to treat shigellosis by determining that virf is necessary for virulence, but not required for bacterial viability. using a bacteria-based, β-galactosidase reporter assay we completed a high-throughput scree ...	2014	24549153
a fluorescent reporter reveals on/off regulation of the shigella type iii secretion apparatus during entry and cell-to-cell spread.	numerous pathogenic gram-negative bacteria use a type three secretion apparatus (t3sa) to translocate effector proteins into host cells. detecting and monitoring the t3sa of intracellular bacteria within intact host cells has been challenging. taking advantage of the tight coupling between t3s effector-gene transcription and t3sa activity in shigella flexneri, together with a fast-maturing green fluorescent protein, we developed reporters to monitor t3sa activity in real time. these reporters re ...	2014	24528864
oral administration of live shigella vaccine candidates in rhesus monkeys show no evidence of competition for colonization and immunogenicity between different serotypes.	live oral monovalent shigella flexneri 2a vaccine candidates as well as bivalent formulations with shigella sonnei were evaluated in a rhesus monkey model for colonization and immunogenicity. freshly harvested suspensions of s. flexneri 2a vaccine candidates wrsf2g12 and wrsf2g15 as well as s. sonnei vaccine candidate wrss3 were nasogastrically administered to groups of rhesus monkeys, macaca mulatta, either in a monovalent form or when combined with each other. the animals were monitored daily ...	2014	24522159
shigellemia in a post renal transplant patient: a case report and literature review.	shigellemia is a complication of shigellosis that occurs generally in malnourished children. in adults, shigellemia is usually seen in immunocompromised individuals. here we report the first case of shigellemia in a renal transplant patient from india. the patient had history of diarrhea, which was treated symptomatically. subsequently, the patient developed high-grade fever and blood culture was positive for shigella flexneri. recovery was uneventful after the initiation of antimicrobial therap ...	2014	24518636
identification of an o-acyltransferase gene (oacb) that mediates 3- and 4-o-acetylation of rhamnose iii in shigella flexneri o antigens.	o antigen (o polysaccharide) is an important and highly variable cell component present on the surface of cells which defines the serospecificity of gram-negative bacteria. most o antigens of shigella flexneri, a cause of shigellosis, share a backbone composed of →2)-α-l-rhap(iii)-(1→2)-α-l-rhap(ii)-(1→3)-α-l-rhap(i)-(1→3)-β-d-glcpnac-(1→ repeats, which can be modified by adding various substituents, giving rise to 19 serotypes. the known modifications include glucosylation on various sugar resi ...	2014	24509314
case of shigella flexneri infection with treatment failure due to azithromycin resistance in an hiv-positive patient.		2014	24488332
the vps/vacj abc transporter is required for intercellular spread of shigella flexneri.	the vps/vacj abc transporter system is proposed to function in maintaining the lipid asymmetry of the outer membrane. mutations in vps or vacj in shigella flexneri resulted in increased sensitivity to lysis by the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds), and the vpsc mutant showed minor differences in its phospholipid profile compared to the wild type. vpsc mutants were unable to form plaques in cultured epithelial cells, but this was not due to a failure to invade, to replicate intracellularly, ...	2014	24478081
a substrate-fusion protein is trapped inside the type iii secretion system channel in shigella flexneri.	the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is a macromolecular complex used by gram-negative bacteria to secrete effector proteins from the cytoplasm across the bacterial envelope in a single step. for many pathogens, the t3ss is an essential virulence factor that enables the bacteria to interact with and manipulate their respective host. a characteristic structural feature of the t3ss is the needle complex (nc). the nc resembles a syringe with a basal body spanning both bacterial membranes and a long ...	2014	24453973
genomic portrait of the evolution and epidemic spread of a recently emerged multidrug-resistant shigella flexneri clone in china.	shigella flexneri is the major cause of shigellosis in developing countries. a new s. flexneri serotype, xv, appeared in 2000 and replaced serotype 2a as the most prevalent serotype in china. serotype xv is a variant of serotype x, with phosphoethanolamine modification of its o antigen mediated by a plasmid that contained the opt gene. serotype xv isolates belong to sequence type 91 (st91). in this study, whole-genome sequencing of 59 s. flexneri isolates of 14 serotypes (serotypes 1 to 4, y, yv ...	2014	24452172
plasmid-mediated sulfamethoxazole resistance encoded by the sul2 gene in the multidrug-resistant shigella flexneri 2a isolated from patients with acute diarrhea in dhaka, bangladesh.	in this study, mechanisms of plasmid-mediated sulfamethoxazole resistances in the clinical strains of multi-drug resistant (mdr) shigella flexneri 2a were elucidated for the first time in bangladesh. from 2006 to 2011, a total of 200 s. flexneri 2a strains were randomly selected from the stock of the enteric and food microbiology laboratory of icddr,b. antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains showed 73%, 98%, 93%, 58%, 98%, 64% and 4% resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic aci ...	2014	24416393
effect of wild-type shigella species and attenuated shigella vaccine candidates on small intestinal barrier function, antigen trafficking, and cytokine release.	bacterial dysentery due to shigella species is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. the pathogenesis of shigella is based on the bacteria's ability to invade and replicate within the colonic epithelium, resulting in severe intestinal inflammatory response and epithelial destruction. although the mechanisms of pathogenesis of shigella in the colon have been extensively studied, little is known on the effect of wild-type shigella on the small intestine and the role of the host respo ...	2014	24416363
development and preclinical evaluation of a trivalent, formalin-inactivated shigella whole-cell vaccine.	studies were undertaken to manufacture a multivalent shigella inactivated whole-cell vaccine that is safe, effective, and inexpensive. by using several formalin concentrations, temperatures, and incubation periods, an optimized set of inactivation conditions was established for shigella flexneri 2a, s. sonnei, and s. flexneri 3a to produce inactivated whole cells expressing a full repertoire of ipa proteins and lipopolysaccharide (lps). the inactivation conditions selected were treatment with 0. ...	2014	24403527
dissemination and serotype modification potential of psfxv_2, an o-antigen petn modification plasmid in shigella flexneri.	the o-antigens of all shigella flexneri serotypes, except serotype 6, share a linear tetrasaccharide repeat composed of one n-acetylglucosamine and three l-rhamnose residues, and differences between the serotypes are due to modification of various monosaccharide residues with glucosyl and/or o-acetyl and/or phosphoethanolamine (petn) groups. plasmid-borne opt (formerly lpt-o) gene encoding a petn transferase which modifies the o-antigens of s. flexneri serotype x, 4a and y strains and converts t ...	2014	24379081
methods of measuring the reliability of caries prevalence and incremental data.		2014	4155660
masson's pseudoangiosarcoma of the tongue: report of two cases.	two cases of masson's vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma localized on the tongue are reported. this lesion has sometimes been confused histologically with angiosarcoma but always behaves in a benign fashion.	2014	4038718
crystal formation after reconstituting cefazolin sodium with 0.9% sodium chloride injection.		2014	3970029
[patient-centered care--discussion proposal of a work group].		2014	3925230
hospital-acquired infections. how they occur and what can be done to prevent them.		2014	4215857
the pre-thrombotic state.		2014	3905216
[several problems in the development of blood bank service in the russian federation].		2014	4252111
termination of acquired immunological tolerance in mice with antigen aagregates.		2014	4162611
alexander louis wingfield, m.d. lond., f.r.c.p.		2014	4187846
[allergy to neomycin. i. increasing occurrence of contact hypersensitivity to neomycin. ii. group hypersensitivity of neomycin and chemically related antibiotics].		2014	4229854
muscle fibre type differentiation and satellite cell population in werdnig-hoffmann disease.	quantitative analyses of the muscle fibre type distribution and satellite cell population were performed on biceps muscles from control infants 6-30 months of age and patients with werdnig-hoffmann (wh) disease aged 1-13 months. in muscles of control infants, type 1 fibres ranged from 34.5 to 52.5% of a total of 500 muscle fibres, similar to the percentage in adult muscle. the distribution of type 2a and 2b fibres varied slightly at different ages (type 2a, 19.3-42.8%; type 2b, 21.1-39.2%). type ...	2014	3989581
[linear iga bullous dermatosis in adults].		2014	3911856
syndrome delineation and other uses of epidemiology.		2014	4231754
[clinical studies on activators and inhibitors of fibrinolysis in various internal diseases].		2014	4134263
proceedings: activity of auerbach plexus left attached to the small intestine and its effect on intestinal motility.		2014	4478416
proceedings: activity of auerbach plexus left attached to the small intestine and its effect on intestinal motility.		2014	4478416
[morbidity and health status of crews and shore personnel of the transit river fleet of the ukraine ssr].		2014	4335510
[professor wüstenberg 65 years of age].		2014	4269881
[result of postoperative radiotherapy of breast carcinoma].		2014	4310709
[diagnosis and documentation of biliary calculi].		2014	3887025
response to platelet-activating factor of platelets from patients with multiple sclerosis.	the response of multiple sclerosis (ms) and control platelets to different concentrations of platelet-activating factor was studied. at concentrations in the range 10(-7) to 10(-5)m, it was found that the ms platelets tended to aggregate fully at lower concentrations than was the case with control platelets. at a concentration of 10(-6)m, it was found that in 19 cases the ms platelets gave a full aggregation response whilst 4 cases showed biphasic but full aggregation, whereas at this concentrat ...	2014	3993327
the influence of low concentrations of irritants on skin barrier function as determined by water vapour loss.	the effect of some irritants on the barrier function of the skin was assessed by means of water vapour loss measurements. 100 microliter of the test substance in distilled water were applied to the skin for a period of 48 h, using large finn chambers. the exposures were done in a test panel of 42 subjects. sodium lauryl sulfate (2%), cocobetaine (2%), crotonaldehyde (0.75%) with sodium lauryl sulfate (0.5%) and dimethyl sulfoxide (50%) markedly influenced water vapour loss. sodium hydroxide (1%) ...	2014	4028973
[magnetic resonance imaging in craniovertebral junction anomaly].		2014	4021124
treatment of early cancer of the breast.		2014	4187845
[digital subtraction angiography (dsa) using fuji computed radiography (fcr)].		2014	3911166
incidence of clinical infections in a defined population of pregnant women.	the incidence of clinical maternal infections was determined in a prospective study of 44,016 pregnant women at 12 university hospitals. viral and bacterial infections were the most frequently reported. overall, the highest incidence of infections was for vaginitis, influenza/"flu"-like disease, and infections of the kidney, ureter, bladder; parasitic and fungal infections occurred at low rates. most women experienced only one infection during pregnancy (89.7%); however, some had two different i ...	2014	3983159
radiocarbon: analysis of inorganic carbon of fossil bone and enamel.	carbon dioxide from calcium carbonate in fossil bone can be selectively separated from carbon dioxide in bone apatite by hydrolyzing the sample first in acetic acid and then in hydrochloric acid. radiocarbon analyses of the inorganic carbon dioxide in three samples of known age clearly show calcium carbonate in fossil bone to be secondary and the carbonate of bone apatite to be indigenous and suitable for dating in some cases. agreement between dates on collagen-bone apatite pairs increases the ...	2014	4298852
[situational reactions in suicidologic practice].	the paper is devoted to the description of suicidal manifestations in mentally normal adolescents among typical behavioural disorders characteristic of situational reactions of this age. three types of suicido-dangerous situational responses of adolescents were specified with regard to their age and auto-and heteaggressiveness ratio: reaction of deprivation, explosive reaction and reaction of auto-elimination. suicidogenic conflicts were analyzed and spheres of age-specific suicidal conflicts we ...	2014	4072520
[results of follow-up over 5 years of basedow's disease under medical management].		2014	4187803
lesions in the cerebral hemispheres after blunt head injury.		2014	4123922
[determination of free serotonin (in the blood plasma) and thrombocyte-bound serotonin by spectrofluorometric method].		2014	4128348
hormone therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis.		2014	4159009
[importance of special cytologic phenomena in the differential diagnosis of rheumatic diseases].		2014	4105635
[suture materials].		2014	4010983
sterility of the cysterna chyli during reconstructive aortic procedures.		2014	4023866
longterm methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a review.	a review of the literature on the longterm use of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra) showed that many questions on protocol remain unanswered. although rheumatologists have adopted certain guidelines previously followed by dermatologists for psoriasis patients, rheumatology literature offers no set of rules for using the drug in treating patients with ra. the use of liver function tests and liver biopsy specimens to predict and assess hepatotoxicity associated with methotrex ...	2014	3913773
[chronic pancreatitis caused by lithiasis of wirsung's duct].		2014	4341895
action of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in uraemia.		2014	4117601
the effect of alcohol abuse on perceptual reference frames.	visuospatial processing in alcoholics was investigated by aligning two elements along different axes of an equilateral triangle and asking subjects to report the direction the triangle appeared to point when first observed. alcoholics were not as affected as controls by alignment of the elements. the implications of these findings are discussed.	2014	3974857
description and classification--the cornerstones of pathokinesiological research.		2014	3952155
osteoarthritis of the hip. radiologic findings and etiology.	the purpose of the work was to investigate: whether osteoarthritis of the hip can be divided into radiologic classes by examining the tendency of osteoarthritis of the hips to increase the growth and calcific content of the bone on the one hand and the associated loss of calcium and cartilage and the deformation and destruction of bone on the other. the prevalence of osteoarthritis of the hip in the internal medicinal and surgical outpatients of the university central hospital of oulu, who were ...	2014	3911867
[data on the occurrence of dermatologic diseases in donetsk].		2014	4409121
a mechanism of the acceleration of lipid peroxide formation in liver homogenates and subcellular fractions of vitamin e-deficient mice.		2014	4151985
effect of methanol on exhaust composition of a fuel containing toluene, n-heptane, and isooctane.		2014	4192535
[relations between hemoglobin and blood groups in africans].		2014	4229327
searching for a new system.		2014	3993188
association of s-iga subunits.		2014	4137549
[clinical psychology in dentistry].		2014	4223078