Publications

n-wasp is an important protein for the actin-based motility of shigella flexneri in the infected epithelial cells.		1998	10211437
pathogenesis of shigellosis: from molecular and cellular biology of epithelial cell invasion to tissue inflammation and vaccine development.		1998	10211438
shigella and escherichia coli strategies for survival at low ph.		1998	10211439
the use of an ipac-specific elisa to identify enteroinvasive escherichia coli strains of unusual serogroups.	twenty five escherichia coli isolates expressing o antigens different from the conventionally recognized enteroinvasive e. coli were tested in the sereny test, with an invasion plasmid-specific dna probe, and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay recognizing the secreted ipac antigen. these results indicate that the ipac enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a sensitive method to recognize enteroinvasive e. coli, irrespective of their serogroups.	1998	9934541
[importance of the eradication of the focus of infection and the synchronized correction of disturbed intestinal microflora in shigellosis patients].	the dynamic study of the characteristics of serum specific shigella endotoxinemia was carried out in 60 patients with s.flexneri infection by eia techniques. in addition, the level of re-glycolipid in the blood of patients was determined in eia with the use of re-antibodies with the simultaneous study of the rectal microbiocenosis. the degree of dysbiotic disturbances in the intestine was found to be directly related to the levels of lps of s.flexneri 2a o-antigens and re-glycolipid of gram-nega ...	1998	9949508
[effect of hydroxylamine hydrochloride on the bacterium shigella dysenteriae 1 and antigens isolated from them].		1998	9949513
[modern views on the molecular biological foundations of the pathogenesis of shigella infections].		1998	9949517
comparison of survival of diarrhoeagenic agents in two local weaning foods (ogi and koko).	the ph values of both cooked and uncooked ogi and koko samples were determined and the survival rate of four diarrhoeagenic agents, enteroinvasive escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri, and vibrio cholerae were studied after they were seeded into cooked ogi and koko. analysis of the ph of the cooked inoculated samples showed that there was a slight increase in ph (decrease in acidity) during storage for 48 h and 37 degrees c (from 3.5 to 3.7 for ogi and from 3.7 to 4.1 for koko). ...	1998	9972074
contamination of weaning foods: organisms, channels, and sequelae.	a study was carried out to identify the microbial contaminants of weaning foods in an egyptian village and the sources of contamination. all 300 households containing infants (< 24 months) were visited. information regarding food preparation and household sanitation was gathered. samples of weaning foods (270) were collected and analysed for the presence of escherichia coli, bacillus cereus, shigella and parasites. the first two pathogens were detected in 43.7 per cent and 21.4 per cent of sampl ...	1998	9972075
evaluation of methods for isolation of salmonella species using modified semisolid rappaport-vassiliadis medium and salmonella-shigella agar.	a total of 197 salmonella strains were isolated from 1717 stool samples on salmonella-shigella agar and modified semisolid rappaport-vassiliadis medium before and after enrichment in selenite broth. better sensitivity was obtained with salmonella-shigella agar than in direct plating (89.2% vs. 64.4%, p<0.0001) and after broth enrichment (96.4% vs. 88.1%, p<0.01). the incidence of false-positive results using modified semisolid rappaport-vassiliadis medium was higher than that obtained using salm ...	1998	9923522
update on media for isolation of enterobacteriaceae from foods.	testing for 'total' enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and escherichia coli as marker organisms in foods and detection of specific pathogens of the family enterobacteriaceae, including pathogenic e. coli, salmonella, shigella and yersinia spp. is widely applied in many food control laboratories. this review describes some recent developments in culture media for these organisms. methods for enumeration of e. coli include the standard mpn technique, a membrane-filter method and the use of media contai ...	1998	9923624
shigellosis in children: a clinico-epidemiological comparison between shigella dysenteriae type i and shigella flexneri.	we reviewed the clinical and epidemiological features of 390 children under 5 years of age infected with either shigella dysenteriae type i or shigella flexneri attending a diarrhoea treatment centre from 1993 to 1995 in dhaka, bangladesh. older age (24 months or more), underweight and wasting but not stunting were the host factors significantly more associated with shigella dysenteriae type i infection than in shigella flexneri-infected children. moreover, use of antibiotics at home, use of wat ...	1998	9924557
the gastrointestinal bacteria of mink (mustela vison l): influence of age and diet.	total numbers of aerotolerant and anaerobic bacteria, and densities of enterobacteriaceae, lactobacilli, staphylococci, salmonella and shigella, and campylobacteria were enumerated in the contents of the stomach, small intestine (and the associated mucosa), and colon of mink beginning at 2 weeks of age to adulthood, and in adults that were fed diets with different levels and types of fiber or food deprived. highest densities of all bacterial groups were found in the colon at all ages (up to 10(8 ...	1998	9926461
[resistance of respiratory and enteral bacteria to antibiotics].		1998	9927887
interaction of microorganisms, epithelium, and lymphoid cells of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.	differentiation of specific epithelial cell lineages during development, as well as epithelial plasticity in response to heterologous cell-to-cell cross talk during adult life, accounts for the large variety of functions which are performed by the mucosal surfaces found in the human body. among its functions, the digestive mucosa is able to sample antigens and microorganisms through m cells of peyer's patches' follicle-associated epithelium, in order to trigger the development of either toleranc ...	1998	9928370
aetiological agents: their molecular biology and phagocyte-host interaction.	inflammatory joint disease can develop following an extra-articular infection. the term reactive arthritis was coined in order to differentiate this arthritis, which is often characterized by lack of culturable organisms in the joint, from septic arthritides. bacteria known to trigger reactive arthritis include campylobacter, chlamydia, salmonella, shigella and yersinia. demonstration of bacteria or bacterial macromolecules in the joint has elicited the idea that reactive arthritis is a sterile ...	1998	9928497
relationship between o-serogroup and presence of pathogenic factor genes in escherichia coli.	a total of 383 isolates of serogroup-based enteropathogenic and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (310 strains of epec and 73 strains of eiec) were examined for the presence of corresponding pathogenic genes. the serogroup-based epec consisted of 232 strains isolated from diarrhea patients and of 78 strains from healthy carriers. the gene encoding intimin, eaea, was detected in 42 of the 232 epec strains from patients (18.1%) and 9 of the 78 strains from carriers (11.5%). the difference was not si ...	1998	10037219
regulatory action criteria for filth and other extraneous materials. iii. review of flies and foodborne enteric disease.	forty-seven species of flies have been reliably associated with filthy conditions that might allow the spread of foodborne pathogens. these are categorized as "filth flies." of that 47, only 21 species represent a potential threat to human health as scientifically proven causative agents of foodborne myiasis or as carriers of enteropathogenic escherichia coli, salmonella, shigella, and other foodborne pathogens. these 21 species are categorized as "disease-causing flies" based on strict scientif ...	1998	10049791
vaccination against enteric pathogens: from science to vaccine trials.	recent advances in scientific research and clinical trials have shown promise for vaccine development against enteric pathogens. identification of new virulence factors, such as the two distinct shigella enterotoxins, has allowed the development of new immunogen or new attenuated strains. improved knowledge facilitated the development of safer attenuated live microorganism and construction of multivalent vaccines. finally, an important advantage is the use of nonreplicating plasmid dna vectors t ...	1998	10066464
characterization of shigella dysenteriae type 1 capsular polysaccharide by immunochemical methods.	we have isolated the capsular polysaccharide from the strain of shigella dysenteriae type 1 8337. the product was purified by ultracentrifugation, treated with enzymes (proteinase k, dna-rnaase) and analyzed by immunochemical methods. polyclonal antibodies were obtained from rabbits immunized by whole cell antigens prepared from shigella by ultrasonic treatment and by purified capsular polysaccharide. crossed immunoelectrophoresis, page and western blot analysis showed that this product containi ...	1998	10069017
distributional patterns of bacterial diarrhoeagenic agents and antibiograms of isolates from diarrhoeaic and non-diarrhoeaic patients in urban and rural areas of nigeria.	to determine the prevalence of bacteria that could cause diarrhoea in stool specimens of individuals with and without diarrhoea in both urban and rural areas of nigeria. to ascertain the antibiotic susceptibilities of the bacterial diarrhoeagenic agents isolated. to document the predominant signs and symptoms associated with the various bacterial agents of diarrhoea.	1998	10101427
serologic examinations in acute appendicitis.	authors studied the formation of endotoxic antibody level in healthy adults and in patients with appendicitis with a technique (indirect haemagglutination) not used till now. they found the antibody level against endotoxin to be increased in 91% of their patients in the postoperative period. decrease in the antibody level against endotoxin was observed in two patients with gangrenous appendicitis and two patients with perforated appendicitis. summarizing their results, authors consider mixed (ae ...	1998	10196609
[the efficacy of intetrix in the combined treatment of patients with shigelloses].	efficacy was studied of intetrix in the treatment of acute sonnei's shigellosis and flexner's shigellosis in 32 patients presenting with mild and moderately severe course of their illness. the intretrix group patients fared better compared with controls who received furazolidon as an etiotropic drug, with the duration of intoxication symptoms getting shorter, abdominal pains and diarrhea subsiding. intetrix tended to be associated with a lower incidence of unfavourable outcomes, both immediate a ...	1998	10204377
[antimicrobial multiresistance of shigella sp strains in a semi rural community of northern santiago].	appropriate antimicrobial therapy shortens the duration of shigellosis and significantly reduces the risk of transmission. shigella strains resistant to common antimicrobials have increased during the past years, determining the need for a periodic surveillance, to guide effective therapy.	1998	10349160
prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of campylobacter isolates recovered from humans and poultry in lebanon.	recovery of campylobacter was attempted from 281 consecutive non selected out-patients diarrheic stools, 150 individual ceca collected from meat chicken breeder farms and 31 slaughtered marketed chicken obtained from shops in lebanon. campylobacter isolates were recovered from 2 (0.7%) human stool specimens, 34 (22.7%) chicken ceca and 3 (9.7%) raw chicken carcasses. speciation of these isolates revealed 2 c. jejuni from humans diarrheic stools, 16 c. coli, 10 c. jejuni, 3 c. fetus, 2 c. fennell ...	1998	10349269
bacterial pollution of cutting fluids: a risk factor for occupational diseases.	an outbreak of occupational diseases involving 38 metal workers with local infections on the hands and the face (53%), bronchitis (29%), and bronchopneumonia (18%) urged an examination of 150 samples of emulsions which the workers used in processing metals. among the isolated bacteria, the most frequent was pseudomonas aeruginosa (48%), followed by escherichia coli (44%), proteus spp. (11%), enterococcus faecalis (9%), enterobacter aerogenes (7%), citrobacter spp. (5%), shigella spp., staphyloco ...	1998	10376355
escherichia coli in patients with acute gastroenteritis in lagos, nigeria.	over a period of 12 months, a total of 852 stool samples from patients (both children and adults) with acute diarrhoeal diseases attending some public and government recognised health institutions in lagos metropolis were screened for diarrhoeagenic bacterial agents. one hundred and eighty two bacterial isolates were found out of which 83 (45.6%) were escherichia coli, 38 (20.9%) shigella spp, 31 (17%) salmonella spp, 16 (8.8%) klebsiella spp, eight (4.4%) aeromonas spp, while there were only si ...	1998	10493052
fresh orange juice implicated in an outbreak of shigella flexneri among visitors to a south african game reserve.		1998	9661958
topics in microbial risk assessment: dynamic flow tree process.	microbial risk assessment is emerging as a new discipline in risk assessment. a systematic approach to microbial risk assessment is presented that employs data analysis for developing parsimonious models and accounts formally for the variability and uncertainty of model inputs using analysis of variance and monte carlo simulation. the purpose of the paper is to raise and examine issues in conducting microbial risk assessments. the enteric pathogen escherichia coli o157:h7 was selected as an exam ...	1998	9664727
etiological study of diarrheal patients in vientiane, lao people's democratic republic.	the etiological agents of diarrhea in vientiane, lao people's democratic republic (lao pdr), were studied in the period from october 1996 to august 1997. a total of 880 patients with diarrhea visiting medical facilities were examined for shigella, salmonella, diarrheagenic escherichia coli, vibrio, aeromonas, campylobacter, and rotavirus. shigella spp., heat-stable enterotoxin (st)-producing e. coli, and serogroup-based enteropathogenic e. coli were found to be the main organisms causing diarrhe ...	1998	9665990
transferable trimethoprim resistance in shigella strains.	the susceptibility patterns of 35 shigella isolates (16 s. flexneri, 14 s. dysenteriae and 5 s. sonnei) to trimethoprim (tp) and various antibiotics including amoxycillin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone, were investigated. twenty-two (62.8%) strains were resistant to tp with a minimal inhibitory concentration (mic50) value of 512 mg/l. only six isolates were amoxycillin resistant, to which clavulanic acid restored sensitivity in all of the ...	1998	9669647
interactions of the invasive pathogens salmonella typhimurium, listeria monocytogenes, and shigella flexneri with m cells and murine peyer's patches.	invasive enteric bacteria must pass through the intestinal epithelium in order to establish infection. it is becoming clear that a common target for intestinal mucosa penetration is the specialized epithelial cell of peyer's patches, the m cell. in order to gain a better understanding of how bacteria interact with m cells, we have compared the interactions of salmonella typhimurium, listeria monocytogenes, and shigella flexneri with m cells by using a murine ligated-loop model. our results indic ...	1998	9673259
inactivation of dsba, but not dsbc and dsbd, affects the intracellular survival and virulence of shigella flexneri.	in this study, three mutants, dsba::kan, dsbc-kan, and dsbd-kan, of shigella flexneri serotype 5 were constructed and characterized to investigate the role of the periplasmic thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases in pathogenicity. in gentamicin protection assays and the serény test, the dsba mutant showed reduced virulence while the dsbc and dsbd mutants were similar to the wild type. that inactivation of dsba was responsible for the reduced virulence was verified by complementation with the cloned wi ...	1998	9673279
hemolysin-positive enteroaggregative and cell-detaching escherichia coli strains cause oncosis of human monocyte-derived macrophages and apoptosis of murine j774 cells.	infection of human monocyte-derived macrophages (hmdm) and j774 cells (murine macrophage cell line) with several enteroaggregative and cytodetaching escherichia coli (eaggec and cdec, respectively) strains demonstrated that some strains could induce macrophage cell death accompanied by release of lactate dehydrogenase activity and interleukin 1beta (il-1beta) into culture supernatants. the mode of cell death differed in the two types of macrophages. damage to macrophage plasma membrane integrity ...	1998	9673280
measurement of interglycosidic 3jch coupling constants of selectively 13c labeled oligosaccharides by 2d j-resolved 1h nmr spectroscopy.	tri-, tetra-, and penta-saccharide fragments of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1 have been prepared in which a d-galactose residue of each oligosaccharide methyl glycoside derivative contains a 13c label at c-1. the interglycosidic coupling constants (3jch) of these 13c nuclei with the h-3 nuclei of the adjacent 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose residues have been measured by two-dimensional, j-resolved 1h nmr spectroscopy. the magnitudes of these coupling constants indic ...	1998	9675362
structure of the shigella dysenteriae haem transport locus and its phylogenetic distribution in enteric bacteria.	the ability to transport and use haemin as an iron source is frequently observed in clinical isolates of shigella spp. and pathogenic escherichia coli. we found that many of these haem-utilizing e. coli strains contain a gene that hybridizes at high stringency to the s. dysenteriae type 1 haem receptor gene, shua. these shua-positive strains belong to multiple phylogenetic groups and include clinical isolates from enteric, urinary tract and systemic infections. the distribution of shua in these ...	1998	9680204
overexpression and topology of the shigella flexneri o-antigen polymerase (rfc/wzy).	lipopolysaccharides (lps), particularly the o-antigen component, are one of many virulence determinants necessary for shigella flexneri pathogenesis. o-antigen biosynthesis is determined mostly by genes located in the rfb region of the chromosome. the rfc/wzy gene encodes the o-antigen polymerase, an integral membrane protein, which polymerizes the o-antigen repeat units of the lps. the wild-type rfc/wzy gene has no detectable ribosome-binding site (rbs) and four rare codons in the translation i ...	1998	9680210
the yersinia yops inhibit invasion of listeria, shigella and edwardsiella but not salmonella into epithelial cells.	yersinia virulence is dependent on the expression of plasmid-encoded secreted proteins called yops. after bacterial adherence to receptors on the mammalian cell membrane, several yops are transported by a type iii secretion pathway into the host cell cytoplasm. two yops, yoph and yope, prevent macrophages from phagocytosing yersinia by disrupting the host cell cytoskeleton and signal transduction pathways. in contrast to this active inhibition of phagocytosis by yersinia, other pathogens such as ...	1998	9680215
biologically active polymers: synthesis and antimicrobial activity of modified glycidyl methacrylate polymers having a quaternary ammonium and phosphonium groups.	polymers with antibacterial activity have been synthesized by chemical modification of poly(glycidyl methacrylate). the glycidyl methacrylate was polymerized by the free radical polymerization technique. the poly(glycidyl methacrylate) was hydrolyzed and was chloroacetylated using chloroacetyl chloride. the chloroacetylated product was modified to yield polymers with either quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salts. the antimicrobial activity of the modified glycidyl methacrylate polymers has bee ...	1998	9685881
nutritional status and diarrhoeal pathogen in hospitalized children in bangladesh.	we studied the relationship between nutritional status and infection due to specific enteropathogens in young children with diarrhoea. overall, 26% of the children were severely underweight, 27% were severely wasted and 19% were severely stunted. children with shigellae and v. cholerae o1 were significantly more severely underweight, wasted and stunted than those with rotavirus diarrhoea (p < 0.0001). our results indicate that an effective nutrition programme for young children might have greate ...	1998	9686653
"biphasic" fevers often consist of more than two phases.	this paper disproves the common belief that all doses of lipopolysaccharide (lps) that are commonly referred to as biphasic fever inducing (>/=2 microg/kg) cause truly biphasic responses. a catheter was implanted into the right jugular vein of several strains of adult male rats, and the animals were habituated to the experimental conditions. at an ambient temperature of 30.0 degrees c, loosely restrained animals were injected with a 10 microg/kg dose of lps (various preparations), and their colo ...	1998	9688995
epidemic shigella dysenteriae in mumias, western kenya.		1998	9692143
diagnosis of bacterial enteric infections in children in zambia.	the bacterial pathogens commonly responsible for diarrhea in children under the age of 5 in zambia were identified and the most effective methods of diagnosis of such infections in laboratories with limited resources, such as those in developing countries, are recommended.	1998	9695302
[bacteriological and virological studies on the cause of sporadic acute gastroenteritis in tama, tokyo (1991-1996)].	between may 1991 and december 1996, bacteriological and virological investigations on the fecal samples from patient of infantile diarrhea (155 cases), or infectious gastroenteritis (1,409 cases) diagnosed with 9 medical institutions in tama of tokyo were carried out. of 1,564 samples, 722 (46.2%) were enteropathogen positive cases, and mixed infection was also observed in about 15% of the positive cases. among 13 different kinds of enteropathogens identified, the most prevalent one was pathogen ...	1998	9695470
[usefulness of genotypic analysis for investigation of an epidemic of shigella sonnei infections in ooami-shirasato town, chiba prefecture].	in march 1996, an epidemic of shigella sonnei infection occurred in ooamishira-sato town, chiba prefecture. colicine typing, antibiotic resistance patterns, plasmid profiles, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and random amplified poly-morphic dna (rapd) were used for the investigation of the epidemic. ninety-four isolates from patients exhibited three different colicine types and five different antibiotic resistance patterns. but the patterns of plasmid profile, pfge and rapd were uniform ...	1998	9695472
antimicrobial resistances among shigella in new zealand.	to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistances among recent isolates of shigella in new zealand.	1998	9695753
surfing on a retrograde wave: how does shiga toxin reach the endoplasmic reticulum?	bacterial shiga toxin and related toxins are endocytosed by higher eukaryotic cells. the toxin protein is then transported via the golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and into the cytosol, where it exerts its toxic effect. this review discusses current understanding of this retrograde transport pathway and how newly developed modified toxins that allow detection and quantification of specific transport steps might prove useful tools in the future.	1998	9695830
sepa, the 110 kda protein secreted by shigella flexneri: two-domain structure and proteolytic activity.	shigellosis is characterized by a strong inflammatory response which is induced by bacteria invading the colonic mucosa. characterization of a sepa mutant indicated that sepa, the major protein secreted by shigella flexneri growing in laboratory media, might be involved in invasion and destruction of the host intestinal epithelium. the sequence of the first 500 residues of mature sepa (110 kda) is homologous to that of the n-terminal region of iga1 proteases. to investigate the potential proteol ...	1998	9695914
the tip of the hydrophobic hairpin of colicin u is dispensable for colicin u activity but is important for interaction with the immunity protein.	the hydrophobic c terminus of pore-forming colicins associates with and inserts into the cytoplasmic membrane and is the target of the respective immunity protein. the hydrophobic region of colicin u of shigella boydii was mutated to identify determinants responsible for recognition of colicin u by the colicin u immunity protein. deletion of the tip of the hydrophobic hairpin of colicin u resulted in a fully active colicin that was no longer inactivated by the colicin u immunity protein. replace ...	1998	9696757
population-based prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic astrovirus infection in rural mayan infants.	symptomatic and asymptomatic astrovirus infection was prospectively determined in a 3-year birth cohort of mayan infants. stool samples from 271 infants and 268 older siblings were tested for astrovirus, adenovirus 40/41, rotavirus and salmonella, shigella and campylobacter species. concurrent diarrhea, vomiting, fever, or anorexia were noted. astrovirus was detected in 164 infants (61%) and 20 siblings (7%). rotavirus (4%) and adenovirus 40/41 (13%) were isolated less frequently. of all diarrhe ...	1998	9697712
increasing frequency of mecillinam-resistant shigella isolates in urban dhaka and rural matlab, bangladesh: a 6 year observation.	a total of 14,915 shigella isolates obtained in 1991-1996 from patients attending the dhaka (urban) and matlab (rural) treatment centres of the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh were examined for susceptibility to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, nalidixic acid, mecillinam and ciprofloxacin by a disc diffusion method. there were no ciprofloxacin-resistant shigella isolates. the prevalence of resistance to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and nalldixic acid varied between isol ...	1998	9700536
[interhospital spread of shigella flexneri 2a].	in this article the results of the study of regularities in the development of outbreak morbidity in shigellosis, caused by s.flexneri 2a, in hospitals are presented. the study was carried out with the use of the method of typing by the plasmid profile. the study showed the continuity of the epidemic process in the foci which appeared at intervals considerably exceeding the incubation period. the fact of the interhospital spread of s.flexneri 2a was established. the strain causing the disease wa ...	1998	9700878
[genotyping of shigella flexneri 2a strains isolated from patients with acute dysentery in st. petersburg].	polymerase chain reaction with universal primers (up-pcr) was used for the genotyping of 76 s.flexneri 2a cultures isolated from patients with acute dysentery in infectious and psychoneurological hospitals of st. petersburg. 9 types were determined, and each of them included cultures with identical up-pcr patterns. the population of the infective agent was more heterogeneous in psychoneurological hospitals where the change of types was registered in may-september 1995. some of these types were p ...	1998	9700887
incidence & enteropathogenicity of aeromonas spp in children suffering from acute diarrhoea in chennai.	a total of 200 stool samples from children below 10 yr suffering from diarrhoea were screened for enteric pathogens with special interest on aeromonas. aeromonas spp were isolated from 6.5 per cent of the patients, comprising 4 per cent a. hydrophila, 2 per cent a. sobria and 0.5 per cent a. caviae. among the 13 isolates obtained, 10 isolates produced enterotoxin in ligated rabbit ileal loops, and 11 produced cytotoxin in hep 2 cells. many of the aeromonas isolates exhibited resistance to common ...	1998	9701892
alterations in high molecular mass penicillin-binding protein 1 associated with beta-lactam resistance in shigella dysenteriae.	beta-lactam resistance poses a major problem in the chemotherapy of shigellosis caused by shigella dysenteriae. such resistance may arise from alterations in the affinities or amounts of the penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) for beta-lactams, elaboration of beta-lactamases and reduced permeability across the outer membrane. the mechanisms of resistance in s. dysenteriae have not been studied in depth. this report describes a laboratory mutant, m19 which was characterized by the appearance of tw ...	1998	9703984
study of the relatedness of isolates of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei obtained in 1986 and 1987 and in 1994 and 1995 from hong kong.	we used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) to study the genetic relatedness of 235 isolates of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei collected in hong kong (97 isolates from 1986 and 1987 and 138 isolates from 1994 and 1995). altogether, 13 gels were run with bacteriophage lambda ladder dna (pharmacia) as an external reference in every sixth lane, standardized reagents and methods, and isolates randomized for species and years. for quantitative illustration of the relationships within a lar ...	1998	9705363
serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of shigella species isolated from children in calcutta, india.		1998	9707320
[mortality in breast-fed infants with persistent diarrhea: risk factors associated with death].	persistent diarrhea is a frequent disease in developing countries. in this research, we studied 21 patients that passed away among 189 that were hospitalized with persistent diarrhea at the "hospital italo brasileiro umberto i foundation", from january of 1985 until december of 1992.	1998	9711316
examination of serpulina pilosicoli for attachment and invasion determinants of enterobacteria.	the spirochaete, serpulina pilosicoli, is the agent of intestinal spirochaetosis, a diarrhoeal disease of humans and other species. by mechanisms as yet unknown, large numbers of these spirochaetes intimately attach to the colonic mucosa by one cell end. in some infected individuals, the spirochaetes may invade the lamina propria and adjacent tissues, and they may cause spirochaetaemia. to examine s. pilosicoli for pathogenic determinants homologous with enterobacteria, dna was extracted from si ...	1998	9711840
characterization of enteroinvasive escherichia coli and shigella strains by rapd analysis.	genetic variation of 33 enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec), 12 non-eiec and 39 shigella strains (representing the 4 species of this genus) was analyzed using the random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique. reproducible polymorphisms were generated and the combined data allowed us to construct a dendrogram using jaccard's distance. two main groups were obtained: one for shigella and the other for eiec and non-eiec strains. the first group contained four clusters, one for each shigella ...	1998	9711853
requirement of the shigella flexneri virulence plasmid in the ability to induce trafficking of neutrophils across polarized monolayers of the intestinal epithelium.	attachment of an array of enteric pathogens to epithelial surfaces is accompanied by recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) across the intestinal epithelium. in this report, we examine how shigella-intestinal epithelium interactions evoke the mucosal inflammatory response. we modeled these interactions in vitro by using polarized monolayers of the human intestinal epithelial cell line, t84, isolated human pmns, and shigella flexneri. we show that shigella attachment to t84-cell basola ...	1998	9712773
comparison of sample sequences of the salmonella typhi genome to the sequence of the complete escherichia coli k-12 genome.	raw sequence data representing the majority of a bacterial genome can be obtained at a tiny fraction of the cost of a completed sequence. to demonstrate the utility of such a resource, 870 single-stranded m13 clones were sequenced from a shotgun library of the salmonella typhi ty2 genome. the sequence reads averaged over 400 bases and sampled the genome with an average spacing of once every 5,000 bases. a total of 339,243 bases of unique sequence was generated (approximately 7% representation). ...	1998	9712782
shiga toxin binds human platelets via globotriaosylceramide (pk antigen) and a novel platelet glycosphingolipid.	hemolytic-uremic syndrome is a clinical syndrome characterized by acute renal failure, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia that often follows infection by shiga toxin- or verotoxin-producing strains of escherichia coli. because thrombocytopenia and platelet activation are hallmark features of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, we examined the ability of shiga toxin to bind platelets by flow cytometry and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (hptlc) of isolated platelet glycosph ...	1998	9712788
alteration of hla-b27 peptide presentation after infection of transfected murine l cells by shigella flexneri.	shigella flexneri is a triggering agent for reactive arthritis in hla-b27-susceptible individuals. considering the intracellular multiplication of bacteria, it seems likely that bacterial peptides may be presented by the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i pathway. to examine this hypothesis, we infected hla-b*2705- and/or human beta2-microglobulin-transfected murine l-cell lines with m90t, an invasive strain of s. flexneri. bacterial infection induced no detectable modifications in t ...	1998	9712804
construction of a stable attenuated shigella sonnei deltavirg vaccine strain, wrss1, and protective efficacy and immunogenicity in the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model.	construction of a stable shigella sonnei vaccine has been complicated by the instability of the virulence phenotype caused by the spontaneous loss of the invasion plasmid. to select a suitable candidate for vaccine construction, 16 s. sonnei strains were screened for stability of the virulence phenotype. a stable strain, s. sonnei mosely, was selected for further work. pdeltavirg2, a deletion derivative of the virg gene in the sacb suicide vector pcvd442, was used to generate an s. sonnei virg d ...	1998	9712824
longitudinal investigation of bacterium-specific synovial lymphocyte proliferation in reactive arthritis and lyme arthritis.	antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation of synovial fluid mononuclear cells (sf mnc) has been reported repeatedly in reactive arthritis and lyme arthritis; however, less information is available on serial investigations of sf mnc in the same patients.	1998	9714358
randomised comparison of ciprofloxacin suspension and pivmecillinam for childhood shigellosis.	infections caused by multiply resistant shigella species are a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in third world countries. the fluoroquinolone agent ciprofloxacin is active in vitro against these strains of bacteria, but has not been routinely used to treat acute childhood infections because of concern that quinolones may cause arthropathy in children. we undertook a randomised double-blind study to test the effects of ciprofloxacin treatment in children with shigella dysentery.	1998	9716056
molecular and cellular mechanisms of invasion of the intestinal barrier by enteric pathogens. the paradigm of shigella.	the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery can be studied at different levels of integration of the cellular components that constitute the colonic mucosal barrier. we considered the interaction of shigella flexneri in three experimental systems that provide complementary information and a scheme of events occurring in human colorectal mucosa as shigella invasion proceeds. interaction of s. flexneri with individual epithelial cells shows a series of events in which the bacterium, upon contact with ...	1998	9717250
interaction of vaccinia virus with the actin cytoskeleton.	vaccinia virus infection results in large rearrangements of the host actin cytoskeleton including the formation of actin tails that are strikingly similar to those seen in listeria, shigella and rickettsia infections. using actin polymerization as the driving force the intracellular enveloped form of the vaccinia virus (iev) is propelled on the tip of actin tails at a speed of 2.8 microns/min, both intra- and intercellularly. the similarities between the actin-based motility of the vaccinia viru ...	1998	9717258
prevalence and susceptibility of shigella species to 11 antibiotics in a kuwait teaching hospital.	during the 5-year period 1990-1993 and 1996, 202 shigella spp. were isolated from stool specimens of symptomatic patients of all age groups seen in our hospital. over these periods the trend of the incidence of shigellosis showed that 18% of the total strains were isolated during the invasion year (1990) followed by an upsurge (24%) during the gulf war period (1991) and a steady decline in the post-war period, 17% in 1992 and 14% in 1993. there was another wave of increased isolation rate (27%) ...	1998	9720466
biochemistry and regulation of a novel escherichia coli k-12 porin protein, ompg, which produces unusually large channels.	a novel porin, ompg, is produced in response to a chromosomal mutation termed cog-192. molecular characterization of cog-192 revealed that it is a large chromosomal deletion extending from the 3' end of pspa through to the 5' end of an open reading frame located immediately upstream of ompg. as a result of this 13.1-kb deletion, the expression of ompg was placed under the control of the pspa promoter. characterization of ompg revealed that it is quite different from other porins. proteoliposome ...	1998	9721282
the shigella virulence gene regulatory cascade: a paradigm of bacterial gene control mechanisms.	shigella flexneri is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery and is a facultative intracellular pathogen. its virulence regulon is subject to tight control by several mechanisms involving the products of over 20 genes and an array of environmental signals. the reguion is carried on a plasmid that is prone to instability and to integration into the chromosome, with associated silencing of the virulence genes. closely related regulons are found in other species of shigella and in enteroinvasive ...	1998	9723908
enteroinvasive bacteria directly activate expression of inos and no production in human colon epithelial cells.	in these studies, we investigated whether bacterial infection of human colon epithelial cells is a sufficient stimulus to upregulate epithelial cell expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) and nitric oxide (no) production. human colon epithelial cells (caco-2 and ht-29) rapidly upregulated inos mrna and protein expression and no production after infection with enteroinvasive escherichia coli, salmonella dublin, or shigella flexneri but not after infection with noninvasive e. coli or ...	1998	9724270
age-related prevalence of shigella and salmonella antibodies and their association with diarrhoeal diseases in peruvian children.	shigella and salmonella antibodies in relation to diarrhoea were studied in a cohort of 413 children between 2 and 27 months of age in peri-urban lima, peru. blood samples were obtained at 2, 3 and 12 months of age. antibody titres against lipopolysaccharide from shigella flexneri serotype y, shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, shigella sonnei, salmonella serogroups ao, bo, do, and shigella ipa and salmonella typhi vi antigens were measured by enzyme immunoassay. igg titres against s. flexneri and ...	1998	9730303
phylogenetic relationships of salmonella based on rrna sequences.	to establish the phylogenetic relationships between the subspecies of salmonella enterica (official name salmonella choleraesuis), salmonella bongori and related members of enterobacteriaceae, sequence comparison of rrna was performed by maximum-likelihood analysis. the two salmonella species were separated by 16s rrna analysis and found to be closely related to the escherichia coli and shigella complex by both 16s and 23s rrna analyses. the diphasic serotypes s. enterica subspp. i and vi were s ...	1998	9731304
chronic diarrhoea among hiv-infected adult patients in nairobi, kenya.	chronic diarrhoea and wasting are well recognized features of aids in africa. however, because of resource constraints few comprehensive aetiological studies have been conducted in sub-saharan africa which have included a broad range of microbiological investigations. we undertook a prospective cross-sectional study of adult patients admitted to a government hospital in nairobi, kenya, to determine possible bacterial, mycobacterial, parasitic and viral causes of diarrhoea; to consider which may ...	1998	9733379
a case of hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with epstein-barr virus infection.	the precise etiology of hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) is unknown. however, it has been associated with bacterial (shigella, salmonella, e. coli, s. pneumoniae), bartonella, and viral (coxsackie, echo, influenza, varicella. epstein-barr) infections and with endotoxemia. recently, we experienced a case of hus in a 16-year-old boy who was in the acute phase of an epstein-barr virus (ebv) infection. he had typical manifestations of hus and ebv infection. he also transiently presented disseminated ...	1998	9735670
resistance to antimicrobial agents: a personal view.	problems of antimicrobial drug resistance are presently serious, but not yet desperate. the principal areas of concern are two-fold: multiresistant opportunist bacteria that affect vulnerable patients in high dependency areas of hospitals (the most pressing problem for developed countries); and multidrug resistance among classic pathogens like mycobacterium tuberculosis, salmonella typhi, shigella spp., neisseria gonorrhoeae and plasmodium falciparum (mainly, although not exclusively, a problem ...	1998	9736155
an outbreak of infection with shigella flexneri 1b in south east england.		1998	9737062
serotype conversion of a shigella flexneri candidate vaccine strain via a novel site-specific chromosome-integration system.	shigella flexneri sfl124 (serotype y) is a promising live oral vaccine candidate, which has been shown to be safe and immunogenic in human volunteers. to change the serotype of this vaccine strain, we inserted a serotype conversion gene cluster into the chromosome of sfl124 by using a bacteriophage-based site-specific integration system. by cloning an integrase gene (int), an attachment site (attp) and a glucosyl transfer gene cluster from bacteriophage sfx into a suicide vector, and subsequentl ...	1998	9741086
binding of modified fragments of the shigella dysenteriae type 1 o-specific polysaccharide to monoclonal igm 3707 e9 and docking of the immunodeterminant to its modeled fv.	the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) of shigella dysenteriae type 1 has been shown by others to have the structure-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-alp ha-d- galp-(1-->3)-alpha-d-glcpnac-(1-->. we have shown in the past that igm 3707 e9, an anti s. dysenteriae type 1 o-sp monoclonal antibody, binds specifically to the -alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galp-determinant of the polysaccharide. in this report we show that determinant to have hydrogen bonds, necessary for binding to the ant ...	1998	9742688
oxidative stress response in shigella & nonpathogenic gut bacteria.	the effect of oxidative stress in the form of exogenous h2o2 on the survival of four species of shigella and two nonpathogenic gram negative gut bacteria and the role of catalase as an antioxidant enzyme, neutralizing the effect of h2o2 were examined. a significant decrease in the number of colony forming units (cfus) after exposure to exogenous h2o2 (122 +/- 37), compared to control bacteria (218 +/- 63, p < 0.001) was observed. there was an induction of catalase activity after exposure to exog ...	1998	9745211
identification of two shigella flexneri chromosomal loci involved in intercellular spreading.	the ability of shigella flexneri to multiply within colonic epithelial cells and spread to adjacent cells is essential for production of dysentery. two s. flexneri chromosomal loci that are required for these processes were identified by screening a pool of tnphoa insertion mutants. these mutants were able to invade cultured epithelial cells but could not form wild-type plaques. analysis of the nucleotide sequence indicated that the sites of tnphoa insertion were within two different regions tha ...	1998	9746567
expression of the virulence plasmid-carried apyrase gene (apy) of enteroinvasive escherichia coli and shigella flexneri is under the control of h-ns and the virf and virb regulatory cascade.	the transcription of the virulence plasmid (pinv)-carried invasion genes of shigella flexneri and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) is induced at 37 degreesc and repressed at 30 degreesc. in this work, we report that the o135: k-:h- eiec strain hn280 and s. flexneri sfzm53, m90t, and 454, of serotypes 4, 5, and 2a, respectively, produce apyrase (atp-diphosphohydrolase), the product of the apy gene. in addition, the s. flexneri strains, but not the eiec strain, produce a nonspecific phosphat ...	1998	9746603
shigella infections among children in andaman--an archipelago of tropical islands in bay of bengal.	shigellosis is common among children in the andaman and nicobar islands. our experience showed two distinct features of shigellosis within a span of 3 years in 1994-6: (i) changing patterns of serotype or subtype specific shigellosis and (ii) emergence of multidrug resistant isolates with changing r-patterns. the rate of isolation was 10.4-27.9% with the rate of isolation of shigella flexneri interchanging with s. dysenteriae alternately. in 1994, s. flexneri superseded s. dysenteriae (48.6% vs. ...	1998	9747754
h-ns regulates dna repair in shigella.	we report a new role for h-ns in shigella spp.: suppression of repair of dna damage after uv irradiation. h-ns-mediated suppression of virulence gene expression is thermoregulated in shigella, being functional at 30 degrees c and nonfunctional at 37 to 40 degrees c. we find that h-ns-mediated suppression of dna repair after uv irradiation is also thermoregulated. thus, shigella flexneri m90t, incubated at 37 or 40 degrees c postirradiation, shows up to 30-fold higher survival than when incubated ...	1998	9748466
molecular characterization of the virulence gene virg of ptiku 12.	the virulence (vir) genes of agrobacterium tumefaciens ku12, a korean strain, were not induced by acetosyringone and the strain showed weak tumor forming ability and broad plant host ranges. we identified complete nucleotide sequence of virg of ptiku12, an octopine ti plasmid of this strain. when it was compared with those of other ti plasmids, ptiku12 virg contained an open reading frame (orf) of 726 nucleotides which showed much lower homology (about 77%) than those (above 98%) already known a ...	1998	9749525
microbial disinfection capacity of municipal solid waste (msw) composting.	the disinfection capacity of a municipal solid waste (msw) composting plant (siloda) has been evaluated. in spring and summer, msw was followed during the composting process from raw material to mature compost and long-term storage (1 year). ascaris eggs, salmonella, shigella, total streptococci, faecal streptococci, total coliforms, faecal coliforms and escherichia coli were studied. disinfection was successful in terms of a decrease in faecal contamination indicators and disappearance of faeca ...	1998	9750296
occurrence of bacteriocin production among environmental enterococci.	the occurrence of enteroccoci in cattle dung water from the basins of 25 cattle farms of 15 northeastern slovakia districts was screened as well as bacteriocin production among selective enterococcal isolates. the average total count of enterococci detected reached 5.0 x 10(3) cfu ml-1. enterococcus faecium was the predominant species (25%) followed by ent. casseliflavus (19.2%), ent. faecalis (9.6%), ent. avium and ent. durans (1.9%). the antagonistic activity of isolates showed a mainly antili ...	1998	9750323
major histocompatibility complex class i presentation of exogenous soluble tumor antigen fused to the b-fragment of shiga toxin.	targeting exogenous antigen into the mhc class i-restricted presentation pathway is a prerequisite for the induction of cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) which have been shown to represent an important component of the protective and therapeutic immune response to viral infections and tumors. in this study, we produced recombinant proteins composed of the receptor-binding non-toxic b-fragment of bacterial shiga toxin derived from shigella dysenteriae associated with an epitope from a model tumor ant ...	1998	9754560
acid-sensitive enteric pathogens are protected from killing under extremely acidic conditions of ph 2.5 when they are inoculated onto certain solid food sources.	gastric acidity is recognized as the first line of defense against food-borne pathogens, and the ability of pathogens to resist this ph corresponds to their oral infective dose (id). naturally occurring and genetically engineered acid-sensitive enteric pathogens were examined for their ability to survive under acidic conditions of ph 2.5 for 2 h at 37 degreesc when inoculated onto ground beef. each of the strains displayed significantly high survival rates under these normally lethal conditions. ...	1998	9758814
gram-negative bacteria produce membrane vesicles which are capable of killing other bacteria.	naturally produced membrane vesicles (mvs), isolated from 15 strains of gram-negative bacteria (citrobacter, enterobacter, escherichia, klebsiella, morganella, proteus, salmonella, and shigella strains), lysed many gram-positive (including mycobacterium) and gram-negative cultures. peptidoglycan zymograms suggested that mvs contained peptidoglycan hydrolases, and electron microscopy revealed that the murein sacculi were digested, confirming a previous modus operandi (j. l. kadurugamuwa and t. j. ...	1998	9765585
antibacterial effects of n-sulfonated and n-sulfobenzoyl chitosan and application to oyster preservation.	the antibacterial effects of sulfonated and sulfobenzoyl chitosans were evaluated and compared with that of 69% deacetylated chitosan (dd69 chitosan). minimal inhibitory concentrations of sulfonated chitosan (sc1, 0.63% sulfur content) against shigella dysenteriae, aeromonas hydrophila, salmonella typhimurium, and bacillus cereus were found to be lower than those of dd69 chitosan. a high sulfur content in sulfonated chitosan adversely influenced its antibacterial effect. sulfobenzoyl chitosan (s ...	1998	9766062
a role for h-ns in the regulation of the virf gene of shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli.	we have investigated the role of h-ns, one of the major components of the bacterial nucleoid, in the expression of the virf gene present on the large virulence plasmid of shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli in response to different environmental conditions. virf is an arac-like protein which activates at least two promoters, virb and virg, both repressed by h-ns. band shift experiments reveal that the affinity of h-ns for the virf and virb promoters is comparable, while the affinity for ...	1998	9766205
type iii protein secretion systems in bacterial pathogens of animals and plants.	various gram-negative animal and plant pathogens use a novel, sec-independent protein secretion system as a basic virulence mechanism. it is becoming increasingly clear that these so-called type iii secretion systems inject (translocate) proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells, where the translocated proteins facilitate bacterial pathogenesis by specifically interfering with host cell signal transduction and other cellular processes. accordingly, some type iii secretion systems are activat ...	1998	9618447
[mechanism of resistance of shigella flexneri 2a resistant to new quinolone antibiotics].	a shigella flexneri 2a strain, which did not respond clinically or in laboratory tests to treatment with new quinolone derivatives, was isolated for the first time in japan from a patient admitted for diarrhea to a tokyo hospital. the mechanism of resistance was examined by sequencing the quinolone resistance determining region (qrdr) of the gyra (a quinolone target enzyme) gene and by comparing the active efflux mechanisms of two strains isolated from this patient (before hospitalization and af ...	1998	9621565
epidemiologic study of shigella sonnei from sequential outbreaks and sporadic cases using different typing techniques.	we noted that eight outbreaks of shigella sonnei from an unknown source occurred sequentially in aichi prefecture, japan, between october 1992-june 1993. for comparative purposes we analyzed 53 outbreak-related isolates of shigella sonnei using different subtyping methods and studied the epidemiology of the outbreaks. it appeared from our study that dna-based techniques such as plasmid typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) were more useful tools for subtyping shigella sonnei than co ...	1998	9623912
delivery of the non-membrane-permeative antibiotic gentamicin into mammalian cells by using shigella flexneri membrane vesicles.	we developed a model to test whether non-membrane-permeative therapeutic agents such as gentamicin could be delivered into mammalian cells by means of bacterial membrane vesicles. many gram-negative bacteria bleb off membrane vesicles (mvs) during normal growth, and the quantity of these vesicles can be increased by brief exposure to gentamicin (j. l. kadurugamuwa and t. j. beveridge, j. bacteriol. 177:3998-4008, 1995), which can be entrapped within the mvs. gentamicin-induced mvs (g-mvs) were i ...	1998	9624497
novel metallo beta-lactamase mediated by a shigella flexneri plasmid.	novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase (newly named met-1) encoded on a transferable plasmid pms390 from shigella flexneri js19622 was purified. the molecular weight was 28,000 by sds-page and the isoelectric point was higher than 9.3. this beta-lactamase favorably hydrolyzed classical cephalosporins and oxyimino-cephalosporins rather than penicillins and carbapenems, but did not hydrolyze monobactams. the enzymatic activity was inhibited by edta, and the enzyme was found to contain two mol ...	1998	9627953
two highly related regulatory proteins, shigella flexneri virf and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli rns, have common and distinct regulatory properties.	the rns protein of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) and the virf protein of shigella flexneri are members of the arac family of transcription regulators. rns is required for positive activation of the cs1 fimbrial genes, while virf is a positive regulator of an invasion gene regulon. the amino acid sequences of the proteins are 36% identical, and both proteins activate transcription in response to increases in temperature. here, we show that rns is capable of complementing fully a null mu ...	1998	9627965