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arsenic detoxification potential of aox genes in arsenite-oxidizing bacteria isolated from natural and constructed wetlands in the republic of korea.arsenic is subject to microbial interactions, which support a wide range of biogeochemical transformations of elements in natural environments such as wetlands. the arsenic detoxification potential of the bacterial strains was investigated with the arsenite oxidation gene, aox genotype, which were isolated from the natural and constructed wetlands. the isolates were able to grow in the presence of 10 mm of sodium arsenite (as(iii) as naaso(2)) and 1 mm of d: +glucose. phylogenetic analysis based ...201019548094
d-glucose enhanced 5-aminolevulinic acid production in recombinant escherichia coli culture.in this study, we introduced a new strategy, feeding d-glucose, to overproduce extracellular 5-aminolevulinic acid (ala) in the recombinant escherichia coli. we investigated that the d-glucose concentration is dependent on extracellular ala production. the results indicated that increasing d-glucose concentration in bacteria culture enhanced final cell density and ala yield and simultaneously decreased the activities of ala synthase (alas) and ala dehydratase (alad); then, the inhibitory effect ...201019381488
processing of mirna precursors.plant microrna (mirna) processing requires at least two cleavage steps of respective precursors. the first cleavage step is from pri-mirna to pre-mirna, and the second cleavage step is from pre-mirna to mature mirna. using northern blot analysis, we previously showed that the rnase iii enzyme dicer-like protein 1 (dcl1) and the double-stranded rna-binding (drb) protein hyl1 are involved in the processing reactions of mirna precursors. the processing of plant mirnas differs from that of animal mi ...201019802599
transient assays for the analysis of mirna processing and function.transient assays provide a convenient alternative to stable transformation. for small rna analysis in plants, the most widely used method, commonly named agroinfiltration, makes use of agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver transgenes into leaf cells of nicotiana benthamiana. compared to the generation of stably transformed plants, agroinfiltration is more rapid, and samples can be analyzed a few days after inoculation. agroinfiltration has been used successfully in many different applications, in ...201019802601
the possible evolutionary role of tumors in the origin of new cell types.the ability of tumor cells to differentiate in combination with their ability to express genes that are not expressed in normal tissues, may result in the emergence of new cell types in evolution. tumors may play an evolutionary role by providing conditions (space and resources) for the expression of newly evolving genes. genetically or epigenetically predetermined tumors at the early stages of progression, benign tumors, and some tumor-like processes in invertebrates and plants, all of which ar ...201019665850
phylogenetic analyses of symbiotic genes and characterization of functional traits of mesorhizobium spp. strains associated with the promiscuous species acacia seyal del.to assess the phenotypic, symbiotic and genotypic diversity scope of mesorhizobium spp. strains associated with acacia seyal (del.) isolated from different agro-ecological zones in senegal, and uses of susceptible microbial inoculum in a reafforestation process.201019735328
roles of ile66 and ala107 of d-psicose 3-epimerase from agrobacterium tumefaciens in binding o6 of its substrate, d-fructose.using site-directed mutagenesis, we investigated the roles of ile66 and ala107 of d: -psicose 3-epimerase from agrobacterium tumefaciens in binding o6 of its true substrate, d: -fructose. when ile66 was substituted with alanine, glycine, cysteine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine or valine, all the mutants dramatically increased the k (m) for d: -tagatose but slightly decreased the k (m) for d: -fructose, indicating that ile66 is involved in substrate recognition. when ala107 was sub ...201019728106
rhizobium soli sp. nov., isolated from soil.a gram-negative, non-motile, pale-yellow, rod-shaped bacterial strain, ds-42(t), was isolated from a soil in korea and its taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic study. strain ds-42(t) grew optimally at 25 degrees c and ph 7.0-8.0. strain ds-42(t) did not form nodules on three different legumes, and the nodd and nifh genes were also not detected by pcr. strain ds-42(t) contained q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone. the major cellular fatty acid was c(18 : 1)omega7c. the dna g+c conte ...201019671727
high level protein expression in plants through the use of a novel autonomously replicating geminivirus shuttle vector.we constructed a novel autonomously replicating gene expression shuttle vector, with the aim of developing a system for transiently expressing proteins at levels useful for commercial production of vaccines and other proteins in plants. the vector, pric, is based on the mild strain of the geminivirus bean yellow dwarf virus (beydv-m) and is replicationally released into plant cells from a recombinant agrobacterium tumefaciens ti plasmid. pric differs from most other geminivirus-based vectors in ...201019929900
establishment of a system based on universal multiplex-pcr for screening genetically modified crops.the rapid development of many genetically modified (gm) crops in the past two decades makes it necessary to introduce an alternative strategy for routine screening and identification. in this study, we established a universal multiplex pcr detection system which will effectively reduce the number of reactions needed for sample identification. the pcr targets of this system include the six most frequently used transgenic elements: cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) 35s promoter, agrobacterium tumefa ...201019855961
the use of 35s and tnos expression elements in the measurement of genetically engineered plant materials.an online survey was conducted by the international life sciences institute, food biotechnology committee, on the use of qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays for cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter and agrobacterium tumefaciens tnos dna sequence elements for the detection of genetically engineered (ge) crop plant material. forty-four testing laboratories around the world completed the survey. the results showed the widespread use of such methods, the multiplicity ...201019856176
mutational analysis of the active site residues of a d: -psicose 3-epimerase from agrobacterium tumefaciens.d-psicose 3-epimerase from agrobacterium tumefacience catalyzes the conversion of d: -fructose to d-psicose. according to mutational analysis, the ring at position 112, the negative charge at position 156, and the positive charge at position 215 were essential components for enzyme activity and for binding fructose and psicose. the surface contact area and distance to the bound substrate by molecular modeling suggest that the positive charge of arg215 was involved in stabilization of cis-endiol ...201019859667
high-level expression of camelid nanobodies in nicotiana benthamiana.nanobodies (or vhhs) are single-domain antigen-binding fragments derived from camelid heavy chain-only antibodies. their small size, monomeric behaviour, high stability and solubility, and ability to bind epitopes not accessible to conventional antibodies make them especially suitable for many therapeutic and biotechnological applications. here we describe high-level expression, in nicotiana benthamiana, of three versions of an anti-hen egg white lysozyme (hewl) nanobody which include the origin ...201019862637
a. tumefaciens-mediated transient expression as a tool for antigen production for cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus.the emerging importance of criniviruses, together with their limited characterisation, necessitates the development of simple tools to enable rapid detection and monitoring in case of an outbreak. while serological tools would be ideal, criniviruses are notoriously difficult to purify and traditional methods of antibody production, requiring purified virus particles, are extremely challenging. the development of a novel molecular strategy for in planta viral antigen preparation to bypass particl ...201019819262
salt sensitivity in chickpea.the growth of chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) is very sensitive to salinity, with the most susceptible genotypes dying in just 25 mm nacl and resistant genotypes unlikely to survive 100 mm nacl in hydroponics; germination is more tolerant with some genotypes tolerating 320 mm nacl. when growing in a saline medium, cl(-), which is secreted from glandular hairs on leaves, stems and pods, is present in higher concentrations in shoots than na(+). salinity reduces the amount of water extractable from s ...201019843257
site-directed mutation at residues near the catalytic site of histamine dehydrogenase from nocardioides simplex and its effects on substrate inhibition.histamine dehydrogenase from nocardioides simplex (nhmdh) is a homodimer containing one 6-s-cysteinyl fmn (cfmn) and one [4fe-4s] cluster per monomer. nhmdh catalyses the oxidative deamination of histamine to ammonia and imidazole acetaldehyde, but histamine inhibits its catalytic activity at high concentrations. we mutated gene-encoded residues (tyr180, gly268 and asp269) near cfmn to understand the biophysical meaning of the substrate inhibition. three mutants y180f, g268d/d269c and y180f/g268 ...201019846434
tropane alkaloid profiling of hydroponic datura innoxia mill. plants inoculated with agrobacterium rhizogenes.hydroponics has been shown as a possible way to produce high quality plant biomass with improved phytochemical levels. nevertheless, effects of plant biotic and abiotic environment can lead to drastic changes and plant growth conditions must be optimised.201019904728
potatovirus x and tobacco mosaic virus-based vectors compatible with the gateway cloning system.virus-based expression vectors are important tools for high-level production of foreign proteins and for gene function analysis through virus induced gene silencing. to exploit further their advantages as fast, high yield replicons, a set of vectors was produced by converting and adapting potato virus x (pvx) and tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-based vectors to allow easy cloning of foreign sequences by the gateway cloning system. target genes were cloned efficiently by recombination and successfully ...201019903495
pre- and post-agroinfection strategies for efficient leaf disk transformation and regeneration of transgenic strawberry plants.following previously described agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation procedures for fragaria x ananassa duch. 'chandler', we undertook several experiments to establish the importance of some parameters affecting transformation. the most important factor that increased the percent recovery of transformants was the introduction of a pre-selection phase, in-between co-cultivation and selection, in which leaf disks were cultured on pre-selection regeneration medium containing validamycin ...201019956955
transformation of the water soluble fraction from "alpeorujo" by coriolopsis rigida: the role of laccase in the process and its impact on azospirillum brasiliense survival.the objective of this work was to evaluate the ability of the white rot basidiomycete coriolopsis rigida to detoxify the water soluble fraction from "alpeorujo" (wsfa), a solid by-product produced by the olive oil extraction industry and characterized by a high concentration of phenols which limits its use as fertilizer and/or amendment. c. rigida reduced the phenol content in the liquid media supplemented with wsfa at 10 and 20% (v/v) after 15d of incubation. the analysis of wsfa toxicity after ...201019875147
ensifer, phyllobacterium and rhizobium species occupy nodules of medicago sativa (alfalfa) and melilotus alba (sweet clover) grown at a canadian site without a history of cultivation.phage-resistant and -susceptible bacteria from nodules of alfalfa and sweet clover, grown at a site without a known history of cultivation, were identified as diverse genotypes of ensifer, rhizobium and phyllobacterium species based on sequence analysis of ribosomal (16s and 23s rrna) and protein-encoding (atpd and reca) genes, southern hybridization/rflp and a range of phenotypic characteristics. among phage-resistant bacteria, one genotype of rhizobium sp. predominated on alfalfa (frequency ap ...201019875436
detection of quorum sensing signal molecules and mutation of luxs gene in vibrio ichthyoenteri.some pathogenic species belonging to the vibrionaceae family have been shown to regulate virulence through a complicated network of quorum sensing systems. in this study, three kinds of n-acylhomoserine lactone (ahl) signal molecules were detected in vibrio ichthyoenteri da3, a pathogen of cultured turbot (scophthalmus maximus), with the agrobacterium tumefaciens reporter strain kyc55 (pjz372)(pjz384)(pjz410). da3 produced ahls during the entire growth phase, and the level of ahls increased, acc ...201019878720
experimental evidences of psym transfer in a native peanut-associated rhizobia.in previous works we have characterized the native bacterial diversity associated with root nodules of peanut grown in córdoba province, argentina. studies performed in the isolate rhizobium sp. net30 revealed a phylogenetic incongruence between housekeeping and nodulation genes. this discrepancy could be explained by the horizontal transfer of nodulation genes from the native peanut isolate rhizobium sp. ncha22, a bacterium that showed high identity percentages with rhizobium tropici iib strain ...201019853428
pseudomonas spp.-induced systemic resistance to botrytis cinerea is associated with induction and priming of defence responses in grapevine.non-pathogenic rhizobacteria pseudomonas spp. can reduce disease in plant tissues through induction of a defence state known as induced systemic resistance (isr). this resistance is based on multiple bacterial determinants, but nothing is known about the mechanisms underlying rhizobacteria-induced resistance in grapevine. in this study, the ability of pseudomonas fluorescens cha0 and pseudomonas aeruginosa 7nsk2 to induce resistance in grapevine against botrytis cinerea is demonstrated. both str ...201019812243
associations among rhizobial chromosomal background, nod genes, and host plants based on the analysis of symbiosis of indigenous rhizobia and wild legumes native to xinjiang.the associations among rhizobia chromosomal background, nodulation genes, legume plants, and geographical regions are very attractive but still unclear. to address this question, we analyzed the interactions among rhizobia rdna genotypes, nodc genotypes, legume genera, as well as geographical regions in the present study. complex relationships were observed among them, which may be the genuine nature of their associations. the statistical analyses indicate that legume plant is the key factor sha ...201019730765
dicistronic binary vector system-a versatile tool for gene expression studies in cell cultures and plants.dicistronic binary vector constructs based on pgreenii vectors for agrobacterium mediated gene transfer alleviate the translational expression monitoring of a target gene in plants. the functionality of the transformation vectors was proven by marker gene constructs containing a mannopine synthase promoter (p-mas) fused to a beta-glucuronidase (gus) gene followed by an internal ribosome entry site and a firefly luciferase (luc) gene. the cap-dependent translation of a physically independent targ ...201019835918
phenotypic and genotypic characterization of rhizobia associated with acacia saligna (labill.) wendl. in nurseries from algeria.twenty seven rhizobial strains associated with acacia saligna grown in northern and southern algeria were characterized, including generation time, host-range, the 16s rrna gene and 16s-23s rrna intergenic spacer restriction patterns, 16s rrna gene sequence analysis and tolerance to salinity and drought. cross inoculation tests indicated that 11 slow-growing isolates from northern nurseries were able to nodulate introduced australian acacias exclusively, whereas 16 fast-growing isolates, mainly ...201019836181
two new compounds from transgenic panax quinquefolium.a new ceramide and a new poly-hydroxyl octadecenoic acid were isolated from transgenic crown galls of panax quinquefolium. their structures were elucidated as (2s, 3s, 4r, 20e)-2-[(2'r)-2'-hydroxyl-palmitoyl-amino]-20-hexacosene-1, 3, 4-triol (1) and 12, 13, 15-trihydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid (2) respectively on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical methods.201019836436
molecular characterization of ospap2: transgenic expression of a purple acid phosphatase up-regulated in phosphate-deprived rice suspension cells.a phosphate starvation-induced, purple, acid phosphatase cdna was cloned from rice, oryza sativa. the cdna encoding the phosphatase (ospap2) has 1,893 bp with an open reading frame of 630 amino acid residues. the deduced amino acid sequence of ospap2 shows identities of 60-63% with other plant purple acid phosphatases and appears to have five conserved motifs containing the residues involved in metal binding. ospap2 expression is up-regulated in the rice plant and in cell cultures in the absence ...201019838636
expression of a hema gene from agrobacterium radiobacter in a rare codon optimizing escherichia coli for improving 5-aminolevulinate production.the 5-aminolevulinate (ala) synthase gene (hema) from agrobacterium radiobacter zju-0121, which was cloned previously in our laboratory, contains several rare codons. to enhance the expression of this gene, escherichia coli rosetta(de3), which is a rare codon optimizer strain, was picked out as the host to construct an efficient recombinant strain. cell extracts of the recombinant e. coli were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under the appropriate conditions. ...201018800199
response to flavonoids as a factor influencing competitiveness and symbiotic activity of rhizobium leguminosarum.flavonoids play a crucial role as signal molecules in promoting the formation of nodules by symbiotic bacteria commonly known as rhizobia. the early interaction between flavonoids and nodd regulatory protein activates nod gene transcription and the synthesis of nod factor that initiates nodule primordium. in this study, we assessed response to flavonoids as factors influencing competitiveness of rhizobia and their symbiotic activity. rhizobium leguminosarum nodule isolates belonging to three bio ...201018678476
agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of cleome gynandra l., a c(4) dicotyledon that is closely related to arabidopsis thaliana.in leaves of most c(4) plants, the biochemistry of photosynthesis is partitioned between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. in addition, their cell biology and development also differs from that in c(3) plants. we have a poor understanding of the mechanisms that generate the cell-specific accumulation of proteins used in the c(4) pathway, and there are few genes that have been shown to be important for the cell biology and development of c(4) leaves. to facilitate functional analysis of c(4) pho ...201020150516
new insights into an old story: agrobacterium-induced tumour formation in plants by plant transformation.agrobacterium tumefaciens causes tumour formation in plants. plant signals induce in the bacteria the expression of a range of virulence (vir) proteins and the formation of a type iv secretion system (t4ss). on attachment to plant cells, a transfer dna (t-dna) and vir proteins are imported into the host cells through the bacterial t4ss. through interaction with a number of host proteins, the vir proteins suppress the host innate immune system and support the transfer, nuclear targeting, and inte ...201020150897
altered lipid a structures and polymyxin hypersensitivity of rhizobium etli mutants lacking the lpxe and lpxf phosphatases.the lipid a of rhizobium etli, a nitrogen-fixing plant endosymbiont, displays significant structural differences when compared to that of escherichia coli. an especially striking feature of r. etli lipid a is that it lacks both the 1- and 4'-phosphate groups. the 4'-phosphate moiety of the distal glucosamine unit is replaced with a galacturonic acid residue. the dephosphorylated proximal unit is present as a mixture of the glucosamine hemiacetal and an oxidized 2-aminogluconate derivative. disti ...201020153447
agrobacterium induces expression of a host f-box protein required for tumorigenicity.agrobacterium exports dna into plant cells, eliciting neoplastic growths on many plant species. during this process, a skp1-cdc53-cullin-f-box (scf) complex that contains the bacterial virulence f-box protein virf facilitates genetic transformation by targeting for proteolysis proteins, the agrobacterium protein vire2 and the host protein vip1, that coat the transferred dna. however, some plant species do not require virf for transformation. here, we show that agrobacterium induces expression of ...201020227663
octamethylbicyclo[3.2.1]octadienes from the rhizobacterium serratia odorifera. 201020155769
theoretical and structural analysis of the active site of the transcriptional regulators lasr and trar, using molecular docking methodology for identifying potential analogues of acyl homoserine lactones (ahls) with anti-quorum sensing activity.in the present study the homology of transcriptional receptors luxr type were evaluated using as point of reference the receptors trar and lasr of the bacterial types agrobacterium tumefaciens and pseudomonas aureginosa respectively. a series of alignments were performed in order to demonstrate that the active site of the protein is conserved in wide range of gram negative bacteria. moreover, some docking calculations were carried out for analogs of the acyl homoserin lactones (ahls) and regulat ...201019945196
interactions between glomus species and rhizobium strains affect the nutritional physiology of drought-stressed legume hosts.the growth of legume plants is usually enhanced by the dual symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi and rhizobium bacteria. however, most reports on this topic have been carried out under optimal water regime conditions. here, four phaseolus vulgaris varieties were single or dual inoculated with two different am fungus and/or two different rhizobium strains. all plants were grown under moderate drought conditions. surprisingly, most of the biological treatments involving one fungus and on ...201020044167
molecular identification of airborne bacteria associated with aerial spraying of bovine slurry waste employing 16s rrna gene pcr and gene sequencing techniques.polymerase chain reaction amplification of the universal 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene was performed on a collection of 38 bacterial isolates, originating from air sampled immediately adjacent to the agricultural spreading of bovine slurry. a total of 16 bacterial genera were identified including both gram-positive and gram-negative genera. gram-positive organisms accounted for 34/38 (89.5%) of total bacterial numbers consisting of 12 genera and included staphylococcus (most common genus isolate ...201020018377
how does sulphur availability modify n acquisition of white clover (trifolium repens l.)?the role of s in legume growth, n uptake, and n2 fixation was investigated using white clover (trifolium repens l.) as a model species. we examined whether the effect of sulphate addition on n fixation resulted from a stimulation of host plant growth, a specific effect of s on nodulation, or a specific effect of s on nodule metabolism. clones of white clover, inoculated with rhizobium leguminosarum, were grown for 140 d in a hydroponic system with three levels of sulphate concentration (0 mm, 0. ...201019933318
genetic basis for rhizobium etli ce3 o-antigen o-methylated residues that vary according to growth conditions.the rhizobium etli ce3 o antigen is a fixed-length heteropolymer with o methylation being the predominant type of sugar modification. there are two o-methylated residues that occur, on average, once per complete o antigen: a multiply o-methylated terminal fucose and 2-o methylation of a fucose residue within a repeating unit. the amount of the methylated terminal fucose decreases and the amount of 2-o-methylfucose increases when bacteria are grown in the presence of the host plant, phaseolus vul ...201019948805
pistil drip following pollination: a simple in planta agrobacterium-mediated transformation in cotton.transgenic cotton plants were developed by pistil drip inoculation in a solution containing agrobacterium carrying a gene for resistance to the herbicide basta (bar), 10% (w/v) sucrose, 0.05% (v/v) silwet l-77 and 40 mg acetosyringone l(-1). pistil drip during 17:00-19:00 on the first day of flowering resulted in 0.07-0.17% basta-resistant plants/number of viable seeds generated, and stigma excision prior to pistil drip during this time period gave rise to a transformation efficiency of 0.46-0.9 ...201019953299
ligational behavior of thiosemicarbazone, semicarbazone and thiocarbohydrazone ligands towards vo(iv), ce(iii), th(iv) and uo2(vi) ions: synthesis, structural characterization and biological studies.mono- and binuclear vo(iv), ce(iii), th(iv) and uo(2)(vi) complexes of thiosemicarbazone, semicarbazone and thiocarbohydrazone ligands derived from 4,6-diacetylresorcinol were synthesized. the structures of these complexes were elucidated by elemental analyses, ir, uv-vis, esr, (1)h nmr and mass spectra as well as conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermal analyses. the thiosemicarbazone (h(4)l(1)) and the semicarbazone (h(4)l(2)) ligands behave as dibasic pentadentate lig ...201019963432
agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of guignardia citricarpa.guignardia citricarpa, the causal agent of citrus black spot, was successfully transformed via agrobacterium tumefaciens with cassettes for gfp and bar expression. transformation is essential to understand the role of genes during interaction between plants and its pathogens. using a binary plasmid vector based in the ppzp201bk, both germinated conidia and physically fragmented hyphae of g. citricarpa were transformed. eight independent transformants of g. citricarpa resistant to ammonium glifos ...201019995579
catheter associated bloodstream infection caused by r. radiobacter.rhizobium radiobacter is a gram negative bacillus that is infrequently recognized in clinical specimens but is emerging as an opportunistic human pathogen. infections due to rhizobium radiobacter are strongly related to the presence of foreign plastic material and effective treatment often requires removal of the device. we report a case of r. radiobacter bloodstream infection associated with a central venous catheter which was easily controlled by antimicrobial treatment and did not require rem ...201020061769
identification and functional analysis of type iii effector proteins in mesorhizobium loti.mesorhizobium loti maff303099, a microsymbiont of the model legume lotus japonicus, possesses a cluster of genes (tts) that encode a type iii secretion system (t3ss). in the presence of heterologous nodd from rhizobium leguminosarum and a flavonoid naringenin, we observed elevated expression of the tts genes and secretion of several proteins into the culture medium. inoculation experiments with wild-type and t3ss mutant strains revealed that the presence of the t3ss affected nodulation at a spec ...201020064065
metabolic engineering of agrobacterium sp. strain atcc 31749 for production of an alpha-gal epitope.oligosaccharides containing a terminal gal-alpha1,3-gal moiety are collectively known as alpha-gal epitopes. alpha-gal epitopes are integral components of several medical treatments under development, including flu and hiv vaccines as well as cancer treatments. the difficulty associated with synthesizing the alpha-gal epitope hinders the development and application of these treatments due to the limited availability and high cost of the alpha-gal epitope. this work illustrates the development of ...201020067629
enhanced removal of polychlorinated biphenyls from alfalfa rhizosphere soil in a field study: the impact of a rhizobial inoculum.polychlorinated biphenyls (pcb) are persistent pollutants in soil environments where they continue to present considerable human health risks. successful strategies to remediate contaminated soils are needed that are effective and of low cost. bioremediation approaches that include the use of plants and microbial communities to promote degradation of pcb have significant potential but need further assessment under field conditions. the effects of growth of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) and inocul ...201019995667
intergenomic epistasis and coevolutionary constraint in plants and rhizobia.studying how the fitness benefits of mutualism differ among a wide range of partner genotypes, and at multiple spatial scales, can shed light on the processes that maintain mutualism and structure coevolutionary interactions. using legumes and rhizobia from three natural populations, i studied the symbiotic fitness benefits for both partners in 108 plant maternal family by rhizobium strain combinations. genotype-by-genotype (g x g) interactions among local genotypes and among partner populations ...201020002161
crystal structure and substrate specificity of plant adenylate isopentenyltransferase from humulus lupulus: distinctive binding affinity for purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.cytokinins are important plant hormones, and their biosynthesis most begins with the transfer of isopentenyl group from dimethylallyl diphosphate (dmapp) to the n6-amino group of adenine by either adenylate isopentenyltransferase (aipt) or trna-ipt. plant aipts use atp/adp as an isopentenyl acceptor and bacterial aipts prefer amp, whereas trna-ipts act on specific sites of trna. here, we present the crystal structure of an aipt-atp complex from humulus lupulus (hlaipt), which is similar to the p ...201020007608
identification of a novel abc transporter required for desiccation tolerance, and biofilm formation in rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841.rhizobium leguminosarum is a soil bacterium with the ability to form nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of leguminous plants. soil-dwelling, free-living r. leguminosarum often encounters desiccation stress, which impacts its survival within the soil. the mechanisms by which soil bacteria resist the effects of desiccation stress have been described. however, the role of the cell envelope in the desiccation tolerance mechanisms of rhizobia is relatively uncharacterized. using a transposon mutage ...201020030718
bacteria colonizing root nodules of wild legumes exhibit virulence-associated properties of mammalian pathogens.bacteria not proficient in nitrogen fixing symbiosis were proven able to invade root nodules of three wild legumes of the genus hedysarum in algeria and to be multiplying in these in place of the natural rhizobium symbionts. the involved species featured taxa known as human pathogens including: enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter kobei, escherichia vulneris, pantoea agglomerans and leclercia adecarboxylata. a direct screening of the phenotypic determinants of virulence using human cultured cells ...201019916054
electrochemical selective detection of dopamine on microbial carbohydrate-doped multiwall carbon nanotube-modified electrodes.microbial carbohydrate-doped multiwall carbon nanotube (mwnt)-modified electrodes were prepared for the purpose of determining if 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; dopamine) exists in the presence of 0.5 mm ascorbic acid, a representative interfering agent in neurotransmitter detection. the microbial carbohydrate dopants were alpha-cyclosophorohexadecaose (alpha-c16) from xanthomonas oryzae and cyclic-(1 --> 2)-beta-d-glucan (cys) from rhizobium meliloti. the cyclic v ...201019921114
identification in agrobacterium tumefaciens of the d-galacturonic acid dehydrogenase gene.there are at least three different pathways for the catabolism of d-galacturonate in microorganisms. in the oxidative pathway, which was described in some prokaryotic species, d-galacturonate is first oxidised to meso-galactarate (mucate) by a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad)-dependent dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.203). in the following steps of the pathway mucate is converted to 2-keto-glutarate. the enzyme activities of this catabolic pathway have been described while the corresponding gene ...201019921179
efficient transformation of kalanchoe blossfeldiana and production of male-sterile plants by engineered anther ablation.engineered male sterility in ornamental plants has many applications such as facilitate hybrid seed production, eliminate pollen allergens, reduce the need for deadheading to extend the flowering period, redirect resources from seeds to vegetative growth, increase flower longevity and prevent gene flow between genetically modified and related native plants. we have developed a reliable and efficient agrobacterium-mediated protocol for the genetic transformation of different kalanchoe blossfeldia ...201019921199
analysis of the mucr gene regulating biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides: implications for biofilm formation in sinorhizobium meliloti rm1021.bacterial surface polysaccharides are crucial for establishment of successful rhizobia-legume symbiosis, and in most bacteria, are also critical for biofilm formation and surface colonization. in sinorhizobium meliloti, the regulatory protein mucr controls exopolysaccharide production. to clarify the relationship between exopolysaccharide synthesis and biofilm formation, we studied mucr expression under growth conditions that influence attachment to polyvinylchloride, developed a microtiter plat ...201019929968
the nodc, nodg, and glgx genes of rhizobium tropici strain prf 81.rhizobium tropici is a diazotrophic microsymbiont of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) that encompasses important but still poorly studied tropical strains, and a recent significant contribution to the knowledge of the species was the publication of a genomic draft of strain prf 81, which revealed several novel genes [pinto et al. funct int gen 9:263-270, 2009]. in this study, we investigated the transcription of nodc, nodg, and glgx genes, located in the nod operon of prf 81 strain, by revers ...201020013017
salicylic acid differentially affects suspension cell cultures of lotus japonicus and one of its non-symbiotic mutants.salicylic acid (sa) is known to play an important role in the interaction between plant and micro-organisms, both symbiotic and pathogen. in particular, high levels of sa block nodule formation and mycorrhizal colonization in plants. a mutant of lotus japonicus, named ljsym4-2, was characterized as unable to establish positive interactions with rhizobium and fungi (nod(-), myc(-)); in particular, it does not recognize signal molecules released by symbiotic micro-organisms so that eventually, epi ...201020012170
current state of coenzyme q(10) production and its applications.coenzyme q(10) (coq(10)), an obligatory cofactor in the aerobic respiratory electron transfer for energy generation, is formed from the conjugation of a benzoquinone ring with a hydrophobic isoprenoid chain. coq(10) is now used as a nutritional supplement because of its antioxidant properties and is beneficial in the treatment of several human diseases when administered orally. bioprocesses have been developed for the commercial production of coq(10) because of its increased demand, and these bi ...201020012276
agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of withania somnifera (l.) dunal: an important medicinal plant.this report describes agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of withania somnifera--an important indian medicinal plant. a. tumefaciens strain lba4404, containing the binary vector pig121hm was used for transformation, along with the gusa reporter gene with intron under the transcriptional control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) 35s promoter. the leaf segments from two-and-a-half-month-old green house-grown seedlings were more efficient in transformation, as compared to those f ...201020012541
genetic transformation of carnation (dianthus caryophylus l.).this chapter describes a rapid and efficient protocol for explant preparation and genetic transformation of carnation. node explants from greenhouse-grown plants and leaf explants from in vitro plants are infected with agrobacterium tumefaciens agl0 harboring pkt3 plasmid, consisting of gus and nptii genes. explant preparation is an important factor to obtain the transformed plants. the gus-staining area was located only on the cut end of explants and only explants with a cut end close to the co ...201020099093
rapid in planta evaluation of root expressed transgenes in chimeric soybean plants.production of stable transgenic plants is one factor that limits rapid evaluation of tissue specific transgene expression. to hasten the assessment of transgenes in planta, we evaluated the use of chimeric soybean seedlings expressing transgenic products in roots. tap roots from four-day old seedlings (cultivars 'jack' and ks4704) were excised and hairy roots were induced from hypocotyls via agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. inoculated hypocotyls were screened on a ms-based mediu ...201020012965
an efficient system to detect protein ubiquitination by agroinfiltration in nicotiana benthamiana.the ubiquitination proteasome pathway has been demonstrated to regulate all plant developmental and signaling processes. e3 ligase/substrate-specific interactions and ubiquitination play important roles in this pathway. however, due to technical limitations only a few instances of e3 ligase-substrate binding and protein ubiquitination in plants have been directly evidenced. an efficient in vivo and in vitro ubiquitination assay was developed for analysis of protein ubiquitination reactions by ag ...201020015064
hydrophobin fusions for high-level transient protein expression and purification in nicotiana benthamiana.insufficient accumulation levels of recombinant proteins in plants and the lack of efficient purification methods for recovering these valuable proteins have hindered the development of plant biotechnology applications. hydrophobins are small and surface-active proteins derived from filamentous fungi that can be easily purified by a surfactant-based aqueous two-phase system. in this study, the hydrophobin hfbi sequence from trichoderma reesei was fused to green fluorescent protein (gfp) and tran ...201020018596
modal codon usage: assessing the typical codon usage of a genome.most genomes are heterogeneous in codon usage, so a codon usage study should start by defining the codon usage that is typical to the genome. although this is commonly taken to be the genomewide average, we propose that the mode-the codon usage that matches the most genes-provides a more useful approximation of the typical codon usage of a genome. we provide a method for estimating the modal codon usage, which utilizes a continuous approximation to the number of matching genes and a simplex opti ...201020018979
finding a way to the nucleus.agrobacterium species transfer single-strand dna and virulence effector proteins to plants. to understand how agrobacterium achieves interkingdom horizontal gene transfer, scientists have investigated how the interaction of bacterial effector proteins with host proteins directs t-dna to the plant nucleus. vire2, a single-strand dna binding protein, likely plays a key role in t-dna nuclear targeting. however, subcellular trafficking of vire2 remains controversial, with reports of both cytoplasmic ...201020022799
how inefficient rhizobia prolong their existence within nodules.legumes are important food sources and therefore, the nitrogen fixing ability of legume-rhizobia symbioses have great potential to improve crop yields and/or reduce the use of nitrogenous fertilisers. unfortunately the nitrogen fixing efficiency of many legume-rhizobial combinations is low. what restricts nodule efficiency? we believe that one answer lies in the neglected field of signal exchange within mature nodules. indeed molecular determinants that permit rhizobia to persist for months with ...201020117958
characterization of a gene family of outer membrane proteins (ropb) in rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae vf39sm and the role of the sensor kinase chvg in their regulation.the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria represents the interface between the bacterium and its external environment. it has a critical role as a protective barrier against harmful substances and is also important in host-bacteria interactions representing the initial physical point of contact between the host cell and bacterial cell. ropb is a previously identified outer membrane protein from rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae that is present in free-living cells but absent in bacteroids (h ...201020023026
rhizobium leguminosarum hupe encodes a nickel transporter required for hydrogenase activity.synthesis of the hydrogen uptake (hup) system in rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae requires the function of an 18-gene cluster (hupslcdefghijk-hypabfcdex). among them, the hupe gene encodes a protein showing six transmembrane domains for which a potential role as a nickel permease has been proposed. in this paper, we further characterize the nickel transport capacity of hupe and that of the translated product of hupe2, a hydrogenase-unlinked gene identified in the r. leguminosarum genome. hupe2 ...201020023036
generation of backbone-free, low transgene copy plants by launching t-dna from the agrobacterium chromosome.in both applied and basic research, agrobacterium-mediated transformation is commonly used to introduce genes into plants. we investigated the effect of three agrobacterium tumefaciens strains and five transferred (t)-dna origins of replication on transformation frequency, transgene copy number, and the frequency of integration of non-t-dna portions of the t-dna-containing vector (backbone) into the genome of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) and maize (zea mays). launching t-dna from the pica ...201020023148
effects of initial inoculation density of paenibacillus polymyxa on colony formation and starch-hydrolytic activity in relation to root rot in ginseng.to examine the relationships between population growth and biological characters of the plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium paenibacillus polymyxa gbr-1.201020132376
renilla luciferase-based quantitation of potato virus a infection initiated with agrobacterium infiltration of n. benthamiana leaves.a quantitation method based on the sensitive detection of renilla luciferase (rluc) activity was developed and optimized for potato virus a (pva; genus potyviridae) gene expression. this system is based on infections initiated by agrobacterium infiltration and subsequent detection of the translation of pva::rluc rna, which is enhanced by viral replication, first within the cells infected initially and later by translation and replication within new cells after spread of the virus. firefly lucife ...201020026122
a novel mannose-based selection system for plant transformation using celery mannose-6-phosphate reductase gene.to investigate its potential application as a selectable marker for plant transformation, the mannitol producing, celery mannose-6-phosphate reductase gene (m6pr) was transformed into arabidopsis and tobacco using agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. mannose-tolerance assays in transgenic materials revealed that the m6pr can act as a selectable marker gene in either a positive or a negative selection mode depending on the plant species. for mannose sensitive species, such as arabid ...201020033814
selection system and co-cultivation medium are important determinants of agrobacterium-mediated transformation of sugarcane.a reproducible method for transformation of sugarcane using various strains of agrobacterium tumefaciens (a. tumefaciens) (agl0, agl1, eha105 and lba4404) has been developed. the selection system and co-cultivation medium were the most important factors determining the success of transformation and transgenic plant regeneration. plant regeneration at a frequency of 0.8-4.8% occurred only when callus was transformed with a. tumefaciens carrying a newly constructed superbinary plasmid containing n ...201020041254
conserved symbiotic plasmid dna sequences in the multireplicon pangenomic structure of rhizobium etli.strains of the same bacterial species often show considerable genomic variation. to examine the extent of such variation in rhizobium etli, the complete genome sequence of r. etli ciat652 and the partial genomic sequences of six additional r. etli strains having different geographical origins were determined. the sequences were compared with each other and with the previously reported genome sequence of r. etli cfn42. dna sequences common to all strains constituted the greater part of these geno ...201020048063
the effect of the heterologous expression of phragmites australis gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase on the cd2+ accumulation of agrostis palustris.heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. to develop a more efficient plant to clean up heavy metal contaminated soils, a gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gcs) cdna, named pagcs, was isolated by pcr from phragmites australis. the pagcs sequence was transformed via agroinfection into the heavy metal intolerant grass agrostis palustris. five confirmed transgenic a. palustris plants expressing pagcs were compared with the wild-type line for growth and ...201020051038
transgenic leucaena leucocephala expressing the rhizobium gene pyda encoding a meta-cleavage dioxygenase shows reduced mimosine content.the use of the tree-legume leucaena leucocephala (leucaena), which contains high levels of proteins in its foliage, is limited due to the presence of the toxic free amino acid mimosine. the goal of this research was to develop transgenic leucaena with reduced mimosine content. two genes, pyda and pydb, encoding a meta-cleavage dioxygenase (ec 1.13.11.2) and a pyruvate hydrolase (ec 3.7.1.6), respectively, from the mimosine-degrading leucaena symbiont rhizobium sp. strain tal1145, were used to tr ...201020138776
variability in symbiotic effectiveness of native rhizobia in acid stress.in vitro experiments had been conducted to assess the effect of ph on different native isolates of rhizobium from the lower brahmaputra valley region of assam, india. the growth rate of all the rhizobium isolates were compared growing at three different ph levels viz. 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5. all the slow-growing rhizobium isolates (ar1, br5, br8, br12, gr13, ar10, br13, gm16, gr21) were showed better growth at all the ph levels, whereas three fast-growing rhizobium isolates (pr7, pr12 and pr16) failed ...201020052583
"in situ" phytostabilisation of heavy metal polluted soils using lupinus luteus inoculated with metal resistant plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria.the aim of this work is the evaluation of metal phytostabilisation potential of lupinus luteus inoculated with bradyrhizobium sp. 750 and heavy metal resistant pgprs (plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria), for in situ reclamation of multi-metal contaminated soil after a mine spill. yellow lupines accumulated heavy metals mainly in roots (cu, cd and especially pb were poorly translocated to shoots). this indicates a potential use of this plant in metal phytostabilisation. furthermore, as accumula ...201020056325
enrichment of marine anammox bacteria from seawater-related samples and bacterial community study.anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a novel nitrogen pathway catalyzed by anammox bacteria which are obligate anaerobic chemoautotrophs. in this study, enrichment culture of marine anammox bacteria (maaob) from the samples related to seawater was conducted. simultaneous removal of ammonium and nitrite was confirmed in continuous culture inoculated with sediment of a sea-based waste disposal site within 50 days. however, no simultaneous nitrogen removal was observed in cultures inoculated w ...201020057097
direct and indirect effects of invasive plants on soil chemistry and ecosystem function.invasive plants have a multitude of impacts on plant communities through their direct and indirect effects on soil chemistry and ecosystem function. for example, plants modify the soil environment through root exudates that affect soil structure, and mobilize and/or chelate nutrients. the long-term impact of litter and root exudates can modify soil nutrient pools, and there is evidence that invasive plant species may alter nutrient cycles differently from native species. the effects of plants on ...201020077127
a simplified and efficient method for transformation and gene tagging of ustilago maydis using frozen cells.ustilago maydis is an important model fungal organism for diverse studies. little improvement has been made in the method for its transformation since the peg-mediated transfection of spheroplasts that was reported more than 20years ago. we have constructed binary t-dna vectors carrying hygromycin and nourseothricin resistance gene cassettes and have developed a highly efficient method for transformation of this fungus based on agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt). through a ...201020079868
recent patents on plant transgenic technology.plant transformation technology plays an ever-increasing role in improving crop plant traits and addressing research questions. in recent years, a number of important patents on plant transgenic technologies have been published.these patents represent significant new progresses, many representing novel approaches in the field of plant transgenic technology. this review highlights selected as well as the most significant advancements made mostly within the past 2 years in plant transgenic researc ...201020156132
the quorum-quenching n-acyl homoserine lactone acylase pvdq is an ntn-hydrolase with an unusual substrate-binding pocket.in many gram-negative pathogens, their virulent behavior is regulated by quorum sensing, in which diffusible signals such as n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls) act as chemical messaging compounds. enzymatic degradation of these diffusible signals by, e.g., lactonases or amidohydrolases abolishes ahl regulated virulence, a process known as quorum quenching. here we report the first crystal structure of an ahl amidohydrolase, the ahl acylase pvdq from pseudomonas aeruginosa. pvdq has a typical alph ...201020080736
insertional mutagenesis enables cleistothecial formation in a non-mating strain of histoplasma capsulatum.histoplasma capsulatum is a pathogenic ascomycete fungus that rapidly loses mating ability in culture. loss of mating ability, as well as the organism's low rate of targeted gene replacement, limits techniques available for genetic studies in h. capsulatum. understanding molecular mechanisms regulating mating in this organism may allow us to reverse or prevent loss of mating in h. capsulatum strains, introducing a variety of classical genetics techniques to the field. we generated a strain, uc1, ...201020158914
the receiver domain of hybrid histidine kinase vira: an enhancing factor for vir gene expression in agrobacterium tumefaciens.the plant pathogen agrobacterium tumefaciens expresses virulence (vir) genes in response to chemical signals found at the site of a plant wound. vira, a hybrid histidine kinase, and its cognate response regulator, virg, regulate vir gene expression. the receiver domain at the carboxyl end of vira has been described as an inhibitory element because its removal increased vir gene expression relative to that of full-length vira. however, experiments that characterized the receiver region as an inhi ...201020081031
efficient agrobacterium-mediated transformation of commercial hybrid poplar populus nigra l. x p. maximowiczii a. henry.many economically important species of populus, especially those in sections aigeiros and tacamahaca, remain recalcitrant to genetic transformation. in this study, a simple and reliable protocol was developed for the efficient agrobacterium-mediated transformation of a difficult-to-transform, but commercially viable, hybrid poplar populus nigra l. x p. maximowiczii a. henry (nm6). a plant transformation vector designed to express the beta-glucuronidase (gus) gene was used to detect transformatio ...201020087597
genome-wide detection of predicted non-coding rnas in rhizobium etli expressed during free-living and host-associated growth using a high-resolution tiling array.non-coding rnas (ncrnas) play a crucial role in the intricate regulation of bacterial gene expression, allowing bacteria to quickly adapt to changing environments. in the past few years, a growing number of regulatory rna elements have been predicted by computational methods, mostly in well-studied gamma-proteobacteria but lately in several alpha-proteobacteria as well. here, we have compared an extensive compilation of these non-coding rna predictions to intergenic expression data of a whole-ge ...201020089193
mixture of endophytic agrobacterium and sinorhizobium meliloti strains could induce nonspecific nodulation on some woody legumes.agrobacterium sp. ii ccbau 21244 isolated from root nodules of wisteria sinensis was verified as an endophytic bacterium by inoculation and reisolation tests. however, inoculation with a mixture of this strain and a sinorhizobium meliloti strain could induce root nodules on w. sinensis and two other woody legumes, which do not form a symbiosis with s. meliloti alone. rod-shaped and irregular nodules were found on the inoculated plants, in which the s. meliloti strain was detected in all of the n ...201020098981
efficient agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and regeneration of garlic (allium sativum) immature leaf tissue.transgenic garlic (allium sativum) plants have been recovered directly from immature leaf material by selective culture following agrobacterium-mediated transformation. this method involved the use of a binary vector containing the mgfp-er reporter gene and hpt selectable marker, and followed a similar protocol developed previously for the transformation of immature onion embryos. the choice of tissue and post-transformation selection procedure resulted in a large increase in recovery of transge ...201020099065
studies on the chemical structure and antitumor activity of an exopolysaccharide from rhizobium sp. n613.the molecular structure of the rhizobium exopolysaccharide (reps) was analyzed by enzymolysis, periodate oxidation, and smith degradation, and by ir and nmr spectroscopy. the results indicated that reps was a beta-glucan with a backbone of beta-d-(1-->4)-linked glucose residues and branches of beta-d-(1-->6)-linked glucose residues. the branch was attached to the main chain at the 6-o-position. the molar ratio of 1-->4 and 1-->6 was 2:1. the terminal c3 of the (1-->6)-glc branch had an o-acetyl ...201020100608
validation of a newly developed hexaplex real-time pcr assay for screening for presence of gmos in food, feed and seed.for years, an increasing number and diversity of genetically modified plants has been grown on a commercial scale. the need for detection and identification of these genetically modified organisms (gmos) calls for broad and at the same time flexible high throughput testing methods. here we describe the development and validation of a hexaplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screening assay covering more than 100 approved gmos containing at least one of the gmo targets of the assay. the ...201020101506
assessment of inheritance pattern and agronomic performance of transgenic rapeseed having harpin xooc-encoding hrf2 gene.hrf2 gene is a member of the harpin-encoding gene family of rice-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. in our previous studies, we observed that harpin(xooc) could elicit hypersensitive cell death in non-host plants, induce disease and insect resistance in plants, and enhance plant growth. in this study, the rapeseed cultivar, yangyou 4, was genetically engineered via agrobacterium-mediated transformation to express the hrf2 gene. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and southern blo ...201020107894
inhibition of primary roots and stimulation of lateral root development in arabidopsis thaliana by the rhizobacterium serratia marcescens 90-166 is through both auxin-dependent and -independent signaling pathways.the rhizobacterium serratia marcescens strain 90-166 was previously reported to promote plant growth and induce resistance in arabidopsis thaliana. in this study, the influence of strain 90-166 on root development was studied in vitro. we observed inhibition of primary root elongation, enhanced lateral root emergence, and early emergence of second order lateral roots after inoculation with strain 90-166 at a certain distance from the root. using the dr5::gus transgenic a. thaliana plant and an a ...201020108166
purification and characterization of an antibacterial protein from dried fruiting bodies of the wild mushroom clitocybe sinopica.a novel antibacterial protein with a molecular mass of 44 kda has been isolated from dried fruiting bodies of the wild mushroom clitocybe sinopica. sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the protein was composed of two subunits each with a molecular mass of 22 kda. its n-terminal amino-acid sequence, svqatvngdkml, has not been reported for other antimicrobial proteins. the purification protocol included ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, cm-cellulose an ...201020198215
[reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in legume-rhizobial symbiosis: a review].published data on the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ros and rns, respectively) in the formation and functioning of the legume-rhizobial symbiosis are summarized. it is assumed that ros and rns fulfill a double function in the legume-rhizobial symbiosis by triggering the mechanisms enabling symbiosis formation and the mechanisms preventing the development of symbiotic structures (i.e., the defensive responses). a hypothetic scheme illustrating the involvement of ros and rns in the ...201020198912
bioavailability of adsorbed phenanthrene by black carbon and multi-walled carbon nanotubes to agrobacterium.carbonaceous sorbents including black carbon (bc) and carbon nanotubes have attracted research attention around the world because of their effects on bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds (hocs) in sediments and soils. in this research, (14)c-labeled and unlabeled phenanthrene were spiked into three artificial sediments: (i) a sediment sample without amorphous organic carbon (oc) and with bc collected from the yangtze river (bc-yr), (ii) a sediment without oc and with multi-walled car ...201020116085
computational prediction of type iii secreted proteins from gram-negative bacteria.type iii secretion system (t3ss) is a specialized protein delivery system in gram-negative bacteria that injects proteins (called effectors) directly into the eukaryotic host cytosol and facilitates bacterial infection. for many plant and animal pathogens, t3ss is indispensable for disease development. recently, t3ss has also been found in rhizobia and plays a crucial role in the nodulation process. although a great deal of efforts have been done to understand type iii secretion, the precise mec ...201020122221
agrobacterium radiobacter bacteremia in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.agrobacteria are gram-negative tumorigenic plant pathogens that rarely cause infections in humans.201020127221
bnyvv-derived dsrna confers resistance to rhizomania disease of sugar beet as evidenced by a novel transgenic hairy root approach.agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed sugar beet hairy roots, expressing dsrna from the beet necrotic yellow vein virus replicase gene, were used as a novel approach to assess the efficacy of three intron-hairpin constructs at conferring resistance to rhizomania disease. genetically engineered roots were similar in morphology to wild type roots but were characterized by a profound abundancy, rapid growth rate and, in some cases, plagiotropic development. upon challenge inoculation, seedlings show ...201020127510
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