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impact of applying edible oils to silk channels on ear pests of sweet corn.the impact of applying edible oils to corn silks on ear-feeding insects in sweet corn, zea mays l., production was evaluated in 2006 and 2007. six edible oils used in this experiment were canola, corn, olive, peanut, sesame, and soybean. water and two commercial insecticidal oils (neemix neem oil and nc21 sunspray ultrafine, a horticultural mineral oil) were used as the controls for the experiment. six parameters evaluated in this experiment were corn earworm [helicoverpa zea (boddie) (lepidopte ...201121735916
documentation and quantitative analysis of the local knowledge on medicinal plants among traditional siddha healers in virudhunagar district of tamil nadu, india.india has a population with high degree of medical pluralism. siddha system of indian traditional medicine is practiced dominantly by the people in tamil nadu. the traditionally trained siddha healers still play an important role in the rural health care. their knowledge is comparatively more vulnerable than the documented traditional knowledge. thus, the present study was aimed to document and quantitatively analyze the local knowledge of the traditional siddha healers in virudhunagar district ...201121718779
impact of curcumin, raspberry extract, and neem leaf extract on rel protein-regulated cell death/radiosensitization in pancreatic cancer cells.objectives:: nuclear factor +¦b (nf-+¦b) plays an intrinsic role in promoting growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis in pancreatic cancer (pc) and serves as a mechanism underlying therapeutic resistance. accordingly, we investigated the efficacy of bioactive phytochemicals in inhibiting radiotherapy (rt)-induced nf-+¦b activity, signaling, and nf-+¦b-dependent regulation of cell death. methods:: panc-1, bxpc-3, and mia paca-2 cells exposed to 10 gy (single high dose [sdr]) or 2 gy/d for 5 days (fr ...201121697760
pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical evaluation of extracts from different plant parts of indigenous origin for their hypoglycemic responses in rabbits.this study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of different plant extracts in single and in combined formulation, in experimentally induced "diabetic rabbits". the extracts were obtained from seeds of syzygium jambolana, fruits of momordica charantia and leaves of azadirachta indica. treatment of diabetes with plant extracts was started at 8 days after alloxan injection. rabbits were randomly divided into four groups, each group consisting of six rabbits. each group of rabbits was ...201122125958
Azadirachta indica exhibits chemopreventive action against hepatic cancer: Studies on associated histopathological and ultrastructural changes.The present study was designed to evaluate the anticarcinogenic potential of Azadirachta indica against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Further, the associated histopathological and ultrastructural changes were also analyzed. Hepatic cancer model was developed by the intraperitoneal administration of NDEA to mice at weekly intervals, in successive increasing doses, for a period of 8 weeks. Aqueous A. indica leaf extract (AAILE) was administered orally at a dosage of 10 ...201121998015
biting and bloodsucking lice of dogs-treatment by means of a neem seed extract (mitestop®, wash away dog).dogs infested with lice belonging either to the group of mallophaga (hairlings, i.e., trichodectes canis) or anoplura (bloodsucking lice, e.g., linognathus setosus) were washed with the neem seed preparations mitestop® or wash away dog. it was found that a single treatment with one of these products killed both motile stages and those developing inside eggs (nits) being glued at the hair. in both cases the product had been left for 20 min onto the hair before it was washed away just with normal ...201121881947
a novel herbal formulation against dengue vector mosquitoes aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus.the objective of this study was to develop a herbal formulation to control dengue vector mosquitoes. ponneem, a novel herbal formulation prepared using the oils of neem (azadirachta indica), karanj (pongamia glabra) and their extracts, was tested for larvicidal, ovicidal and oviposition deterrent activities against aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus at 1, 0.5, 0.3 and 0.1 ppm concentrations. cent percent larvicidal and ovicidal activities were observed at 0.1 ppm in the two mosquito species unde ...201122042505
ecology and management of the woolly whitefly (hemiptera: aleyrodidae), a new invasive citrus pest in ethiopia.distribution and importance of woolly whitefly (aleurothrixus floccosus) (maskell) (hemiptera: aleyrodidae), was studied in ethiopia with an evaluation of treatments against it. results showed that the pest is distributed in most citrus-growing parts of the country equally infesting all types of citrus crops. only one pupal parasitoid, amitus sp., was recorded at melkaoba. during 2006-2007, eight treatments gave better control of woolly whitefly compared with the control: endod (phytolacca dodec ...201121882700
computer aided screening and evaluation of herbal therapeutics against mrsa infections.methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), a pathogenic bacterium that causes life threatening outbreaks such as community-onset and nosocomial infections has emerged as 'superbug'. the organism developed resistance to all classes of antibiotics including the best known vancomycin (vrsa). hence, there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents. this study mainly evaluates the potential use of botanicals against mrsa infections. computer aided design is an initial platform to screen nov ...201122125390
Effects of combined leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina and Azadirachta indica on hepatic morphology and hepatotoxicity markers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.In this work, we studied liver morphology, markers of hepatic oxidative stress and some liver enzymes in diabetic rats treated with the combined leaf extract (CLE) of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) and Azadirachta indica (neem).201122152778
Inhibitory action of neem aqueous extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on the vitellogenesis of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks.The present study revealed unheard of data about the action of aqueous extracts of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) on the vitellogenesis of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, proving that these extracts in 10 and 20% concentrations do not have the potential to kill the females; however, in lower concentrations (10%) provokes great morphological alterations in germinative cells such as the emergence of extended cytoplasmic vacuolization areas as well as the fragmentation of the germinal vesicle, ev ...201121936022
Screening of allelopathic trees for their antifungal potential against Alternaria alternata strains isolated from dying-back Eucalyptus spp.Antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of leaves of three tree species, namely Azadirachta indica L., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. and Melia azedarach L. was evaluated against two strains of Alternaria alternata, isolated from dying-back trees of two Eucalyptus spp., namely Eucalyptus citriodora and Eucalyptus globulus. All the concentrations (1,?2,?…?,?5% w/v) of the methanolic extracts of the three tree species significantly reduced the fungal biomass. There were reductions in the ranges 8 ...201122007991
Documentation and determination of consensus about phytotherapeutic veterinary practices among the Tharu tribal community of Uttar Pradesh, India.PURPOSE: The aim of the present investigation was to document the phytotherapeutic knowledge and veterinary healthcare management practices among the Tharu tribal community of Uttar Pradesh, India and to determine the consensus of such practices, in order to evaluate the potential for new veterinary drugs of herbal origin. METHODS: This study was conducted in 2000-2004 using semistructured, open-ended questionnaires, informal interviews and group discussions with farmers engaged in animal husban ...201121927989
endophytic fungal flora from roots and fruits of an indian neem plant azadirachta indica a. juss., and impact of culture media on their isolation.azadirachta indica a. juss. (neem), native to india, is well known worldwide for its insecticidal and ethanopharmacological properties. although endophytic microbes are known from this plant as only leaves and stems were the subjects of past reports. now, a variety of procedures and a number of different media were used to isolate the maximum number of endophytic fungi from unripe fruits and roots. a total of 272 isolates of 29 filamentous fungal taxa were isolated at rate of 68.0% from 400 samp ...201123024409
diversity of plant oil seed-associated fungi isolated from seven oil-bearing seeds and their potential for the production of lipolytic enzymes.commercial oil-yielding seeds (castor, coconut, neem, peanut, pongamia, rubber and sesame) were collected from different places in the state of tamil nadu (india) from which 1279 endophytic fungi were isolated. the oil-bearing seeds exhibited rich fungal diversity. high shannon-index h' was observed with pongamia seeds (2.847) while a low index occurred for coconut kernel-associated mycoflora (1.018). maximum colonization frequency (%) was observed for lasiodiplodia theobromae (176). dominance i ...201122806781
in vitro and in vivo acaricidal activity of a herbal extract.the anti-tick efficacy of combined aqueous herbal extracts of azadirachta indica leaves, nicotiana tabacum leaves, calotropis procera flowers and trachyspermum ammi seeds was evaluated using adult immersion test, larval packet test and ear bag method. the extract exhibited lethal effects on egg laying (index of egg laying=0.371404±0.00435), hatching (22.35%) and total larval mortality at 50 mg ml(-1) and reduced tick intensity on the infested calves (18 detached out of 35 at 45% (w/w) suspension ...201122305296
acaricidal activity of cymbopogon citratus and azadirachta indica against house dust mites.to examine the acaricidal effects of the essential oil of cymbopogon citratus leaf extract (lemongrass) and ethanolic azadirachta indica leaf extract (neem) against house dust mites dermatophagoides farinae (d. farinae) and dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (d. pteronyssinus).201123569794
removal of cadmium(ii) from wastewater using activated carbon prepared from agro industrial by-products.removal of cadmium from wastewater using activated carbons prepared from cocos nucifera (coconut) and azadirachta indica (neem) oilcakes-an agricultural solid by-product was investigated. batch experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of ph, agitation time, initial metal ion concentration and adsorbent dose on the cadmium sorption in coconut oil cake activated carbon (cocac) and neem oil cake activated carbon (nocac). the experiments demonstrated that the adsorption process corresponds ...201123505814
extract of azadirachta indica (neem) leaf induces apoptosis in 4t1 breast cancer balb/c mice.azadirachta indica (neem) has been used traditionally for many centuries. some impressive therapeutic qualities have been discovered. however, the therapeutic effect of neem leaf extract in 4t1 breast cancer has not been documented. the purpose of the present study is to investigate the therapeutic effect of ethanolic neem leaf extract in an in vivo 4t1 breast cancer model in mice.201123507990
inhibitory effects of essential oils of medicinal plants from growth of plant pathogenic fungi.plant cells produce a vast amount of secondary metabolites. production of some compounds is restricted to a single species. some compounds are nearly always found only in certain specific plant organs and during a specific developmental period of the plant. some secondary metabolites of plants serve as defensive compounds against invading microorganisms. nowadays, it is attempted to substitute the biological and natural agents with chemically synthesized fungicides. in the present research, the ...201122702190
phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant bacteria from clinical isolates.the in vitro antibacterial activity of various solvents and water extracts of aloe vera, neem, bryophyllum, lemongrass, tulsi, oregano, rosemary and thyme was assessed on 10 multi-drug resistant clinical isolates from both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and two standard strains including staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923 and escherichia coli atcc 25922. the zone of inhibition as determined by agar well diffusion method varied with the plant extract, the solvent used for extraction, and ...201223716873
comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of four chewing sticks commonly used in south india: an in vitro study.the use of chewing sticks has been well documented since ancient times in india. chewing sticks are a good alternative to the toothbrush for maintaining oral hygiene. the present study was designed and conducted to compare and evaluate the antimicrobial effects of the aqueous extracts of neem, miswak, mango, and banyan chewing sticks against two bacterial species considered the most important in the initiation and progression of dental caries, namely streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus acidop ...201223649081
effect of neem leaf extract (azadirachta indica) on c-myc oncogene expression in 4t1 breast cancer cells of balb/c mice.breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in women both worldwide and in malaysia. azadirachta indica (a. juss), commonly known as neem, is one of the most versatile medicinal plants that has gained worldwide prominence due to its medicinal properties. however, the anticancer effect of ethanolic neem leaf extract against breast cancer has not been documented. the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of neem leaf extract on c-myc oncogene expression in 4 ...201223626938
the efficacy of neem extract on four microorganisms responsible for causing dental caries viz streptococcus mutans, streptococcus salivarius, streptococcus mitis and streptococcus sanguis: an in vitro study.history and objectives: from the ancient time, neem used to be the traditional medicine for many diseases and was mainly used for cleaning the oral cavity. the incidence of dental caries was less a few decades ago but now the incidence of caries is very aggressive. this might be due to change in dietary habits, life style and more tendency toward processed food. the objective of this study is to find out the truth that if the neem is really efficacious against caries-inducing microorganisms, mai ...201223404001
biological activities and medicinal properties of gokhru (pedalium murex l.).bada gokhru (pedalium murex l.) is perhaps the most useful traditional medicinal plant in india. each part of the neem tree has some medicinal property and is thus commercially exploitable. during the last five decades, apart from the chemistry of the pedalium murex compounds, considerable progress has been achieved regarding the biological activity and medicinal applications of this plant. it is now considered as a valuable source of unique natural products for development of medicines against ...201223569975
toxicity profile of ethanolic extract of azadirachta indica stem bark in male wistar rats.to investigate the toxic implications of ethanolic stem bark extract of azadirachta indica (a. indica) at 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight in wistar rats.201223569852
urushiol-induced contact dermatitis caused during shodhana (purificatory measures) of bhallataka (semecarpus anacardium linn.) fruit.bhallataka (semecarpus anacardium linn.; ancardiaceae) is mentioned under upavisha group in ayurvedic classics and it is described as a poisonous medicinal plant in drugs and cosmetics act (india), 1940. fruit of bhallataka is used either as a single drug or as an ingredient in many compound formulations of indian systems of medicine to cure many diseases. tarry oil present in the pericarp of the fruit causes blisters on contact. the major constituent of the tarry oil is anacardic acid and bhila ...201223559802
Ethnobotanical study of antimalarial plants in Shinile District, Somali Region, Ethiopia, and in vivo evaluation of selected ones against Plasmodium berghei.The study documented medicinal plants that are traditionally used for treatment of malaria in Shinile District, eastern Ethiopia, and evaluated selected medicinal plants for their antiplasmodial activities against Plasmodium berghei.201222101085
a novel cost-effective medium for the production of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis for mosquito control.bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) has been used for mosquito-control programmes the world-wide. indeed, the large-scale production of bti for mosquito control is very expensive due to the high cost of its culture. in the present study, we attempted to widen the scope in developing cost-effective culture medium for bti production, based on the raw materials available on the biosphere, including coconut cake powder, ccp (cocos nucifera), neem cake powder, ncp (azadirachta indica) and ...201222543607
biotransformation of oral contraceptive ethynodiol diacetate with microbial and plant cell cultures. 201223021311
azadirachtin production by hairy root cultivation of azadirachta indica in a modified stirred tank reactor.present investigation involves hairy root cultivation of azadirachta indica in a modified stirred tank reactor under optimized culture conditions for maximum volumetric productivity of azadirachtin. the selected hairy root line (az-35) was induced via agrobacterium rhizogenes lba 920-mediated transformation of a. indica leaf explants (coimbatore variety, india). liquid culture of the hairy roots was developed in a modified murashige and skoog medium (mm2). to further enhance the productivity of ...201222580745
removal of pb(ii) ions from aqueous solution and industrial effluent using natural biosorbents.the purpose of the research is to investigate the applicability of the low-cost natural biosorbents for the removal of pb(ii) ions from aqueous solution and effluent from battery industry.201222293904
use of plant residues on growth of mycorrhizal seedlings of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss.).owing to its multiple uses in veterinary medicine, biofertilizers, pest control, etc., the commercial cultivation of neem (azadirachta indica) has been increasing in various countries. the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) and plant by-products (composted leaves and residues of neem and sugarcane) for the propagation of seedlings can be an efficient alternative to stimulate plant growth, reducing the propagation time and conferring increased tolerance of plants to biotic and abiotic stre ...201225363647
strategies to overcome oxygen transfer limitations during hairy root cultivation of azadiracta indica for enhanced azadirachtin production.the vast untapped potential of hairy root cultures as a stable source of biologically active chemicals has focused the attention of scientific community toward its commercial exploitation. however, the major bottleneck remains its successful scale-up. due to branching, the roots form an interlocked matrix that exhibits resistance to oxygen transfer. thus, present work was undertaken to develop cultivation strategies like optimization of inlet gas composition (in terms of % (v/v) o(2) in air), ai ...201222246729
development of a mathematical model for growth and oxygen transfer in in vitro plant hairy root cultivations.genetically transformed, "hairy roots" once developed can serve as a stable parent culture for in vitro production of plant secondary metabolites. however, the major bottleneck in the commercial exploitation of hairy roots remains its successful scale-up due to oxygen transfer limitation in three-dimensionally growing hairy root mass. mass transfer resistances near the gas-liquid and liquid-solid boundary layer affect the oxygen delivery to the growing hairy roots. in addition, the diffusional m ...201222222429
the methanol extract of azadirachta indica a. juss leaf protects mice against lethal endotoxemia and sepsis.in the present study, the inhibitory effect of neem leaf extract (nle) on lipopolysaccaride (lps)-induced nitric oxide (no) and tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α) production was examined both in vitro and in vivo. in vitro study revealed that nle treatment (100 μg/ml) inhibits lps (100 ng/ml)-induced no production by 96% and tnf-α production by 32%. the reduction in no production is probably conferred by the complete suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression. interestingly, i ...201224116281
snails and slugs damaging the cut foliage, cordyline fruticosa and use of biorationals towards their management.snails and slugs became a serious molluscan pests and damaging leaves of purple compacta, cordyline fruticosa extensively grown for export at green farm ltd, sri lanka. the export quality of leaves of c. fruticosa is lowered due to feeding of snails, achantina fulica (bowditch), opeas pyrgula schmacker and boettgerx and helix aspersa muller and slugs incurring great loss to cut foliage industry. paucity of information is available to understand snails and slugs damage and their host range that l ...201223885439
ethnoveterinary remedies of diseases among milk yielding animals in kathua, jammu and kashmir, india.the triangle of relationship between human beings, animals and plants has existed for ages, and has given rise to intense-relationships and consequently rich traditions of ethnoveterinary knowledge throughout the world. the predominantly rural population and the strong agricultural base have provided unique situation for rich ethnoveterinary practices in the study area.201222366093
acaricidal activity of petroleum ether extract of neem (azadirachta indica) oil and its four fractions separated by column chromatography against sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi larvae in vitro.the petroleum ether extract of neem oil and its four fractions separated by column chromatography was diluted at different concentrations with liquid paraffin. the acaricidal bioassay was conducted using a dipping method. the results indicated that the median lethal concentration (lc50) of the petroleum ether extract (at the concentration of 500.0ml/l) was 70.9ml/l, 24h after treatment. at concentrations of 500.0, 250.0, 125.0, 62.5 and 31.2ml/l, the median lethal times (lt50) of the petroleum e ...201222349080
nimbolide, a neem limonoid abrogates canonical nf-κb and wnt signaling to induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in human hepatocarcinoma (hepg2) cells.nuclear factor kappa b (nf-κb), an oncogenic signaling factor plays a critical role in the development and progression of various cancers. the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nimbolide, a neem derived tetranortriterpenoid on nf-κb signaling and its downstream events - wnt/β-catenin activation and apoptosis evasion in human hepatocarcinoma (hepg2) cells by evaluating nf-κb family members (nf-κb-p50, p65, iκb-α, p-iκb-α, and ikkβ), members of wnt signaling (gsk-3β and β-ca ...201222327045
histopathological, enzymatic, and molecular alterations induced by cigarette smoke inhalation in the pulmonary tissue of mice and its amelioration by aqueous azadirachta indica leaf extract.the modulatory and protective effects of aqueous azadirachta indica leaf extract (aaile) had been investigated against cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary oxidative stress and risk of lung cancer. male balb/c mice were divided in 4 groups: control, cigarette smoke (cs), aaile, and aaile + cs. animals in the cs group were exposed to cigarette smoke for a period of 10 weeks. aaile oral administration at a dosage of 100 mg/kg body weight was started 2 weeks prior to cs exposure and continued until th ...201222591280
post-surgical scalp wounds with exposed bone treated with a plant-derived wound therapeutic.to evaluate the efficacy of a plant-derived wound dressing, a mixture of hypericum oil (hypericum perforatum) and neem oil (azadirachta indica), in scalp wounds with exposed bone.201222584740
antioxidant effect of azadirachta indica on high fat diet induced diabetic charles foster rats.oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of both types of diabetes mellitus. excessively high levels of free radicals cause damage to cellular proteins, membrane lipids and nucleic acids, and eventually cell death. the present study was designed to investigate the possible effect of azadirachta indica leaf extract in high fat diet induced diabetic charles foster rats. the increased level of lipidperoxidation and altered levels of enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxi ...201222544689
synergistic antidiabetic activity of vernonia amygdalina and azadirachta indica: biochemical effects and possible mechanism.a decoction from a combination of herbs is commonly used in traditional african medicine for the management of chronic ailments. in nigeria, the leaves of vernonia amygdalina del. (va) and azadirachta indica a. juss (ai) are used traditionally as a remedy against diabetes mellitus for which empirical evidence attests to its efficacy.201222521731
efficacy of aphrodisiac plants towards improvement in semen quality and motility in infertile males.infertility is the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse. in the present study, herbal composition prepared by using medicinal plants having aphrodisiac potentials was administered orally to the albino rats for 40 days and to the oligospermic patients for 90 days in order to prove the efficacy of herbal composition. herbal composition was the mixture (powder form) of the medicinal plants namely, mucuna pruriens (linn), chlorophytum borivillianum (sant and fernand), and ...201222499723
shape-directing role of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in the green synthesis of ag-nanoparticles using neem (azadirachta indica) leaf extract.the shape-directing role of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, ctab, is reported to the green synthesis of ag-nanoparticles for the first time using neem (azadirachta indica) leaf extract. uv-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (tem), and selected area electron diffraction (saed) patterns were used to monitor the growth kinetics, morphology and crystalline nature of ag-nanoparticles, respectively. it was observed that the growths of ag-nanoparticles are stopped within 40 min of react ...201222463846
antiangiogenic effects and therapeutic targets of azadirachta indica leaf extract in endothelial cells.azadirachta indica (common name: neem) leaves have been found to possess immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. the present study evaluates anti-angiogenic potential of ethanol extract of neem leaves (eenl) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs). treatment of huvecs with eenl inhibited vegf induced angiogenic response in vitro and in vivo. the in vitro proliferation, invasion and migration of huvecs were suppressed with eenl. nuclear fragmentation and a ...201222461839
treatment with azadirachta indica in diabetic pregnant rats: negative effects on maternal outcome.the role of azadirachta indica (neem) against chagas disease and its antibiotic and antidiabetic action have been demonstrated in non-pregnant animals. however, the effects of neem on lipid metabolism and oxidative stress during pregnancy remain to be investigated. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of azadirachta indica (neem) on maternal reproductive performance and biochemical parameters in non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced mild diabetic rats (md).201222921950
neem oil limonoids induces p53-independent apoptosis and autophagy.azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, has a wide range of medicinal properties. neem extracts and its purified products have been examined for induction of apoptosis in multiple cancer cell types; however, its underlying mechanisms remain undefined. we show that neem oil (i.e., neem), which contains majority of neem limonoids including azadirachtin, induced apoptotic and autophagic cell death. gene silencing demonstrated that caspase cascade was initiated by the activation of caspase-9, wh ...201222915764
antioxidant enzyme changes in neem, pigeonpea and mulberry leaves in two stages of maturity.differential expression of antioxidant enzymes in various growth and differentiation stages has been documented in several plant species. we studied here, the difference in the levels of protein content and antioxidant enzymes activity at two stages of maturity, named young and mature in neem (azadirachta indica a. juss), pigeonpea (cajanus cajan (l.) mill sp) and mulberry (morus alba l.) leaves. the results showed that detached neem and pigeonpea mature leaves possessed higher activities of cat ...201222895104
efficacy of natural products against callosobruchus chinensis (coleoptera: bruchidae) in nepal.this study was conducted to determine the efficacy of local natural products against the beetle, callosobruchus chinensis l. (coleoptera: bruchidae), in stored chickpea cicer arietinum l. (fabaceae) in chitwan, nepal. five natural products and one synthetic pesticide (malathion) and two storage regimes (aluminum sheet bin vs. jute bags with plastic lining) were tested for their effect on stored pulse with respect to damage by c. chinensis. the five natural products included xanthoylum armatum dc ...201222812152
an endophytic fungus from azadirachta indica a. juss. that produces azadirachtin.azadirachtin a and its structural analogues are a well-known class of natural insecticides having antifeedant and insect growth-regulating properties. these compounds are exclusive to the neem tree, azadirachta indica a. juss, from where they are currently sourced. here we report for the first time, the isolation and characterization of a novel endophytic fungus from a. indica, which produces azadirachtin a and b in rich mycological medium (sabouraud dextrose broth), under shake-flask fermentati ...201222805849
meliacinolin: a potent α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor isolated from azadirachta indica leaves and in vivo antidiabetic property in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes in mice.in india, azadirachta indica is typically known as 'neem tree' and its leaves has long been used in the ayurvedic medical tradition as a treatment for diabetes mellitus. in-depth chromatographic investigation on chloroform extract resulted in identification of one new tetranortriterpenoid. structural elucidation was established on the basis of spectral data as 24,25,26,27-tetranor-apotirucalla-(apoeupha)-1α-senecioyloxy-3α,7α-dihydroxy-14,20,22-trien-21,23-epoxy named by us as meliacinolin (1). ...201222975503
a draft of the genome and four transcriptomes of a medicinal and pesticidal angiosperm azadirachta indica.the azadirachta indica (neem) tree is a source of a wide number of natural products, including the potent biopesticide azadirachtin. in spite of its widespread applications in agriculture and medicine, the molecular aspects of the biosynthesis of neem terpenoids remain largely unexplored. the current report describes the draft genome and four transcriptomes of a. indica and attempts to contextualise the sequence information in terms of its molecular phylogeny, transcript expression and terpenoid ...201222958331
allergic contact dermatitis caused by neem oil. 201222957489
immunological and physiological parameters of biomphalaria alexandrina snails exposed to azadirachta indica plant.plant molluscicides could be appropriate for snail control measures against schistosomiasis in endemic areas.201222957428
biodegradable polymer based encapsulation of neem oil nanoemulsion for controlled release of aza-a.azadirachtin a biological compound found in neem have medicinal and pesticidal properties. the present work reports on the encapsulation of neem oil nanoemulsion using sodium alginate (na-alg) by cross linking with glutaraldehyde. starch and polyethylene glycol (peg) were used as coating agents for smooth surface of beads. the sem images showed beads exhibited nearly spherical shape. swelling of the polymeric beads reduced with coating which in turn decreased the rate of release of aza-a. starch ...201222944443
investigation of the chemopreventive potential of neem leaf subfractions in the hamster buccal pouch model and phytochemical characterization.chemoprevention by medicinal plants has evolved as a practical strategy to control the incidence of cancer. azadirachta indica (neem) containing various bioactive components is a promising candidate for chemoprevention. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the chemopreventive efficacy of the bioactive subfractions ethyl acetate chloroform insoluble fraction (ecif) and the methanol ethyl acetate insoluble fraction (meif) following activity-guided fractionation of neem leaf extract. analys ...201222939101
a study on antioxidant and apoptotic effect of azadirachta indica (neem) in cases of cervical cancer.to study the anti-oxidant properties of neem (azadirachta indica) in inducing apoptosis of cervical cancer cells and estimation of caspase activity and tnf-α and ifn-γ levels in monocytes of cervical cancer patients and controls.201222718100
insecticidal activity of the granulosis virus in combination with neem products and talc powder against the potato tuberworm phthorimaea operculella (zeller) (lepidoptera: gelechiidae).the potato tuberworm phthorimaea operculella (zeller) is an important agricultural pest that causes significant economic losses to potato growers worldwide. the addition of an effective method of biological control for the potato tuberworm is greatly needed, and is currently unavailable in brazil. the granulosis virus (baculoviridae) is a promising biological control agent to protect post-harvest potatoes and in storage from the potato tuberworm. however, the control measure must be economically ...201223950047
observations on effects of a neem seed extract (mitestop®) on biting lice (mallophages) and bloodsucking insects parasitizing horses.the hair of 300 horses belonging to short hair and long hair races had been routinely treated during the last 3 years with a neem seed extract (mitestop®) in order to kill mallophages (e.g., specimens of the genus werneckiella). it was found that in all cases, a hidden infestation with these biting lice had existed, which became visible when the product (diluted 1:20 with tap water) was brushed onto the hair. the mallophages left the body surface and became visible as a fine "wooly looking" laye ...201221695566
neem oil (azadirachta indica) nanoemulsion--a potent larvicidal agent against culex quinquefasciatus.nanoemulsion composed of neem oil and non-ionic surfactant tween 20, with a mean droplet size ranging from 31.03 to 251.43 nm, was formulated for various concentrations of the oil and surfactant. the larvicidal effect of the formulated neem oil nanoemulsion was checked against culex quinquefasciatus.201221726037
evaluating eco-friendly botanicals (natural plant extracts) as alternatives to synthetic fungicides.fungicides are widely used in conventional agriculture to control plant diseases. prolonged usage often poses health problems as modern society is becoming more health-conscious. penicillium digitatum, the cause of citrus green mould, is an important postharvest pathogen which causes serious losses annually. the disease is currently managed with synthetic fungicides. there is, however, a growing concern globally about the continuous use of synthetic chemicals on food crops because of their poten ...201223311787
extracellular xylanase production by pleurotus species on lignocellulosic wastes under in vivo condition using novel pretreatment.the production of extracellular xylanase by three species of pleurotus species i.e. p. florida, p. flabellatus and p. sajor caju was studied under in vivo condition during their cultivation on pretreated lignocellulosic wastes. neem (azadirachta indica) oil and ashoka (saraca indica) leaves extract were used for pretreatment of paddy straw and wheat straw. between these two wastes, paddy straw pretreated with neem oil, supported better xylanase production than wheat straw. initially, xylanase pr ...201223273208
strengthening of antioxidant defense by azadirachta indica in alloxan-diabetic rat tissues.azadirachta indica has been reported to correct altered glycaemia in diabetes.201223125509
antiviral activity and mode of action of extracts from neem seed kernel against duck plague virus in vitro1.four fractions obtained from alcohol extracts of neem (azadirachta indica) seed kernel by column chromatography were investigated for antivirus activity against the duck plague virus (dpv) in vitro. duck embryo fibroblasts (def) infected with dpv were treated with the neem seed kernel extracts, and the effect of antivirus was judged by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide colorimetric method assay and direct immunofluorescence assay. the mode of action was tested by th ...201223091135
induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by nimbolide through extrinsic and intrinsic pathway.we aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of nimbolide, a limonoid present in leaves and flowers of the neem tree (azadirachta indica) on human breast cancer cells. the molecular mechanisms involved in the apoptotic activity exerted by nimbolide were studied on the estrogen dependent (mcf-7) and estrogen independent (mda-mb-231) human breast cancer cell lines. the growth inhibitory effect of nimbolide was assessed by mtt assay. apoptosis induction by nimbolide treatment was determined by jc- ...201223089555
ethnobotanical survey for potential anti-malarial plants in south-western nigeria.the ethnobotanical study surveyed the different types of medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in the south-western region of nigeria.201223085021
medicinal plants potential and use by pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in erer valley of babile wereda, eastern ethiopia.ethiopian plants have shown remarkably effective medicinal values for many human and livestock ailments. some research results are found on medicinal plants of the south, south west, central, north and north western parts of ethiopia. however, there is lack of data that quantitatively assesses the resource potential and the indigenous knowledge on use and management of medicinal plants in eastern ethiopia. the main thrust of the present ethnobotanical study centres around the potential and use o ...201223082858
evaluation of anti-plaque microbial activity of azadirachta indica (neem oil) in vitro: a pilot study.probably microbial plaque is the main etiology for periodontal tissue inflammation. various chemical agents have been evaluated over the years with respect to their antimicrobial effects in the oral cavity. however, all are associated with side effects that prohibit regular long-term use. therefore, the effectiveness of azadirachta indica (neem) against plaque formation is considered to be vital, with lesser side effects. the aim of the present study is to evaluate and prove the antimicrobial ac ...201223066297
treatment with a neem seed extract (mitestop®) of beetle larvae parasitizing the plumage of poultry.beetles of the species alphitobius diaperinus, dermestes bicolor, and dermestes lardarius may transmit severe agents of diseases on poultry and may in addition harm as larvae the skin and feathers thus leading to severe economic losses. the present study deals with a control measurement using a neem seed extract (mitestop®) being diluted with tap water. it was shown that spraying of a 1:33 dilution kills both larvae and adults of these part-time parasites as was previously shown for other parasi ...201221750872
potential use of neem leaf slurry as a sustainable dry season management strategy to control the malaria vector anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) in west african villages.larval management of the malaria vector, anopheles gambiae giles s.s., has been successful in reducing disease transmission. however, pesticides are not affordable to farmers in remote villages in mali, and in other material resource poor countries. insect resistance to insecticides and nontarget toxicity pose additional problems. neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) is a tree with many beneficial, insect bioactive compounds, such as azadirachtin. we tested the hypothesis that neem leaf slurry is a ...201223270164
an ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in terai forest of western nepal.nepal himalayas have been known as a rich source for valuable medicinal plants since vedic periods. present work is the documentation of indigenous knowledge on plant utilization as natural remedy by the inhabitants of terai forest in western nepal.201222591592
repellency of the oily extract of neem seeds (azadirachta indica) against varroa destructor (acari: varroidae).a crude oil extract of neem seed (azadirachta indica, sapindales: meliaceae) was evaluated for repellency on varroa destructor anderson and trueman. burgerjon's tower was used to spray worker bee pupae with 0.0, 0.3, 0.7, 1.3, 2.6, 5.3, 10.6 and 21.1% neem extract concentrations. sprayed pupae were attached to observation arenas and incubated at 32 ± 2°c and 70 ± 10% rh. the ability of v. destructor to locate and feed on treated and untreated pupae was monitored from 30 min to 72 h after spray. ...201222270115
immunomodulatory and therapeutic potentials of herbal, traditional/indigenous and ethnoveterinary medicines.herbs/botanical plants are considered as god's gift to human beings in the form of natural medicines, like the one well known "sanjeevani booti" described in hindu mythology. the traditional and ethno-veterinary practices have been in use for centuries, transferring the knowledge from generation to generation and they are accessible, easy to prepare and administer, with little or no cost at all. even though the modern developments in therapeutic field brought about a rapid decline in traditional ...201224175417
ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used by indigenous and tribal people in rangamati, bangladesh.there is very limited information regarding plants used by traditional healers in rangamati, bangladesh, for treating general ailments. current study provides significant ethnopharmacological information, both qualitative and quantitative on medical plants in rangamati.201223064284
botanicals to control soft rot bacteria of potato.extracts from eleven different plant species such as jute (corchorus capsularis l.), cheerota (swertia chiraita ham.), chatim (alstonia scholaris l.), mander (erythrina variegata), bael (aegle marmelos l.), marigold (tagetes erecta), onion (allium cepa), garlic (allium sativum l.), neem (azadiracta indica), lime (citrus aurantifolia), and turmeric (curcuma longa l.) were tested for antibacterial activity against potato soft rot bacteria, e. carotovora subsp. carotovora (ecc) p-138, under in vitr ...201222701096
neem cake: chemical composition and larvicidal activity on asian tiger mosquito.new pesticides based on natural products are urgently needed, in consideration of their environmental care and lower collateral effects. neem oil, the main product obtained from azadiractha indica a. juss, commonly known as neem tree, is mainly used in medical devices, cosmetics and soaps, as well as important insecticide. manufacturing of neem oil first includes the collection of the neem seeds as raw material used for the extraction. neem cake is the waste by-product remaining after extraction ...201222422292
the cytotoxic and antileishmanial activity of extracts and fractions of leaves and fruits of azadirachta indica (a juss.).the leishmaniases are severe parasitic diseases that occur worldwide, caused by protozoa of the genus leishmania. studies with medicinal plants can lead to a range of possibilities for treating and improving the patients' quality of life. research on azadirachta indica fractions and extracts has shown that they have excellent anti-leishmanial activity based on bioactivity-guided fractionation of ethanolic extracts of leaves and seeds and in vitro activity against promastigotes. in this research ...201223096354
bioethanol production involving recombinant c. thermocellum hydrolytic hemicellulase and fermentative microbes.the enhancement of the biomass productivity of escherichia coli cells harbouring the truncated 903 bp gene designated as glycoside hydrolase family 43 (gh43) from clostridium thermocellum showing hemicellulase activity along with its further use in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (ssf) process is described. (phosphoric acid) h(3)po(4)-acetone treatment and ammonia fibre expansion (afex) were the pretreatment strategies employed on the leafy biomass of mango, poplar, neem and asoka ...201222383050
tertiary combination of freeze-dried urine of indian breeds of cow with plant products against snail lymnaea acuminata.snail lymnaea acuminata is the intermediate host of liver fluke fasciola gigantica, which cause endemic fasciolosis among cattle population of eastern uttar pradesh. control of snail population by molluscicides is one of the effective methods to control fasciolosis. in the present study molluscicidal activity of tertiary combination of freeze-dried urine of different indian breeds of cow sahiwal, geer and tharparkar with annona squamosa seed powder, ferula asafoetida root latex, azadirachta indi ...201224199478
the in vitro antiviral property of azadirachta indica polysaccharides for poliovirus.azadirachta indica a. juss, popularly known as neem, has been extensively used in ayurvedic medicine by indian population for over 2000 years. it is used traditionally for the healing of various diseases. natural products and their derivatives provide an excellent source for new anti-viral drugs.201222855945
novel anti-inflammatory activity of epoxyazadiradione against macrophage migration inhibitory factor: inhibition of tautomerase and proinflammatory activities of macrophage migration inhibitory factor.macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) is responsible for proinflammatory reactions in various infectious and non-infectious diseases. we have investigated the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of epoxyazadiradione, a limonoid purified from neem (azadirachta indica) fruits, against mif. epoxyazadiradione inhibited the tautomerase activity of mif of both human (humif) and malaria parasites (plasmodium falciparum (pfmif) and plasmodium yoelii (pymif)) non-competitively in a reversible ...201222645149
antimalarial plant remedies from burkina faso: their potential for prophylactic use.saye, a combination remedy prepared from cochlospermum planchonii hook.f. (cochlospermaceae), cassia alata l. (fabaceae) and phyllanthus amarus schumach. et thonn. (euphorbiaceae), n'dribala, a cochlospermum planchonii root decoction, and a fruit preparation of azadirachta indica a. juss. (meliaceae) are plant remedies of the folk medicine in burkina faso and are commonly used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria.201222301449
in vitro activity of neem (azadirachta indica) and cassava (manihot esculenta) on three pre-parasitic stages of susceptible and resistant strains of teladorsagia (ostertagia) circumcincta.anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes is considered as one of the main limiting factors causing significant economic losses to the small ruminant industry. the anthelmintic properties of some plants are among the suggested alternative solutions to control these parasitic worms. the present study investigated the anthelmintic activity of neem (azadirachta indica) and cassava (manihot esculenta) leaf extracts against the susceptible and resistant strains of one of the most importan ...201222455724
inhibition of dextransucrase activity in streptococcus mutans by plant phenolics.streptococcus mutans is responsible for causing dental caries in humans and utilizes sucrose for its growth. the dextransucrase (ec 2.4.1.5) is responsible for sucrose metabolism, which exhibits both hydrolytic and glucosyltransferase activities. in this study, we examined the effects of the plant phenols, namely gallic, tannic and syringic acids and aqueous extracts of certain traditionally used chewing sticks (acacia arabica, azadirachta indica, pongamia pinnata and salvadora persica) for prev ...201323617074
leaf extract of azadirachta indica (neem): a potential antibiofilm agent for pseudomonas aeruginosa.pseudomonas aeruginosa is well known for its ability to form biofilm on indwelling medical devices. these biofilms are difficult to remove because of their high tolerance to conventional antibiotics. therefore, there is a need to look for alternative agents such as medicinal plants, which can eradicate or inhibit biofilm effectively. this study evaluated the role of neem in inhibiting biofilm formation by p aeruginosa factors contributing to adherence and biofilm formation were also studied. res ...201323737302
azadirachta indica ethanolic extract protects neurons from apoptosis and mitigates brain swelling in experimental cerebral malaria.cerebral malaria is a rapidly developing encephalopathy caused by the apicomplexan parasite plasmodium falciparum. drugs currently in use are associated with poor outcome in an increasing number of cases and new drugs are urgently needed. the potential of the medicinal plant azadirachta indica (neem) for the treatment of experimental cerebral malaria was evaluated in mice.201323984986
brine shrimp toxicity and antimalarial activity of some plants traditionally used in treatment of malaria in msambweni district of kenya.in kenya, most people especially in rural areas use traditional medicine and medicinal plants to treat many diseases including malaria. malaria is of national concern in kenya, in view of development of resistant strains of plasmodium falciparum to drugs especially chloroquine, which had been effective and affordable. there is need for alternative and affordable therapy. many antimalarial drugs have been derived from medicinal plants and this is evident from the reported antiplasmodial activity.201323791809
pharmacodynamic evaluation for antiplasmodial activity of holarrhena antidysentrica (kutaja) and azadirachta indica (neemb) in plasmodium berghei infected mice model.to investigate in-vivo anti-plasmodial activity of aqueous extracts of plants selected based on the symptomology mentioned in ayurveda.201323768822
comparison of the antibacterial efficiency of neem leaf extracts, grape seed extracts and 3% sodium hypochlorite against e. feacalis - an in vitro study.e. faecalis is the predominant micro-organism recovered from root canal of the teeth where previous endodontic treatment has failed. thorough debridement and complete elimination of micro-organisms are objectives of an effective endodontic treatment. for many years, intracanal irrigants have been used as an adjunct to enhance antimicrobial effect of cleaning and shaping in endodontics. the constant increase in antibiotic-resistant strains and side-effects of synthetic drugs has promoted research ...201324453446
influence of various herbal irrigants as a final rinse on the adherence of enterococcus faecalis by fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscope.the aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial efficacy of three different herbal irrigants against enterococcus faecalis.201323956540
differently environment stable bio-silver nanoparticles: study on their optical enhancing and antibacterial properties.generally, limited research is extended in studying stability and applicational properties of silver nanoparticles (ag nps) synthesized by adopting 'green chemistry' protocol. in this work, we report on the synthesis of stable ag nps using plant-derived materials such as leaf extract of neem (azadirachta indica) and biopolymer pectin from apple peel. in addition, the applicational properties of ag nps such as surface-enhanced raman scattering (sers) and antibacterial efficiencies were also inves ...201324130832
omani propolis: chemical profiling, antibacterial activity and new propolis plant sources.propolis (bee glue) is a resinous honeybee product having a long history of application in many countries as a traditional remedy for treating wounds, burns, soar throat, stomach disorders, etc. it has been proved to possess beneficial biological effects, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antiulcer, and many others. bees gather propolis from diverse resinous plant parts and in different phytogeographic regions its chemical composition might vary significantly. i ...201324053750
iota-carrageenan-based biodegradable ag0 nanocomposite hydrogels for the inactivation of bacteria.in this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of iota-carrageenan based on a novel biodegradable silver nanocomposite hydrogels. the aim of study was to investigate whether these hydrogels have the potential to be used in bacterial inactivation applications. biodegradable silver nanocomposite hydrogels were prepared by a green process using acrylamide (am) with i-carrageenan (ic). the silver nanoparticles were prepared as silver colloid by reducing agno3 with leaf extracts of azadi ...201323618258
sensitivity of two in vitro assays for evaluating plant activity against the infective stage of haemonchus contortus strains.the sensitivity of larval paralysis assay (lpa) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide-formazan (mtt-formazan) assay was compared to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of plant extracts. in this study, the methanolic extract of azadirachta indica (neem) was evaluated for its activity against the infective-stage larvae (l(3)) of susceptible and resistant haemonchus contortus strains using the two aforementioned assays. in both in vitro assays, the same serial concentrat ...201322961237
diversity of flora used for the cure of equine diseases in selected peri-urban areas of punjab, pakistan.plants have widely been used and documented for their therapeutic potential in many parts of the world. there are, however, few reports on the use of plants for the treatment of diseases of equines. to this end, participatory epidemiology and rapid rural appraisal techniques were used to document the plants having pharmacotherapeutic significance against different ailments of equines in selected population of punjab, pakistan.201324283263
activated charcoal-mediated rna extraction method for azadirachta indica and plants highly rich in polyphenolics, polysaccharides and other complex secondary compounds.high quality rna is a primary requisite for numerous molecular biological applications but is difficult to isolate from several plants rich in polysaccharides, polyphenolics and other secondary metabolites. these compounds either bind with nucleic acids or often co-precipitate at the final step and many times cannot be removed by conventional methods and kits. addition of vinyl-pyrollidone polymers in extraction buffer efficiently removes polyphenolics to some extent, but, it failed in case of a ...201323537338
insecticidal and biting deterrent activity of rose-scented geranium (pelargonium spp.) essential oils and individual compounds against stephanitis pyrioides and aedes aegypti.rose-scented geranium, pelargonium spp., essential oils from the cultivars 'bourbon', 'china', 'egypt', 'rober's lemon rose' and 'frensham' were analyzed by gc-fid and gc-ms. a total of 136 compounds were identified from five essential oils, constituting 85.5-99.7% of the oils. essential oils and pure compounds were evaluated for their insecticidal activity against stephanitis pyrioides and larvicidal and biting deterrent activity against aedes aegypti.201323423995
insecticide susceptibility status in three medically important species of mosquitoes, anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus, from bruhat bengaluru mahanagara palike, karnataka, india.development of resistance among mosquito vectors of diseases is of growing concern in many countries of the subtropics, including much of india. the distributions of susceptibility/resistance to insecticides are scarcely recorded and are unknown in many parts of india. this manuscript reports the susceptibility status among strains of anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus collected from different geographical areas of bruhat bengaluru mahanagara palike (bbmp), karnataka, ...201322926921
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