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[Nontuberculous mycobacteria].Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the most common nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogen in Japan. There are 2 major types of clinical manifestations of MAC disease, including fibrocavitary disease and nodular bronchiectatic disease. Primary treatment of MAC disease is medical treatment. Standard multidrug regimens employ clarithromycin, rifampicin, and ethambutol. Aminoglycoside (streptomycin or kanamycin) is added if necessary. Patients whose disease is predominantly localized to 1 lung and ...201121916188
polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the rpob gene for identification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and differentiation of mycobacterium avium subspecies.mycobacterial speciation by polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (pra) of the rpob gene was evaluated for identification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and other mycobacterium avium complex (mac) members to the species or subspecies level by comparison with conventional methods including hsp65 sequencing, high-performance liquid chromatography, and pcr for accepted species- or subspecies-specific genomic targets. a total of 185 t ...201121429694
treatment outcome of combination therapy including clarithromycin for mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.the frequency of nontuberculous mycobacteria pulmonary disease in hiv-negative patients is increasing; the most common pathogen in korea is the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). however, few studies have evaluated the treatment outcome of mac pulmonary disease in korea.201121437163
drug efficacy by direct and adjusted indirect comparison to placebo: an illustration by mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis in hiv. 201121388558
evaluation of a rapid detection method of clarithromycin resistance genes in mycobacterium avium complex isolates.clarithromycin is the key drug in the various treatment regimens of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) diseases, and is the only drug for which drug susceptibility has been shown to correlate with clinical response in these diseases. a point mutation at either positions 2058 or 2059 of the 23s rrna gene has been reported to occur in high-level clarithromycin-resistant isolates. in this study, we examined the correlation between the results from a drug susceptibility test and the mutation of the 2 ...201121393190
[genetic research about mycobacterium avium complex].a variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) typing method using the mycobacterium avium tandem repeat (matr) loci (matr-vntr) is employed in japan for epidemiological studies using clinical isolates of m. avium. in this study, the usefulness of this matr-vntr typing method was compared with that of the is1245-restriction fragment length polymorphism (is1245-rflp) typing method and a mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit (miru)-vntr typing method reported previously (boschiroli, c. hubbans, p. ov ...201121404652
[non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis. what has been coming out].diagnosis of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis is relatively easy, because of recent technological advances (hrct, mgit, pcr, ddh etc). although many reports of this disease have been published, there are many problems to resolve. (1) prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis: shigeki sato (department of medical oncology and immunology, nagoya city university graduate school of medical sciences) questionnaire surveys to determine the prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) disease wer ...201121404655
bronchoscopic microsampling for bacterial colony counting in relevant lesions in patients with pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex infection.the incidence of pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections with nodular/bronchiectasis lesions is increasing. however, factors determining deterioration are unknown. in the present study, we investigated quantitative mac cultures obtained through bronchoscopic microsampling (bms) from patients with pulmonary mac infection and analyzed the relationship between mac culture and the short-term natural history. we also assessed chest computed tomography (ct) findings for the deterioratin ...201121673463
clinical characteristics and prognosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease with different radiographic patterns.the clinical characteristics and prognostic impact of radiographic patterns of patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (ntm-ld) are rarely evaluated.201121956280
concurrent lung cancer in non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis: case report.an 82-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital after multiple round opacities were detected in chest x-rays performed during a routine health screening. mycobacterium avium complex (mac) was found in sputum cultures, and compatible pathological findings on biopsy confirmed pulmonary mac infection, whereas biopsies from another opacity revealed adenocarcinoma of the lung.curative surgery for the lung cancer confirmed a concurrence of lung cancer and pulmonary mac infection. since the prevalenc ...201122531123
il-32 expression in the airway epithelial cells of patients with mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.lung disease due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) organisms is increasing. a greater understanding of the host immune response to mac organisms will provide a foundation to develop novel therapies for these recalcitrant infections. il-32 is a newly described pro-inflammatory cytokine that enhances host immunity against various microbial pathogens. cytokines that induce il-32 such as interferon-gamma, il-18, il-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are of considerable importance to mycobacterial ...201122033195
nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in cancer patients in a medical center in taiwan, 2005-2008.data on the nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) species that cause infection and the characteristics of disease caused by these pathogens in cancer patients are limited, so we perform this study to investigate the species distribution of ntm isolates from various clinical specimens and to elucidate the epidemiologic trends in ntm isolates and diseases among cancer patients. from 2005 through 2008, cancer patients with ntm infections as defined by the american thoracic society/infectious diseases ...201122137681
distinguishing tuberculosis from mycobacterium avium complex disease using an interferon-gamma release assay.the quantiferon®-tb gold (qft-g) test can be used to distinguish between tuberculosis (tb) and non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease, but a high background tb infection rate may pose a problem. although the quantiferon®-tb (qft) test, the first-generation qft-g test, employs a non-specific ppd antigen, avium sensitin is also used as a stimulating antigen.201121756514
clinical significance of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolates in elderly taiwanese patients.the aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) isolates in elderly taiwanese patients. from 2004 through 2008, patients >65 years old with ntm isolation were identified. the definitions of ntm disease followed the american thoracic society and infectious disease society of america (ats/idsa) criteria. among the 3,175 ntm isolates, mycobacterium avium complex (mac; n = 1,118, 35.2%) was the most prevalent species, followed by m. abscessus ( ...201121240651
infection of eurasian badgers (meles meles) with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteria.there are few reports of infection with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteria in badgers. in this study archive data relating to the isolation of mac organisms from badgers in the uk is presented, and information derived from recent cases of such infection in spain is used to illustrate the associated pathology and to characterise strain types. tissue samples were cultured for mycobacteria and, in the case of spanish badgers, were examined both histopathologically and using immunohistochemi ...201120605496
two cases of disseminated mycobacterium avium infection associated with a new immunodeficiency syndrome related to cxcr4 dysfunctions.disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is a rare but severe disease mostly seen in patients with aids. it has been previously described in patients suffering from other kinds of immunodeficiency (e.g. primary immunodeficiency diseases in children or hairy cell leukaemia). we report two cases of disseminated mac disease in young women with extended granulomatosis that revealed a new form of severe immunodeficiency syndrome. both clinical observations initially appeared to be ver ...201120148920
mimicry of the pathogenic mycobacterium vacuole in vitro elicits the bacterial intracellular phenotype, including early-onset macrophage death.mycobacterium avium complex (mac) within macrophages undergoes a phenotype change that allows for more efficient entry into surrounding host cells. we hypothesized that, by developing an in vitro system resembling the intravacuolar environment, one could generate insights into the mycobacterial intracellular phenotype. mac was incubated in "elemental mixtures" that reproduce metal concentrations and ph in the vacuoles at different time points and then used to infect fresh macrophages. incubation ...201121444666
pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic-based treatment of disseminated mycobacterium avium.disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is treated with a macrolide and ethambutol. however, the kill rates are extremely slow so that therapy takes many months to years to achieve and even then more than 40% of patients are not completely cured. recent studies have demonstrated that assays that detect extracellular mac have a limited predictive value. antibiotics kill at a much slower and more disappointing rate against bacilli within macrophages. use of pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic m ...201121526944
[disseminated infection with mycobacterium avium in a patient with newly diagnosed hiv infection].in the czech republic, mycobacteriosis is relatively rare. the low incidence probably reflects high bcg coverage rates in the czech population. globally, the importance of bcg vaccine has been increasing, as a result of acquired immunodeficiencies, particularly hiv infection. the presented case report describes the course of disseminated mycobacteriosis in a vietnamese asylum seeker with newly diagnosed advanced hiv infection. in hiv patients, disseminated mycobacteriosis, most frequently caused ...201121780028
[present status of studies on epidemiology and molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium kansasii, in special reference to its epidemiology].mycobacterium kansasii, a slow-growing photochromogen, causes serious pulmonary diseases in humans. since the 1980s the isolation rate of m. kansasii has been surpassed by that of mycobacterium avium complex (mac). pulmonary disease caused by m. kansasii is known to be more common in urban areas than in rural areas, and its changing epidemiologic features and geographical distribution have been known for several decades. the disease had been found almost only in and around tokyo areas until the ...201121735859
lichen scrofulosorum caused by pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection. 201121616750
Pigs as an experimental model for systemic Mycobacterium avium infectious disease.Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is an opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients and pigs, and causes dissemination through primary intestinal lesions. However, its pathogenesis is not well understood. In this article, we hypothesize that pigs can provide a suitable experimental model of disseminated MAC disease. We compared the initial route of infection, the characteristics of the pathogenic strains, the immunological status of the hosts, and the histological characteristics. The route of infec ...201121992722
Distribution of mycobacterial antigen based on differences of histological characteristics in pulmonary Mycobacterium avium infectious diseases-Consideration of the extent of surgical resection from the pathological standpoint.Quantitative assessment of mycobacterial antigens is very important to determine the surgical indication, as well as the area of resection for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infectious disease. However, at present, pathological assessment is only possible as a postoperative examination. We performed quantitative evaluation of mycobacterial antigens using lung tissues with MAC pulmonary infection obtained from surgical resection. The distribution of mycobacterial antigens was evaluat ...201122177729
[diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary diseases caused by mycobacterium avium complex].recently, the clinical importance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria(especially, mycobacterium avium complex [mac] respiratory infection) has been increasing. in addition, an official ats/idsa statement about diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases has been published in february, 2007. in this review article, clinical features and radiological findings of pulmonary mac diseases mainly i) primarily fibrocavitary disease, and ii) nodular/bronchiectatic disease ar ...201121838046
therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.little is known regarding the application of therapeutic drug monitoring for treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) lung disease.201222878282
modulation of innate host factors by mycobacterium avium complex in human macrophages includes interleukin 17.although opportunistic infections due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) have been less common since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, globally, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1)-positive patients remain predisposed to these infections. absence of a properly functioning acquired immune response allows mac persistence within macrophages localized in lymph nodes coinfected with hiv and mac. although a deficiency in interferon γ appears to play a part in the ability o ...201222930805
enhanced levels of ccl19 in patients with advanced acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids).based on the ability to recruit lymphocytes and dendritic cells to lymphoid tissue and to promote inflammation, we hypothesized a role for dysregulated ccl19 and ccl21 levels in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with advanced immunodeficiency, and in particular in those with accompanying mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection. the hypothesis was explored by studies in hiv-infected patients with and without mac infection, as well as in vitro, examining the ability of prote ...201222288592
characterization of clinical and environmental mycobacterium avium spp. isolates and their interaction with human macrophages.members of the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) are naturally occurring bacteria in the environment. a link has been suggested between m. avium strains in drinking water and clinical isolates from infected individuals. there is a need to develop new screening methodologies that can identify specific virulence properties of m. avium isolates found in water that predict a level of risk to exposed individuals. in this work we have characterized 15 clinical and environmental m. avium spp. isolates ...201223028991
antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of clarithromycin on mycobacterium avium complex replication in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells.the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) invades cultured human bronchial cells, can replicate intracellularly, and facilitates the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from cells. the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of clarithromycin (cam) on mac invasion, replication, and the release of cytokines and chemokines. a human bronchial epithelial cell line (beas-2b) monolayer grown on a tissue culture plate was infected with mac. after 24 h, the cells were washed with hanks ...201222370922
inter- and intra-subtype genotypic differences that differentiate mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis strains.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is the aetiological agent of johne's disease or paratuberculosis and is included within the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). map strains are of two major types often referred to as 'sheep' or 's-type' and 'cattle' or 'c-type'. with the advent of more discriminatory typing techniques it has been possible to further classify the s-type strains into two groups referred to as type i and type iii. this study was undertaken to genotype a large pa ...201223164429
therapy of refractory nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease.the prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) lung disease is increasing in the usa. clinicians are therefore encountering these patients with increasing frequency, with the attendant multiple therapeutic challenges presented by ntm lung disease including relatively frequent (compared with tuberculosis) treatment failure.201222327466
a case of follicular bronchiolitis as the histological counterpart to nodular opacities in bronchiectatic mycobacterium avium complex disease.here we report the case of a 72-year-old woman with nodular bronchiectatic mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease. chest computed tomography on admission revealed multiple micronodular and branching opacities in both lobes with segmental distribution; bronchiectasis and bronchial wall thickening were observed in the middle lobe and lingula. the patient consented to and underwent thoracoscopic lung biopsy; epithelioid granulomas were occasionally observed, but follicular bronchiolitis was wide ...201223133778
disseminated mycobacterium intracellulare infection in an immunocompetent host.disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection can occur in immunocompromised patients, and rarely in immunocompetent subjects. due to the extensive distribution of the disease, clinical presentation of disseminated mac may mimic malignancies, and thorough examinations are required in order to make accurate diagnosis. we report a case of disseminated mycobacterium intracellulare disease in an immunocompetent patient, which involved the lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and multiple bones. f-1 ...201223101011
[a study of adverse drug reactions in the treatment of pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease].adverse drug reactions interfere with the standard treatment of pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease; however, few studies have investigated this issue. we studied adverse drug reactions in the treatment of pulmonary mac disease.201222993889
rapid detection of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by use of quenching probe pcr (genecube).early detection of tuberculosis (tb) is essential for infection control. the genecube (toyobo) is a novel fully automated gene analyzer that can amplify target dnas within 60 min. in this study, we evaluated the ability of the genecube to directly detect mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc) and mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in clinical specimens. the results were then compared with those obtained using conventional culture, microscopy, and the cobas amplicor assay (roche). we examined a ...201222933602
profile of cause of death assigned to adults on antiretroviral therapy in soweto.this retrospective cohort study describes causes of death in 305 patients (baseline median cd4 count 26/μl) from 2 943 adults on antiretroviral therapy. acute sepsis (20%), tuberculosis (18%) and mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteraemia (14%) were the most common causes. mortality owing to the disease was 66% for mac bacteraemia and 23% for non-hodgkin's lymphoma. in 37 patients dying beyond one year on art, virological failure was present in 11 (30%), and non-hiv-related causes of death oc ...201222831946
diagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex in granulomatous lymphadenitis in slaughtered domestic pigs.the aim of this study was to compare two diagnostic methods for the detection of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in lymph nodes with granulomatous lymphadenitis from slaughtered domestic pigs. fifty affected lymph nodes were collected from 50 pigs and examined microscopically and by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). microscopically, granulomatous lesions were observed in 92% of the samples, consisting mostly of central necrosis (78%) with dystrophic calcification (46%) and associated ...201222784782
characterization of a novel variant of mycobacterium chimaera.in this study, nonchromogenic mycobacteria were isolated from pulmonary samples of three patients in the netherlands. all isolates had identical, unique 16s rrna gene and 16s-23s its sequences, which were closely related to those of mycobacterium chimaera and mycobacterium marseillense. the biochemical features of the isolates differed slightly from those of m. chimaera, suggesting that the isolates may represent a possible separate species within the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). however, ...201222700551
association between pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex infection and lung cancer.patients with lung cancer are sometimes found to have respiratory cultures growing mycobacterium avium complex (mac). this study describes the clinical, pathologic, and radiographic -characteristics of individuals who harbor concomitant lung cancer and mac.201222699888
[a case of environmental infection with pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease from a residential bathroom of a patient suggested by variable-number tandem-repeat typing of mycobacterium avium tandem repeat loci].a 63-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of bilateral infiltrations and nodular opacities in her chest radiograph taken in the mass radiography screening in september 2010. the chest computed tomography showed patchy infiltrations with bronchiectasis in the lower lung fields on both sides. she was diagnosed with pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease based on the bacteria recovered from the sputum and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. to elucidate an environmental ma ...201222693875
[hypersensitivity pneumonitis-like disease caused by exposure to mycobacterium avium complex in bathtub water at home: a case report].we report here a case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis-like disease in an adult, likely due to exposure to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in his bathtub water at home. a 63-year-old man was referred to our hospital with exertional dyspnea. chest computed tomography showed bilateral, diffuse, centrilobular ground-glass nodules. bronchoalveolar lavage showed marked lymphocytosis. transbronchial biopsy showed epithelioid cell granulomas and lymphocyte alveolitis. cultures of the patient's sputum ...201222693874
[distribution of pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease cavities and their course under chemotherapy].the presence of a cavitary lesion is important factor for pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) treatment.201222693873
primary cutaneous infection by mycobacterium avium: a case report and literature review.nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) are becoming increasingly important cutaneous pathogens as the number of susceptible patients increases. nevertheless, primary cutaneous infection by one particular species, mycobacterium avium complex (mac), remains relatively unusual, particularly in immunocompetent patients. we review the english-language literature on primary cutaneous mac in patients who were neither immunocompromised nor pharmacologically immunosuppressed. we offer an additional report of ...201222611745
complete genome sequence of mycobacterium intracellulare strain atcc 13950(t).here we report the first complete genome sequence of mycobacterium intracellulare atcc 13950(t), a mycobacterium avium complex (mac) strain. this genome sequence will serve as a valuable reference for understanding the epidemiologic, biological, and pathogenic aspects of the disparity between mac members.201222535933
mycobacterium avium complex--the role of potable water in disease transmission.mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is a group of opportunistic pathogens of major public health concern. it is responsible for a wide spectrum of disease dependent on subspecies, route of infection and patients pre-existing conditions. presently, there is limited research on the incidence of mac infection that considers both pulmonary and other clinical manifestations. mac has been isolated from various terrestrial and aquatic environments including natural waters, engineered water systems and so ...201222471411
mycobacterium avium-intracellulare brain abscess in hiv-positive patient.mycobacterial opportunistic infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients living with hiv (plhiv) worldwide. nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) infection is one of the leading causes of opportunistic infection in patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome i.e., with cd4 count less than 50/cu.mm. mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is among the most common opportunistic bacterial infections in those patients with advanced immunodeficiency apart from cryptococ ...201222412276
association of slc11a1 (nramp1) polymorphisms with pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex infection.although genetic variants in slc11a1 (nramp1) have been associated with mycobacterial diseases, these findings have not been extensively validated in pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection. this study investigated the genomic structure of slc11a1 and its association with mac infection. nineteen polymorphic loci were genotyped in european descendents and the japanese population. linkage disequilibrium (ld) structures and frequencies of major haplotypes differed between these 2 popu ...201222387151
identification of a novel tetrapeptide structure of the mycobacterium avium glycopeptidolipid that functions as a specific target for the host antibody response.mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is a group of non-tuberculous mycobacteria that cause tuberculosis-like diseases in humans. unlike mycobacterium tuberculosis, mac expresses high levels of glycopeptidolipids (gpls) containing a well-defined tetrapeptide-amino alcohol core, composed of d-phenylalanine, d-allo-threonine, d-alanine, and l-alaninol, that is modified with a fatty acid and sugar residues. surprisingly, however, a careful scrutiny of the mass spectrum of mac gpls revealed the presence ...201222382026
pseudallescheria boydii pneumonia in an immunocompetent host.pseudallescheria boydii pneumonia is rarely reported among immunocompetent patients.201223569518
the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease treatment.currently recommended multidrug treatment regimens for mycobacterium avium complex (mac) lung disease yield limited cure rates. this results, in part, from incomplete understanding of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drugs.201222744719
atypical mycobacterial spondylitis as a challenging differential diagnosis to metastatic disease of the spine: a case report.disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is rarely seen in patients without acquired immune deficiency syndrome. a disseminated mac infection presenting with symptoms that mimic tumor metastasis had not previously been reported. few disseminated mac infections have been reported, and all image patterns in these cases indicated destructive lesions. we present a case involving a tumor-like disseminated mac infection with spondylitis in a 68-year-old man whose symptoms started with ...201223412200
mycobacterium avium complex infection-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome of the central nervous system in an hiv-infected patient: case report and review.disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection involves the central nervous system (cns) less frequently than tuberculosis, and mac-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (iris) of the cns in aids patients is even more rarely described. we report a case of mac-related iris of the cns in an hiv-infected patient who presented with meningoencephalitis and myelitis 2 months after discontinuation of antimac therapy, when he had achieved prolonged suppression of hiv replication ...201222227308
non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection: 75 cases.non-tuberculosis mycobacterium is especially seen in aids and non-immunosuppressant patients. this study was designed to evaluate data relating to non-tuberculosis mycobacterium content in patients' sputum for the clinical importance.201222554363
wild boar tuberculosis in iberian atlantic spain: a different picture from mediterranean habitats.infections with mycobacterium bovis and closely related members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtc) are shared between livestock, wildlife and sporadically human beings. wildlife reservoirs exist worldwide and can interfere with bovine tuberculosis (tb) eradication efforts. the eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) is a mtc maintenance host in mediterranean iberia (spain and portugal). however, few systematic studies in wild boar have been carried out in atlantic regions. we describe the p ...201324010539
comparative genome analysis of mycobacterium avium revealed genetic diversity in strains that cause pulmonary and disseminated disease.mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection causes disseminated disease in immunocompromised hosts, such as human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive patients, and pulmonary disease in persons without systemic immunosuppression, which has been increasing in many countries. in japan, the incidence of pulmonary mac disease caused by m. avium is about 7 times higher than that caused by m. intracellulare. to explore the bacterial factors that affect the pathological state of mac disease caused by ...201323990995
disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection in a patient carrying autoantibody to interferon-γ.a 66-year-old man was admitted to our hospital on suspicion of lung cancer with bone metastasis. he suffered multiple joint and muscle pain. 18f-fluorodeoxy glucose positron emission tomography (fdg-pet) showed multiple accumulations in the lung, bones including the vertebrae, and mediastinal lymph nodes. anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody was negative. because mycobacterium avium complex (mac) was isolated from bronchial lavage fluid, bronchial wall, peripheral blood, and muscle a ...201323456204
how does a mycobacterium change its spots? applying molecular tools to track diverse strains of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.defining genetic diversity in the wake of the release of several mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) genome sequences has become a major emphasis in the molecular biology and epidemiology of johne's disease research. these data can now be used to define the extent of strain diversity on the farm. however, to perform these important tasks, researchers must have a way to distinguish the many map isolates/strains that are present in the environment or host to enable tracking over time ...201323721475
treatment of refractory mycobacterium avium complex lung disease with a moxifloxacin-containing regimen.moxifloxacin (mxf) has in vitro and in vivo activity against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in experimental models. however, no data are available concerning its treatment effect in patients with mac lung disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of an mxf-containing regimen for the treatment of refractory mac lung disease. patients with mac lung disease who were diagnosed between january 2002 and december 2011 were identified from our hospital database. we identifi ...201323478956
diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.the nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) are typically environmental organisms residing in soil and water. although generally of low pathogenicity to humans, ntm can cause a wide array of clinical diseases; pulmonary disease is most frequent, followed by lymphadenitis in children, skin disease by m. marinum (particularly in fish tank fanciers), and other extrapulmonary or disseminated infections in severely immunocompromised patients. of the >140 ntm species reported in the literature, 25 species h ...201323460010
identification of potential biomarkers to distinguish mycobacterium colombiense from other mycobacterial species.mycobacterium avium complex (mac) consists of 9 species of slow-growing mycobacteria with differing degrees of pathogenicity, host preference and environmental distribution. mycobacterium colombiense is a novel member of mac that is responsible for disseminated infections in hiv-infected patients in colombia and lymphadenopathy cases in europe. at present, methods to easily differentiate novel members of mac are lacking. in this study, we identified possible biomarkers that are potentially usefu ...201322967705
genetic research about mycobacterium avium complex.we conducted four genetic studies on the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). (1) m. avium genotyping: a total of 70 clinical isolates from patients with pulmonary mac infections were typed by matr-vntr, is1245-rflp, and miru-vntr analyses to compare discriminatory powers of these typing methods. to allow a comparison of discriminatory powers, the hunter-gaston discriminatory index (hgdi) was calculated, giving a hgdi of 0.960 for is1245-rflp, 0.949 for miru-vntr, and 0.990 for matr-vntr, demonstr ...201323513564
mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (miru-vntr) genotyping of mycobacterium intracellulare for strain comparison with establishment of a pcr-based database.strain comparison is important to population genetics and to evaluate relapses in patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) lung disease, but the "gold standard" of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is time-consuming and complex. we used variable-number tandem repeats (vntr) for fingerprinting of respiratory isolates of m. intracellulare from patients with underlying bronchiectasis, to establish a nonsequence-based database for population analysis. different genotypes identified by p ...201323175249
spectrums of opportunistic infections and malignancies in hiv-infected patients in tertiary care hospital, china.hiv-related opportunistic infections (ois) and malignancies continued to cause morbidity and mortality in chinese hiv-infected individuals. the objective for this study is to elucidate the prevalence and spectrums of ois and malignancies in hiv-infected patients in the beijing ditan hospital.201324204583
serial ct findings of nodular bronchiectatic mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease with antibiotic treatment.the objective of our study was to analyze the serial ct findings of patients with the nodular bronchiectatic form of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) pulmonary disease treated with antibiotic therapy.201324059365
molecular analysis of mycobacteria isolated in mexican patients with different immunodeficiencies in a tertiary care hospital.the prevalence of infections with mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) species in patients with immunodeficiencies in mexico is unknown. the aim of this study was to identify, at the molecular level, the mycobacterial species most frequently affecting patients with immunodeficiencies and evaluate the genotypic diversity of mtb complex strains.201324054995
hypersensitivity reaction and tolerance induction to ethambutol.tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death worldwide from any infectious agent and the alarming increase in the annual incidence of new cases has been described as a global emergency. mycobacterium infection requires simultaneous administration of multiple drugs. although the majority of treatment courses progress with minor side effects, adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs occur in about 5% of treated patients and can be responsible for cessation or switching the therapy. both noni ...201323983702
virulence and immune response induced by mycobacterium avium complex strains in a model of progressive pulmonary tuberculosis and subcutaneous infection in balb/c mice.the genus mycobacterium comprises more than 150 species, including important pathogens for humans which cause major public health problems. the vast majority of efforts to understand the genus have been addressed in studies with mycobacterium tuberculosis. the biological differentiation between m. tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) is important because there are distinctions in the sources of infection, treatments, and the course of disease. likewise, the importance of studying n ...201323959717
nodular bronchiectatic mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. natural course on serial computed tomographic scans.existing literature is inconclusive regarding how the nodular bronchiectatic form of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease will progress without treatment and when treatment initiation should be considered.201323952847
epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections and associated chronic macrolide use among persons with cystic fibrosis.persons with cystic fibrosis (cf) are at high risk of nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) infection, with treatment requiring prolonged multidrug regimens that include macrolides. although macrolides, specifically azithromycin, are used in the management of patients with cf with chronic pseudomonas, macrolide-resistant ntm infections are of growing concern.201323927602
[a case of lung disease and spondylitis due to mycobacterium intracellulare in a immunocompetent patient].a 73-year-old immunocompetent woman was diagnosed with pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) infection and followed up without treatment. she developed lumbago and consulted a physician. spinal magnetic resonance imaging (mri) indicated pyogenic spondylitis and she was admitted to the orthopedics department at our hospital 4 months after developing lumbago. spinal mri on admission revealed spondylitis in l5/s1 and thus antibiotic agents were administered. however, the antibiotics were ine ...201323898496
non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease is common in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) are ubiquitous environmental organisms. cystic fibrosis (cf) patients are susceptible to ntm, but data about ntm in patients with non-cf bronchiectasis are limited.201323683809
[strategies for mycobacterium avium complex infection control in japan: how do they improve the present situation?].mycobacterium avium complex (mac) were the most frequently isolated (about 80%) and most common cause of lung nontuberculosis. its rate of infection is globally increasing, especially in japan. in this situation, it is urgently needed to provide scientific evidences and develop therapeutic interventions in mac infections. recently, more and more patients are elderly women with no history of smoking, and they have reticulonodular infiltrates and patchy bilateral bronchiectasis. however the progno ...201323672176
interventions for the prevention of mycobacterium avium complex in adults and children with hiv.mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is a common complication of advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) disease and is an independent predictor of mortality and shortened survival.201323633339
the geographic diversity of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from pulmonary samples: an ntm-net collaborative study.a significant knowledge gap exists concerning the geographical distribution of nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) isolation worldwide. to provide a snapshot of ntm species distribution, global partners in the ntm-network european trials group (net) framework (www.ntm-net.org), a branch of the tuberculosis network european trials group (tb-net), provided identification results of the total number of patients in 2008 in whom ntm were isolated from pulmonary samples. from these data, we visualised t ...201323598956
absence of mycobacterium intracellulare and presence of mycobacterium chimaera in household water and biofilm samples of patients in the united states with mycobacterium avium complex respiratory disease.recent studies have shown that respiratory isolates from pulmonary disease patients and household water/biofilm isolates of mycobacterium avium could be matched by dna fingerprinting. to determine if this is true for mycobacterium intracellulare, household water sources for 36 patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) lung disease were evaluated. mac household water isolates from three published studies that included 37 additional mac respiratory disease patients were also evaluated. speci ...201323536397
clinical characteristics and prevalence of pneumothorax in patients with pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease.pneumothorax in patients with pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease is considered to be a rare complication, and little is known about its clinical course. in this study, we aimed to define the clinical features, outcome, and prevalence of pneumothorax in patients with pulmonary mac disease. a retrospective review of medical records identified eight men and ten women (mean age, 75 years) with active pulmonary mac disease complicated by pneumothorax between 2003 and 2010 in our inst ...201323196652
proposed definitions for epidemiologic and clinical studies of mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.epidemiologic and clinical studies of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) pulmonary disease typically use strict ats/idsa definitions designed for decisions about treatment. studies based on these criteria may exclude a substantial number of patients with true disease. we reviewed patients treated for mac pulmonary disease at an academic medical center to propose revised definitions encompass the full spectrum of mac pulmonary disease.201324265675
prognostic value of american thoracic society criteria for non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease: a retrospective analysis of 120 cases with four years of follow-up.non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) cause disease in healthy and immunocompromised patients. the american thoracic society (ats) 2007 diagnostic criteria were devised to distinguish ntm disease from airway colonization. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the ats criteria.201323039965
update on the epidemiology of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.for decades, the incidence of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) has been reported to be increasing, yet formal epidemiological evaluation of this notion has been lacking until recently. defining the epidemiology of ntm has been more challenging than with mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb). unlike mtb, ntm are soil and water organisms, and infection is thought to be acquired from the environment rather than transmitted from person-to-person, with very rare exceptions. due to their nearly ...201323460008
serological assay by use of glycopeptidolipid core antigen for mycobacterium avium complex.we evaluated the clinical usefulness of glycopeptidolipid (gpl) core antigen for diagnosing mycobacterium avium complex (mac) pulmonary disease (mac-pd), including patients with clinically suspected mac-pd.201323387370
nontuberculous mycobacterium infections in rheumatoid arthritis patients: the serodiagnosis of pulmonary disease due to mycobacterium avium complex with an enzyme immunoassay kit detecting glycopeptidolipid core antigen (capilia mac antibody elisa)®.nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) are ubiquitous environmental organisms that can cause various diseases, including pulmonary disease (pd). in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra), numerous pulmonary manifestations, including bronchiectasis, may develop into mycobacterium avium-complex (mac)-pd, which can be lethal in patients who are being treated with a tumor necrosis factor-alpha blocker. however, the bronchiectasis associated with ntm-pd is difficult to distinguish from that associated wi ...201325409670
hypersensitivity pneumonitis with mycobacterium avium complex among spa workers.the new mexico department of health (nmdoh) investigated the cause of two cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (hp) in spa maintenance workers with laboratory confirmed mycobacterium avium complex (mac). the investigation occurred in tandem with worker protection and swimming pool regulatory investigations by the new mexico environment department at the spa where the workers were employed.201323582615
[immunological background on non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis].nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) pulmonary disease is increasing and mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is the most common cause. ntm pulmonary disease has been linked in a distinct patient phenotype such as thin, post-menopausal women. their predisposition to infection with ntm suggests that immunologic responses to ntm potentially contribute to pathogenesis of ntm lung disease. in this symposium, we asked four speakers to talk mainly about the immunologic pathogenesis. the topics included immu ...201324551953
a mycobacterial coinfection in a dog suspected on blood smear.a 4-year-old neutered female crossbred shepherd was referred for a history of 10 days of anorexia, polyuria, polydipsia, polyadenomegaly, and diarrhea. on physical examination, the dog appeared quiet, responsive, and apyretic, with generalized and severe lymphadenomegaly. hematologic abnormalities included neutrophilic leukocytosis with left shift, and lymphopenia. blood smears revealed intracytoplasmic bacilli negatively stained with may-grünwald-giemsa in neutrophils and monocytes. lymph node ...201324320783
a case report of mycobacterium avium complex peritonitis in an aids patient.peritonitis due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is uncommon. the risk for mac in aids patients is greatest in those with severely depressed cd4 count. the organs most commonly involved in disseminated mac infection include spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and intestines. the involvement of peritoneum by mac infection is rare. this is a case of mac peritonitis in a 26-year-old female aids patient who is noncompliant to highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). this patien ...201324303220
sero-diagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex lung disease using serum immunoglobulin a antibody against glycopeptidolipid antigen in taiwan.lung disease (ld) due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria is an important clinical concern. mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is one of the most common causative agents but the diagnosis of mac-ld remains challenging. detection of serum iga antibody against mac glycopeptidolipid (gpl) has recently been shown to improve the diagnosis of mac-ld, but has yet to be validated worldwide.201324260398
endobronchial avium mycobacteria infection in an immunocompetent child.a 12-month-old boy, with no medical history, was admitted for dyspnoea with no cough or fever. chest auscultation revealed an expiratory wheezing with decreased right-sided breath sounds. chest imaging revealed subcarinal adenopathy and a nodule in the right principal bronchus (rb). bronchoscopy showed a major obstruction of the rb by a granuloma, and a smaller granuloma in the left principal bronchus. the granulation tissue was removed by laser section. histological examination revealed a necro ...201324252838
endobronchial mycobacterium avium infection in an immunocompetent patient.although mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is the most common pathogen in nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) pulmonary diseases, endobronchial lesions caused by mac infections are very rare even in an immunocompromised host. herein, we describe the case of a 59-year-old, hiv-negative and non-immunocompromised woman who developed multifocal pulmonary infiltrations with endobronchial lesion caused by m. avium. bronchoscopic examination revealed white- and yellow-colored irregular mucosal lesions i ...201324265956
in vitro activity of amikacin against isolates of mycobacterium avium complex with proposed mic breakpoints and finding of a 16s rrna gene mutation in treated isolates.amikacin is a major drug used for the treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease, but standard laboratory guidelines for susceptibility testing are not available. this study presents in vitro amikacin mics for 462 consecutive clinical isolates of the mac using a broth microdilution assay. approximately 50% of isolates had amikacin mics of 8 μg/ml, and 86% had mics of ≤16 μg/ml. of the eight isolates (1.7%) with mics of 64 μg/ml, five had an mic of 32 μg/ml on repeat testing. ten isol ...201323946523
further isolation of mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus and subsp. bolletii in different regions of japan and susceptibility of these isolates to antimicrobial agents.the aim of this study was to genetically analyse mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus (hereafter m. abscessus) and m. abscessus subsp. bolletii (hereafter m. bolletii) isolates from six different regions of japan and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates. subspeciation of 143 clinical isolates of m. abscessus group was done by comparative sequence analysis of the rpob and hsp65 genes and the internal transcribed spacer (its) region. genetic analysis led to the ident ...201323850022
mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium abscessus complex target distinct cystic fibrosis patient subpopulations.clinical observations suggest that mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and mycobacterium abscessus complex (mabsc) may affect cystic fibrosis (cf) patients with different characteristics and risk factors, but this has never been demonstrated within a single prospective cohort.201322857820
serodiagnosis of mycobacterium avium complex and mycobacterium abscessus complex pulmonary disease by use of iga antibodies to glycopeptidolipid core antigen.an enzyme immunoassay kit that detects serum iga antibody reacting to glycopeptidolipid core antigen derived from mycobacterium avium complex (mac) was not useful for differentiating mac pulmonary disease (pd) from mycobacterium abscessus complex pd (mab-pd). however, this assay could be useful for differentiating mac- and mab-pd from pulmonary tuberculosis. (this study has been registered at clinicaltrials.gov under registration no. nct00970801.).201323740728
nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) lung disease: the top ten essentials.this review will utilize essential questions about nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) lung disease to succinctly address important new developments in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of ntm lung disease with a focus on practical information and "bottom line" answers. 1) what do i tell my patients who ask, “where did i get this infection” and, “should i take showers”? 2) what is the connection between bronchiectasis and the acquisition of ntm lung infection? 3) what other factors are i ...201424484653
the significance of mycobacterium abscessus subspecies abscessus isolation during mycobacterium avium complex lung disease therapy.isolation of mycobacterium abscessus subspecies abscessus (maa) is common during mycobacterium avium complex (mac) lung disease therapy, but there is limited information about the clinical significance of the maa isolates.201425357074
prevalence and risk factors for chronic co-infection in pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease.patients with pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease are often co-infected with various pathogenic microorganisms. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of co-infection with non-mac pathogens and the risk factors associated with co-infection in patients with pulmonary mac disease.201425478192
mycobacterium avium complex in day care hot water systems, and persistence of live cells and dna in hot water pipes.the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is a group of opportunistic human pathogens that may thrive in engineered water systems. mac has been shown to occur in drinking water supplies based on surface water, but less is known about the occurrence and persistence of live cells and dna in public hot water systems based on groundwater. in this study, we examined the occurrence of mac in hot water systems of public day care centers and determined the persistence of live and dead m. avium cells and nak ...201424272032
[mycobacterial lung disease in patients with cystic fibrosis--report of three cases].mycobacterial lung disease is caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm), also known as atypical mycobacteria. ntm are widely distributed in the environment, particularly in soil and water. although generally of low pathogenicity to humans, ntm can affect patients with underlying chronic lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, pneumoconiosis, or healed tuberculosis. some patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) have disease progression due to ntm, others can have ntm cultured intermit ...201425339567
pulmonary mycobacterium avium infection in a patient with crohn's disease under azathioprine treatment.anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy is known as a risk factor of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) infection. however, there are few reports of ntm infection under treatment with thiopurine agents. we herein report a first case of pulmonary infection caused by mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in a patient with crohn's disease under treatment with thiopurine. after starting antibiotics therapy for ntm including clarithromycin, rifampicin, ethambutol and streptomycin, mac infection was well ...201424932166
mycobacterium avium complex enteritis in hiv-infected patient.disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is an important aids-defining opportunistic infection. the introduction of antimicrobial prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy (art) markedly reduced the incidence of disseminated mac infection and improved the survival of affected individuals. however, it seems that patients with new or recurrent mac infection are still encountered in clinical practice. our images captured the characteristic endoscopic findings of mac duodenitis. the gas ...201426839771
long-term, low-dose erythromycin monotherapy for mycobacterium avium complex lung disease: a propensity score analysis.multidrug regimens are initially withheld in mild cases of pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease. based on the anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides, some patients are treated with erythromycin, which does not appear to exhibit cross-resistance with clarithromycin in mac. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and adverse events of erythromycin monotherapy in patients with pulmonary mac disease. this was a retrospective propensity score analysis consisting of 31 patien ...201424948577
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