Publications

interactive role of infection, inflammation and traditional risk factors in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.	although first suggested at the turn of the 20th century, there is a renewed interest in the infectious theory of atherosclerosis. studies done in many laboratories around the world over the past several years have shown an association between markers of inflammation and coronary atherosclerosis with an exacerbation of the inflammatory process during acute myocardial ischemia, particularly in the early stages of reperfusion. it is also being recognized that the traditional risk factors, such as ...	1998	9581711
[bronchial asthma from chlamydia pneumoniae? epidemiology, risk factors and practical consequence for therapy].		1998	9562721
[site of care provision, etiology and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in palma de mallorca].	it is not common that community-acquired pneumonias studies include patients non treated in hospital. the objectives were: to determine the cases managed in the ambulatory setting; to describe the clinical features; to identify the aetiological agents, and to describe the treatment, comparing inpatients with outpatients.	1998	9567255
chronic infection and atherogenesis.		1998	9568436
chlamydia pneumoniae in the female genital tract.		1998	9570671
antibody response to chlamydia pneumoniae infection in children with respiratory illness.	serologic diagnosis of chlamydia pneumoniae infection has been based on the microimmunofluorescence test (mif). however, recent prospective studies in children have found that >50% infected with c. pneumoniae failed to develop any antibodies detectable by mif. in this study, single sera from 46 culture-positive and 42 culture-negative children with respiratory infection and known mif status were examined by immunoblotting. forty-one (89.1%) of the single sera from culture-positive and 27 (64.3%) ...	1998	9498453
induction of macrophage foam cell formation by chlamydia pneumoniae.	foam cell formation is the hallmark of early atherosclerosis. it was found that the intracellular bacterium chlamydia pneumoniae induces foam cell formation by human monocyte-derived macrophages. exposure of macrophages to c. pneumoniae followed by low-density lipoprotein (ldl) caused a marked increase in the number of foam cells and accumulation of cholesteryl esters. foam cell formation was not inhibited by the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene nor fucoidan, suggesting that lipid accumulati ...	1998	9498454
chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in severe essential hypertension.	several studies have implied an association between chlamydia pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae) and cardiovascular disease. our study was designed to determine whether this organism is associated with severe essential hypertension in a multiracial british population. antibodies to c. pneumoniae were measured by microimmunofluorescence in 123 patients with chronic severe hypertension and 123 control subjects, matched for ethnic origin, age, sex, and smoking habit, admitted to the same hospital with vari ...	1998	9461226
chlamydia pneumoniae in children with acute respiratory tract infections.	children seeking medical attention for acute respiratory tract infections were investigated for evidence of chlamydia pneumoniae infection. blood samples were obtained from 367 children. nasopharyngeal or throat swabs for pcr analysis (polymerase chain reaction) were taken from 360 children. serology was found to be useful for diagnosis of infection only in children aged > 5 y. using pcr, a prevalence of 8 and 10% of c. pneumoniae was found in male and female children aged < 2 y; 17 and 19%, res ...	1998	9510442
the effect of prolonged doxycycline therapy on chlamydia pneumoniae serological markers, coronary heart disease risk factors and forearm basal nitric oxide production.	chronic chlamydia pneumoniae infection, characterized by elevated levels of c. pneumoniae igg and iga antibodies and immunocomplexes, is associated with myocardial infarction and angiographically verified coronary heart disease. c. pneumoniae organisms have also been found in coronary atheromas, but not in healthy vessels. we investigated the effect of 4 months' doxycycline therapy on serological markers of c. pneumoniae infection and coronary risk factors. thirty-four non-smoking men, aged 57.9 ...	1998	9511041
[herd immunity and the role of chlamydia pneumoniae in the etiology of respiratory diseases in the czech republic].	the objective of the investigation was to assess the seroprevalence of igg in the population of the czech republic and to assess the etiological role of chlamydia pneumoniae in respiratory diseases. the sera were examined by specific tests-genus by elisa and species by the microimmunofluorescent test. the examination of sera from 1974-1975 for the serological survey was selected to make the results comparable with the results of examinations planned for 1996. chlamydia igg were detected already ...	1998	9511284
[arteriosclerosis--a chlamydia pneumoniae infection?].		1998	9487292
[is arteriosclerosis an infectious disease?].	there are three findings suggesting the inflammatory and immunogenic nature of the atherosclerosis: firstly the colocalisation of macrophages/monocytes and t-lymphocytes in all phases of the atherosclerosis, starting with intimal damages and developing into the end stage of atheromatous plaques, secondly the production of cytokines and thirdly the expression of mhc ii antigens. the persisting chlamydia pneumoniae bacteria infection, which has been repeatedly detected in the intima, sustains this ...	1998	9492588
infection with chlamydia pneumoniae accelerates the development of atherosclerosis and treatment with azithromycin prevents it in a rabbit model.	chlamydia pneumoniae infection has been associated with atherosclerosis by serological studies and detection of bacterial antigen within plaque. we sought to evaluate a possible causal role in an animal model.	1998	9495296
weekly oral azithromycin as prophylaxis for agents causing acute respiratory disease.	since the 1950s the u.s. military has used intramuscular injections of benzathine penicillin g (bpg) to control outbreaks of respiratory disease. in an effort to find an alternative prophylaxis, a randomized field trial was conducted among 1,016 male u.s. marine trainee volunteers at high risk for respiratory disease. participants were evaluated for evidence of acute respiratory infection by serological tests on pretraining and posttraining sera (63 days apart). oral azithromycin prophylaxis (50 ...	1998	9455517
epidemiology of mild pneumonia.	clinicians define mild pneumonia as patients who are "not too sick," have normal respiratory and mental status, and are able to maintain oral intake. as yet there is no uniform definition of mild pneumonia. by inference, mild pneumonia occurs in younger patients with less comorbidity and has a better outcome than pneumonia that is moderate to severe. "atypical" pathogens such as mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae and respiratory tract viruses are common causes of mild pneumonia.	1998	9543470
[changes of pathogenic microbes in respiratory infections in aged].		1998	9549313
distribution of chlamydia pneumoniae infection in the athersclerotic carotid artery.	chlamydia pneumoniae infection has recently become noteworthy in relation to atherosclerosis. we investigated by immunohistochemistry the distribution of c pneumoniae infection in the atherosclerotic carotid artery.	1998	9550510
chlamydia pneumoniae in human abdominal aortic aneurysms.	to investigate the presence of chlamydia pneumoniae dna in the wall of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms, and in the wall of non-aneurysmal infrarenal abdominal aortas.	1998	9551052
failure to demonstrate chlamydia pneumoniae in symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms by a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr).	to investigate whether chlamydia pneumoniae is present in symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms (aaa).	1998	9551056
chronic chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children.	this study was undertaken to investigate the reported association between chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and the expression of asthma-related symptoms. one hundred and eight children with asthma symptoms, aged 9-11 yrs, completed a 13 month longitudinal study. the children maintained a daily diary of respiratory symptoms and peak flow rates. when respiratory symptoms were reported an investigator was called and a nasal aspirate obtained. in total 292 episodes were repor ...	1998	9551736
chlamydia pneumoniae and its role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	the diverging of t-helper (th) cells into predominantly th1 and th2 subsets on the basis of their cytokine profiles has decisively improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of many chronic infectious diseases. recent data suggest that the presence of interferon-gamma and the subsequent suppression of interleukin-4 production leads to a th1-type response that is required for the resolution of infections caused by intracellular pathogens. the ability of the macrophages to respond aggressively ...	1998	9556087
can degenerative aortic valve stenosis be related to persistent chlamydia pneumoniae infection?	the cause of age-related degenerative (tricuspid) aortic valve calcification is largely unknown, but one typical characteristic is an active inflammatory process. the presence of chlamydia pneumoniae in aortic valve stenosis was recently shown.	1998	9556468
in vitro activity of a new 8-methoxyquinolone, bay 12-8039, against chlamydia pneumoniae.	the in vitro susceptibilities of 10 strains of chlamydia pneumoniae to a new 8-methoxyquinolone, bay 12-8039, and to ofloxacin, doxycycline, and erythromycin were determined. the activity of bay 12-8039 was similar to that of ofloxacin, with a mic at which 90% of the isolates had no inclusions and a minimal chlamydicidal concentration at which 90% of the isolates had no inclusions after passage of 1.0 microg/ml, but this activity was less than those of doxycycline and erythromycin.	1998	9559818
role of infection as a risk factor for atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke.	an increasing body of evidence has linked infections to atherosclerosis and thrombosis. herpesviruses cause atherosclerosis in experimental animals. herpesviruses can also be detected in atherosclerotic lesions in humans. cytomegalovirus may play a role in arteriosclerosis in transplanted hearts, and this virus, together with tumor suppressor protein p53, can be found in restenosis lesions following angioplasty. chlamydia pneumoniae and dental infections are associated with coronary heart diseas ...	1998	9524851
endovascular presence of viable chlamydia pneumoniae is a common phenomenon in coronary artery disease.	we sought to examine coronary arteries for the presence of viable bacteria of the fastidious species chlamydia pneumoniae.	1998	9525555
chlamydia pneumoniae is a risk factor for coronary heart disease in symptom-free elderly men, but helicobacter pylori and cytomegalovirus are not.	to test the hypothesis that chronic infection with chlamydia pneumoniae, helicobacter pylori or cytomegalovirus is associated with coronary heart disease risk in elderly men, a nested case-control study in a cohort investigated in 1985 and 1990 in the town of zutphen, the netherlands, was designed. fifty-four cases with a first diagnosed coronary event between 1985 and 1990, and 108 age-matched control subjects free of coronary heart disease during follow up were included in the study. the overa ...	1998	9528823
characterization of a strain of chlamydia pneumoniae isolated from a coronary atheroma by analysis of the omp1 gene and biological activity in human endothelial cells.	chlamydia pneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen that has been associated with chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma and atherosclerosis. recent isolation of c. pneumoniae from human carotid and coronary atheromas provides additional support for a role of this organism in atherogenesis. we characterized the coronary strain c. pneumoniae a-03 by sequence analysis of the major outer membrane protein gene (omp1). in addition, the in vitro activities of a-03 and three respiratory strains of c. ...	1998	9529055
human mannose-binding protein inhibits infection of hela cells by chlamydia trachomatis.	the role that collectin (mannose-binding protein) may play in the host's defense against chlamydial infection was investigated. recombinant human mannose-binding protein was used in the inhibition of cell culture infection by chlamydia trachomatis (c/tw-3/ot, e/uw-5/cx, and l2/434/bu), chlamydia pneumoniae (ar-39), and chlamydia psittaci (6bc). mannose-binding protein (mbp) inhibited infection of all chlamydial strains by at least 50% at 0.098 microg/ml for tw-3 and uw-5, and at 6.25 microg/ml f ...	1998	9529088
levofloxacin and sparfloxacin: new quinolone antibiotics.	to discuss the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity, clinical trials, and adverse effects of levofloxacin and sparfloxacin, two new fluoroquinolone antibiotics.	1998	9533064
antibody response to the 60-kda chlamydial heat-shock protein is associated with scarring trachoma.	to determine if serum antibody response to the 60-kda chlamydial heat-shock protein (chsp60) was associated with scarring trachoma, responses to chlamydia trachomatis and to chsp60 from 148 gambian subjects with trachomatous scarring and from 148 controls without clinical evidence of disease from trachoma-endemic communities were characterized. chsp60 response was found in 32% of cases and 16% of controls (p < .001). although c. trachomatis titer was also higher in cases than controls, the preva ...	1998	9419202
antibodies to cytomegalovirus or chlamydia pneumoniae and coronary heart disease.		1998	9439520
antibodies to cytomegalovirus or chlamydia pneumoniae and coronary heart disease.		1998	9439521
grepafloxacin--a new fluoroquinolone.		1998	9465856
viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold.	two hundred young adults with common colds were studied during a 10-month period. virus culture, antigen detection, pcr, and serology with paired samples were used to identify the infection. viral etiology was established for 138 of the 200 patients (69%). rhinoviruses were detected in 105 patients, coronavirus oc43 or 229e infection was detected in 17, influenza a or b virus was detected in 12, and single infections with parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and enterovi ...	1998	9466772
chlamydia pneumoniae antibody titers are significantly associated with acute stroke and transient cerebral ischemia: the west birmingham stroke project.	several studies have implied an association between chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis. our research was designed to investigate the association of this organism with strokes and transient cerebral ischemia.	1998	9472881
evidence for chlamydia pneumoniae infection in steroid-dependent asthma.	chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular respiratory pathogen capable of persistent infection. seroepidemiologic studies and the results of open-label antimicrobial treatment of patients with non-steroid-dependent asthma have suggested a potential role for c. pneumoniae in asthma.	1998	9475566
multiple sclerosis associated with chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the cns.		1998	9484408
chlamydia dna extraction for use in pcr: stability and sensitivity in detection.	we evaluated multiple procedures for extracting chlamydial dna from specimens for detection in pcr tests. commercial kits and an in-house method were tested for their sensitivity and utility. quantifiable chlamydial elementary bodies (eb) were used for spiking buffy coats from edta-collected blood. ebs of chlamydia pneumoniae at 2,500 and 25 eb/ml were used as specimens for dna extraction using seven different procedures. these included either columns (3 procedures), centrifugation (1), glass (1 ...	1998	9484669
microbiologic efficacy of azithromycin and susceptibilities to azithromycin of isolates of chlamydia pneumoniae from adults and children with community-acquired pneumonia.	chlamydia pneumoniae was eradicated from the nasopharynges of 26 of 33 (78.8%) evaluable children and adults with community-acquired pneumonia who were treated with azithromycin. we tested 55 isolates of c. pneumoniae obtained from 46 of these patients against azithromycin. the mic at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited and the minimal chlamydiacidal concentration at which 90% of strains tested were killed of azithromycin for these isolates were both 0.5 microg/ml. seven patients remained c ...	1998	9449287
chlamydia pneumoniae antibody response in patients with acute myocardial infarction and their follow-up.	study populations: this study concerned the possible relations between seroreactivity to chlamydia pneumoniae and myocardial infarction. a group of 29 patients with acute myocardial infarction (ami), 74 members of a healthy control group, and a subgroup of 24 members of a healthy control group matched for age, sex, and coronary risk factors (hcm) were included in the study. in addition, we evaluated the ami group in a 1-year patients' follow-up study. we used two different tests to detect anti-c ...	1998	9453516
the role of chlamydia pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.		1998	9894482
[preliminary study on chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia].	in order to know the incidence of chlamydia pneumoniae (strain twar) pneumonia and its clinical features, 93 patients with pneumonia and 93 matched patients with non-respiratory diseases were studied. twar antibodies (igg and igm) were detected by microimmunofluorescence (mif) test. the results showed that 19.4% (18 cases) patients with pneumonia were twar pneumonia, in which 10 cases accompanied by bacteria infection and 7 cases being simple twar pneumonia. there were no significant differences ...	1998	10681804
allergen and irritant control: importance and implementation.	the expert panel report 2. guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma (1) begins its section on controlling factors that precipitate or worsen asthma with the statement: "for successful long-term asthma management, it is essential to identify and reduce exposures to relevant allergens and irritants and to control other factors that have been shown to increase asthma symptoms and/or precipitate asthma exacerbations." the presence of allergy to indoor allergens and certain seasonal fung ...	1998	10682168
chlamydia pneumoniae and asthma.		1998	10195087
chlamydia pneumoniae and asthma.		1998	10195089
prolonged respiratory failure in chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia.	we describe a 65-year-old man, who had cardiomyopathy and developed acute respiratory failure requiring ventilator treatment. acute pneumonia caused by chlamydia pneumoniae was diagnosed based on pcr positivity of bronchoalveolar lavage. gas exchange did not improve in response to appropriate antibiotic therapy, and the patient died.	1998	10225398
[chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with acquired pneumonia in the santiago of chile community].	the prevalence of chlamydia pneumoniae infection varies according to the population and geographic area studied.	1998	10349163
[epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children. current data].	viruses, particularly syncitial respiratory virus, are the main aetiology of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in infants, while bacterial agents are more frequently responsible in children older than 3 years. antimicrobial therapy must take into account the development of reduced susceptibility of penicillin to strains of streptoccocus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae with beta-lactamase, and high frequency of mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae infections. a ...	1998	10223154
[chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children].	chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae are frequently involved in lower respiratory tract infections in children. their responsibility must be evoked whenever an antibiotic treatment has been prescribed for a suspected bacterial origin, without clinical improvement (persistent fever particularly) after 48 hours. this must lead to the prescription of a macrolide.	1998	10223156
strong correlation between helicobacter pylori seropositivity and chlamydia pneumoniae igg concentrations.		1998	10396525
chlamydia pneumoniae infection and ethnic origin.	to test the association of chlamydia pneumoniae infection with ethnic origin.	1998	10403105
[chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia].	chlamydia pneumoniae causes respiratory tract infections, and it is transmitted by air and fomites. it is probably more frequent than it is described, due to asymptomatic or mild symptomatic patients. they respond to macrolides, tetracyclines and quinolones, though patients may recover slowly. an increase of the incidence of pneumonia, caused by chlamydia pneumoniae, is shown in recent multicenter surveys, being even more frequent than streptococcus pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae. recently ...	1998	10420952
new polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic techniques for bacterial respiratory infection.	polymerase chain reaction protocols are now available for the diagnosis of all of the major bacterial respiratory tract pathogens. molecular techniques are also being used to determine the susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae and mycobacterium tuberculosis. in addition, polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis will find a place in the investigation of the epidemiology of some pathogens such as bordetella pertussis and chlamydia pneumoniae. the added sensitivity will allow the detection of ...	1998	17033378
community-acquired pneumonia in adults.	efforts to reduce hospitalization or the length of stay are common topics in papers published last year. chlamydia pneumoniae is now recognized worldwide as a common pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia. a great variation in the frequency of various pathogens is found in different countries, stressing the importance of ascertaining the aetiological and epidemiological situation in each respective country.	1998	17033380
does chlamydia pneumoniae cause coronary heart disease?	evidence continues to accumulate to support a role for chlamydia pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and in particular, coronary heart disease. in an analysis of 18 seroepidemiological studies, individuals with high-titer antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae have at least a twofold or larger odds ratio for coronary heart disease compared with seronegative individuals. in addition, viable chlamydia pneumoniae has been cultured directly from atherosclerotic tissue, and has been demons ...	1998	17033395
persistent infection and vascular disease: a systematic review.	more than 150 epidemiological or clinical studies have reported on associations between vascular disease and the presence of certain persistent bacterial and viral agents, or of clinical conditions (e.g., periodontal disease) that are associated with persistent infection. this article provides a review of such studies, particularly in relation to helicobacter pylori, chlamydia pneumoniae, dental disease and cytomegalovirus (cmv), as well as references to possible mechanisms. the association betw ...	1998	15991962
grepafloxacin: an overview of antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safety.	the treatment of respiratory tract infection is the most common reason for antibiotic prescribing. however, therapeutic options are diminishing as antibiotic resistance to penicillins and macrolides in key respiratory pathogens is increasing. as resistance increases, there are parallel rises in the number of treatment failures and the total cost of infection management. new generation broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones, such as grepafloxacin, have recently been recommended as a first-line treatment ...	1999	15992094
[chlamydia pneumoniae and the risk of ischaemic heart disease. prevalence in a group of hospitalized elderly men].	chlamydia pneumoniae (cp) causes frequently nosocomial pneumonia and other inflammations of the upper and lower airways. initially reports on the association between infection with cp and ischaemic heart disease (ihd) were published in 1988 by saikku et al. who found a higher antibody titre against cp in acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death as compared with a control group. the mechanism of this phenomenon is explained by the action of chlamydiae on ldl-cholesterol, cytokines, th ...	1999	15641238
advances in antimicrobial therapy of community-acquired pneumonia.	community-acquired pneumonia has a significant impact upon healthcare in north america and worldwide. in the u.s. it is responsible for three to four million cases yearly and 78,000 deaths. it is not a homogeneous entity and it may be caused by a number of pathogens including streptococcus pneumoniae, the atypicals (mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae and legionella species) haemophilus influenzae and gram-negative rods. while it is clear that directed therapy is the ideal, empiric thera ...	1999	17035770
ultrastructural analysis of chlamydia pneumoniae in the alzheimer's brain.	we recently reported identification of the bacterium chlamydia pneumoniae in affected brain regions of patients with alzheimer's disease (ad) (balin et al., 1998). in this report, we extend those initial observations to demonstrate that, in addition to the frequently described, standard morphological forms of the organism, pleiomorphic forms are also present in the ad brain. all ad and control brain tissues examined were verified to be pcr-positive and negative, respectively, for the organism. d ...	1999	20671799
infection and atherosclerosis: emerging mechanistic paradigms.	although definitive proof of a causal role of infection contributing to atherogenesis is lacking, multiple investigations have demonstrated that infectious agents evoke cellular and molecular changes supportive of such a role. moreover, both chlamydia pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus exacerbate lesion development in animal models of atherosclerosis and restenosis. the fact that multiple pathogens have been associated with atherosclerosis implies that many "atherogenic" pathogens exist, and recent ...	1999	10421626
from plaque biology to clinical setting.	coronary atherosclerosis may cause acute and chronic ischemic syndromes; the former are caused by "acute plaque events," mostly thrombosis complicating vulnerable ruptured plaques, namely severe lesions with large core, thin cap, and weak shoulder infiltrated by activated inflammatory cells. plaque rupture may also occur in nonischemic settings and is not obligatorily complicated by thrombosis. furthermore, plaque rupture is not the only thrombus substrate in acute ischemic syndromes: superficia ...	1999	10426860
chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies and angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease in a sample population from italy.	recent reports suggest an association between chlamydia pneumoniae and chronic coronary heart disease. this case-control study investigates the relationship between the presence of immunoglobin g (igg) and immunoglobin a (iga) when measured by means of microimmunofluorescence (mif) and angiographically diagnosed coronary disease. cases (n = 150) were angiography patients with at least one coronary artery lesion occupying at least 50% of the luminal diameter. controls (n = 49) were angiography pa ...	1999	10428298
etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity.	the aim of this study was to determine the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) and the impact of age, comorbidity, and severity on microbial etiologies of such pneumonia. overall, 395 consecutive patients with cap were studied prospectively during a 15-mo period. regular microbial investigation included examination of sputum, blood culture, and serology. sampling of pleural fluid, transthoracic puncture, tracheobronchial aspiration, and protected specimen brush (psb) sampling were per ...	1999	10430704
cellular oxidation of low-density lipoprotein by chlamydia pneumoniae.	a spectrum of clinical and epidemiologic studies implicate infectious agents, including chlamydia pneumoniae, in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. the complexity of atherosclerotic disease necessitates examining the role of infection in the context of defined risk factors, such as high levels of native low-density lipoprotein (ldl). although native ldl does not have atherogenic properties, cellular oxidation of ldl alters the lipoprotein into a highly atherogenic form. in this report, c. pneu ...	1999	10438367
antibodies to chlamydia trachomatis heat shock proteins in women with tubal factor infertility are associated with prior infection by c. trachomatis but not by c. pneumoniae.	the antibody response to heat shock proteins 60 and 10 were studied in 163 patients with tubal factor infertility and in 163 age-matched pregnant women. the associations of these antibodies with specific antibodies to chlamydia trachomatis and to chlamydia pneumoniae as well as with antibodies to the common chlamydial lipopolysaccharide antigen were studied. patients with tubal factor infertility had significantly higher frequencies and titres of all antibodies except to c. pneumoniae. in a logi ...	1999	10438411
detection of viral, chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of asthma in children.	a high frequency of virus infections has been recently pointed out in the exacerbations of asthma in children.	1999	10443789
chlamydial antibodies in an elderly finnish population.	the characteristic feature of chlamydia is its tendency to cause chronic infections. it has been hypothesized that prior exposure to c. pneumoniae may lead to chronic infection and the development of associated chronic cardiopulmonary disease. few studies have so far addressed the occurrence of chlamydial antibodies in an elderly, unselected population. this information is important for the development of possible treatment strategies. chlamydial antibodies were analysed from 1179 serum samples ...	1999	10447321
depletion of cd8+ cells abolishes memory in acquired immunity against chlamydia pneumoniae in balb/c mice.	the importance of t cells in chlamydia pneumoniae infection in mice was assessed by comparing wild-type balb/c mice with nude mice and mice depleted in vivo of either cd4+ or cd8+ t cells. whereas wild-type mice cleared the primary infection in 3 weeks, nude mice were only able to restrict the infection and could not clear it during the observation period of 56 days. nude mice exhibited a greater number of macrophages in their lungs and the pulmonary cells secreted a higher level of tumour necro ...	1999	10447772
legionella, chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma infection in patients admitted to christchurch hospital with pneumonia.	to determine the incidence, clinical features and outcome of community acquired pneumonia caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella species, coxiella burnetti, chlamydia pneumoniae and chlamydia psittaci requiring admission to hospital.	1999	10448994
conservation of putative promoter sequences located upstream of chlamydial major sigma factor gene, siga among chlamydia spp.	a highly conserved 40-nucleotide sequence was identified. two completely conserved sequences, tagatt and taaact, separated by 17 nucleotides resemble the consensus sequence recognized by the escherichia coli major sigma factor and sequence found in other chlamydial promoters. in addition, the adenine-rich sequence present in many chlamydial promoters was also conserved upstream of the putative -35 element. these findings suggest that the conserved sequence may play a role in the regulatory funct ...	1999	10449248
low prevalence of chlamydia pneumoniae in atherectomy specimens from patients with coronary heart disease.	coronary atherectomy specimens from 50 patients with coronary heart disease were examined for the presence of chlamydia pneumoniae by two different methods of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and by in situ hybridization. c. pneumoniae dna was detected by pcr in atherosclerotic plaques of four patients (8%). two patients' coronary atheromas were positive, both by a single-step 16s rrna-based pcr and by an omp1-based nested pcr. the other two patients' specimens were positive only by the nested pc ...	1999	10452622
the role of chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerosis.		1999	10452623
chlamydia pneumoniae infection and early asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis.	chronic chlamydia pneumoniae infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis but whether it plays a role at an early stage in the disease is uncertain. an early estimate of atherosclerosis can be obtained by ultrasonic imaging of the carotid artery to determine intima-media thickness (imt) and the thickness of any atheroma plaques.	1999	10458719
etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infection in central australian aboriginal children.	aboriginal children in central australia have attack rates for acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri) that are similar to those in developing countries. although mortality rates are much lower than in developing countries, morbidity is high and alri is still the leading cause of hospitalization. however, there are no data on the etiology of alri in this population.	1999	10462342
in vitro activities of azithromycin and ofloxacin against chlamydia pneumoniae in a continuous-infection model.	chlamydia pneumoniae is a well-established cause of community-acquired pneumonia and bronchitis in adults and children. chronic infections with c. pneumoniae have been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis and other diseases in humans. methods currently used for the culture and propagation of c. pneumoniae are not analogous to the infection as it occurs in vivo. we have established a model of continuous c. pneumoniae infection in vitro. hep-2 cells inoculated with cm-1 and tw-183 stra ...	1999	10471577
can infections cause heart attacks?		1999	10472205
antimicrobial therapy for chlamydia pneumoniae: its potential role in atherosclerosis and asthma.		1999	10473220
multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the simultaneous detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae, and chlamydia psittaci in respiratory samples.	to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the simultaneous detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae, and chlamydia psittaci in respiratory samples.	1999	10474515
clinical characteristics of chlamydia pneumoniae infection as the sole cause of community-acquired pneumonia.	the clinical characteristics of 26 patients with community-acquired pneumonia due to chlamydia pneumoniae as the only identified pathogen who required hospitalization were evaluated. most patients (18) had reinfection based on serological results. the mean age of the patients was 55 years (38 years, patients with primary infection; 63 years, patients with reinfection), and the gender representation was equal. generally, illness was mild and associated with limited temperature elevation and nonsp ...	1999	10476753
chronic chlamydia pneumoniae infection: a treatable cause of chronic fatigue syndrome.		1999	10476765
[chlamydia pneumoniae--a suspected pathogenetic factor in coronary arteriosclerosis].		1999	10478365
infection with chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis: a review.	there are numerous studies that were able to find c. pneumoniae infections as a contributing factor in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. positive serology for c. pneumoniae was found in most studies in patients with atherosclerosis (igg, iga, igm). most studies were able to correlate an elevated iga antibody titer rather than the igg titer to the risk for atherosclerosis. c. pneumoniae and its components (dna, antigens) were detected in atherosclerotic plaques using immunohistochemistry, pcr, electr ...	1999	10478518
[chlamydia pneumoniae and arteriosclerosis: an innocent onlooker?].		1999	10481330
[detection of anti-chlamydia trachomatis antibody by means of enzyme immunoassay using synthetic peptide antigen].	newly developed diagnostic kits for the detection of anti-chlamydia trachomatis, peptide-chlamvdia (loy: meiji milk products co., ltd., tokyo; for igg and iga), were evaluated using the microimmunofluorescence assay (mif) as the gold standard. these results were also compared to results of testing by sero-ipalisa and immunoblot (i-b). detection by loy in based on enzyme immunoassay with synthetic peptides as the antigen. thirty serum samples from pediatric patients and 130 serum samples from gyn ...	1999	10481397
the presence of chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic plaques--a report of three cases of ischaemic heart disease.	the report presents three cases of ischaemic heart disease in which chlamydia pneumoniae infections were detected first serologically, later the bacteria were shown in atherosclerotic plaques with electron microscopy, and finally c. pneumoniae strains were isolated from the tissues.	1999	10481533
chlamydia pneumoniae is an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia in school-aged children: serological results of a prospective, population-based study.	the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in childhood was studied in the total population of 8851 children in the area of 4 municipalities in eastern finland. all cases of community-acquired pneumonia (n = 201) were registered during a surveillance period of 12 months between september 1, 1981 and august 31, 1982. the diagnosis of pneumonia was verified radiologically in all identified cases. the diagnosis of chlamydial infection was based on an antibody response measured by complement fixa ...	1999	10482053
no serological evidence of association between chlamydia pneumonia infection and acute coronary heart disease.	today's medical literature shows more and more evidence that chlamydia pneumoniae plays a role in coronary atherosclerotic disease. this cross-sectional study examines the serostatus for c. pneumoniae of patients with an acute cardiovascular event. a total of 58 patients with acute myocardial infarction or with proven unstable angina (occlusion > or = 70% of at least 1 vessel at coronary angiography) ('patients') were compared with 58 age- and sex-matched patients without a cardiovascular event ...	1999	10482054
bordetella pertussis, bordetella parapertussis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae and persistent cough in children.	material collected during a prospective pertussis vaccine trial in 1992-95 was examined for bordetella pertussis (culture and serology), bordetella parapertussis (culture), mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae (pcr). from 64% (99/155) of episodes with cough for less than 100 d, 115 aetiological agents were identified in one southern and one northern subset of dt-recipients. the most common single agent was b. pertussis, representing 56%(64/115), with a median cough period of 51 d, foll ...	1999	10482058
chlamydia pneumoniae as a trigger of reactive arthritis.		1999	10482071
lack of association of restenosis following coronary angioplasty with elevated c-reactive protein levels or seropositivity to chlamydia pneumoniae.	seventy-five consecutive patients undergoing directional coronary atherectomy were evaluated by measuring anti-chlamydia immunoglobulin g and anticytomegalovirus immunoglobulin g antibodies, and serum levels of c-reactive proteins (before atherectomy). the results showed that although both chlamydia infection and elevated c-reactive protein levels are associated with coronary artery disease and coronary artery disease events, neither of these appears to play a role in the development of restenos ...	1999	10482163
[chlamydia pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis].		1999	10483155
chlamydia pneumoniae in redo and first-time coronary artery bypass graft surgery.		1999	10483982
chlamydia pneumoniae and anti-infective therapy: their role in the pathogenesis and treatment of coronary artery disease.	cardiovascular disease remains the most common cause of death in the united states; however, conventional cardiovascular risk factors fail to explain completely the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. there has been recent interest in the association between chlamydia pneumoniae and the risk of development or progression of atherosclerotic disease. this association has become evident through serologic, pathologic, and animal-based models and, more recently, through limit ...	1999	10485501
does chlamydia pneumoniae cause atherosclerosis?		1999	10487585
optimizing culture of chlamydia pneumoniae by using multiple centrifugations.	three methods for the recovery of chlamydia pneumoniae from spiked nasopharyngeal and blood specimens, including extended culture and additional centrifugations, were compared. additional centrifugations and a 7-day culture time resulted in a 500- to 5, 000-fold increase in the number of detectable inclusion-forming units.	1999	10488218
[infection hypothesis for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis--caused by chlamydia pneumoniae?].	possible causal relationship between development of atherosclerosis and chlamydia pneumoniae infection is discussed. if the hypothesis is verified, antibiotics will play important role in the treatment of this artery disease.	1999	10494168
serological investigation of chlamydia trachomatis heat shock protein 10.	the humoral immune response to chlamydia trachomatis 10-kda heat shock protein (chsp10) in populations of russian and french origin was studied by using a recombinant chsp10 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. a physiological but not a serological correlation of chsp10 exposure with chsp60 exposure was observed in the russian population. in the french population studied, there was a significant association between detection of anti-r-chsp10 immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies and chronic genital tr ...	1999	10496901
helicobacter pylori and chronic bronchitis.	chronic infections such as those caused by helicobacter pylori, chlamydia pneumoniae, and cytomegalovirus have been epidemiologically related to coronary heart disease (chd). other studies place h. pylori in relation to other extradigestive diseases. we carried out an epidemiologic pilot study to evaluate the prevalence of h. pylori in patients with chronic bronchitis, a respiratory disease characterized by persistent chronic inflammation, in comparison with a matched control group.	1999	10499486